AS Biology Contents Guide - Boardworks AS Biology... · Boardworks AS Biology Contents Guide May 2008 10/19

Boardworks AS Biology Contents Guide

Boardworks AS Biology Biological Molecules: Water and Carbohydrates

30 slides 13 Flash activities

Water • Structure of water and hydrogen bonding

Sequence of events illustrating why water is a good solvent using the example of water dissolving sodium chloride

Guide to the properties and biological roles of water

Monosaccharides • Overview of carbohydrates • Hexose monosaccharides: alpha and beta glucose, fructose, galactose • Pentose monosaccharides: ribose and deoxyribose

Animation showing the formation of a glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides • Disaccharides: maltose, sucrose and lactose

Virtual experiment investigating Benedict's test for reducing sugars Completing sentences about mono- and disaccharides

Polysaccharides Animation showing the formation of amylose and amylopectin from alpha glucose,

including the formation of 1–4 and 1–6 glycosidic bonds • Properties and biological roles of starch

Virtual experiment investigating the iodine test for starch Animation showing the formation of cellulose from beta glucose

• Glycogen Identifying true-or-false statements about polysaccharides

Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Identifying carbohydrates from their structure Multiple-choice quiz

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May 2008 1/19


Biological Molecules: Proteins and Lipids


Proteins • Overview of proteins • General structure of amino acids

Guide to the structure of the 20 naturally-occurring amino acids Animation showing the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids Identifying parts of a dipeptide Animation showing the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of a protein Identifying the different levels of structure of a protein

• Types of bond in a protein • Fibrous and globular proteins

Virtual experiment investigating the Biuret test for proteins Identifying true-or-false statements about proteins

Lipids • Overview of lipids

Animation showing the structure of triglycerides Guide to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, including the difference between cis and

trans fatty acids • Biological roles of lipids

Animation showing the structure of phospholipids Virtual experiment investigating the emulsion test for proteins Identifying parts of lipids

Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Investigation to identify mystery substances using biological tests Multiple-choice quiz

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May 2008 2/19


Nucleic Acids and the Genetic Code


Nucleotides and nucleic acids • Overview of nucleotides and bases

Identifying bases from their structure Matching bases to their complementary pairs in DNA and RNA Animation showing how nucleotides are formed Animation showing how polynucleotides are formed Guide to the structure of DNA Animated zoom illustrating how DNA is packaged to form chromosomes

DNA replication Overview of the three theoretical mechanisms by which DNA could replicate Virtual experiment investigating how Meselson and Stahl determined that DNA replicated

by a semi-conservative method Animation showing the mechanism of DNA replication Matching enzymes involved in DNA replication to their roles Completing sentences about DNA replication Animations showing three ways in which gene mutations can occur during DNA

replication

The genetic code Timeline of major milestones in the discovery of the genetic code

code • The triplet, degenerate and non-overlapping nature of the genetic • mRNA, transcription and codons

Guide to the genetic code • tRNA and its role in translation

Ordering the stages of protein synthesis Identifying the codons, anti-codons and amino acids coded for by a DNA sequence

Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Multiple-choice quiz

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May 2008 3/19


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Enzymes


Enzyme action • Overview of enzymes, their structure and specificity

Guide to the six major classes of enzymes Animated graph illustrating how enzymes increase the rate of reaction by lowering the

activation energy Animation showing the lock-and-key model of enzyme action Animation showing the induced fit model of enzyme action

• Enzyme cofactors Identifying true-or-false statements about enzymes

Factors affecting enzymes Animated graph illustrating how to calculate the initial rate of an enzyme-catalyzed

reaction Animated graph illustrating the effect of temperature on enzyme-catalyzed reactions Animated graph illustrating the effect of pH on enzyme-catalyzed reactions Virtual experiment and multiple-choice activity investigating the effect of substrate

concentration on an enzyme-catalyzed reaction Animated graph illustrating the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme-catalyzed

reactions Animated graph illustrating the effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme-catalyzed

reactions g sentences about factors affecting the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions Completin

Enzyme inhibitors • Overview of enzyme inhibitors

Animations showing the mechanisms of action of competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibitors

strating the effect of enzyme inhibitors on enzyme-catalyzed reactions Animated graph illu• Uses of enzyme inhibitors

Identifying molecules that interact with enzymes and the sites to which they bind


