ASEM Outlook Report_Vol 1_Asia Europe Relations at a Glance

7/28/2019 ASEM Outlook Report_Vol 1_Asia Europe Relations at a Glance

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ASEM OUTLOOK REPORT 2012

ASIA-EUROPE RELATIONS AT A GLANCE


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ASEM Outlook Report

Volume 1Asia-Europe Relations at a Glance

Singapre 2012


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Published by:AsiaEurpe Fundatin

31 Heng Mui Keng TerraceSingapre 119595

Designed and Printed by:Xpress Print Pte Ltd

N. 1 Kallang Way 2ASingapre 347495

Edited by Sl Iglesias and Luk Van LangenhveISBN: 9789810744229

Cpyright 2012. All rights reserved. N part this publicatin may be reprduced withut the prir permissin thepublisher.

The selectin and cmpilatin statistics and ther data cntained in the vlume are the respnsibilities the writers.

The analysis cntained in the vlume was carried ut by the writing teams, based n the views the participants several

cnsultative meetings held since 2010. It des nt necessarily reect the views ASEM, ASEF, UNUCRIS, the publishers r theeditrs this vlume.

ASEFs cntributin was made pssible with the nancial supprt the Eurpean Unin. The views expressed herein can under

n circumstances be regarded as reecting the psitin the Eurpean Unin.


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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE

Table o Contents

I. Preace 1

II. Introduction 3

III. Facts and Figures 5

1. Population 5

Ppulatin Asia and Eurpe 5

Cuntries with the largest ppulatins 6

Ppulatin grwth rate in Asia and Eurpe 7

Human Develpment Index 9

Lie expectancy 10Crude birth rate 11

Death rate 12

Median age 13

Ageing ppulatin 15

Mrtality 17

Fertility rate 19

Urban ppulatin 21

2. Migration and Labour 22

Net migratin 22

Internatinal migrants 24

Labur migratin 25

Envirnmental migratin: natural disasters 26

Urbanisatin and migratin 27

Student mbility 29

GDP per persn emplyed 30

Female labur participatin 32

Unemplyment 33

Yuth unemplyment 34

Hurs wrked 35


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AsiA-EuropE rElAtions At A GlAncE

3. Research and Development, Inormation and

Communication Technology 36

Research and develpment expenditure 36

High technlgy exprters 38

Patent applicatins 38

Internet access 39

Internet penetratin 40

Bradband subscriptins 41

Inrmatin, cmmunicatin & technlgy exprt gds 42

Mbile cellular phnes 43

Facebk users 44

Facebk penetratin 44online security 46

Film prductin 47

4. Public Health 48

Health expenditure 48

Imprved sanitatin acilities 50

Water surce 51

Prevalence HIV 53

Tuberculsis 54

Immunisatin 55

5. Economy 57

Trade penness 57

Freign Direct Investment (FDI) penness 59

GDP based n purchasing pwer parity 60

Grss Natinal Incme (GNI) 61

Imprt and exprt gds and services 63Lcal cmpanies 66

Big Mac Index 67

General gvernment grss debt 68

Inatin 70

Tax revenue (% GDP) 71

Current accunt balance (% GDP) 73

Interest rates 75

Lngterm interest rate statistics r EU member states 76

Industry, value added (% GDP) 77


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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE

6. Environment 78

Ppulatins in big urban areas 78

Cnsumers electric pwer 79Co2 emissins 80

Hazardus waste 82

Biuels prductin 83

Agriculture and arable land 84

Frestry 85

Fd scarcity 86

Natural disasters 88

7. Security and Conict 89

Armed cnicts 89

Glbal Peace Index 90

Military expenditure 92

Nuclear weapns 95

United Natins Peacekeeping operatins (UNPKo) 96

Reugee ppulatin 97

Plitical stability and nnvilence 100

Press Freedm Index 101

8. Social Issues 103

Physical activity 104

obesity 105

Smking 107

Middleclass ppulatin 108

Gender 109

Educatin 112


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AsiA-EuropE rElAtions At A GlAncE

