T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 1

Artificial Intelligence

Mongolian University of Science and Technology

Power Engineering School

T.Uranchimeg Prof. Dr.

Source

http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/AITopics/BriefHistory

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 2

Subjects

Ancient history

5th century B.C.

13th century

15th century

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 3

Introduction

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 4

Ancient history

Ancient

5th century B.C.

13th century

15th century

15th-16th century

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 5

5th century B.C.

Aristotle invented syllogistic logic, the first formal deductive reasoning system.

"if A=C and A=B then B=C"

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 6

Aristotle

Aristotle (Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology.

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 7

13th century

Talking heads were said to have been created, Roger Bacon and Albert the Great reputedly among the owners.

Ramon Lull, Spanish theologian, invented machines for discovering nonmathematical truths through combinatorics.

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 8

Roger Bacon

Roger Bacon, O.F.M. (c. 1214–1294), also known as Doctor Mirabilis (Latin: "wonderful teacher"), was an English philosopherand Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on empiricism. He is sometimes credited as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method

Statue of Roger Bacon in the

Oxford University Museum

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 9

15th century

Invention of printing using moveable type. Gutenberg Bible printed (1456). The Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible, the Mazarin Bible or the B42) was the first major book printed with a printing press, marking the start of the "Gutenberg Revolution" and the age of the printed book.

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 10

15th-16th century

Clocks, the first modern measuring machines, were first produced using lathes.

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 11

16th century

Clockmakers extended their craft to creating mechanical animals and other novelties. For example, DaVinci'swalking lion (1515).

Rabbi Loew of Prague is said to have invented the Golem, a clay man brought to life (1580).

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 12

The Golem

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 13

17th century

Early in the century, Descartes proposed that bodies of animals are nothing more than complex machines. Many other 17th century thinkers offered variations and elaborations of Cartesian mechanism.

Pascal created the first mechanical digital calculating machine (1642).

Thomas Hobbes published The Leviathan(1651), containing a mechanistic and combinatorial theory of thinking.

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 14

RENE DESCARTES (1595-1650)

Rene Descartes was a famous French mathematician, scientist and philosopher. He was arguably the first major philosopher in the modern era to make a serious effort to defeat skepticism. His views about knowledge and certainty, as well as his views about the relationship between mind and body have been very influential over the last three centuries.

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 15

17th century continue

Leibniz improved Pascal's machine to do multiplication & division with a machine called the Step Reckoner (1673) and envisioned a universal calculus of reasoning by which arguments could be decided mechanically.

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 16

Gottfried Leibniz and Pascal

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (sometimes von Leibniz) (German pronunciation: 1 July 1646 – 14 November 1716) was a Germanphilosopher, polymath and mathematician who wrote primarily in Latin and French.

Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623, Clermont-Ferrand – August 19, 1662, Paris) was a French mathematician, physicist, and Catholic philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a civil servant.

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 17

18th century

The 18th century saw a profusion of mechanical toys, including the celebrated mechanical duck of Vaucanson and von Kempelen's phony mechanical chess player, The Turk (1769).

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 18

Jacques de Vaucanson and Wolfgang von Kempelen

Jacques de Vaucanson (February 24, 1709 – November 21, 1782) was a French inventor and artist with a mechanical background who is credited with creating the world's first true robots, as well as for creating the first completely automated loom.

Johann Wolfgang Ritter von Kempelen de Pázmánd (Hungarian: Kempelen Farkas) (23 January 1734 – 26 March 1804) was a Hungarian[1][2][3][4][5] author and inventorwith Irish ancestors.

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 19

19th century

Luddites (led by Ned Ludd) destroyed machinery in England (1811-1816).

Mary Shelley published the story of Frankenstein's monster (1818).

George Boole developed a binary algebra representing (some) "laws of thought," published in The Laws of Thought.

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 20

The Luddites

The Luddites were a social movement of British textileartisans in the nineteenth century who protested—often by destroying mechanized looms—against the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution, which they felt were leaving them without work and changing their entire way of life.

