ASD metal services - Kloeckner Metals UK€¦ · ASD metal services - Flat Pr oducts Division ASD metal services is a division of the Kl c kner & C o Gr oup , one of the w orldÕ

ASD metal services

FLAT PRODUCTS BUYERS GUIDE - EDITION 2

SOLUTIONS IN STEEL

1

ASD metal services

ASD metal servicesHead OfficeValley Farm RoadStourtonLeeds LS10 1SD

Tel: 0113 254 0711Fax: 0113 254 1314email: [email protected] 2

Whilst all of the information contained within this BuyersGuide was accurate at the time of going to print, ASD metalservices cannot be held responsible for any changes whichhave subsequently occurred.

Disclaimer

ASD metal services

ASD metal services

Quick Contact

ASD metal services - Head OfficeTel: 0113 254 0711 Fax: 0113 254 1314email: [email protected]

Organically Coated Steels (OCS)Tel: 01562 821 400 Fax: 01562 865 396email: [email protected]

ASD metal services - TividaleTel: 0121 522 2215Fax: 0121 522 2293email: [email protected]

ASD metal services - StokeTel: 01782 202 118 Fax: 01782 283 220email: [email protected] Shear BrillianceTel: 01782 220 600Fax: 01782 204 048email: [email protected]

ASD metal services - BelfastTel: 02890 739 930 Fax: 02890 739 960email: [email protected]

ASD metal services - BathgateTel: 01506 630 769 Fax: 01506 630 643email: [email protected]

ASD metal services - DurhamTel: 01914 100 090 Fax: 01914 100 126email: [email protected]

ASD metal services - DublinTel: +353 (0) 1842 5766 Fax: +353 (0) 1842 5178email: [email protected]

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Contents ...............................................................1

Quality Policy .....................................................3

Introduction.........................................................4

Multi Metal Solutions.......................................6

Business Locations.............................................8

The Steel Making & Rolling Process..........11

Standards & Specifications ..........................17

Hot Rolled..........................................................24

Cold Reduced....................................................33

Zinc Coated Applications..............................36

Hot Dipped Galvanised .................................39

Electro Zinc Coated ........................................45

Specialist Products..........................................49

Organically Coated Steels ............................51

Glossary .............................................................75

Notes ..................................................................88

Contents

ASD metal services

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Welcome

This pocket guide is intended to help you, the steel user, bemore aware of the ever increasing range of steel products.Including added value processing and complimentary servicesavailable from ASD metal services, this makes us yourpowerful and responsive partner.

The list is not exhaustive either in terms of products, sizes orspecifications. We do however believe we have included mostof the key and popular product ranges available from withinthe European and American markets.

We do not claim to stock all of the items shown in this guide,but prefer to stock tailored metal solutions according to localdemand. However our fully integrated network of regionallocations generates the capability to provide an efficient andeffective consumer response in the UK and Ireland.

ASD metal services are aware that today’s steel user requiresmore than an informal service. Our business framework isdesigned to provide an unrivalled professional service, worldclass products and superb levels of delivery.

To achieve this we offer a comprehensive range of servicesfrom cutting-to-length, slitting, close tolerance blanking,shearing to size, profiling and first level press brake forming.

So, if you are an OEM, engineer, designer specifier, metalworker, buyer or salesperson, this guide will be of value andbenefit to you.

Should you require further copies of this guide, or anyadditional information on the other divisions of ASD metalservices, please contact the sales team at your local FlatProducts location.

ASD metal services

Quality Policy

Our Vision• to become the UK market leader in multi metal distribution.• to consistently exceed our customers' expectations at every

contact opportunity.• to constantly improve performance and achieve excellence.• to provide the highest quality products and service.• to be open, creative and consistent both internally and

externally.

Our Mission To provide Total Customer Satisfaction using

The QUEST For Excellence.

Basic Common Sense Excellent Communications

Q adopting standards of Quality, where everyone works togetherefficiently achieving excellent results with zero mistakes.

U striving to enhance our Uniqueness by developing anenvironment for innovation and creativity.

E recognising and rewarding Employees who provide apositive contribution to achieving our vision.

S constantly aiming to provide a Service to exceedexpectations, for internal as well as external customers.

T maintaining high performance through implementing andmeasuring targets at all times.

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STOCKHOLDING & PROCESSING

The traditional role of the stockholder combines breakingbulk and having items instantly available. Steel boughtin quantity by the stockholder is sold to customers inthe exact amount required and at the time when it isneeded. Even major steel users, who might normallybuy direct from the producers, will turn to stockholdersfor their 'Just in Time' steel requirements.

There is an economic argument to justify the role of thestockholder, which is known as 'Cost of Possession'.

The alternative to buying steel from the stockholderis direct purchase from the producer. This wouldtypically involve buying in large quantities and holdingall the items which production might require, insufficient quantity to avoid running out before the nexttime the steel mills produce the item.

Buying from a stockholder provides savings in capital and interest. The customer's capital is not tied upin stocks and the space, equipment and manpowerrequired to store, move and record large stocks isreleased. Scrap is reduced by buying exact requirementsand obsolescence eradicated as changes in design orspecification do not leave useless stock in hand.

Pressing home the advantages of the 'Cost of Possession'is dependent upon the buyer being confident of stockavailability and assured delivery. Steel buyers havethe consolation and stockholders the threat of ourindustry being so competitive that if one supplier fails,others will seize the opportunity. Consequently, serviceis essential to survival.

The processing of steel by the stockholder prior todelivery to the customer is a logical extension of both the ex-stock steel supply service and economicsof 'Cost of Possession'. Initially the processing facilitiesoffered by stockholders were restricted to decoiling and / or

Introduction

ASD metal services

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Introduction

shearing to standard sizes only. This has progressed verysignificantly to encompass a whole range of pre-productionprocesses including:

Precision Decoiling

Slitting, Blanking & Shearing

Laser Cutting & Profiling

Bending & Press-Brake Forming

Pickling & Oiling

Supplying with Specialist Organic & Inorganic Coatings

The extended facilities now offered by the modernStockholder, together with the convenience of a supply routetailor-made to meet the requirements of the customer’s everincreasingly sophisticated machinery, thereby allowing capitaland management resources to be concentrated on corebusiness activities.

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ASD metal services - Flat Products Division

ASD metal services is a division of the Klöckner & Co Group,one of the world’s leading multi metal distributors. We arerepresented in all of the important markets in Europe andNorth America.

We work alongside other specialist divisions in the UK and,between us, are able to provide a complete ‘multi metalsolution’ for our customers.

With strategically located processing centres covering ourcustomer base in the UK and Ireland, ASD metal servicesspecialises in Hot Rolled, Cold Reduced, Hot Dip Galvanisedand Electro-zinc Coated strip steel products, as outlined inthis Buyers Guide.

Organically Coated Steels

The specialist Pre-Painted and Metallic Coated site of the FlatProducts division, Organically Coated Steels processes pre-painted and metallic coated coil to markets throughout theUK, Ireland and Europe. Organically Coated Steels sourcesfrom a number of world class suppliers to offer anunparalleled choice of products, including environmentallyfriendly non-PVC coatings.

Organically Coated Steels is also able to offer a completeproduct development facility to assist the customer inmaterial choice and selection to suit the specific end-use, andhow best to implement pre-painted steel into particularproduction systems.

To demonstrate the unrivalled multi-metal solutioncapabilities of the Group, a brief overview of its otherDivisions and their specialist markets is given overleaf.

Multi Metal Solutions

ASD metal services

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Multi Metal Solutions

ASD metal services - General Steels

This division has numerous sites across the UK providingnational support to an excellent network of local expertise.The product range includes:

• Plate and profiled products, including grades for structural,pressure vessel, shipbuilding applications etc

• Tube products such as structural hollow sections, ERW, gaslist etc

• Long products including light sections, merchant bar,engineering bar etc

Also a range of Complementary Products including thefollowing:• Open Mesh Flooring• Handrail Standards• Stair Treads and Floorplates• Welded Mesh Sheets and Rolls• Klamps• Expanded Metal• Seamless Tube

ASD metal services - Stainless & Aluminium

This division, with locations across the UK, is one of the country’sleading suppliers of stainless steel and aluminium products, inboth standard range and processed sizes. It is the market leaderin the supply of sign components to public authorities andcommercial businesses throughout the UK and Europe.Furthermore, the Stainless & Aluminium Division is the soledistributor of ALUCORE, the specialist aluminium honey-combedcomposite panel for architectural applications.

Klöckner RP Profiles www.steelglazing.co.ukFurther complementing our multi-metal approach to meetingindustry’s needs is Klöckner RP Profiles. This Sheffield - basedcompany specialises in the supply of stainless steel glazingsystems for building facades, curtain walls, roofs, doors,windows and partitions.

For Buyer’s Guides and/or technical product information on allthe associated divisions detailed above, please consult our website or contact the Head office of ASD metal services.

www.asdmetalservices.co.uk7

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Location Map

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Business Unit Locations

1. ASD metal Services - Head OfficeValley Farm Road, Stourton, Leeds LS10 1SDTel: 0113 254 0711 Fax: 0113 254 1314email: [email protected]

2. Organically Coated SteelsEdwin Avenue, Hoo Farm Industrial Estate,Kidderminster, Worcester DY11 7RATel: 01562 821 400 Fax: 01562 865 396email: [email protected]

3. ASD metal services - TividaleTipton Road, Tividale, Oldbury, West Midlands B69 3HUTel: 0121 522 2215 Fax: 0121 522 2293email: [email protected]

4. ASD metal services - StokeBerry Hill Road, Stoke on Trent ST4 2NQTel: 01782 202 118 Fax: 01782 283 220email: [email protected]

5. Shear BrillianceBerry Hill Road, Stoke on Trent ST4 2NQTel: 01782 220 600 Fax: 01782 204 609email: [email protected]

6. ASD metal services - BelfastUnit 1, Phase C, Channel Commercial ParkQueens Road, Belfast BT3 9DTTel: 028 9073 9930 Fax: 028 9073 9960email: [email protected]

7. ASD metal services - BathgateMillburn Road, Bathgate, West Lothian EH48 2AFTel: 01506 630 769 Fax: 01506 630 643email: [email protected]

8. ASD metal services - DurhamDrum Road, Drum Industrial EstateChester-le-Street, Durham DH2 1STTel: 0191 410 0090 Fax: 0191 410 0126email: [email protected]

www.asdmetalservices.co.uk

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The Steel Making & Rolling Process

The raw materials of iron ore, sinter, coke and limestone arefed into a Blast Furnace, where a rising blast of hot airinitiates high temperature reactions, which produce “impure”molten iron and a number of by-products.

The molten iron is transferred to a Converter (possibly with asmall amount of selected scrap), where an oxygen lanceforces oxygen into the liquid to refine it to molten steel ofthe desired composition.

Mild Steel grades are restricted to 0.25% max. Carbon.

If necessary, further refinement – Secondary Steelmaking –can be undertaken.

In all modern steelworks Continuous Casting facilitatesconversion of the molten steel into semi-finished productsfor further rolling. Molten steel drains into a mould, fromwhich emerges a continuous slab. These are cropped to thedesired size or weight for rolling. The caster is continuallyreplenished with molten steel. The slab is the semi-finishedproduct from which coils are produced.