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May 2008 5/19

Cell Membranes


The fluid mosaic model • Overview of membranes

Timeline of major milestones in the discovery of the structure of cell membranes • Evidence for and against the Davson–Danielli model of cell membranes • Evidence for the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes

Animated diagram of the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes Identifying true-or-false statements about models of cell membranes

Components of cell membranes Labelling components of cell membranes

• Role of phospholipids and cholesterol in cell membranes • Overview of integral and peripheral membrane proteins

Matching components of cell membranes to their role Guide to factors affecting the fluidity of cell membranes Completing sentences about cell membranes

Receptors and cell signalling • Overview of cell signalling and transmembrane receptors

Animations showing the mechanisms of action of ligand-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors


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Transport Across Membranes


Diffusion • Overview of diffusion and Fick’s law

Simulation investigating the effect of surface area, membrane thickness and concentration gradient on the rate of diffusion

• Effect of molecule size and polarity on the rate of diffusion Animation showing facilitated diffusion Completing sentences about diffusion

Osmosis • Overview of osmosis and water potential

Animation showing the movement of water molecules during osmosis • Solute and pressure potential

Calculations involving water, solute and pressure potential Simulation investigating the effect of changing water potential on a plant cell Simulation investigating the effect of changing water potential on an animal cell Virtual experiment and multiple-choice activity to determine the water potential of potato

cells Identifying true-or-false statements about osmosis Identifying factors that cause a net gain or net loss of water during osmosis

Active and bulk transport • Overview and importance of active transport

Animation showing active transport • Overview of bulk transport

Animations showing phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated phagocytosis Animation showing exocytosis

Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Identifying the main features of diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active

transport Multiple-choice quiz

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Cell Structure


The building blocks of life • Overview of cells

Timeline of major milestones in the discovery of the cell • Overview of the cell membrane and cytoplasm

Eukaryotic cells • Overview of eukaryotic cells

Animation showing organelles involved in protein synthesis • Overview of mitochondria

Guide to microtubules and the cytoskeleton Identifying organelles of an animal cell from their functions

• Overview of plant cells • Chloroplasts, vacuoles and the cell wall

Matching organelles to their functions

Prokaryotic cells • Overview of prokaryotic cells

Guide to the common features of prokaryotic cells • Capsules, flagella, pili and plasmids

Labelling structures of a bacterium

Studying cells Animated zoom illustrating the size of biological structures, the limits of the human eye,

optical microscopy and electron microscopy • Optical microscopes, magnification and resolution

Virtual microscope with calculations involving image size, magnification and actual size Guide to transmission and scanning electron microscopes Virtual experiments investigating differential and density gradient centrifugation Identifying features of optical and electron microscopy

Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Identifying differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Multiple-choice quiz

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May 2008 8/19

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Cell Division


The cell cycle • Overview of cell division

Animation showing the main phases of the cell cycle Identifying phases of the cell cycle

Mitosis • Overview of mitosis

Animation showing mitosis Matching the stages of mitosis to their definitions and illustrations Guide to how mitosis fits into the cell cycle Identifying stages of mitosis from a micrograph

Cell differentiation • Overview of specialized cells

Animated zoom illustrating the relationships between animal cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms

Animation showing the different potencies of stem cells • Overview of rest phase

Animated zoom illustrating the relationships between plant cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms

Completing sentences about cell differentiation

Meiosis • Chromosomes and gametes

Meiosis and genetic variation • Animation showing meiosis Identifying true-or-false statements about meiosis Identifying the arrangement of chromosomes through the stages of meiosis Guide to the major types of chromosome mutation

Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Identifying the main features of mitosis and meiosis Multiple-choice quiz


May 2008 9/19

Immunology


Primary defences Guide to physical barriers to infection Guide to the major components of the immune response Case study of an immunologist

Non-specific immune response • Overview of components of the non-specific/innate immune response

Animation showing inflammation and phagocytosis Identifying true-or-false statements about non-specific immunity

Specific immune response • Overview of components of the specific/adaptive immune response

Guide to the major types of lymphocytes Animation showing the cellular immune response Animation showing the humoral immune response Animations showing how antibodies inactivate pathogens by neutralization and

agglutination Animated graph illustrating the primary and secondary immune response Guide to the structure of an antibody molecule

• Uses and production of monoclonal antibodies Matching lymphocytes to their roles in the immune response Identifying factors associated with cellular and humoral immune responses Labelling components of an antibody molecule

