3
.,X ;. j. t ,,0t,4 ,,,,s --Volu r' tt 4\ * *S -'t, . . ;;' ._ r . . . ef. _s: _ |'. X i :. W " . *: ... f . '': .g 4! t- < e . .tiE. Ltt] ime 216, No. 4549: ;-~~~~~~~~~Bwa D. P. Bw '" 'K.,Li 4. Lockw66d7 ta LETTER The Missile Debate: J. Bowman; DM P. Brash; M. Roeder; K. L. L-ockwo d Fossil Maize Pollen in Mexico: P. B . Sears ....... EDITORIAL Essential Federl Inforanation Services .. . . . . . . . . ARtICLEs Solar Flares, Proton Showers, and the Space Shuttle: D. M. Rust .. . . . . : . ..... . AW! Suppression of Transcription Termination by Phage Lambda: D. F. Ward and M.E. Gottesman ....94 ;. .. Batin Grande: A Prehistoxic Metallurgical Center in Peru: L. Shimada, S. Epitein, A. K. Craig ..................9.......6...... Ews AND CooMuNT The Academic-Industrial Complex.. . . . *............... Science Education-Deja Vu Revised .*.. '.. . Jouurna Fearng the Electronic Future.....964 9 Sridefing:. Poland, United States Exchange Expulsions; Wyngaarden Meets the Press; More on Yellow Rain ..........9........................... Bald Eagles on theRise ................................. . ReSEARCH mEws Is RNA Copied into DNA by Mammalian Cells? ........ . ....* New Code Is Broken-, ....... ........ ;.: '.............. ......... 97. Odd Amnino Acids in a Meteorite ... . New Evidence Fuels Antarctic Ice Debate. .. . . . . . ANNUAL ME"TIG Call for Symposium Proposals ......0..*.*.*.*.* ..75. ' . . OK -REvIm A Treatise on the Family, reviewed by W. C. Sanderson- The Biological Aspects of Rare Plant Conservaton, G. T. Prance; Parasitologcal Topics,-A. G. Chabaud; Ion Transport by Epithelia, K. R. Spring; Theory and Experinent in Gravitational Physics, D. H. Doyglass and M. Boco; Bocks Re eived ,. ................... ................ M. Bock_ -Boo ceid. REPORTS Hydrocarbon Resources of the Eastern Overthrust Belt: A Realistic EvaluatidOv0 R. D. Hatcher, Jr. ........... . . . . . . . .. .. 4...t.'. ..'.. .

ARtICLEs Flares, Suppression Transcription by Prehistoxic …science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/216/4549/local/ed... · 2005-05-30 · 28 May 1982, Volume 216, Number 4549 AMERICANASSOCIATIONFOR

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Page 1: ARtICLEs Flares, Suppression Transcription by Prehistoxic …science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/216/4549/local/ed... · 2005-05-30 · 28 May 1982, Volume 216, Number 4549 AMERICANASSOCIATIONFOR

.,X ;. j. t

,,0t,4 ,,,,s --Volu

r'tt 4\ *

*S -'t,..;;'._ r..

.ef._s:

_

|'.

X i:.

W" .

*:. . .f .

'':. g4! t- < e.

.tiE.

Ltt]

ime 216, No. 4549:

;-~~~~~~~~~Bwa D. P . Bw '"'K.,Li4.Lockw66d7 taLETTER The Missile Debate: J. Bowman; DM P. Brash; M. Roeder; K. L.L-ockwo dFossil Maize Pollen in Mexico: P. B .Sears .......

EDITORIAL Essential Federl Inforanation Services .. . . . . . . . .

ARtICLEs Solar Flares, Proton Showers, and the Space Shuttle: D. M. Rust .. . . . .: . ..... . AW!Suppression of Transcription Termination by Phage Lambda:

D. F. Ward and M.E. Gottesman ....94 ;. ..

Batin Grande: A Prehistoxic Metallurgical Center in Peru:L. Shimada, S. Epitein, A. K. Craig ..................9.......6......

Ews AND CooMuNT The Academic-Industrial Complex.. . . .*...............Science Education-DejaVu Revised.*.. '.. .

Jouurna Fearng the Electronic Future.....9649

Sridefing:. Poland, United States Exchange Expulsions; Wyngaarden Meets thePress; More on Yellow Rain ..........9...........................

Bald Eagles on theRise ................................. .