IV. Perceptions Matter! Views rom Asia and Europe 116

Intrductin 116

Media (in)visibility 117

Lking ut r ASEM 123

Public perceptins 126

Asia and Eurpe imprtant partners r the uture 130

opinin leaders perceptins the EU in Asia 133

Reprting Asia in Eurpe the medias view Asias rise 135

Cnclusins 136

V. About the Contributors 137


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ASIA-EURoPE RELATIoNS AT A GLANCE 1

I. Preace

On the occasion o the 9th ASEM leaders summit in November 2012 in Vientiane, the ASEM process

connects 52% o the worlds GDP, almost 60% o the worlds population and 68% o global trade. As a

orum or dialogue, it is becoming increasingly important in addressing key global issues acing the

international community. Given the size and urther expansion o ASEM, it is evident that deepened Asia-

Europe co-operation is no longer a luxury but a necessity.

With this in mind, Asia and Europe need to rely on dierent dialogue rameworks, such as ASEM, to

deepen their co-operation, improve dialogue both inter- and intra-regionally, and share the burdens o

global responsibility.

ASEM outlk Reprt 2012 ocuses on the uture o Asia-Europe relations in our sectors (security and

conict management; economic and fnancial integration; environmental governance; and publichealth and pandemic preparedness). The report contains recommendations to address emerging global

and regional challenges.

ASEM outlk Reprt 2012 was made possible through the collaboration between the Asia-Europe

Foundation (ASEF) and the United Nations University Institute on Comparative Regional Integration

Studies (UNU-CRIS).

The idea behind the report was frst introduced by the ormer Director o the Intellectual Exchange

department o ASEF, Ms Sol Iglesias. The conceptualisation and coordination o the preparation othe report was carried out by ASEF and headed byMs Anjeli Narandran andMs Grazyna Pulawska,

supported byMr Thierry Schwarz, Director o the Intellectual Exchange department o ASEF, while UNU-

CRIS supported the endeavour through their team led by their DirectorPro. Luk Van Langenhove and

Ms Lonie Maes.

The publication was edited byMs Sol Iglesias andPro. Luk van Langenhove. Ms Leong Wenshan

assisted with the prooreading and fnal editing o the publication.

The report consists o two distinct volumes. Volume One, entitled Asia-Europe Relations At-A-Glance,

ocuses on the current state o aairs by providing key statistics to illustrate economic, social and

political developments in both regions. Volume Two, entitled Foresight is 20/20: Scenario Building or

Policy Analysis and Strategy Development, provides analysis and policy recommendations designed to

map out possible trends and shits in Asia-Europe relations and explores the changing role o the myriad

o actors involved in international relations. The outcomes are based on the fndings o ASEFs multi-

stakeholder consultations to develop strategic oresight scenarios across a number o policy areas as

well as UNU-CRIS analysis.


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AsiA-EuropE rElAtions At A GlAncE2

A number o ASEF sta contributed to the multiple aspects o the research and report. These include: Ms

Anjeli Narandran (Introductions to Volume One and Volume Two and o the frst section o Security and

Conict Management in Volume Two), Ms Grace Foo andMs Sumiko Hatakeyama (on the Facts and

Figures chapter in Volume One), Ms Sunkyoung Lee andMr Peter Lutz(on Public Health and Pandemic

Preparedness in Volume Two), Mr Ronan Lenihan (on Perceptions Matter! in Volume One and Economic

and Financial Integration in Volume Two), Ms Grazyna Pulawska (on Environmental Governance in

Volume Two), and Ms Ratna Mathai Luke (Conclusions and Security and Conict Management in

Volume two).

Pro. Luk Van Langenhove, Dr Philippe De Lombaerde, Ms Lonie Maes, Dr Hana Umezawa, Dr

Lurong Chen andDr Georgios Papanagnou o UNU-CRIS contributed to the section o Asia-Europe

2030: Key Actors in the Future o ASEM in Volume Two.