Artificial immunity Guide to the ways in which immunity can be acquired

• Vaccination and antigenic variation • The MMR controversy

Guide to interpreting scientific papers, with a focus on Dr Andrew Wakefield’s paper on MMR and autism

ut the MMR controversy Voting activity abo Completing sentences about vaccination


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May 2008 10/19

Infectious Diseases


Pathogens and disease Animated graph illustrating the major causes of death worldwide by infectious diseases Quiz about the major types of pathogen: bacteria, viruses and fungi Guide to the major forms of disease transmission

• Factors affecting the spread of disease Guide to incidence, prevalence and mortality, with a focus on HIV and tuberculosis Case study of an infectious diseases specialist

HIV and AIDS • Overview of HIV and AIDS

Animation showing how HIV replicates in host cells Animated graph illustrating lymphocyte count and HIV load during HIV infection Ordering the stages of HIV infection Animated graph showing the major routes of HIV transmission in the UK Completing sentences about HIV and AIDS

Malaria • Overview of malaria and parasitism

Animation showing the life cycle of the malarial parasite • Control and distribution of malaria

Map illustrating how malaria may spread as a result of climate change Ordering the stages in the life cycle of the malarial parasite

Tuberculosis • Overview of tuberculosis infection and symptoms

Animated graph illustrating the correlation between poverty and tuberculosis Identifying true-or-false statements about tuberculosis

Antibiotics Virtual experiment investigating the effectiveness of different antibiotics

Summary activities

• Antibiotic resistance and MRSA

Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Quiz about HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis

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Multiple-choice quiz


May 2008 11/19

Lifestyle and Disease


Diseases and risks they can be classified • Overview of diseases and how

Animated graph illustrating the major causes of death in the UK • Risk factors, and perceived vs. actual risk

Voting activity on the impact of lifestyle on health

Cardiovascular disease Animated graph illustrating the major types of cardiovascular disease and their

•contribution to the number of worldwide deaths

Overview of coronary heart disease Animated graph illustrating the trend in the number of deaths in the UK caused by

cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease and stroke Animated graph illustrating the effect of gender and age on the risk of death by coronary

heart disease and stroke Case study of a cardiologist Animation showing the process of atherosclerosis

• Risk factors for coronary heart disease Graphs illustrating deaths by coronary h

pressure in selected European countrieseart disease and the incidence of high blood

• Effect of cholesterol and smoking on the risk of coronary heart disease • Overview of heart attacks and angina

Guide to the methods of diagnosing coronary heart disease Ordering the stages of development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease Identifying whether factors are associated with a higher or lower risk of coronary heart

disease Guide to medication used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease

Overview• of surgery for coronary heart disease Animation showing coronary/balloon angioplasty

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Lung disease

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• Overview of COPD, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema • The role of spirometry in diagnosing COPD

Guide to the interpretation of flow–volume and volume–time spirometry graphs, with a focus on diagnosing COPD

• Overview of treatment of COPD • Overview of lung cancer

Graphs illustrating the incidence, mortality and survival rates of different types of cancer in males and females in the UK/England

Graph illustrating the correlation between smoking and lung cancer • Epidemiological evidence for the link between smoking, lung cancer and reduced life

expectancy Matching types of respiratory disease to their major symptoms


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Transport in Plants


Transport systems Guide to components of plant transport systems, including xylem and phloem Identifying structures of plant transport systems from micrographs and line drawings Labelling structures of plant transport systems Matching components of plant transport systems to their roles

Transpiration and water transport • Overview of transpiration and water potential

Virtual experiment investigating factors that affect the rate of transpiration Completing sentences about factors that affect the rate of transpiration Animation showing the mechanisms of transpiration Guide to the adaptations of xerophytes Ordering stages in the process of transpiration

Translocation • Overview of translocation and the pressure flow hypothesis

Animation showing the mechanism of translocation Completing sentences about translocation


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May 2008 14/19

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Gas Exchange


The lungs Animated zoom illustrating the structure of the lungs, from the trachea to the alveoli Animation showing gas exchange in the alveoli

• Functions of lung surfactant, ciliated epithelium and goblet cells Identifying structures of the lungs from micrographs and line drawings

Ventilation Animation showing the mechanism of ventilation

• Composition of inhaled and exhaled air Guide to spirometry and lung capacity Matching spirometric terms to their definitions

