Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
ASCFG 2010 National Conference & Trade ShowNovember 9, 2010
Tulsa, OK
Get Them Buggers: Implementing Pest Management Strategies to Deal with Insect and
Mite Pests Raymond A. Cloyd
Professor, Extension Specialist in Ornamental Entomology/Integrated Pest Management Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
Phone: 785-532-4750 Email: [email protected]
Overview of Presentation•Introduction•Insect and Mite Pest
Feeding BehaviorsFeeding Behaviors•Common Pest
Management Strategies•Questions and Discussion
Outdoor Cut Flower Production Greenhouse Cut Flower Production
Spider Mite
Caterpillar
Aphids
Thrips
Feeding Habit Types
2
Insect and Mite Pest Feeding Behaviors
•Chewing •Sucking (Piercing-Sucking)
•Mining•Boring•Galling
Insect and Mite Feeding Behaviors• Phloem-Feeders: Aphids, Whiteflies,
Mealybugs, and Soft Scales• Xylem-Feeders: True Bugs, Spittlebugs, and
Leafhoppers (in general)• Chewers: Beetles Caterpillars Fungus GnatChewers: Beetles, Caterpillars, Fungus Gnat
Larvae, and Sawflies • Miners: Leafminers• Chlorophyll-Feeders: Spider Mites• Mesophyll and Epidermal Fluid-Feeders:
Thrips
Insect and Mite Pests of Cut Flower CropsCHEWERS– Caterpillars– Beetles
– Grasshoppers– Fungus gnatsSUCKERS– Aphids
– Spider mites– Leafhoppers– Thrips– Whiteflies– Fleahoppers– Lace bugs
Common Pest Management Strategies
• Scouting: Monitoring• Cultural: Sanitation, Fertility, and
Watering• Physical: Exclusion and Trapping• Pest Control Material: Insecticides
and/or Miticides• Biological: Natural Enemies
Scouting: Monitoring
3
How Do You Know That You Have An Insect Or Mite Pest Problem?
Symptomatic PatternsTypical symptom patterns are:
* Random* Uniform* Clumped
Look at plant and plant parts including leaves.Examples:
* Insects and diseases (Biotic): random or clumped (“spotty”)
* Environmental and cultural (Abiotic): uniform (very even throughout)
Example of Uniform Distribution
Example of Clumped Distribution
Sanitation: Weed and Plant Debris Removal Sanitation: Keep Weeds and Plant Debris Away From Main Cropping
Areas
4
Weed Control Weed or Weed?
Importance of Weed Control• Many weeds are susceptible too and
serve as a refuge for insects such as western flower thrips, aphids, leafminers, whiteflies, and mites.leafminers, whiteflies, and mites. • Weeds may also serve as a reservoir
for diseases. For example, oxalis, chickweed, dandelion, jewelweed, and bittercress are weeds that may harbor impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV).
Weeds Are A Source Of Contamination
Common Groundsel Creeping Woodsorrel
Pigweed in Greenhouse Harboring Western Flower Thrips
Annual Sowthistle
5
Weeds May Serve As Reservoirs For Certain Insect And Mite Pests Such As Leafminers
Twospotted Spider Mites on Nightshade Weed
Weed Management Is An Important Strategy That Will Alleviate Problems With Many Insect And Mite Pests How Well Do You Know Your “Garbage?”
As Plant Material Debris Dries Insects Will Migrate Onto The Main Crops
6
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Num
ber o
f Ins
ects
0
20
40
60
80
Thrip
s
Fung
us G
nats
Shor
eflie
s
Thrip
s
Fung
us G
nats
Thrip
s
Fung
us G
nats
Mea
lybu
gs
Thrip
s
Fung
us G
nats
Whi
tefli
es
Thrip
s
Fung
us G
nats
Whi
tefli
es
Thrip
s
Fung
us G
nats
Whi
tefli
es
Fung
us G
nats
May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Num
ber o
f Ins
ects
0
20
40
60
80
Thrip
s
Fung
us G
nats
Whi
tefli
es
Mea
lybu
gs
Shor
eflie
s
Thrip
s
Fung
us G
nats
Whi
tefli
es
Mea
lybu
gs
Shor
eflie
s
Thrip
s
Fung
us G
nats
Whi
tefli
es
Mea
lybu
gs
Shor
eflie
s
Thrip
s
Fung
us G
nats
Whi
tefli
es
Thrip
s
Fung
us G
nats
Whi
tefli
es
Thrip
s
Fung
us G
nats
Whi
tefli
es
Thrip
s
Fung
us G
nats
Whi
tefli
es
May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov.