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Standards & Specifications

Our definition of a “specification” is it is a clear and accuratedescription, normally expressed numerically in terms ofappropriate units, of the minimum requirements for thequality of materials, products or services to make thecustomers’ own products.

In the UK, the British Standards Institution has for manyyears undertaken the development of National Standards (BSseries) across all types of industry. In recent years, however,there has been a tremendous increase in the number ofEuropean Standards, which if published in the UK arerecognised by the prefix BS EN before the reference number.Other EU countries also continue their own traditions butagain within the European Standards system e.g. GermanStandards are designated DIN EN, French specifications as NFEN, Swedish as SIS EN followed by the appropriate referencenumber.

In North America, specifications can appear under theauspices of several institutions which have takenresponsibility for issuing and controlling them. These includeASTM and SAE standards which cover most of the SteelStandards in common circulation.

The accompanying tables provide a comparison between thecurrent EN specifications and former national Standardsacross several of the major industrial countries.

ASD metal services

ASD metal services

Comparision of Current EN and Former National Standards

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EN 10111: 1998---

DD11DD12

-DD13DD14

BS 1449: 1991HR15HR14HR4HR3

-HR2HR1

-

NFA 36/3010C-

1C2C--

3C-

DIN 1614---

StW22-

StW23StW24

-

UNI 5867--

FeP10FeP11

-FeP12FeP13

-

EN 10025: 1993S185S235

S235JRS275

S275JRS355

S355JRS355J0

BS 4360: 1996-

40A40B43A43B50A50B50C

NFA 35/501A34-2

-E24-2

-E28-2

--

E36-3

DIN 17100--

St37-2-

St44-2--

St52-3

UNI 7070Fe320

-Fe360B

-Fe430B

-Fe510BFe510C

EN 10130: 1990DC01DC03

-DC04DC05DC06

BS1449: 1991CR4CR3CR2CR1

--

NFA 36/401CE-

ES--

DIN 1623St12St13

-RRst14

--

UNI 5866FeP01FeP02

-FeP04

--

EN 10142: 2000-

DX51DDX52DDX53DDX54DDX56D

BS 2989: 1992Z1Z2Z3Z5--

NFA 36-321-

GCGEGES

--

DIN 17162-

St02ZSt03ZSt05Z

--

UNI 5753Fe00GZFeKPGZ

FeP01GZFeP03GZ

--

EN 10147: 2000S220GDS250GDS280GDS320GDS350GDS550GD

BS 2989: 1992Z22Z25Z28

-Z35Z55

NFA 36-322C230C250C280

-C350C550

DIN 17162-

StE250ZStE280Z

-StE350Z

-

UNI 5753Fe34GZFe37GZFe42GZ

---

EuropeanCommittee forStandardization

British StandardsInstitution

AssociationFrançaise De

Normalisation

DeutschesInstitut fürNormung

Ente NazionaleItaliano di

Unificazione

EUROPE UK FRANCE GERMANY ITALY

1. EN10025:2004 will replace this standard2. EN10327:2004 will replace this standard3. EN10326:2004 will replace this standard

1

2

3

19

Comparision of Current EN and Former National Standards

UNE 36-086/11-

AP10-

AP11-

AP12AP13

-

---------

JIS G3131--

SPHCSPHD

--

SPHE-

ASTM-

A569---

A621A622

-

SAE--

10101008

-1006

1006 Al-kill -

UNE 36-080/11A330A370

---

A450--

SIS-

14-13-12E-

14-13-12E-

14-21-72--

JIS G3101SS34

----

SS50--

ASTMA283BA283C

-A570Gr40

-A572Gr50

--

---------

UNE 36-086AP01AP02AP03AP04

--

SIS14-11-42

-14-11-4614-11-47

--

JIS G3141SPCCSPCDSPCE

SPCEN--

ASTMA366

-A619A620

--

SAE101010081006

1006 Al-kill--

UNE 36-310-

Grade 41Grade 43Grade 44

--

SIS-

14-11-5114-11-5214-11-57

--

JIS G3302SPGC

-SPGD

SPGDD--

ASTM526527528642

--

-------

UNE 36-310------

SIS-

14-12-7014-13-60

-14-21-22

-

JIS G3302-

SPGS----

ASTM A446ABC-DE

-------

AsociaciónEspañola de

Normalización yCertificación

Standardiserings-kommissionen

iSverige

JapaneseIndustrialStandards

Committee

AmericanSociety forTesting &Materials

Society ofAutomotive

Engineers

SPAIN SWEDEN JAPAN USA USA

Grades shown relate to substrate quality only. Please refer toinformation regarding designations for surface quality, surface finish,coating type, coating mass, coating finish, surface treatment, etc.

ASD metal services

British Standards

BS EN 10002-1:2001 Tensile Testing of Metallic Materials.Method of Test at AmbientTemperature

BS EN 10020:2000 Definition and Classification of Gradesof Steel

BS EN 10021:1993 General Technical DeliveryRequirements for Steel and IronProducts

BS EN 10025:1993 Hot Rolled Products of Non-AlloyStructural Steels: Technical DeliveryConditions

BS EN 10025-1:2004 Hot Rolled Products of StructuralSteels - General Technical DeliveryConditions

BS EN 10025-2:2004 Hot Rolled Products of StructuralSteels - Technical Delivery Conditionsfor Non-Alloy Structural Steels

BS EN 10025-3:2004 Hot Rolled Products of StructuralSteels - Technical Delivery Conditionsfor Normalised/Normalised RolledWeldable Fine Grain Structural Steels

BS EN 10025-4:2004 Hot Rolled Products of StructuralSteels - Technical Delivery Conditionsfor Thermomechanical Rolled WeldableFine Grain Structural Steels

BS EN 10025-5:2004 Hot Rolled Products of StructuralSteels - Technical Delivery Conditionsfor Structural Steels with ImprovedAtmospheric Corrosion Resistance

BS EN 10025-6:2004 Hot Rolled Products of StructuralSteels - Technical Delivery Conditionsfor Flat Products of High YieldStrength Structural Steels inQuenched and Tempered Condition

BS EN 10027-1:1992 Designation Systems for Steel - SteelNames, Principal Symbols

BS EN 10027-2:1992 Designation Systems for Steel - SteelNumbers

(being replaced by 2004issue)

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BS EN 10028-1:2000 Flat Products made of Steels forPressure Purposes - GeneralRequirements

BS EN 10028-2:2003 Flat Products made of Steels forPressure Purposes - Non-Alloy andAlloy Steels with Specified ElevatedTemperature Properties

BS EN 10028-3:2003 Flat Products made of Steels forPressure Purposes - Weldable FineGrain Steels, Normalised

BS EN 10045-1:1990 Charpy Impact Test on MetallicMaterials. Test Method (V- and U-Notches)

BS EN 10051:1992 Continuously Hot-Rolled UncoatedPlate, Sheet and Strip of Non-Alloyand Alloy Steels - Tolerances onDimensions and Shape

BS EN 10079:1993 Definition of Steel Products

BS EN 10111:2002 Continuously Hot-Rolled Low CarbonSteel Sheet and Strip for Cold Forming- Technical Delivery Conditions

BS EN 10113-1:1993 Hot Rolled Products in Weldable FineGrain Structural Steels - GeneralDelivery Conditions

BS EN 10113-2:1993 Hot Rolled Products in Weldable FineGrain Structural Steels - DeliveryConditions for Normalised/NormalisedRolled Steels

BS EN 10113-3:1993 Hot Rolled Products in Weldable FineGrain Structural Steels - DeliveryConditions for ThermomechanicalRolled Steels

BS EN 10130:1999 Cold Rolled Low Carbon Steel FlatProducts for Cold Forming - TechnicalDelivery Conditions

BS EN 10131:1991 Cold Rolled Uncoated Low Carbon andHigh Yield Strength Steel Flat ProductsFor Cold Forming - Tolerances onDimensions and Shape

British Standards

(Being replaced by BS EN 10025-1,3,4:2004)

(Being replaced by BS EN 10025-1,3:2004)

(Being replaced by BS EN 10025-1,4:2004)

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ASD metal services

British Standards

BS EN 10142:2000 Continuously Hot-Dip Zinc Coated LowCarbon Steels Sheet and Strip for ColdForming - Technical Delivery Conditions

BS EN 10143:1993 Continuously Hot-Dip Metal CoatedSteels Sheet and Strip - Tolerances onDimensions and Shape

BS EN 10147:2000 Continuously Hot-Dip Zinc CoatedStructural Steel Sheet and Strip -Technical Delivery Conditions

BS EN 10149-1:1996 Hot Rolled Flat Products made of HighYield Strength Steels for Cold Forming- General Delivery Conditions

BS EN 10149-2:1996 Hot Rolled Flat Products made of HighYield Strength Steels for Cold Forming- Delivery Conditions forThermomechanically Rolled Steels

BS EN 10149-3:1996 Hot-Rolled Flat Products made of HighYield Strength Steels for Cold Forming- Delivery Conditions for Normalisedor Normalised Rolled Steels

BS EN 10152:2003 Electrolytically Zinc Coated ColdRolled Steel Flat Products - TechnicalDelivery Conditions

BS EN 10154:2002 Continuously Hot-Dip Aluminium-Silicon (AS) Coated Steel Strip andSheet - Technical Delivery Conditions

BS EN 10155:1993 Structural Steels with ImprovedAtmospheric Corrosion Resistance -Technical Delivery Conditions

BS EN 10169-1:2003 Continuously Organic Coated (CoilCoated) Steel Flat Products - GeneralInformation (Definitions, Materials,Tolerances, Test Methods)

BS EN 10169-2:2003 Continuously Organic Coated (CoilCoated) Steel Flat Products forBuilding Interior Applications (Alsoreferred as DD ENV 10169-2:2003

BS EN 10169-3:2003 Continuously Organic Coated (CoilCoated) Steel Flat Products forbuilding interior applications

(Being replaced by BS EN 10327:2004)



(Being replaced by BS EN 10025-5:2004)

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BS EN 10204:2004 Metallic Products. Types Of InspectionDocuments

BS EN 10209:1996 Cold Rolled Low Carbon Steel FlatProducts for Vitreous Enamelling -Technical Delivery Conditions

BS EN 10214:1995 Continuously Hot-Dip Zinc-Aluminium(ZA) Coated Steel Strip and Sheet -Technical Delivery Conditions

BS EN 10215:1995 Continuously Hot-Dip Aluminium-Zinc(AZ) Coated Steel Strip and Sheet -Technical Delivery Conditions

BS EN 10268:1999 Cold Rolled Flat Products made ofHigh Yield Strength Micro-AlloyedSteels for Cold Forming - GeneralDelivery Conditions

BS EN 10271:1999 Electrolytically Zinc-Nickel (ZN)Coated Steel Flat Products - TechnicalDelivery Conditions

BS EN 10292:2000 Continuously Hot-Dip Coated Stripand Sheet of Steels with Higher YieldStrength for Cold Forming - TechnicalDelivery Conditions

