AS Paper 1 SAM question paper v1.0...3 7036/1/v1.0 Turn over Question 1 continues on the next page 0 1 . 2 Which one of the following is a correct statement about a transfer of water

AS

GEOGRAPHY

Paper 1 Physical geography and people and the environment

Additional specimen Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes

Materials For this paper you must have: a pencil a rubber a ruler. You may use a calculator. Instructions Answer either Question 1 or Question 2 or Question 3 in Section A. Answer either Question 4 or Question 5 in Section B. Information The total number of marks available for this paper is 80. Advice For the multiple-choice questions, completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer(s).

If you want to change your answer you must cross out your original answer as shown.

If you wish to return to an answer previously crossed out, ring the answer you now wish to select as shown.

Please write clearly, in block capitals.

Centre number Candidate number

Surname

Forename(s)

Candidate signature

CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS

ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN

ASSESSMENT MATERIAL

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Section A

Answer one question.

Answer either Question 1 or Question 2 or Question 3.

Shade the circle below to indicate which optional question you will answer.

Question 0 1 Question 0 2 Question 0 3

Question 1

Water and carbon cycles

0 1 . 1 Which sentence summarises an example of positive feedback between the carbon cycle and climate change?

[1 mark]

A Enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations cause global temperatures to rise, increasing productivity rates in tropical rainforests. This increases rates of sequestration of CO2 as more carbon is stored in the vegetation.

B Increased concentrations of atmospheric CO2 leads to global

temperature rise, warming the oceans, which absorb less atmospheric CO2. Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 continue to increase.

C Oceans warm as global temperatures rise. Warm oceans absorb more CO2 from the atmosphere, reducing the concentration of atmospheric CO2.

D Warmer, longer summers in the Arctic lead to increased

summer melting of sea ice. Ice-free ocean absorbs less solar radiation increasing atmospheric warming.


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Question 1 continues on the next page

0 1 . 2 Which one of the following is a correct statement about a transfer of water in a drainage basin water cycle?

[1 mark]

A Infiltration is a store of water in the drainage basin water cycle.

B Interception accelerates the flow of water through a drainage basin.

C Stemflow transfers water in the bedrock to the river channel.

D Transpiration is an output from a drainage basin water cycle.

0 1 . 3 Outline the role of weathering in the carbon cycle. [3 marks]

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0 1 . 4 Figure 1 and Figure 2 show information about the nature of a range of global stores of fresh water.

Figure 1 Volume of fresh water held in different stores

(Global volumes of groundwater to 2 km depth compared with other fresh water stores in the atmosphere, in surface waters (wetlands, rivers and lakes) and within plants or in soils.)

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Using Figure 1 and Figure 2, analyse the nature of these global stores of fresh water. [6 marks]

Figure 2 Approximate length of time fresh water remains in different stores

Store Residence time

Ice caps 15 000 years

Groundwater Up to 1000 years

Surface water 2 weeks to 10 years

Soil water 2-50 weeks

Atmosphere 10 days

Vegetation Varies

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0 1 . 5 Assess the relative importance of natural factors in changing the size of major stores of carbon.

[9 marks]

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0 1 . 6 Evaluate the importance of the human and natural factors affecting river discharge over time.

[20 marks]

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Turn over for the next question

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

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Question 2 Coastal systems and landscapes 0 2 . 1 Which sentence best describes a ‘low energy coast’?

[1 mark]

A A coastline often experiencing strong, steady prevailing winds that create high energy waves and the rate of erosion is greater than the rate of deposition.

B A coastline where the rate of deposition often exceeds the rate of erosion of sediment and wave energy is relatively low.

C A distinct area of coastline separated from other areas by

well-defined boundaries, such as headlands and stretches of deep water.

D Where there is a balance between sediment being added to

and removed from the coastal system, indicating that dynamic equilibrium exists on that stretch of coastline.

0 2 . 2 What coastal landform is described as an elongated bank of deposited sand or

shingle, running parallel to the coastline and not submerged by incoming tides, with coastal marshes, lagoons or mangrove swamps often developing on their landward side?