N
Relationship Between Amount of Plant Debris and Insect Abundance
• Poinsettia:–100% plant debris=98% adult whiteflies
• Yellow Sage:–15% plant debris=96% adult whiteflies
• Garden Verbena:–20% plant debris=96% adult whiteflies
• Fuchsia:–10% plant debris=96% adult whiteflies
It is important to place plant and growing
medium debris ed u deb sin containers
with tight-sealing lids.
Exclusion: Greenhouse Screening
7
Extensive Use of Yellow Sticky Tape Can Capture “Lots” Of Flying Insects
Using Marigolds As “Trap Plants” Egg Plant As Trap Crop
Cucumber Beetle Trap CaterpillarsTobacco Budworm
Imported Cabbageworm Beet Armyworm
8
Pest Control Materials: Caterpillars• Azadirachtin (Azatin XL, Ornazin, and
Molt-X)• Bacillus thuringiensis spp. kurstaki (Dipel)
S i d (C /E hibi )• Spinosad (Conserve/Exhibit)• Cyfluthrin (Decathlon/Tempo)
• Bifenthrin (Talstar)• Fluvalinate (Mavrik)• Pyrethrum/Pyrethrin
Spotted Cucumber Beetle
Pest Control Materials: Beetles• Spinosad (Conserve/Exhibit)• Cyfluthrin (Decathlon/Tempo)
• Bifenthrin (Talstar)• Fluvalinate (Mavrik)• Pyrethrum/Pyrethrin• Carbaryl (Sevin)• Acephate (Orthene)
• Petroleum-based oils (Horticultural oils)• Clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil (Neem Oil)
• Rotenone
Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis
Adult Nymph
Pest Control Materials: Western Flower Thrips• Abamectin (Avid)• Acephate (Orthene)• Bifenthrin (Talstar)• Chlorfenapyr (Pylon)• Kinoprene (Enstar II)• Methiocarb (Mesurol)• Novaluron (Pedestal)• Pyridalyl (Overture)• Spinosad (Conserve)
Twospotted Spider Mite
9
Eggs
Larvae (six-legged)
Protonymph (eight legged)
Twospotted Spider Mite Life Stages
Eggs
Larvae (six-legged)
Protonymph (eight legged)Protonymph (eight-legged)
Deutonymph
Adults
Protonymph (eight-legged)
Deutonymph
Adults
Pest Control Materials: Spider Mites•Abamectin (Avid)•Acequinocyl (Shuttle)• Bifenazate (Floramite)( )•Chlorfenapyr (Pylon)•Clofentezine (Ovation)• Etoxazole (TetraSan)• Fenbutatin-oxide (ProMite)
• Fenpyroximate (Akari)• Hexythiazox (Hexygon)• Petroleum-based oils (PureSpray
Green/SuffOil-X)
Pest Control Materials: Spider Mites
)• Potassium salts of fatty acids
(Insecticidal Soap/M-Pede)• Pyridaben (Sanmite)• Spiromesifen (Judo)• Spirotetramat (Kontos)
Common Name (Trade Name) C S T Egg Larva Nymph Adult_______________________________________________________________________________________________Abamectin (Avid) X X X X XAcequinocyl (Shuttle)** X X X X XBifenazate (Floramite)** X X X X XChlorfenpyr (Pylon) X X X X XClofentezine (Ovation)*** X X X X
Two-Spotted Spider Mite Life Stage Activity of Commercially Available Miticides
Etoxazole (TetraSan) X X X X XFenbutatin-Oxide (ProMite) X X X XFenpyroximate (Akari)** X X X X XHexythiazox (Hexygon)*** X X X XPyridaben (Sanmite)** X X X X XSpiromesifen (Judo)* X X X X XSpirotetramat (Kontos)* X X X X X X_______________________________________________________________________________________________C=Contact; S=Systemic; T=Translaminar12 Different Products; However, 7 Different Modes Of Action.