BS EN 10326:2004 Continuously Hot-Dip Coated Stripand Sheet of Structural Steels -Technical Delivery Conditions

BS EN 10327:2004 Continuously Hot-Dip Coated Stripand Sheet of Low Carbon Steels forCold Forming - Technical DeliveryConditions

BS EN 13510:2000 Earth-Moving Machinery. Roll-Over(BS 6912 PT14) Protective Structures. Laboratory Tests

and Performance Requirements

BS EN ISO 7438:2000 Metallic Materials. Bend Test

BS EN ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management Systems.Requirements

BS EN ISO 14001:2000 Environmental Management Systems.Specification with Guidance for Use

British Standards

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ASD metal services

List of Corresponding Former Designations

Current Standard

Standard Number Title Grade

BS EN 10025:1993 Hot Rolled Products of S235JR Non-Alloy Structural S235J0Steels - Technical S275Delivery Conditions S275JR

S275J0S275J2G3S275J2G4S355S355JRS355J0S355J2G3S355J2G4S355K2G3S355K2G4

BS EN 10111:1998 Continuously Hot Rolled DD11Low Carbon Steel Sheet & DD12Strip for Cold Forming - DD13Technical Delivery DD14Conditions

BS EN 10149-2:1996 Hot Rolled Flat Products S315MCmade of High Yield S355MCStrength Steels for Cold S420MCForming. Part 2. Delivery S460MCConditions for S500MCThermomechanically S550MCRolled Steels S600MC

S650MCS700MC

BS EN 10149-3:1996 Hot Rolled Flat Products S260NCmade of High Yield S315NCStrength Steels for Cold S355NCForming. Part 3. Delivery S420NCConditions for Normalisedor Normalised Rolled Steels

Hot Rolled

(Being replaced by BS EN 10025-2:2004)

25

In some cases the current grades may not be direct equivalents of those whichthey have superseded. Please check the current Standard for compatibility

Hot Rolled

List of Corresponding Former Designations

Obsolete Standards

Standard Number Grade Standard Number Grade

BS EN 10025:1990 Fe360B BS 4360:1986 40BFe360C 40CFe430A 43AFe430B 43BFe430C 43CFe430D1 43DFe430D2 -Fe510A 50AFe510B 50BFe510C 50CFe510D1 50DFe510D2 -Fe510DD1 50DDFe510DD2 50DD

BS 1449:1.2:1991 HR3 BS 1449:Part 1:1983 HR4- -HR1 HR1- -

BS 1449:1.4:1991 43F35 BS 1449:Part 1:1983 43F3546F40 46F4050F45 50F45- -- -- 60F55- -

- -- 75F70

BS 1449:1.4:1991 - BS 1449:Part 1:1983 -40/30 40/3045/40 45/4050/45 50/45

ASD metal services

Hot Rolled Specifications

Reheated Slab is rolled into coil on a Continuous Mill,sometimes referred to as a Strip Mill. This one-way processinvolves roughing to remove scale, followed by rollingthrough a series of finishing stands where the thickness isprogressively reduced to the desired value before coiling. Therolling mill product is described as Hot Rolled.

The chemical analysis, rolling temperatures and cooling ratedetermine the final mechanical properties.

The table below shows the chemical analysis and mechanicalproperties for some popular Hot Rolled grades.

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ChemicalAnalysis(ladle)% max.(exceptwhererangeshown)

Mec

hani

cal P

rope

rtie

s

27 min.(+20˚C)Verifiedonly whenspecifiedbyPurchaser

27 min.(+20˚C)Verifiedonly whenspecifiedbyPurchaser

Standard BS EN 10025 1993

Grade S275 S275JR S355 S355JR

C 0.250 0.210 0.230 0.240Mn 1.600 1.500 1.600 1.600S 0.050 0.045 0.050 0.045P 0.050 0.045 0.050 0.045Si 0.500 0.500Nb 0.003-0.10V 0.003-0.10

Yield Strength 275 min 275 min 355 min. 355 min.N/mm2

Tensile Strength 430-580 (<3.0mm thick) 510-680 (<3.0mm thick)

N/mm2 410-560 (!3.0mm thick) 490-630 (!3.0mm thick)

22% min. longitudinal (!3.0mm thick)Elongation 20% min. transverse (!3.0mm thick)

% {Lo = 5.65"So)For thickness <3.0mm, please consult Standard

Impact Strength

J

Notes Chemical Analysis & Mechanical Properties only applicableto material thickness #16.0mm

27

Hot Rolled Specifications

ChemicalAnalysis(ladle)% max.(exceptwhererangeshown)

Mec

hani

cal P

rope

rtie

s

27 min.(+20oC)Verifiedonly whenspecifiedbyPurchaser

27 min.(+20oC)Verifiedonly whenspecifiedbyPurchaser

170-360(!1.5<2.0mm thick)170-340(!2.0<8.0mm thick)

170-340(!1.5<2.0mm thick)170-320(!2.0<8.0mm thick)

170-330(!1.5<2.0mm thick)170-310(!2.0<8.0mm thick)

170-310(!1.5<2.0mm thick)170-290(!2.0<8.0mm thick)

23 min.(!1.5<2.0mm thick){Lo =80mm)


28 min.(!3.0<8.0mm thick){Lo =5.65"So)



30 min.(!3.0<8.0mm thick){Lo =5.65"So)



33 min.(!3.0<8.0mm thick){Lo =5.65"So)



36 min.(!3.0<8.0mm thick){Lo =5.65"So)


Grade DD11 DD12 DD13 DD14

C 0.120 0.100 0.080 0.080Mn 0.600 0.450 0.400 0.350S 0.045 0.035 0.030 0.025P 0.045 0.035 0.030 0.025SiNbV

Yield Strength N/mm2

TensileStrength 440 max. 420 max. 400 max. 380 max.

4 N/mm2

For full details please consult the relevant Standard.

For tolerances on dimensions and shape refer to BS EN 10051:1992

Basic Hot Rolled products are generally supplied in the ‘AsRolled’ condition. The product can be chemically descaled inacid – Pickled. A thin film of oil is usually applied to thepickled steel surface to prevent oxidation. Pickling & Oilingcan either be a continuous process or a batch process.

Floor Plate, with its characteristic teardrop pattern, isproduced by means of special rolls on the finishing stands.The pattern facilitates drainage of liquid, giving a safe surfacefor walking.

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ASD metal services

Hot Rolled Stock Range

Hot Rolled DryCoil Imperial size Metric size

mm 1000 1250 1500 1525 1830 2000

1.5 - - - -1.6 - - -2.0 - - -2.5 - - -3.04.05.06.08.0

10.012.5 -15.0 - - - - - -20.0 - - - - - -

DD11 (equivalent to HR3/HR4)

S275 or S275JR (equivalent to Fe430A/43A or Fe430B/43B)

S355 or S355JR (equivalent to Fe510A/50A or Fe510B/50B)

Please enquire for non-standard size and/or grade permutations

Sheet & PlateI

mm 2000 2500 3000 3050 3660 4000x1000 x1250 x1500 x1525 x1830 x2000

1.5 - - - -1.6 - - -2.0 - - -2.5 - - -3.04.05.06.08.0

10.012.5 -15.0 - - - -20.0 - - - -

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Hot Rolled Pickled & OiledCoil Imperial size Metric size

mm 1000 1250 1500 1525 1830 2000

1.5 - - - -1.6 - - -2.0 - - -2.5 - - -3.0 - - -4.0 - - -5.0 - - -6.0 - - -8.0 - - - - - -

10.0 - - - - - -12.5 - - - - - -15.0 - - - - - -20.0 - - - - - -

Sheet & PlateImperial size Metric size

mm 2000 2500 3000 3050 3660 4000x1000 x1250 x1500 x1525 x1830 x2000

1.5 - - - -1.6 - - -2.0 - - -2.5 - - -3.0 - - -4.0 - - -5.0 - - -6.0 - - -8.0 - - -

10.0 - - -12.5 - - - -15.0 - - - -20.0 - - - - - -

DD11 (equivalent to HR3/HR4)

S275 or S275JR (equivalent to Fe430A/43A or Fe430B/43B)S355 or S355JR (equivalent to Fe510A/50A or Fe510B/50B)


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Floor PlateCoil

mm 1000 1250 1500 1750 1830

3.0 - - -4.5 -6.08.0 -

10.0 - -12.5 -

Plate

mm 2000 2500 3000 4000 3660x1000 x1250 x1500 x1750 x1830

3.0 - - -4.5 -6.08.0 -

10.0 - -12.5 -

S275 or S275JR (equivalent to Fe430A/43A or Fe430B/43B)Thickness is exclusive of pattern


Abrasion Resistant Steel Plate Metric size

mm 2500 3000 6000 4000 6000x1250 x1500 x1500 x2000 x2500

3.0 - -4.0 - - - -5.0 - - - -6.0 - - - -8.0 - - - -

10.0 - - - -12.5 - - - -15.0 - - -20.0 - - -25.0 - - -

Some sizes available shotblasted and painted. Please enquirefor details.

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Cor-Ten™ ACor-Ten™ B

To BS EN 10155:1993, being replaced by BS EN 10025-5:2004

Please enquire for non-standard size and/or gradepermutations and for coil, slit coil, blanks or profiles

Structural Steel with ImprovedAtmospheric Corrosion ResistanceSheet & Plate

mm 2500 3000 6000x1250 x1500 x2000

0.8 - -1.0 - -1.2 - -1.5 - -2.0 - -2.5 - -3.0 -4.0 -5.0 -6.08.0

10.012.0 - -15.0 - -20.0 - -30.0 - -40.0 - -50.0 - -

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Cold Reduced

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List of Corresponding Former DesignationsCurrent Standard


BS EN 10130:1999 Cold Rolled Low Carbon DC01Steel Flat Products for Cold DC03Forming - Technical DC04Delivery Conditions DC05

DC06

Obsolete Standards


BS EN 10130:1991 FeP01 BS 1449:Part 1:1983 CR4FeP03 CR2FeP04 CR1FeP05 -FeP06 -


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Cold Reduced Specifications

Hot Rolled products, after scale removal by pickling can besubjected to further, purely mechanical rolling which improvessurface quality and dimensional tolerances. This material isreferred to as Cold Reduced. After rolling, the product isannealed (either by continuous or batch processes).

The table below shows the chemical analysis and mechanicalproperties for some popular Cold Reduced grades.


Grade DC01 DC03 DC04 DC05 DC06

C 0.120 0.100 0.080 0.060 0.020P 0.045 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020S 0.045 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020

Mn 0.600 0.450 0.400 0.350 0.250Ti or Nb 0.300

Yield Strength 140-280 140-240 140-210 140-180 120-180N/mm2

Tensile Strength 270-410 270-370 270-350 270-330 270-350N/mm2

Elongation 28 min. 34 min. 38 min. 40 min. 38 min.% {Lo = {Lo = {Lo = {Lo = {Lo =

80mm) 80mm) 80mm) 80mm) 80mm)Plastic Strain 1.30 min. 1.60 min. 1.90 min. 1.80 min.RatioStrain

Hardening 0.18 min. 0.20 min. 0.22 min.Exponent

ChemicalAnalysis% max.