[1 mark]

A A barrier beach. B A wave cut platform. C A tombolo. D A salt marsh.

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0 2 . 3 Outline how the coast is described as a natural system. [3 marks]

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0 2 . 4 Figure 3 and Figure 4 show some information from the shoreline management plan for a section of the Cumbria coast between St Bees Head in the south and the Scottish border in the north.

Figure 3 Shoreline management plan map – St Bees Head to the Scottish border

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Figure 4 Details of shoreline management plan

Area on map

Proposed from 1998 onwards Annual maintenance cost of existing and

new defences

Estimated cost of damage and losses if new and existing sea

defences not built and maintained

New strategies Approximate cost

1 Cliff stability £700 000 £0 £15 000

2 Revetments

Breakwater repairs

Embankments

£2 310 000 £35 000 £2 700 000

3 Rock armour

Revetments £4 500 000 £20 000

£900 000

(+ railway line costs of £ millions)

4 Rock armour

Flood wall

Beach management

£5 160 000 £10 000

£12 000 000

(+ railway line costs of £ millions/some costs overlap with Area 3)

5 Rock armour

Embankments £800 000 £0 £3 600 000

6 Repairs of existing structures,

Groynes

Beach nourishment

£1 400 000 £10 000 £840 000

7 No addition to existing defences £13 000 £1 000 000

8 No addition to existing defences £2 000 £400 000

9 No addition to existing defences £20 000 £1 640 000

Totals £14 870 000 £110 000 £23 095 000

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Using Figure 3 and Figure 4, analyse the coastal management strategies adopted on this stretch of coastline.

[6 marks]

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0 2 . 5 Evaluate the role of sea level change over the last 10 000 years in the development of coastal landscapes.

[9 marks]

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0 2 . 6 Assess the extent to which predicted climate change will present challenges for the sustainable management of a local scale coastal environment that you have studied.

[20 marks]

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Question 3 Glacial systems and landscapes 0 3 . 1 Which one of the following are all landforms of glacial deposition?

[1 mark]

A Arêtes, blockfields and corries. B Drumlins, erratics and moraines. C Eskers, kames and terminal moraine. D Till plains, roches moutonnées and truncated spurs.

0 3 . 2 What is meant by solifluction?

[1 mark]

A Downslope movement of saturated soils related to the thawing of the active layer.

B Rock falls resulting from freeze-thaw cycles on steep rock cliffs in glaciated valleys.

C Slow vertical upwards movement of stones in fine grained

soils due to cycles of freezing and thawing.

D Weathering of a preglacial hollow by physical and chemical processes underneath an accumulation of snow.

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0 3 . 3 Outline the characteristics of warm based glaciers. [3 marks]

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0 3 . 4 Figure 5 and Figure 6 show modern day ice coverage in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere and that 18 000 years before present.

Figure 5 Ice cover 18 000 years before present

South Pole

North Pole

5000 km

Ice on land

Sea ice

5000 km

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Question 3.4 continues on the next page

Figure 6 Ice cover in present day

South Pole

5000 km

North Pole

5000 km

NB – some smaller areas of glacial ice not shown.

Ice on land

Sea ice

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Compare the changing extent of ice coverage shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6 over the last 18 000 years in both hemispheres.

[6 marks]

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0 3 . 5 Analyse the factors that control the glacier budget over time. [9 marks]

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0 3 . 6 Assess the extent to which fluvioglacial landscapes are shaped by a range of fluvioglacial processes operating over short, medium and longer term time scales.

[20 marks]

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Section B

Answer one question.

Answer either Question 4 or Question 5.

Shade the circle below to indicate which optional question you will answer.

Question 0 4 Question 0 5

Question 4

Hazards

0 4 . 1 Which sentence best describes the process of ridge push associated with plate movement?

[1 mark]

A As a plate moves away from a mid-ocean ridge it cools, eventually becoming denser than the mantle beneath and, as this cool dense crust is subducted, it helps draw the rest of the plate down with it.