Alternative or “Soft” Pest Control Materials• Potassium salts of fatty acids (Insecticidal Soap)• Petroleum/paraffinic-based oils (Horticultural
Oils)• Clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil (Neem
Oil))• Insect growth regulators*
• Bacillus thuringiensis spp. kurstaki (Dipel)• Bacillus thuringiensis spp. israelensis (Gnatrol)• Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard/Naturalis)
• Spinosad (Conserve/Exhibit)
Characteristics of Alternative Pesticides:• Short-residual activity.• Sensitive to ultra-violet light and rainfall.• Are active on the young stages of insect and
mite pests.• Less directly/indirectly harmful to natural
enemies (parasitoids and predators).• Low mammalian toxicity.• May take longer to kill target insect and
mite pests.
10
Insect Growth Regulators: Mode of Action• Juvenile Hormone Mimics/Analogs: Arrest
development and cause insects to remain in a young or immature stage thus preventing insects from completing their lifecycle.
• Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors: Interfere with enzymes during the molting process that stimulate the synthesisduring the molting process that stimulate the synthesis and formation of chitin, which is an essential component of an insect’s exoskeleton. Insects fail to reach adulthood because they die when young, or they mature into sterile adult females.
• Ecdysone Antagonists: Interfere with or disrupt the molting process of insects by inhibiting metabolism of the molting hormone, ecdysone.
Mode of Action of Greenhouse Insecticides and Miticides
Juvenille Hormone Mimics* Fenoxycarb (Preclude)* Kinoprene (Enstar II)
* Pyriproxyfen (Distance)Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors
* Buprofezin (Talus)* Cyromazine (Citation)* Diflubenzuron (Adept)* Etoxazole (TetraSan)* Novaluron (Pedestal)Ecdysone Antagonists
* Azadirachtin (Azatin/Ornazin)
Factors Responsible For “Poor” Control Of Insect And/Or Mite Pest Populations
• Spray timing: Age structure of insect and/or mite pest population
• Spray coverage• pH of spray solution
• Frequency of applications• Migration of insect pests into
greenhouses from outside• Resistance to pesticides
Immigration of insect pests such as the western flower thrips into greenhouses from nearby fields: may be
exposed to insecticides with the same mode of action
Tracer (spinosad) Conserve (spinosad)
Always Be Sure To Read The Label!
Biological Control
* Augmentation Augmentation
* Conservation
11
Augmentation Biological Control•Purchase and release natural enemies into a greenhouse or outdoors togreenhouse or outdoors to suppress/regulate plant-feeding insect and/or mite pest populations.
Two Types of Augmentation Biological Control
• Inoculation: release natural enemies at “low” numbers over an extended period of timeperiod of time.• Inundation: release “large”
numbers of natural enemies to quickly reduce insect and/or mite pest populations.
Conservation Biological Control
•A biological control practice that includes any activity designed to protect, attract, or maintain existing p , , gpopulations of natural enemies.•Growing plants that attract natural
enemies and provide a food source such as pollen and nectar for adults.
Conservation Biological Control
• Install or plant trap crops. These are plants, which are generally located around the perimeter of the landscape or garden, that attract insect pests; these insects then
Conservation Biological Control
that attract insect pests; these insects then serve as a reservoir for natural enemies. Natural enemies can migrate back and forth.• For example: use of sweet alyssum
(Lobularia maritima) for aphid parasitoids.
Plants That Attract Natural Enemies• Queen Anne’s Lace (Daucus carota)
• Yarrow (Achillea sp.)• Sweet Clover (Melilotus sp.)
• Sweet Alyssum (Lobularia maritima)y• Buckwheat (Fagopyrum sagittatum)
• Dill (Anethum graveolens)• Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)• Coneflower (Echinacea sp.)• Coreopsis (Coreopsis sp.)
12
Scolia dubia Impact of Pesticide Use On Natural Enemies
* Secondary Pest OutbreakOutbreak
* Target Pest Resurgence
Secondary Pest Outbreak Target Pest Resurgence
How Can You Avoid Negatively Impacting Natural Enemies With Pesticides?
• Pesticide selectionTi i f li ti• Timing of application• “Spot” applications
What Is The Problem With “Bugs?”
13
Contact InformationRaymond A. Cloyd
Kansas State University Department of EntomologyDepartment of EntomologyManhattan, KS 66506-4004
Phone: 785-532-4750Email: [email protected]
Thank You For Your Attention!
I Hope You All Learned Something!
Questions or What’s Bugging You?