ReSEARCH mEws Is RNA Copied into DNA by Mammalian Cells? ........ .....*New Code Is Broken-, ....... ........;.: '.............. .........97.Odd Amnino Acids in a Meteorite ... .

New Evidence Fuels Antarctic Ice Debate. .. . . . . .

ANNUAL ME"TIG Call for Symposium Proposals ......0..*.*.*.*.* ..75. ' . .

OK-REvIm A Treatise on the Family, reviewed by W. C. Sanderson- The BiologicalAspects of Rare Plant Conservaton, G. T. Prance; ParasitologcalTopics,-A. G. Chabaud; Ion Transport by Epithelia, K. R. Spring;Theory and Experinent in Gravitational Physics, D. H. Doyglass andM. Boco; Bocks Re eived ,. ................... ................M. Bock_ -Boo ceid.

REPORTS Hydrocarbon Resources of the Eastern Overthrust Belt: A Realistic EvaluatidOv0R. D. Hatcher, Jr. ........... . . . . . . . .. .. 4...t.'. ..'.. .

Page 2: ARtICLEs Flares, Suppression Transcription by Prehistoxic …science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/216/4549/local/ed... · 2005-05-30 · 28 May 1982, Volume 216, Number 4549 AMERICANASSOCIATIONFOR

PRODUCTS ANDMATERIALS

Photoprotection by Carotenoids During Photosynthesis: Motional Dependence ofIntramolecular Energy Transfer: A. L. Moore et al. ...... ................. 982

Carbyne Forms of Carbon: Do They Exist?: P. P. K. Smith and P. R. Buseck.... 984

Geochronology of Type Uquian (Late Cenozoic) Land Mammal Age, Argentina:L. G. Marshall et al. .............. 986

Catastrophic Decline of a Top Carnivore in the Gulf of California RockyIntertidal Zone: M. L. Dungan, T. E. Miller, D. A. Thomson...... 989

Bismuth Vanadate: A High-Pressure, High-Temperature Crystallographic Study ofthe Ferroelastic-Paraelastic Transition: R. M. Hazen andJ. W. E. Mariathasan . .................................................. 991

Stem Rust of Wheat 3300 Years Old Found in Israel: M. E. Kislev ..... ......... 993

H-2 Histocompatibility Region: Influence on the Murine GlucocorticoidReceptor and Its Response: C. Gupta and A. Goldman ...... ............... 994

Human Myeloma Cell Line Carrying a Philadelphia Chromosome: A. Karpas,P. Fischer, D. Swirsky . ................................................... 997

Ribosomal Crystalline Arrays of Large Subunits from Escherichia coli:M. W. Clark, K. Leonard, J. A. Lake ..................................... 999

Spectral Character of Sunlight Modulates Photosynthesis of Previtamin-D3 andIts Photoisomers in Human Skin: J. A. MacLaughlin, R. R. Anderson,M. F. Holick ........................................................... 1001

Decreased Nocturnal Plasma Melatonin Peak in Patients with Estrogen ReceptorPositive Breast Cancer: L. Tamarkin et al. ....... ........................ 1003

Insulin Stimulation of Nucleoside Triphosphatase Activity in Isolated NuclearEnvelopes: F. Purrello et al. ............ ................................ 1005

Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Stimulates Accumulation of Adenosine3',5'-Monophosphate in Rat Pituitary Corticotrophs: F. Labrie et al . ........ 1007

Intracellular pH of Mitogen-Stimulated Lymphocytes: D. F. Gerson, H. Kiefer,W. Eufe ............................................................... 1009

Inability of Oxytocin to Activate Pyruvate Dehydrogenase in the BrattleboroRat: K. Hanif et al. ................ 1010

Serotonin and Octopamine in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans:H. R. Horvitz et al. ................. 1012

Physiological Basis for Swimming Endurance Differences Between LDH-BGenotypes of Fundulus heteroclitus: L. DiMichele and D. A. Powers ........ 1014

Crystallization of the Tetramer of Histones H3 and H4: E. Lattman et al. ....... 1016

Epidermis of Human Skin: Pyroelectric and Piezoelectric Sensor Layer:H. Athenstaedt, H. Claussen, D. Schaper ............. 1018

Interference with Dimethylhydrazine Induction of Colon Tumors in Mice bye-Aminocaproic Acid: J. G. Corasanti, G. H. Hobika, G. Markus ........... 1020

Gamma Counter; Microbial Monitor; Polarizing Microscope; NonisotopicImmunoassay; Chemistry Analyzers; Printers; Protein ProcessingTranslation System; Literature ............. 1024