This English historical movement should be seen in the context of the era's harsh economic climate due to the Napoleonic Wars, and the degrading working conditions in the new textile factories. Since then Luddite has been used to describe those opposed to industrialization or new technologies [1].

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 21

Frankenstein's monster

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 22

George Boole

George Boole (2 November 1815 – 8 December 1864) was an English mathematician and philosopher.

As the inventor of Boolean logic—the basis of modern digital computer logic—Boole is regarded in hindsight as a founder of the field of computer science

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 23

19th century continue

Charles Babbage & Ada Byron (Lady Lovelace) designed a programmable mechanical calculating machines. A working model was built in 2002; a short video shows it working.

Modern propositional logic developed by Gottlob Frege in his 1879 work Begriffsschrift and later clarified and expanded by Russell, Tarski, Godel, Church and others.

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 24

Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage, (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 25

A programmable mechanical calculating machines

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 26

Ada Lovelace

Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852), born Augusta AdaByron, was an English writer chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the analytical engine. Her notes on the engine include what is recognized as the first algorithm intended to be processed by a machine; as such she is often regarded as the world's first computer programmer.

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 27

Propositional logic

The area of symbolic logic called propositional logic, originally called propositional calculus but not to be confused with the branch of mathematics calculus, studies the properties of sentences formed from constants, usually designated p, q, r, ... and five logical operators, AND, OR, IF...THEN, IF AND ONLY IF and NOT. The corresponding logical operations are known, respectively, as conjunction, disjunction, material conditional, biconditional, and negation. These five operators are sometimes denoted as keywords, especially in computer languages, and sometimes by special symbols

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 28

Gottlob Frege

Friedrich Ludwig GottlobFrege (8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a Germanmathematician who became a logician and philosopher. He was one of the founders of modern logic, and made major contributions to the foundations of mathematics.

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 29

20th century - First Half

Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead published Principia Mathematica, which revolutionaized formal logic. Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Rudolf Carnap lead philosophy into logical analysis of knowledge.

Karel Capek's play "R.U.R." (Rossum's Universal Robots)produced in 1921 (London opening, 1923). - First use of the word 'robot' in English.

Warren McCulloch & Walter Pitts publish "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" (1943), laying foundations for neural networks.

Arturo Rosenblueth, Norbert Wiener & Julian Bigelow coin the term "cybernetics" in a 1943 paper. Wiener's popular book by that name published in 1948.

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 30

20th century continue

Emil Post proves that production systems are a general computational mechanism (1943). See Ch.2 of Rule Based Expert Systems for the uses of production systems in AI. Post also did important work on completeness, inconsistency, and proof theory.

George Polya published his best-selling book on thinking heuristically, How to Solve It in 1945. This book introduced the term 'heuristic' into modern thinking and has influenced many AI scientists.

Vannevar Bush published As We May Think (Atlantic Monthly, July 1945) a prescient vision of the future in which computers assist humans in many activities.

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 31

20th century continue

Grey Walter experimented with autonomous robots, turtles named Elsie and Elmer, at Bristol (1948-49) based on the premise that a small number of brain cells could give rise to complex behaviors.

A.M. Turing published "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (1950). - Introduction of Turing Test as a way of operationalizing a test of intelligent behavior. See The Turing Institute for more on Turing.

Claude Shannon published detailed analysis of chess playing as search in "Programming a computer to play chess" (1950).

Isaac Asimov published his three laws of robotics(1950).

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 32

Reading materials

http://library.thinkquest.org/2705/history.html

http://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/History_of_Artificial_Intelligence

http://www.stottlerhenke.com/ai_general/history.htm

http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/ai.html***

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 33

End of

Any questions?

T.Uranchimeg, MUST

(AI: Lecture 01) Page 34

Conclusion

Ancient history

5th century B.C.

13th century

15th century

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century