Notes

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Yield/Elongation values only applicable to material thickness>0.7mm. Plastic Strain Ratio/Strain Hardening Exponent valuesonly applicable to material thickness 0.5#2.0mm. For all otherthickness, please consult the relevant Standard

For full details please consult the relevant Standard.For tolerances on dimensions and shape refer to BS EN 10131.Cold Reduced is normally supplied with a light coating of oil, unlessspecified at the time of ordering. Cold Reduced is supplied with a ‘normal’surface finish.

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Cold Reduced Stock Range

Coil

mm 1000 1250 1500

0.80.9 -1.01.21.51.62.02.53.0

Sheet

mm 2000 2500 3000x1000 x1250 x1500

0.80.9 -1.01.21.51.62.02.53.0

DC01Am (equivalent to FeP01Am/CR4GP)


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Zinc Coated Applications

Zinc coatings are employed to impart extra corrosionresistance to steel and offer protection in two ways:

1. A physical barrier between a corrosive environment andthe steel substrate

2. Galvanic or sacrificial protection at cut edges andscratches

When two points on a surface are at different electricalpotentials and are connected by a liquid acting as anelectrolyte, the point with the highest positive potential(the anode) will dissolve preferentially, protecting the lesspositively charged region (the cathode). Zinc is moreelectropositive than Iron and therefore provides sacrificialprotection. In particular, if damage to the Zinc coatinglocally exposes the steel, in the presence of a moisturefilm, a galvanic cell will be created, the Zinc acting as theanode and the Iron acting as the cathode. The Iron isprotected by dissolution of the Zinc, which subsequentlyprecipitates out in the form of oxides, hydroxides,bicarbonates, etc., depending on the ambient conditions.These salts are generally highly protective, leading tolocal “healing” of the damage.

The corrosion resistance is directly proportional to the massor thickness of Zinc coating, which are expressed in g/m2 ormicrons (µm) respectively.

Zinc coated steel can be supplied either as Hot DipGalvanised or Electro-Zinc Coated as further detailed.

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Zinc Coated Applications

How Zinc Protects

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Hot Dipped Galvanised



BS EN 10142:2000 Continuously Hot-Dip DX51D(Being replaced by Zinc Coated Low Carbon DX52DBS EN 10327:2004) Steels Strip & Sheet for DX53D

Cold Forming - Technical DX54DDelivery Conditions DX56D

BS EN 10147:2000 Continuously Hot-Dip S220GD(Being replaced by Zinc Coated Structural S250GDBS EN 10326:2004) Steels Sheet & Strip S280GD

Technical Delivery S320GDConditions S350GD

S550GD

These grades relate only to substrate quality


Obsolete Standards


BS EN 10142:1991 FeP02G BS 2989:1982 Z2FeP03G Z3FeP05G Z5FeP06G -- -

BS EN 10147:1991 FeE220G BS 2989:1991 Z22FeE250G Z25FeE280G Z28FeE320G -FeE350G Z35FeE550G Z55

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Hot Dipped Galvanised Specifications

Cold Reduced unannealed steel is passed through a bath ofmolten zinc, which adheres to the strip. The galvanisingconditions are regulated to control the weight andappearance of the final coating.

The table below and on the following page shows thechemical analysis and mechanical properties for somepopular Hot-Dipped Galvanised grades.

Coating Conversion Factor – 100g/m2 including both sides =7.1µm per side

Zinc coatings can be of two types:

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DX51D DX52D DX53D DX54D DX56DBending Drawing Deep Special Extra

Grade & Quality Drawing Deep DeepProfiling Quality Drawing DrawingQuality Quality Quality

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YieldStrengthN/mm2

(0.2% ProofStrength)

140-300(max. valueonly appliesto SurfaceQualities B & C)

140-260 140-220 120-180

TensileStrengthN/mm2

270-500 270-420 270-380 270-350 270-350

Elongation%

{Lo =80mm}

22 min. 26 min. 30 min.

36(Z Coat)

34(ZF Coat)

39(Z Coat)

37(ZF Coat)

PlasticStrain Ratio

1.6(Z Coat)

1.4(ZF Coat)

1.9(Z Coat)

1.7(ZF Coat)

For thickness>1.5mm,

valuesreduced by

0.2

StrainHardeningExponent

0.18 0.21(Z Coat)

0.20(ZF Coat)

Notes Properties only applicable to material thickness >0.7mm

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220 min. 250 min. 280 min. 320 min. 350 min. 550 min.

300 min. 330 min. 360 min. 390 min. 420 min. 560 min.

20 min. 19 min. 18 min. 17 min. 16 min.

Notes Properties only applicable to material thickness >0.7mm

Hot Dipped Galvanised Specifications

BS EN 10147 2000 Standard

S220GD S250GD S280GD S320GD S350GD S550GD Grade

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Hot Dipped Galvanised Surface Specifications

For full details please consult the relevant Standard.For tolerances on dimensions and shape refer to BS EN 10143:1993

CoatingsZ ZincZF Zinc-Iron Alloy

Standard Coating Weights

Z100 Z140 Z200 Z225 Z275 Z350 Z450 Z600ZF100 ZF140

Number denotes g/m2 including both sides.

Coating FinishesN Normal SpangleM Minimised SpangleR Regular Zinc-Iron Alloy Coating

Surface Qualities

A As Coated SurfaceB Improved SurfaceC Best Quality Surface

Surface TreatmentsC Chemical PassivationO OilingCO Chemical Passivation & OilingS SealedP PhosphatedU Untreated

NoteThere are some restrictions to particular combinations of surfaceproperties. For full details please consult the relevant Standard.

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Hot Dipped Galvanised Stock Range

Coil

mm 1000 1250 1500

0.5 - -0.6 -0.70.80.91.01.21.5 -1.62.02.5 -3.0

Sheet

mm 2000 2500 3000x1000 x1250 x1500

0.5 - -0.6 -0.7 -0.80.9 -1.01.21.5 -1.6 -2.02.5 - -3.0 -

DX51D + Z275-N-A-C (equivalent to Fe P02 G Z 275 NA-C/Z2 G275 N)

DX51D + Z275-M-B-C (equivalent to Fe P02 G Z 275 MB-C/Z2 G275 S)


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Electro-Zinc Coated

These grades relate only to substrate quality




BS EN 10152:2003 Electrolytically Zinc-Coated DC01Cold Rolled Steel Flat DC03Products - Technical DC04Delivery Conditions DC05

DC06

Obsolete Standards

Standard Number Grade

BS 6687:1986 CR4CR2CR1--

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Also known as Electro-Galvanised.

The zinc coating is applied to the strip by electrolysis.

The table below shows the chemical analysis and mechanicalproperties for some popular Electro-Zinc Coated grades.

Electro-Zinc Coated Specifications


Grade DC01 DC03 DC04 DC05 DC06

C 0.120 0.100 0.080 0.060 0.020P 0.045 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020S 0.045 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020

Mn 0.600 0.450 0.400 0.350 0.250Ti or Nb 0.300

Yield Strength 140-280 140-240 140-220 140-190 120-190N/mm2

Tensile Strength 270-410 270-370 270-350 270-330 270-350N/mm2

Elongation 28 min. 34 min. 37 min. 39 min. 37 min.% {Lo = {Lo = {Lo = {Lo = {Lo =

80mm) 80mm) 80mm) 80mm) 80mm)Plastic Strain 1.30 min. 1.60 min. 1.90 min. 1.80 min.RatioStrain

Hardening 0.16 min. 0.19 min. 0.20min.Exponent

ChemicalAnalysis(ladle)% max.

Notes

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Yield/Elongation values only applicable to material thicknesses>0.7mm. Plastic Strain Ratio/Strain Hardening Exponent valuesonly applicable to material thickness 0.5#2.0mm. For all otherthickness please consult the relevant Standard

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Electro Zinc Coated Surface Specifications

For full details please consult the relevant Standard.

For tolerances on dimensions and shape refer to BS EN 10131:1991

Standard Coatings

ZE25/25 2.5µm (18g/m2) nominal zinc coating on each surface




Differential coatings are also available

Surface Qualities

A “General Purpose”, with some minor defects permitted

B “Full Finish”, with the better surface free ofdefects which might affect the uniform appearance of a high-quality paint finish

Surface Treatments

P PhosphatedPC Phosphated & Chemically SealedC Chemically PassivatedPCO Phosphated, Chemically Sealed & OiledCO Chemically Passivated & OiledPO Phosphated & OiledO OiledU As coated, i.e. Untreated

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Zinc Coated Stock Range

Electro-Zinc CoatedCoil

mm 1000 1250 1500

0.5 - - -0.6 - -0.7 - -0.8 -0.9 -1.0 -1.21.5 -1.62.02.5 -3.0 -

Sheet

mm 2000 2500 3000x1000 x1250 x1500

0.5 - - -0.6 - -0.7 - -0.8 -0.9 -1.0 -1.21.5 -1.62.02.5 -3.0 -

DC01+ZE25/25-AC (equivalent to CR4 GP EZ 25/25 Chromated)


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Laser Plate A Hot Rolled product of controlled chemistry, facilitatingquick, clean and consistent laser cutting and which has beenspecifically levelled to facilitate enhanced, guaranteedflatness of finished parts. A relatively small spread ofmechanical properties gives more consistent and predictableperformance during downstream manufacturing activities.

Laser Plate is available in most popular steel grades and canbe successfully applied to other thermal and non-thermalmanufacturing processes.

Stock range: 2500 x 1250 x 3 to 25 mm inc3000 x 1500 x 3 to 25 mm inc

Utility Stainless SteelA low cost corrosion resistant, easily weldable cold rolledstainless steel in thicknesses from 2.0 to 4.0mm is available(Nirosta 4003). Conforming to the requirements of BS EN10088-2: 1995 X 2 CrNi12, this grade offers excellent corrosionand abrasion resistance at a higher strength over mild steel,thereby also offering possibilities in weight reduction.

Stock range: 2500 x 1250 x 2 to 40 mm inc

High Strength Steel for Cold FormingMicro-alloy additions of such metals as Titanium (Ti),Niobium (Nb) or Vanadium (V) enable production of veryhigh strength steel with excellent formability. The highstrengths available allow a reduction of material thicknesswhen replacing traditional mild steel, facilitating weight andcost savings. Low scatter of mechanical properties gives morepredictable performance during manufacture and extraformability enables production of complex shapes.

Stock range: BS EN 10149 315-700 N/mm2

2.5-7.0m(l) x 1.25-1.5m(w) x 3-10mm (t)

GalfanA Hot-Dipped Coated “improved galvanised” product with analloy coating of approx. 95% Zinc, 5% Aluminium and othermicro-alloy additions.

The Galfan coating is more corrosion-resistant, ductile,paintable and weldable, in comparison to traditionalgalvanised coatings. See also page 73 for further information.