B At constructive plate boundaries upwelling hot magma

generates a buoyancy effect causing mid-ocean ridges to form. Gravity acts down the slope of this ridge meaning the plates experience a force that acts away from the plate boundary.

C Hot spots deep within the Earth generate convection currents

in the asthenosphere causing magma to rise towards the surface and spread out before cooling and sinking. This circulation allows the crustal plates to move.

D Where a concentration of radioactive elements below the

crust cause a plume of hot, less-dense magma to rise towards the surface.


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0 4 . 2 Which one of the following is most likely to lead to a naturally occurring wild fire that will spread rapidly?

[1 mark]

A A carelessly discarded cigarette landing in a desert region. B A lightning strike during the dry season in an environment

with extensive and continuous vegetation cover with a gentle but sustained wind blowing in from outside the area.

C A thunder storm in an area of tropical rainforest following many days of continuous rainfall. D Unmanaged fires lit by loggers to clear the remaining

vegetation from logged areas spreading into surrounding areas of natural forest.

0 4 . 3 Outline the formation of deep sea trenches. [3 marks]

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0 4 . 4 Figure 7 and Figure 8 show information about impacts of wildfires in the USA.

Figure 7

Figure 8

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Wildfire Deaths USA 24 9 25 15 8 11 15 34 10 13

0 4 . 4 Using Figure 7 and Figure 8, assess the impacts of wildfires in the USA between the dates shown.

[6 marks]

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0 4 . 5 Evaluate how the economic and social characteristics of a place you have studied in a multi-hazardous environment affect the resilience of the local population to the natural hazards they face.

[9 marks]

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0 4 . 6 With reference to a recent volcanic event, assess the extent to which you agree that physical factors are more important than human factors in determining the level of impacts experienced by the local population.

[20 marks]

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Question 5

Contemporary urban environments

0 5 . 1 Which sentence best describes sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS)? [1 mark]

A Artificial drains, gutters and sewers designed to rapidly remove water from impermeable urban surfaces directly to the river channel creating a reduced lag time.

B Modern approaches to managing rainfall in urban areas by

using natural processes to hold back and slow surface run off, control flooding and provide amenity for the local population.

C Physical land use management where expensive and

important buildings and infrastructure are built on higher land away from floodplains.

D Soft engineering approaches to reducing flooding involving

the afforestation of upland areas of river catchments to reduce flooding in urban areas downstream.

0 5 . 2 Which one of the following is not a physical factor affecting urban form? [1 mark]

A Higher land away from flood risk. B Good access to a water supply. C Government policy relating to the urban planning process. D Proximity to a natural resource such as coal or iron ore.

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0 5 . 3 Explain the environmental impacts of incineration in the context of waste management and disposal.

[3 marks]

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0 5 . 4 Figure 9 and Figure 10 show the number of people living in urban areas between 1950 and 2050.

Figure 9 Number of urban residents in world regions

Figure 10 Number of urban residents by continent between 1950 and 2050

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Using Figure 9 and Figure 10, analyse the changing nature in the number of urban residents around the world.

[6 marks]

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0 5 . 5 Analyse the impact of the local weather and climate on the lived experience of people in a place that you have studied.

[9 marks]

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0 5 . 6 “The environmental sustainability of urban areas is influenced by the physical environmental conditions of each place.” With reference to two contrasting places, to what extent do you agree with this view?

[20 marks]

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END OF QUESTIONS

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Acknowledgement of copyright holders and publishers Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements in future papers if notified. Figure 3: © Allerdale borough council

Figure 5 and 6: © Adapted from Elsom, D (1992), Planet Earth: The making, shaping and workings of a planet Marshall publishing, London

Figure 7: © Information Insurance Institute

Figures 9 and 10: © The UN Copyright © 2017 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

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AS Paper 1 SAM question paper v1.0...3 7036/1/v1.0 Turn over Question 1 continues on the next page 0 1 . 2 Which one of the following is a correct statement about a transfer of water