Oxygen transport • Overview of haemoglobin and partial pressures

Animated graph illustrating the oxygen dissociation curve Animated graph illustrating the effects of pH (Bohr shift) and temperature on oxygen

dissociation • Foetal haemoglobin and myoglobin

Completing sentences about oxygen transport

Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation Labelling structures of the lungs Multiple-choice quiz


May 2008 15/19

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The Heart


Structure of the heart • Overview of the human heart and cardiac muscle

Guide to the internal and external structure of the human heart Labelling the chambers, valves and major blood vessels of the human heart Identifying the direction of blood flow through the chambers and major blood vessels of

the heart

The cardiac cycle Animation showing the cardiac cycle in terms of systole, diastole and blood flow Interactive cardiac cycle, including animated graph illustrating pressure changes in the

ventricles, atria and aorta • Cardiac output • Electrical conduction system of the heart

Animation showing the heart’s electrical activity during the cardiac cycle Interactive cardiac cycle showing electrical activity, including animated ECG trace Ordering stages of the cardiac cycle

• Overview of ECGs and their role in diagnosing heart abnormalities Guide to sections of an ECG trace Guide to normal and abnormal ECG traces



May 2008 16/19

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Circulation and Blood


Circulatory systems • Importance of body size and surface area-to-volume ratio in the transport of substances

Investigation into the relationship between surface area and volume • Open and closed circulatory systems

Animated guide to single and double circulatory systems Guide to the major vessels of the mammalian circulatory system Identifying true-or-false statements about circulatory systems

Blood vessels • Guide to the structure and function of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins

Identifying the structure of artery and vein walls from micrographs and line drawings Animation showing blood flow in veins, including the role of valves and skeletal muscle How the circulatory system maintains high blood pressure Identifying the major features of arteries, veins and capillaries

Blood, tissue fluid and lymph Guide to the composition of blood

• Features of erythrocytes Animation showing blood clotting Identifying substances involved in blood clotting

• Overview of plasma proteins and tissue fluid Guide to the formation of tissue fluid

• Lymph and the lymphatic system Matching body fluids to their composition



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Classification


Taxonomy • Overview of classification

Classifying organisms according to basic similarities Timeline of major classification systems Guide to the taxonomic hierarchy

• Major characteristics of the Kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and Monera Ordering the eight major taxonomic ranks

Phylogeny • Overview of phylogeny

Ordering primates according to their relatedness to humans Guide to molecular systematics Identifying true-or-false statements about phylogeny

What is a species? • Biological and phylogenetic species concepts • Binomial naming

Identifying cat species using a dichotomous key Completing sentences about species


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May 2008 18/19

Biodiversity


Introducing biodiversity Interactive biodiversity scene

• Overview of the main types of biodiversity • Overview of species, habits and endemism

Completing sentences about species

The importance of biodiversity Guide to biodiversity hotspots

• High and low biodiversity • Loss of biodiversity and the dangers of monoculture

Identifying areas as having high or low biodiversity

Measuring biodiversity • Importance of measuring biodiversity • Species richness and species evenness • Simpson’s Index of Diversity

Guide to calculating Simpson’s Index of Diversity Calculations involving Simpson’s Index of Diversity Matching terms relating to species diversity to their definitions Guide to different methods of obtaining biodiversity data Animation showing how quadrats can be used in random sampling

• The use of line and belt transects in sampling


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May 2008 19/19

Conservation


Threats to biodiversity • Overview of conservation • Impact of rising human population on biodiversity • Mass extinctions

Guide to categories of conservation status Identifying true-or-false statements about conservation

Reasons for conservation Voting activity on the most important reasons for conservation

• Conservation for ethical and aesthetic reasons • Conservation for economic and practical reasons

Simulation of the effect of conservation on tourism • Conservation for ecological reasons

Matching statements to the reason for conservation

Mechanisms of conservation • Overview of the strategies of conservation • In situ conservation and coppicing • Ex situ conservation • Zoos and captive breeding programmes

Voting activity on whether zoos should only contain threatened animals • Botanic gardens and seed banks

Identifying examples of in situ and ex situ conservation Timeline of major global and UK conservation legislation Case study of an ecologist


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AS Biology Contents Guide - Boardworks AS Biology... · Boardworks AS Biology Contents Guide May 2008 10/19