Specialist Products

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Contents

What is Pre-Painted Steel? ..........................52

The Production Process .................................53

Product Summary ...........................................54

Plastisol ..............................................................56

Fully Foodsafe PVC Laminate ......................58

Co-Laminate .....................................................59

Aluzinc ................................................................60

Organitect™ .....................................................64

PVF2 ....................................................................65

Primer..................................................................66

Polyester ............................................................67

Lining Enamel ...................................................68

Pural®..................................................................69

Granite®.............................................................70

Stock Range .....................................................71

Choosing The Substrate ................................72

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What is Pre-Painted Steel?Coil coating is the most advanced technique for applying anorganic coating (liquid or film) to sheet metal in a continuousprocess.

Since its inception in the early 1960's the European coilcoating industry has produced over 8 billion square metres ofpre-coated metals and its products are firmly established inmarkets such as, construction, automotive, domesticappliances, heating and ventilation, packaging, office furniture,shelving, caravans, lighting, etc. The technology - based on asimple fact that it is easier to pre-coat a flat surface than postpaint (spray, dip, etc) an irregular shape - is efficient, energysaving, up-to-date and environmentally friendly.

TYPICAL PROFILE OF A PRE-PAINTED COATING

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The Production ProcessCoils of steel, i.e. Cold Reduced, Electro-Galvanised, HotDipped Galvanised, up to 30 tonnes in weight, are fedthrough purpose built lines, at speeds of up to 200 metresper minute, which chemically pre-treat the substrate beforeapplying an organic coating system to one or both sides ofthe strip.

The resulting pre-coated material is a product of consistentquality, with excellent formability, durability, corrosion andweathering resistance. The fully coated coil can be deliveredto the fabricator in this form, slit into narrow coils, or cutinto sheets or precision blanks ready for use. A multitude ofcolours, gloss levels, textures and patterns can be achievedwith exceptional batch to batch consistency.

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ARMSTRONG

Product SummaryPlastisol A 200 micron PVC paint system with a leathergrainemboss as standard (Woodgrain emboss available forapplications such as garage doors). This product has goodcorrosion resistance and is easily handled due to the thicknessof the coating. It has excellent formability characteristics and issuited to a wide range of external applications such asconstruction and garage doors.

Laminate PVC films are laminated directly onto the steelsubstrate.Wide ranges of internal and external finishes areavailable to suit specific applications. Examples includeWoodgrain Laminates for garage doors, roof membranes forgutters and flat roof systems and a Foodsafe quality forcoldstores and cleanrooms.

Co-laminate This is a pre-coated steel covered by aPolyethylene Terephthalate polymer film (P.E.T). The thin film isonly 1.2 microns in thickness and is very flexible. It is bonded tothe pre-coated steel using a polymer adhesive which is 2microns thick. The PET film protects the pre-painted product,providing good scratch resistance and protection against mostcorrosive detergents and powerful sprays, making it a popularproduct in the manufacture of coldstores.

Aluzinc A double sided Aluminium-Zinc alloy applied via acontinuous hot-dipped process similar to that used in theproduction of galvanised steel. The coating of 55% Aluminium,43.4% Zinc and 1.6% Silicon enables the steel to resistcorrosion through the cathodic action of the Zinc and thesurface screening effect of the Aluminium.

Organitect™ A range of metallic coatings with a speciallydeveloped one micron thick organic sealant. This is a provenproduct in both the building and computer industries.

Granite® This is the name given to the Arcelor range of organiccoated products. This high quality industrial material is excellentfor both internal and external architectural designs. Highlyresistant to corrosion and UV light, available in a wide choice ofcolours and textures and with excellent formability and shockresistance, it offers a perfect solution in terms of creativity anddurability.


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PVF2 A 27µm two coat system with good formingcharacteristics in connection with a very good weatheringresistance. Ideal for demanding external applications.

Primer The various primer formulations facilitate a variety ofsubsequent operations such as over-painting (e.g.garage/domestic doors) and adhesives (e.g. backingpanels/strengthening strips).

Polyester A range of polyester resins available for both internaland external use, with both smooth and textured finishes.

Pural® Ruukki’s durable, environmentally-friendly Polyurethane-based coating ideal for demanding external applications, e.g.roofing sheets, air-conditioning units, facades, guttering systems,sheet cladding & coping and general exterior profiles & panelwork. The product is well suited to use in coastal locations and isalso highly resistant to the effects of chemicals, ice, snow, andsolar radiation.

The above product summary covers only the most popularproducts stocked, it is by no means exhaustive. Innovativeproducts are continuously being developed to expand theopportunities for Pre-painted steel. Please do not hesitate tocontact the Organically Coated Steels commercial team directto discuss any technical queries you may have.

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PlastisolGeneral Information

Polyvinyl chloride based thermoplastic resin (PVC Plastisol) isparticularly suitable for industrial applications. This coating isavailable on a hot-dipped galvanised substrate, in coil form orcut-to-length.

This product has excellent formability, and due to the thicknessof the coating, has good corrosion resistance and is easilyhandled. Popular applications are in roofing and cladding.

A range of standard colours and thicknesses are available.Special colours, thicknesses and substrate qualities can beobtained by arrangement.

DefinitionPolyvinyl chloride-based thermoplastic resin (PVC Plastisol).

Plastisol resins are covered by standards, EN 10169/1,EN 10169/2, ECCA T1 to T21.

Properties of PVC PlastisolTotal dry film thickness 200 micronsCoating Finish Leathergrain embossGloss level 60° 30 - 40%Max. ambient temperature 60°CMin. forming temperature +10°CMin. bending radius 0TScratch Resistance >3 500g

Corrosion Resistance:

1. Salt Spray 1000 hours2. Humidity Cabinet 1000 hours

British Board of Agrément upon application

Reverse Coat

Although the coat on the reverse side is usually not requiredto have UV resistance, it must still be corrosion resistant andhighly adhesive.

On a well-cleaned and chemically pre-treated surface, theprimer and epoxy coats on the reverse side, provide a coatingthat fully meets these requirements.


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Colour CodesColour Nearest BS ReferenceAztec Yellow 10E55Bamboo 08C35Black 00E53Blue 18E53Buttermilk 10C31Forest Green RAL 6002Goosewing Grey 10A05Ivory RAL 9002Juniper Green 12B29Merlin Grey 18B25Moorland Green 12B21Mushroom 10B19Ocean Blue 18C39Olive Green 12B27Pacific Blue 18E58Pigeon Grey 18B17Poppy Red 04E53Terracotta 04C39Vandyke Brown 18B29Wedgwood Blue 18C37White 00E55

PerformanceThe time period before first maintenance varies from 10 to 20years, depending on the environment, profile, orientation andcolour. In order to minimise the need for maintenance, lightcolours are recommended for environments in which UVradiation is strongest. The period for maintenance is estimatedas follows:

Dark Colours - 10 - 20 years Light Colours - 15 - 25 years * Reduction of time of 2 years is applied following the

orientation S. SE. SW.

On request,reproduction of

any other colour,subject to

minimum quantity

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Fully Foodsafe PVC Laminate

Material Hard PVC,free of plasticisers

Thickness 0.120 mm Colour White Gloss DIN 67530 / ECCA T2 60°C 7-10 Gloss after heat treatment (5 min./170°C) 11Spread of Flame Class B1 (DIN 4102) very low spread of flame Class O (BS 476 Part 6/89 and BS 476 Part 7/87) Chemical Resistance DIN 68861/1 Level AO

(15+16/B1)Scratch Resistance BS 3900/E2 > 4000 gFlexibility (ECCA T7) 0.5 T Salt Spray (ECCA T8) 1000 hoursHumidity (DIN 50017) 1000 hours

Foodsafe PropertiesThe film is fully foodsafe and complies with EEC instructions90/128/EWG and 92/39/EWG. It is chemically inert and canbe used where continuous contact with unpacked foodstuffsare necessary.Temperature Range -40° to 60°C

(60°C is max. continuous operating temperature)Min. Forming Temperature 40°CImpact Strength > 300 KJ/m2 DIN 53448 > 300 KJ/m2

Density DIN 43479 Approx 1.40g/m2

This information is based on our present state of knowledgeand is intended to provide general notes on our product andtheir uses. It should not therefore be construed asguaranteeing specific properties of the product described ortheir suitability for particular application.


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Co-LaminateGeneral Information

This is a pre-coated steel covered by a co-rolled PolyethyleneTerephthalate (P.E.T) polymer film.The thin film is only 1.2 micronsin thickness and is very flexible. It is bonded to the pre-coated steelusing a polymer adhesive which is 2 microns thick.The PET filmaffords good scratch resistance and offers protection against mostcorrosive detergents and powerful sprays.The product is thereforeideal for use in the manufacture of cold-rooms.

Key benefits include:• Totally Foodsafe coating

(PET is used to make drinking-water bottles) • Environmentally friendly

(Not a PVC and no Vinyl Chloride monomer) • Excellent resistance to liquid or powder detergents,

and solvents • Excellent shock resistance, >18 joules • Will not allow water to capilliarate between coating

and substrate

Estetic® Clean CF/B 55 micronsFully foodsafe co-laminate for coldstores manufactured byArcelorNominal Coating Thickness (ECCA T1) 55 microns Substrate Hot dipped galvanised to DX51D+Z275Coating Make Up 15 microns of corrosion resistant primer

plus 20 microns of white intermediatelayer plus 20 microns of clear PET* film.

Specular Gloss (ECCA T2) 40%Pencil Hardness (ECCA T4) 2HScratch Resistance Clemen ISO 1518 4000 gReverse Impact (ECCA T5) > 18J Minimum Bend Diameter T=substrate thickness (ECCA 7) 1T dia. (0.5t) radiusSalt Spray (ISO 7253) 1000 hoursMaximum Continuous Operating Temperature 8°CMin. Forming Temperature 20°C*PET - Polyethylene Terephthalate polymer is totallyfoodsafe. It is not a PVC and does not contain any VinylChloride Monomer. The product has excellent resistance tosolvents. (no influence by MEK)

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AluzincGeneral Information Aluzinc is a flat steel product that is continuously hot-dippedcoated with an Aluminium-Zinc Alloy of composition 55.0%Al, 43.4% Zn, 1.60% Si. Excellent corrosion resistance isafforded by the joint action of Aluminium and Zinc. Incorrosive conditions Aluminium contributes by virtue of ascreening effect – it is rendered passive by formation of aninsoluble layer of Aluminium Oxide. Zinc contributes bysacrificial cathodic protection at all points where bare steel isexposed, e.g. cross-sections, scratches.

Specific weight - Specific Weight of Coating - 3.75g/cm3,substantially less than the value for Zinc alone, 7.15g/cm3


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AluzincProduct Standard – BS EN 10215:1995 (To be replaced by BS EN 10327:2004)

Cold Forming Grades

BS EN 10215 Yield Ultimate ElongationStength (Re) Tensile (Rm) A80 % minN/mm2 max Strength

N/mm2 max

DX51D - 500 22DX52D 300 420 26DX53D 260 380 30DX54D 220 350 36Note – for all grades, minimum values of 140N/mm2 and270N/mm2 can be expected for Re and Rm respectively.