COVER

Mature bald eagle (Haliaetus leuco-cephalus) perched on a limb at Apgar-West Glacier, Montana. These birdsassemble by the hundreds each autumnto catch land-locked salmon in McDon-ald Creek. This year, the United Statesof America celebrates the 200th year ofthis bird as its national symbol. Seepage 968. [Gary Strobel, Montana StateUniversity, Bozeman, Montana 59717]

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28 May 1982, Volume 216, Number 4549

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE Esse

Science serves its readers as a forum for the presenta-tion and discussion of important issues related to theadvancement of science, including the presentation of Efficminority or conflicting points of view, rather than by importpublishing only material on which a consensus has beenreached. Accordingly, all articles published in Sci- the de,ence-including editorials, news and comment, and decadbook reviews-are signed and reflect the individualviews of the authors and not official points of view discouadopted by the AAAS or the institutions with which the easierauthors are affiliated.

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R. PIERCE, BRYANT W. RoSSITER, VERA C. RUBIN,MAXINE F. SINGER, PAUL E. WAGGONER, ALEXANDER NTSZUCKER The

1983: FREDERICK R. BLATTNER, BERNARD F. BURKE,CHARLES L. DRAKE, ARTHUR F. FINDEIS, E. PETER indexeGEIDUSCHEK, GLYNN ISAAC, MILTON RUSSELL, WIL- 1950'sLIAM P. SLICHTER, JOHN WOOD

was bePublisher

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Senior Editors: ELEANORE BUTz, MARY DORFMAN, accessRUTH KULSTADAssociate Editors: SYLVIA EBERHART, CAITILIN GOR- federa]

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1ntial Federal Information Servicescient storage and retrieval of reliable information are of crucialtance to science, medicine, and technology. Of special value has beenvelopment of electronic databases accessible for on-line searches. Ae ago, comprehensive access to scientific information was becomingragingly difficult and time-consuming. Now the trend is toward muchaccess to the literature. Providing such services is increasingly aan of private enterprise, but two government activities, the National-y of Medicine (NLM) and the National Technical Information Service), have had crucial roles which should be continued.National Library of Medicine and its predecessors have prepared

-s of the world's medical literature for more than 100 years. In the late,NLM recognized that the usefulness of its bibliographic publications-ing threatened by the increasing volume of literature to be processed.were taken to place the information in machine-readable form. In the1960's, NLM was a pioneer in developing equipment for photocompo-Again, in 1971, NLM pioneered with on-line access to its bibli-

iic base. Today, NLM indexes more than 20,000 articles a monthbout 3000 leading journals. In MEDLINE, access is possible throughrs, index terms, or words in titles or abstracts. The databases provided,M are highly regarded by research scientists and physicians. Theyle an easy way to tap the information produced by the world'sdical scholars.n after the NLM demonstrated the feasibility of on-line searching ofises in the early 1970's, commercial companies began to developDnal on-line services. The number of records available on-line hasded sixfold.National Technical Information Service facilitates identification andto specialized information developed by the executive branch of theLIgovernment. Agencies produce reports both on paper and ontic tapes. NTIS provides a machine-readable database catalog ofproducts. Efforts that have led to the reports cost billions of dollarspies of the reports are sought by many users, especially in the privateNTIS has annual sales of about $25 million and handles more thanreports and information products per day. Much of the material

:oried by NTIS has limited sales, but a relatively complete file is stilliined. In spite of this, the revenues from sales are such that NTIS isipporting.;eeping with its policy of trying to reduce the size of government, then Administration has taken steps that threaten the future vitality ofvernment's two major information services. In spite of the fact thatis self-supporting, disposal of it to private enterprise has beensed. Private enterprise, unless tightly governed by contract provi-would be likely to handle only those reports whose sales wereble.NLM has been under budgetary pressure which limits its ability toiue its traditions of innovation. This is unfortunate because the sumsney involved are small in comparison to the service rendered and to00 billion a year or more spent on medical care. NLM has a statutorysibility to maintain a national medical library and to make its contentsvely available through indexing. Once the index has been prepared,ditional cost of providing on-line access to it is about $8 million a year,all of which is recovered through user charges. Nevertheless, NLMen the target of an intense lobbying effort by a foreign company aimeding it to increase its charges sharply. This would diminish the value ofreat institution to U.S. and world medicine. NLM has achieved an'lary record in serving its functions. It should be encouraged, noted, in its efforts.-PHILIP H. ABELSON