CHAPTER 14

AP US HISTORY

BYRD

AMERICANS MOVE WESTAs the American nation grew, people began to move WestThese individuals were young, energetic, and restlessLife for pioneer families was very

hard. Lots of sickness. Loneliness commonCreates idea of “Rugged Individualism”Rugged Individualism

Idea that you pull yourself up by your bootstraps and take on whatever comes your way!!!

WHAT DO YOU NOTICE???

“The Mountain Men”

Many western settlers are involved in a system of fur trading known as the “Rendezvous System”

Mountain men traders meet at some point with Eastern merchants to trade goods

GEORGE CATLIN

American painter of Native Americans and western sceneryPushed for the national policy of preservation of natural landsWill promote national parks like Yellowstone Park in 1872

GROWTH OF CITIESCities continued to grow at rapid paces

Population was still booming

Immigrants flooded into America

Immigration period known as “Old Immigration”

OLD IMMIGRATIONPrior to 1900

Came from Western and Northern Europe

Have experience with Democracy

Can usually speak some English

Do well at blending into America--not hyphenated Americans

Two Biggest Immigrant GroupsIRISH

Came b/c of famine and opportunity in America

Little money, so settled in seaboard cities

Discriminated against b/c of Roman Catholicism

NINA--No Irish Need Apply

Came to dominate some political machines in big cities

Found in many big city police departments

Had some money and moved out of cities into Midwest, especially Wisconsin

Brought lots of German influences with them

Discriminated against too!!

GERMANS

ANTI-IMMIGRANT AMERICA

NATIVISM--belief that the “native” stock of white,

Anglo-Saxon Americans is best

Organizations form to deal with influx of immigrants

Order of the Star Spangled Banner first major organization

Will turn into American Party or Know Nothings

THE AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The Industrial Revolution began

in England

America was slow in seeing the

Industrial Revolution reach

American shores….why?

Reasons IR was slow to US?

1.Too much free land so most would rather attempt to farm than work in factory

2.Labor scarce early, but will change with immigration

3.Money scarce4.Raw materials needed

not yet discovered5.Consumers scarce6.British competition7.British monopoly on

textile industry

“Father of the Factory System”

SAMUEL SLATER

The American Industrial Revolution will begin in the textile industry

First textile mill was the Pawtucket Mill in 1791 in Massachusetts

ELI WHITNEYCreated the Cotton Gin which made growing cotton profitable again

Allowed slavery to revive and grow again!

Cotton Gin invented in 1793

Also developed the concept of “interchangeable parts

Made mass production possible

Used guns as the example of how this could work

Cotton Gin

Interchangeable Parts

Wage SlavesWage slaves a term given to those who worked in the factories of the Industrial Revolution

Worked long hours, long weeks, bad conditions

Child workers all too common

--1820--1/2 of all workers were children under age of 10

LABOR IN THE I.R.

Many workers wanted to organize and be able to strike for better conditions

Illegal to organize and strike, but some still did

SCABSWORKERS WHO REPLACE STRIKING WORKERS

Commonwealth v. HuntCOURT CASE THAT SAID LABOR UNIONS WERE LEGAL

LOWELL MILLSKnown as “showcase” factories

Owned by a group of individuals known as the Boston Associates

All the workers were farm girls who were carefully supervised

Made factory work look good!!!

Elias Howe and Isaac Singer

Elias Howe invented the sewing machine

Isaac Singer perfected the sewing machine

INVENTOR

Samuel MorseInvented the telegraph in 1844

First telegraph message

“What hath God wrought?”

First telegraph from Washington DC to BaltimoreLanguage of telegraph known as Morse Code

INVENTOR

WOMEN IN THE LABOR AGECATHERINE BEECHER--encouraged women to become schoolteachers--very successful

Idea that the role of women in the home should be glorified‘CULT OF DOMESTICITY”

DOMESTIC FEMINISMWomen have more control and say over matters such as childbirth

Mid-1800’s Love and FamilyBy 1860, love rather than arrangement determined many marriages!

Family size became smaller

Birth control was not discussed publicly, but evidently was being practiced effectively

Farming TechnologySTEEL PLOW

Invented by John Deere

MECHANICAL REAPERInvented by Cyrus McCormick

AMERICAN TRANSPORTATIONTransportation was very slow in early America--roads were terrible.

The first privately funded important road project in the 1700’s was in Pennsylvania and was called the Lancaster Turnpike

Another important road was the National or Cumberland Road begun in 1811

American transportation--

STEAMBOATSSteamboat travel also became important

Robert Fulton

Steamboat invented by Robert Fulton in 1807

Steamboat not very fastSteamboats opened the West

and the SouthMade upstream navigation

possible

AMERICAN TRANSPORTATION-

-CANALSNEW YORK

Canal building took off too!!

First major canal was the Erie Canal in

NY produced by Dewitt Clinton

Canals allowed for costs of shipping grain to fall tremendously!

Cut time for travel

Other canal building projects would follow

TRANSPORTATION--THE IRON HORSE

AirbrakeGeorge Westinghouse invented airbrakes for

trains

George Pullman invented the famous “sleeping and dining cars” for the railroads

Pullman Palace Cars

Nickname given to the railroad

Advantages of the Railroads?

1. Could go anywhere

2. Not controlled by the weather

Most railroads were built in the NorthEarly railroads were extremely dangerous--

brakes, fires, etc.

TELEGRAPH CABLECYRUS FIELD

AMERICAN TRANSPORTATIONCLIPPER SHIPS

Clipper ships allowed for faster travelDon’t last that long as they give way to steamboat travel

PONY EXPRESSCreated as a form of rapid mail carry

Only lasted a short time

Regional Specialization

North

South

WestFocused on manufacturing

Focused on grain and livestock

Focused on growing cotton