Structural Grades (guaranteed yield strength)

BSEN 10215 Yield Ultimate ElongationStength (Re) Tensile (Rm) A80 % minN/mm2 max Strength

N/mm2 max

S250GD 250 330 19S280GD 280 360 18S320GD 320 390 17S350GD 350 420 16S550GD 550 560 -

Coatings

Coating Minimum Coating Mass, Average Designation total both surfaces g/m2 thickness of

Triple Spot Single Spot Coating per test test side (µm)

AZ100 100 85 13AZ150 150 130 20AZ165 165 150 22AZ185 185 160 25AZ200 200 170 26


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AluzincSurface Finish - Aluzinc is available in two types of surfacefinish.Designation Specification

A Normal spangle (from natural re-crystallisationof the coating)

B Skin passed (surface obtained by skin passing,suitable for pre-painting)

Surface Treatment - Please consult our sales department forthe type of surface treatments available.

Welding & Soldering - Aluzinc can be welded in the samemanner as all other products with a metallic coating.However, we strongly advise against soldering.

Sizes & Availability - Aluzinc is available in thickness from0.4mm to 2.0mm. In widths up to a maximum of 1500mm,dependent upon actual thickness ordered.

Full details can be obtained on application

Dry Film LubricantManufacture

The sealant is an aqueous resin applied by a no-rinse process.Once applied the sealant takes the form of a colourless organiccoating (polyacrylate), with a mass of 1g per square metre,representing a dry film thickness of approximately one micron.

Forming

By the use of this sealant, the lubricating characteristics ofthe Aluminium/Zinc coated surface are substantiallyimproved. Metal abrasion is prevented even under theseverest forming the coating remains intact, or suffers onlylocal abrasion.

Paintability

Sealed surfaces are paintable. Wet painting, powder coatingand coil coating paints have been trialed. For specialrequirements we recommend that painting trials be carriedout. Normally no preparation is necessary. If in particularcases the removal of lubricants is necessary, a mild


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degreasing is recommended (pH 4-10 temperature up to70ºC, short rinse cycle). Combined systems forsimultaneously phosphating / degreasing are not applicable.Check your individual system.

AluzincCorrosion Protection

The excellent anti-corrosion properties of Aluminium/Zinccoated products are improved by the sealant. Temporarycorrosion protection, so important during storage, processingand assembly, is substantially improved by the sealantcompared to normal chromate passivation.

Anti Finger Marking Properties

The continuous organic sealant is applied to both sides of thestrip and provides an excellent barrier to marking frommanual handling.

Joining

a) Mechanical

Without problems, similar to painted surfaces.

b) Adhesion

Regular solvent based gluing processes, can be used. Forcritical applications we recommend trials be carried out.

c) Soldering

Soft soldering of sealed products is not recommended, as thesealant would need to be removed first.

d) Impulse / Laser / Oxyacetylene Welding

Can all be carried out without problems welding fumes mustbe extracted.

Temperature Resistance

The sealant will withstand heating to 180°C. Above thistemperature a yellow-brown discolourant is apparent. Nofumes are evident on heating to 260°C (no results areavailable for higher temperatures). Up to this temperature nobreakdown is expected. Curing temperatures on painting to300°C are possible.

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Organitect™General Information

A range of metallic coatings with a specially developed 1micron organic sealant. It is a proven product in both thebuilding and computer industries.

Key benefits include:

• Improved corrosion resistance

• Reduced tool pick-up

• Good Electro-Magnetic compatibility (ECM)

• Self Lubricating Properties

• Clean, dry surface

• Paintable surface

• Good adherance with PU foam

• Anti-Fingerprint properties

Available on the following substrates:

ORGANITECT - "G30"

Aluminium Zinc Alloy - "A"

Zinc Aluminium Alloy - "F"

Electro-Zinc Coated - "Z"

Hot-Dipped Galvanised - "G"

Please contact Organically Coated Steels direct for productliterature and details


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PVF2General Information

PVF2 coating is recommended for demanding outdoorapplications. Characterised by its high resistance to fading(weather resistance) and corrosion, it is typically applied towalls and roofs of industrial buildings.

The product is a multi-layer system on a hot-dipped zinccoated steel sheet substrate. The zinc coating providesefficient corrosion protection at the cut edges and in areaswhere the organic coating is damaged.

Available in both standard, and some metallic colours.

Properties of PVF2

PVF2 80/20 coating consists of 80% polyvinylidene fluorideand 20% acrylic resin.Total Dry Film Thickness 27µm Coating Finish SmoothGloss Level 30-40%Max. Ambient Temperature 120°C Min. Forming Temperature -10°CMin. Bend Radius 2TScratch Resistance > 3000gPencil Hardness F

Corrosion resistance1 - Salt Spray 1000 hours2 - Humidity Cabinet 1000 hours

British Board of Agrément upon applicationSheets can be coated on both sides with PVF2 system if required.

Reverse Coat

Although the coat on the reverse side is usually not requiredto have UV resistance, it must still be corrosion resistant andhighly adhesive. On a well-cleaned and chemically pre-treated surface, the primer and epoxy coats on the reverseside provide a coating that fully meets these requirements.

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PrimerGeneral Information

Various different formulations of primers as pre-paintedproducts, facilitate second stage processing.

Such second stage operations include over painting in thecase of garage/domestic doors, and adhesives for backingpanels and strengthening strips.

Double Sided Primer

Application

Suitable for bonding / adhesion and overpainting / surfacecoating.

i.e. refrigeration backing panels / garage doors

Specification

Colour Various

Top Coat 12 microns

Reverse Coat 12 microns

Substrate Hot dippedgalvanised DX51

to BS EN 10142:2000D + Z275

Pencil Hardness F

Minimum Bend Diameter 1-2T

Gloss Level 10-30%

Fire Classification MO


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PolyesterGeneral Information

Polyesters are available in both internal and externalqualities, in both smooth and textured finishes.

Exterior Polyester

The topcoat is a two layer system, consisting of 5-7 micronsof corrosion resistant primer with a 17-20 micron Siliconmodified polyester topcoat. The reverse is a 10 micronsystem, consisting of 3-5 microns of corrosion resistantprimer with 5 - 7 microns of heat cured epoxy.

Examples of application: Construction / Panelproducts

Substrate: Hot dippedgalvanised steel toBSEN 10147:2000S220GD + Z275

Specification Typical Values

Total topcoat coating thickness 25µm

Colour To your requirements

Specular Gloss 30-40%

Adhesion after bending 0T without loss of adhesion

Cracking after bending 2 > 4T

Corrosion Resistance

Salt Spray test 500 hours to ASTMB117


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Lining EnamelLining Enamel (indoor use) suitable for steel lining trays &panels to provide an internal lining system

Colour Bright White

Top Coat 17 -25 microns Polyester

Reverse Coat 10 microns Polyester

Substrate Hot dippedgalvanised to BSEN10147:2000S220GD+Z275

Gloss 30 - 40% (± 5%)

Hardness 2H pencil

Reflectivity 60-65%

Adhesion X Hatch 100%

Flexibility 2T Bend diameter

Salt Spray 250 hours

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Pural®General Information

Ruukki’s Pural® is a polyurethane-based coating best suited forconstruction, air conditioning units, exterior panes and otherdemanding external environments.

The environmentally friendly Pural® has excellent durabilitycharacteristics. The structured emboss is highly resistant to thewear caused by solar UV radiation and severe weather systems,and is well suited to coastal locations. Further productadvantages include good chemical resistance and easy touch uppainting.

Pural® is supported by BBA approval and manufacturers’performance warranties.

Colours A wide range of standard coloursare available. Special colours canbe matched on request.

Top Coat - ECCA 50 microns nominalReverse Coat 10 microns EpoxySubstrate Hot dipped galvanised to

BS EN 10147:2000S220GD+Z275 or BS EN 10142:2000DX51D+Z275

Gloss 60° ECCA 30-40%Scratch Resistance > 3000gCorrosion ResistanceISO 7253 1000 hrsQUV-A Weatherometer 5000 hrsASTM G53 total hrs.Max. ambient temperature +100°CMin forming temperature -60°CFlexibility Approx 1T British Board of Agrément Cert no. 97/3389

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Granite®General Information

This is the name given to Arcelor’s range of flexible polyesterresin products. Both internally and externally this high qualityindustrial material is excellent for architectural design.

It is supremely suited to all-cladding applications; profiledsheet, composite panels and facades. Highly resistant tocorrosion and UV light combined with excellent formabilityand shock resistance, it offers a perfect solution in terms ofcreativity and durability.

In addition to its technical performance, a wide range of coloursand textures are available to match your exact requirement.

The product offers a true alternative to PVC Plastisol and isalready used throughout Europe

Technical Data

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Granite HD Granite HDS Granite HDX

Appearance Smooth/ Smooth GrainedGrained

Coating 25 35 50>60Thickness microns microns micronsGloss (Gardener 60°C) 30>50 30>50 30>50Coating Adhesion 0.5T 0.5T 0.5TCoating Flexibility 2T 1.5T 1.5TPencil Hardness F>H F>H F>HSalt Spray 500hours 500-700hours 1000hoursCondensationResistance 1000 hours 1500 hours 1500 hoursMaximum OpTemperature 80°C 80°C 80°CFire Rating MO/Class1 MO/Class1 MO/Class1

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Stock range of Pre-Painted ProductsAll pre-painted products are available in thicknesses from0.4mm to 2.5mm up to a maximum width of 1500mm,dependent upon the actual thickness ordered.

Full details can be obtained upon application.

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Choosing the substrate for Pre-PaintedsteelPre-Painted steels can be supplied with various sub-strates as detailed

Cold ReducedMild Steel rolled to a full finish surface quality - grades rangefrom DC01 to DC06 (extra deep-drawing quality)• Internal only• Dry atmosphere - no high humidity

Typical uses - lighting, office furniture.

Electro-Zinc CoatedMild steel with the same substrate grades as Cold Reduced.The substrate surface is electrolytically coated with a thinlayer of Zinc on one or both sides of the strip. Electro-ZincCoated is sometimes referred to as Electro-Galvanised.Typical Zinc coating thickness range is 2.5 µm to 7.5 µm.• Internal only• Improved surface for Pre-Painting• Increased corrosion resistance compared to Cold Reduced• Corrosion resistance for scratches and sheared edgesTypical uses - hi-fi, video, some domestic appliances.

Hot-Dipped Galvanised Mild Steel, Zinc-coated by immersion of the steel strip in abath of molten Zinc. The strip is then further rolled to producean ‘Improved’ or ‘Best Quality’ surface for painting. Gradesrange from DX51D (general purpose bending & profiling) toDX54D (extra deep drawing quality). Zinc coating weights(including both sides) range from 90g/m2 to 275g/m2.

• Internal and external• Improved surface for Pre-Painting• Lower coating weights for internal applications - typically

100 g/m2

• Higher coating weights for external applications - typically275 g/m2

• Increased corrosion resistance compared to Electro-ZincCoated

Typical uses – Internal: domestic appliancesExternal: air conditioning units, garage doors, cladding, coldstores.


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Choosing the substrate for Pre-PaintedsteelGalfan

A Hot-Dipped product, but with an alloy coating ofapproximately 95% Zinc, 5% Aluminium, plus micro-alloyadditions. Available grades as Hot-Dipped Galvanised. Coatingweights (including both sides) range from 50g/m2 to255g/m2.• Internal and external• Improved surface for painting• Lower coating weights for internal applications, e.g. 50g/m2

• Higher coating weights for external applications, e.g.255g/m2

• Improved corrosion resistance compared to traditional Hot-Dipped Galvanised products

• Coating is of eutectic composition and has improvedflexibility

Please consult Organically Coated Steels direct for furtheradvice in choosing the correct sub-strate.

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Glossary of Metallurgical & Technical Terms

Alloy Steel A steel to which one or more alloying elementsother than Carbon have been deliberately added (e.g.Chromium, Nickel, Molybdenum) to achieve a particularphysical property.

Annealing Heating steel to, and holding at a suitabletemperature, followed by relatively slow cooling. The purposeof annealing may be to remove stresses, to soften the steel,to improve machinability, to improve cold working properties,or to obtain a desired structure. The annealing process usuallyinvolves allowing the steel to cool slowly in the furnace.

B Chemical symbol for Boron.

Bend Test Bending tests are carried out to ensure that ametal has sufficient ductility to withstand bending withoutfracturing. A standard specimen is bent through a specifiedarc and in the case of strip, the direction of grain flow isnoted and whether the bend is with or across the grain.

Blast Furnace A tall, cylindrical, refractory lined furnace forthe production of pig iron or hot metal for direct conversioninto steel.

Brinell Hardness Test The Brinell hardness test for steelinvolves impressing a ball 10mm diameter, of hard steel ortungsten carbide, with a loading of 3000kg into the steelsurface. The hardness of the steel is then determined bymeasurement of the indentation. For steels with hardnessover 500 BHN the Vickers test is more reliable.

C Chemical symbol for Carbon.

Carbon Steel Steel whose properties are determinedprimarily by the amounts of Carbon present. Apart from Ironand Carbon, Manganese up to 1.5% may be present as wellas residual amounts of alloying elements such as Nickel,Chromium, Molybdenum, etc. It is when one or more alloyingelements are added in sufficient amount that it is classed asan alloy steel.

Cast Iron A definition can be applied that Cast Iron is analloy of iron and carbon in which the carbon is in excess ofthe amount that can be retained in solid solution in austeniteat the eutectic temperature. Carbon is usually present in therange of 1.8% to 4.5%; in addition, Silicon, Manganese,Sulphur and Phosphorus are contained in varying amounts.

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Various types of cast iron are covered by a British Standardclassification and includes grey, malleable and white irons.Elements such as Nickel, Chromium, Molybdenum, Vanadiumcan be added to produce alloy cast irons.

Charpy Test A test to measure the impact properties ofsteel. A swinging pendulum breaks a prepared test piece,usually V-notched. The energy consumed in breaking the testpiece is measured in Joules. The more brittle the steel thelower the impact strength. The Izod Test is a similarprocedure.

Chromium When used as an alloying element, Chromiumincreases the hardenability of steel and in association withhigh Carbon gives resistance to wear and abrasion. Chromiumhas an important effect on corrosion resistance and ispresent in stainless steels in amounts of 12% to 20%. It isalso used in heat-resisting steels and high duty cast irons.

Cold Working Altering the shape or size of a metal by plasticdeformation. Processes include rolling, drawing, pressing,spinning, extruding and heading. It is carried out below therecrystallisation point usually at room temperature. Hardnessand tensile strength are increased with the degree of coldworking whilst ductility and impact values are lowered. Thecold rolling and cold drawing of steel significantly improvessurface finish.

Contact Corrosion When two dissimiliar metals are incontact without a protective barrier between them and theyare in the presence of liquid, an electrolytic cell is created.The degree of corrosion is dependent on the area in contactand the electro-potential difference of the metals concerned.The less noble of the metals is liable to be attacked, i.e. Zincwill act as a protector of steel in sea water whereas Copperor Brass will attack the steel in the same environment.

Continuous Casting A method of producing blooms, billetsand slabs in long lengths using water cooled moulds. Thecastings are continuously withdrawn through the bottom ofthe caster whilst the teeming of the metal is proceeding. Theneed for primary and intermediate mills and the storage anduse of large numbers of ingot moulds is eliminated. Thecontinuous casting process is also used in the production ofcast iron, Aluminium and Copper alloys.


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Corrosion Fatigue Fatigue that arises when alternating orrepeated stress combines with corrosion. The severity of theaction depends on the range and frequency of the stress, thenature of the corroding condition and the time under stress.

Cr Chemical symbol for Chromium.

Cu Chemical symbol for Copper.

Deoxidation Elements such as Silicon and Aluminium whenadded to molten steel react to form stable oxides and reducethe amount of dissolved Oxygen. The solubility of Oxygen insteel is reduced as the temperature is lowered duringsolidification and the excess oxygen combines to formCarbon Monoxide. If the molten metal is not deoxidised theeffervescence produced by the evolution of Carbon Monoxideduring solidification would result in blow holes and porosity.Steel treated in this way is termed “Killed Steel”. All“continuously cast” steels are “killed”.

Diamond Pyramid Hardness Test This test, more commonlyknown as the Vickers test, finds greater use in the laboratorythan the workshop. It employs a pyramid shaped diamondwith an included angle of 136˚ which is impressed into thespecimen using loads of 5 to 120 kg making a small squareimpression. This test is used for finished or polishedcomponents because the impression can be very small. Thediamond pyramid hardness number (often referred to as VPN– Vickers Pyramid Number) is obtained from a calculationbased on measuring the diagonals of the impressions in thesteel.

Ductility The property of metal which permits it to bereduced in cross sectional area without fracture. In a tensiletest, ductile metals show considerable elongation eventuallyfailing by necking, with consequent rapid increase in localstresses.

Elastic Limit The maximum stress that can be applied to ametal without producing permanent deformation. Whenexternal forces act upon a material they tend to forminternal stresses within it, which cause deformation. If thestresses are not too great the material will return to itsoriginal shape and dimension when the external stress isremoved.

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Elasticity The property which enables a material to return toits original shape and dimension.

Elongation A test to measure the ductility of steel. When amaterial is tested for tensile strength it elongates a certainamount before fracture takes place. The two pieces are placedtogether and the amount of extension is measured againstmarks made before starting the test and is expressed as apercentage of the original gauge length.

Fatigue The effect on metal of repeated cycles of stress. Theinsidious feature of fatigue failure is that there is no obviouswarning, a crack forms without appreciable deformation ofstructure making it difficult to detect the presence ofgrowing cracks. Fractures usually start from small nicks orscratches or fillets that cause a localized concentration ofstress. Failure can be influenced by a number of factorsincluding size, shape and design of the component, conditionof the surface or operating environment.

Fatigue Testing Fatigue tests are made with the object ofdetermining the relationship between the stress range andthe number of times it can be applied before causing failure.Testing machines are used for applying cyclically varyingstresses and cover tension, compression, torsion and bendingor a combination of these stresses.

Fatigue Limit The maximum value of the applied alternatingstress that a test piece can stand indefinitely.

Fe Chemical symbol for Iron.

Fracture Fractures are often described by the appearance ofthe surface of the break in a piece of steel. Crystalline isbright and glittering, failure having developed along thecleavage planes of individual crystals and can be typical ofbrittle material. A silky fracture has a smooth dull grainindicative of ductile material such as a mild steel. In tensiletesting fractures are described by shape, e.g. cup and cone.


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Galvanic Action When iron and steel are subject toconditions of aqueous corrosion the incidence and rate atwhich the corrosion takes place will alter if the steel iscoupled with other metals or alloys that are also exposed tothe electrolyte. Copper, brass, bronze, lead and nickel aremore "noble" and act as auxiliary cathodes to the steel andaccelerate its anodic dissolution, that is, its corrosion.Magnesium, zinc and zinc-base alloy are nearly always lessnoble and tend to divert the attack from the steel tothemselves. The galvanic relationship of various metals is animportant factor affecting corrosion.

Gauge Length Used in the mechanical testing of steel, it isthe length marked on the parallel portion of a tensile testpiece from which the elongation is measured.

Hardness The hardness of steel is generally determined bytesting its resistance to deformation. A number of methodsare employed including Brinell, Vickers and Rockwell. The steelto be tested is indented by a hardened steel ball or diamondunder a given load and the size of the impression is thenmeasured. For steel there is an empirical relationshipbetween hardness and tensile strength and the hardnessnumber is often used as a guide to the tensile strength, e.g.229 Brinell = 772N/mm2 (50 tons/sq.in).

Heat In steel making terms this is often used to define thebatch or cast produced from a single melting operation.

Heat Treatment A process where solid steel or componentsmanufactured from steel are subject to treatment by heatingto obtain required properties, e.g. softening, normalizing,stress relieving, hardening. Heating for the purpose of hot-working as in the case of rolling or forging is excluded fromthis definition.

Impact Test A test designed to give information on how aspecimen of a known material will respond to a suddenlyapplied stress, e.g. shock. The test ascertains whether thematerial is tough or brittle. A notched test piece is normallyemployed and the two methods in general use are either theCharpy or Izod test. The result is usually reported as theenergy in ft.lbs. or kJ. required to fracture the test piece.

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Inclusions Usually non-metallic particles contained in metal.In steel they may consist of simple or complex oxides,sulphides, silicates and sometimes nitrides of Iron,Manganese, Silicon, Aluminium and other elements. In generalthey are detrimental to mechanical properties but muchdepends on the number, their size, shape and distribution.

Ingot The mass of metal that results from casting moltensteel into a mould. An ingot is usually rectangular in shapeand is subsequently rolled into blooms and billets for rods,bars and sections and slabs for plates, sheet and strip. Withthe increasing use of the continuous casting process theingot route is less used as the molten steel is now directlycast into a bloom or billet.

Iron The term iron, as used in the chemical or scientific senseof the word, refers to the chemical element iron or pure ironand is the chief constituent of all commercial iron and steel.

Joule A unit of energy. One joule is equal to the energyexpended in one second by one ampere against theresistance of one ohm. In the mechanical testing of steel it isthe unit used in the Charpy V notch impact test.

Killed Steel The term indicates that the steel has beencompletely deoxidised by the addition of an agent such asSilicon or Aluminium, before casting, so that there ispractically no evolution of gas during solidification. Killedsteels are characterized by a high degree of chemicalhomogeneity and freedom from porosity.

Manganese One of the most important constituents of steelin which it fulfils a number of functions: It acts as a mild de-oxidizing agent, It combines with the sulphur present to formglobular inclusions of Manganese Sulphide which arebeneficial to machining, and it increases tensile strength andthe hardenability of steel.

Maximum Stress In the testing of the strength of steel asample is machined into a standard test piece and isstretched in a tensile testing machine until it breaks. Theresults are expressed in N/mm2 and is the value of themaximum load reached in the test divided by the originalcross sectional area of the specimen.


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Micron A unit of length equal to one millionth of a metre(1µm).

Microstructure The structure that is observed when apolished and etched specimen of metal is viewed in anoptical microscope at magnifications in range ofapproximately x25 to x1500.

Mn Chemical symbol for Manganese.

Niobium Also known as Columbium. Niobium is a strongcarbide forming element that is added to certain 18/8%Chromium-Nickel stainless steels as a stabilizer to preventinter-granular corrosion arising from welding.

Normalizing A heat treatment process that has the object ofrelieving internal stresses, refining the grain size andimproving the mechanical properties. The steel is heated to800-900˚C according to analysis, held at temperature toallow a full soak and cooled in still air.

Orange Peel Effect An effect that arises on the surface ofsteel sheets when they are stretched beyond their elasticlimit.

Ore An ore is a material that contains a metal in suchquantities that it can be mined and worked commercially toextract that metal. The metal is usually contained in chemicalcombination with some other element in addition to variousimpurities.

Oxidation A common form of chemical reaction which is thecombining of oxygen with various elements and compounds.The corrosion of metals is a form of oxidation, rust on ironfor example is iron oxide.

Oxy-Acetylene Welding A process for joining two pieces ofmetal in which the required high temperature is obtained bythe combustion of acetylene gas and oxygen. The gases arethoroughly mixed in the nozzle or tip of the welding torch toensure perfect combustion. The weld may be formed directlybetween two adjoining surfaces, but usually metal from awelding rod is fused in between the surfaces of the joint.

P Chemical symbol for Phosphorus.

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Phosphorus An element that forms 0.12% of the earth'scrust, chiefly in the form of phosphates. Its presence in steelis usually regarded as an undesirable impurity due to itsembrittling effect, for this reason its content in most steels islimited to a maximum of 0.050%.

Pickling A process to chemically remove scale or oxide fromsteel to obtain a clean surface. When applied to bars or coilsprior to bright drawing, the steel is immersed in a bath ofdilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acid heated to a temperatureof around 80˚C. An inhibitor is added to prevent attack andpitting of the cleaned metal. After pickling, a washing processtakes place followed by immersion in a lime-water bath toneutralize any remaining acid. Pickling can be performedeither as a continuous or a batch process.

Pig Iron The product of the blast furnace. The term wasderived from the method of casting the bars of the pig iron indepressions or moulds formed in the sand floor adjacent tothe furnace. These were connected to a runner (known as asow) and when filled with metal the runner and thenumerous smaller moulds were supposed to resemble a litterof suckling pigs, hence the term pig iron.

Pinch Pass A term applied when, after annealing, sheet orstrip is lightly rolled with the object of preventing stretcherlines or kinks on subsequent cold working.

Pipe A defect that arises during the solidifying of steel in theingot mould. As steel solidifies, it cools, forming a centralcavity forms in the upper portion of the ingot, if this is notcompletely removed before rolling into bars a central defectknown as "pipe" results. The risk of piping is considerablyreduced on continuously cast steel due to molten steel beingavailable to fill any shrinkage cavity.

Proof Stress The stress that will cause a specified small,permanent extension of a tensile test piece. Commonly thestress to produce 0.2% extension is quoted in N/mm2 forsteel. This value approximates to the yield stress in materialsnot exhibiting a definite yield point.


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Rockwell Hardness Testing A method for testing thehardness of metals by determining the depth of penetrationof a steel ball or a diamond sphero-conical indentor. Thevalue is read from a dial and is an arbitrary number related tothe depth of penetration. For testing hard steels, a sphero-conical diamond is used with a 150 kg load, the result is readfrom the black scale on the dial and is prefixed with theletter C. A hardened tool steel would typically give a readingof 62Rc. For softer metals Scale B is used with a 1.6mmdiameter steel ball and a standard load of 100kg.

Rolling The process of shaping metal by passing it betweenrolls revolving at the same peripheral speed and in oppositedirections. In steel there are a number of different types ofrolling mill for processing the ingot to its finished shape.These are variously known as Cogging mills, Slabbing mills,Billet mills, Bar mills and Strip mills, which produce plate,sections, bars, sheet and strip. Cold rolling of previously hotrolled strip is carried out to produce strip that is accurate tosize and with a smooth bright polished surface.

S Chemical symbol for Sulphur.

Scale The oxidized surface of steel produced during hotworking, as in rolling, and by exposure to air or steam atelevated temperature.

Spinning The formation of sheet metal blanks into hollowcircular shapes. This is carried out on a lathe with formingtools that service to press and shape the metal. Annealingmay be needed during and/or after the operation to removethe effects of work hardening.

Stainless Steel Can be defined as a group of corrosionresisting steels containing a minimum 12% chromium and inwhich varying amounts of nickel, molybdenum, titanium,niobium as well as other elements may be present. AnEnglishman, Harry Brearley, is generally acknowledged to bethe pioneer who developed stainless steels for commercial use.

Steel Generally defined as a metallic product whose principalelement is iron and where the carbon content is not morethan 2%. (The presence of large quantities of carbide formingelements may modify the upper limit of the carbon content.)

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Strain Ageing The gradual changes in physical andmechanical properties, in particular hardness and tensilestrength, which takes place following cold rolling ordeformation. At atmospheric temperatures, this may takeplace over a number of weeks but can be accelerated byheating.

Strain Hardening the loss of ductility and gain in hardnessresulting from strain ageing.

Stress Strain Curve A graph in which stress (load divided bythe original cross sectional area of the test piece) is plottedagainst strain (the extension divided by the length overwhich it is measured).

Sulphur Generally regarded as an impurity in steel as it canhave detrimental effects on strength, ductility andweldability as well as producing hot and cold shortness. It’scontent in most steels is limited to a maximum of 0.050%.Sulphur is beneficial to machining and is added to free-cutting steels in amounts up to 0.35% with the manganesecontent increased to overcome any detrimental effects.

Temper A term to which a number of definitions can beapplied. These include: a) The operation of tempering; b) Thedegree of hardness left in a steel bar after quenching andtempering; c) The grading of the hardness of low carbon coldrolled strip, e.g. Hard, Half Hard, Quarter Hard, Skin Passed,Soft; d) An indication of the amount of carbon present in atool steel, e.g. razor temper, file temper, die temper, etc.

Temper Rolling A light pass given to annealed cold rolledstrip to prevent the formation of kinks and stretcher strainmarkings on subsequent cold working. Also termed Pinchpass and Skin pass.

Tempering A heat treatment applied to ferrous productsafter hardening. It consists of heating the steel to sometemperature below the transformation range and holding fora suitable time at the temperature, followed by cooling at asuitable rate. The object of tempering is to decrease hardnessand increase toughness to produce the desired combinationof mechanical properties.


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Tensile Strength The maximum load applied in breaking atensile test piece divided by the original cross-sectional areaof the test piece. Originally quoted as tons/sq.in. it is nowmeasured as Newtons/sq.mm. Also termed Maximum Stressand Ultimate Tensile Stress.

Tensile Test A standard test piece is gripped at either end bysuitable apparatus in a testing machine which slowly exertsan axial pull so that the steel is stretched until it breaks. Thetest provides information on proof stress, yield point, tensilestrength, elongation and reduction of area.

Tolerances The amount of variation permitted ondimensions or surfaces. The tolerance is equal to thedifference between the maximum and minimum limits of anyspecified dimension.

Toughness The ability of a metal to rapidly distribute withinitself both the stress and strain caused by a suddenly appliedload, or more simply expressed, the ability of a material towithstand shock loading. It is the exact opposite of"brittleness" which carries the implication of sudden failure. Abrittle material has little resistance to failure once the elasticlimit has been reached.

Transition Temperature The temperature at which atransition from ductile to brittle fracture takes place in steel.It is usually determined by making a series of Charpy impacttests at various temperatures, the transition temperature isusually taken as the point where 50% of the fracture isbrittle.

Transverse Strength A measurement of strength when theload is applied across the longitudinal flow of the grain of ametal. Certain impurities such as sulphur have a detrimentaleffect on the transverse strength. The inclusion modificationprocess can minimize this.

Transverse Test A test taken at right angles to the principaldirection of rolling or forging.

Ultimate Tensile Strength The highest load applied inbreaking a tensile test piece divided by the original cross-sectional area of the test piece.

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V Chemical symbol for Vanadium.

Vanadium Steels containing vanadium have a much finergrain structure than steels of similar composition withoutvanadium. It raises the temperature at which grain coarseningsets in and increases hardenability where it is in solution inthe austenite prior to quenching. It also lessens softening ontempering and confers secondary hardness on high speedsteels. Vanadium is used in nitriding, heat resisting, tool andspring steels in conjunction with other alloying elements.

Vickers Hardness Test A method of determining thehardness of steel whereby a diamond pyramid is pressed intothe polished surface of the specimen and the diagonals of theimpression are measured with a microscope fitted with amicrometer eye piece. The rate of application and durationare automatically controlled and the load can be varied.

Welding The process of joining together two pieces of metalso that bonding accompanied by appreciable inter-atomicpenetration takes place at their original boundary surfaces.The boundaries more or less disappear at the weld, andintegrating crystals develop across them. Welding is carriedout by the use of heat or pressure or both and with orwithout added metal. There are many types of weldingincluding Metal Arc, Atomic Hydrogen, Submerged Arc,Resistance Butt, Flash, Spot, Stitch, Stud and Projection.

Work Hardening The increase in hardness and strengthproduced by cold plastic deformation or mechanical working.

Yield Point Can be defined as the point where a tensile testpiece begins to extend permanently. If the load is reduced tozero, the test piece will not return to its original length.

Yield Strength The stress at which general plastic elongationof the test piece takes place. This point is well defined inhardened and tempered or annealed structures but can be illdefined in "as drawn" structures.

Zinc Zinc is a metallic chemical element, it has a whitecolour with a bluish tinge. It has a high resistance toatmospheric corrosion and a major use is as a protectivecoating for iron and steel sheet and wire. Galvanised sheetsare a prime example. The melting point of zinc is 419˚C.

Zn Chemical symbol for Zinc.


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Useful Conversion Factors

To Convert Multiply by

Centimetres to inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3937Cubic centimetres to cubic inches. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06103Cubic feet to cubic metres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02832Cubic inches to cubic centimetres. . . . . . . . . . . . 16.39Cubic inches to litres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01639Cubic metres to cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.32Cubic metres to cubic yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.308Cubic yards to cubic metres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7645Feet to metres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3048Foot pounds to kilogram metres . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1382Gallons to litres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.536Gallons to cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1606Grains to grams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06480Grams to pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002205Inches to centimetres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.540Inches to millimetres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.40Kilogram metres to foot pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.233Kilograms to pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.205Kilograms to tonnes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0009842Kilos per sq. mm to tons per sq. inch . . . . . . . . . 0.635Metres to feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.281Millimetres to inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0394N/mm2 to tonnes f/in2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06475Pounds to kilograms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4536Pounds per foot to kilos per metre . . . . . . . . . . . 1.488Square centimetres to sq. inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0/1550Square feet to sq. metres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09290Square inches to sq. centimetres . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.452Square metres to sq. feet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.76Temperature conversion:-

°C = 5/9 (°F – 32)° F = (9/5 °C) + 32

Tonnes per sq. inch to kilos per sq. mm . . . . . . . 1.575Tonnes f/in.2 to N/mm2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.444Tonnes to kilograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016.0

KSI – Nmm2 ÷ 0.145038Nmm2 - KSI x 0.145038

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