In addition, external researchers contributed to several chapters. Ms Claire Wilson contributed to the

Facts and Figures chapter in Volume One, Mr Simon Hiberg Olsen to the Environmental Governance

chapter in Volume Two, and Mr Andr Edelhofto the Economic and Financial Integration chapter in

Volume Two.

The publication could not have been achieved without the substantial support and co-operation o the

above-mentioned people. Their profles are available in the section About the Contributors.

I. Preace


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Asia and Eurpe exert a strng inuence arund the wrld and cntinue t leverage n each thers

strengths as they develp alng their wn trajectries.

In Asia, the sheer diversity its cnstituent natins, in terms culture, language, system

gvernance, gegraphy and wealth, are staggering. In this cntext, Asias present erts t

reginalise are nt nly ambitius but als unique. Strng ecnmic grwth in Asia has created

many pprtunities within the regin, making it mre attractive than ever as a destinatin r bth

reginal and reign migrants. Hwever, a huge incme disparity remains in many Asian cuntries

resulting in uneven access t educatin, and lw public health awareness. Increasingly urban and

mbile ppulatins in China and India, and aging ppulatins, as seen in Japan and Singapre, will

als eventually create challenges in the cming years.

In Eurpe, the Eurpean Unin (EU) cntinues t be the crnerstne and emblem the regin.Hwever, the nancial crisis has arguably shaken the cndence many supprters Eurpean

integratin and has led sceptics t questin i the weaker cuntries shuld break away rm the

Eurzne. Rising unemplyment rates have resulted in shits in migratin ws within Eurpe and

between Eurpe and Asia leading t a hst new scial and internal security issues r bth regins.

Eurpe nnetheless enjys cherence in addressing public health, trade, security, envirnment and

human rights issues.

This vlume seeks t capture the status qu the relatinship between Asia and Eurpe. It will

neither examine the past nr imagine the uture. It simply aims t prvide data that will enable the

reader t understand the plitical and sciecnmic cnditins in Asia and Eurpe as well as the

cmmnalities and dierences between the tw regins.

The themes that are cvered in Facts and Figures, the rst sectin this vlume, include ppulatin;

migratin and labur; research & develpment, inrmatin and cmmunicatin technlgy; public

health; the ecnmy; the envirnment; security and cnict; as well as scial issues.

In Perceptins Matter! Views rm Asia and Eurpe, we explre the perceived relatinship

between Asia and Eurpe. Perceptins matter, nt nly as a basis r understanding ne anther but

as a undatin upn which plicy decisins can be made. They prvide unique insights t allwplicy makers t determine the expectatins thers and thus allw r mre nuanced plicies

linked t external relatins and public diplmacy. In understanding the relatinship between Asia

and Eurpe, perceptins and quantitative indicatrs er separate but cmplementary sets

insights.

Perhaps mst imprtantly, this vlume will prvide the cntext within which t interpret the

analysis cntained within the vlume tw in this series, Foresight is 20/20, which examines three

pssible uture scenaris AsiaEurpe relatins.

II. Introduction


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II. Introduction

In the present vlume, when we mentin Asia, it includes: Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambdia,

China, India, Indnesia, Japan, Republic Krea, Las, Malaysia, Mnglia, Myanmar, New Zealand,

Pakistan, the Philippines, Russia, Singapre, Thailand and Vietnam. Eurpe includes: Austria,

Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estnia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,

Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, the Netherlands, Pland, Prtugal,

Rmania, Slvakia, Slvenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdm. Thrughut, Asian cuntries

are indicated with red bars in the graphs and Eurpean cuntries with blue bars. Explanatins are

given when ther clurs are used.


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III. Facts and Figures

1. Population

Accrding t the United Natins Ppulatin Fund (UNFPA) reprt1, by late 2011 the wrlds

ppulatin wuld have surpassed seven billin. Many actrs have cntributed t the increase in

ppulatin ver the years, including lwer mrtality rates, lnger lie expectancy and large yuth

ppulatins in cuntries where ertility remains high.

Anther UN reprt estimates that the wrld ppulatin will exceed nine billin by 2050, where

the ppulatin in develping cuntries will increase by 2.3 billin inhabitants with 1.2 billin

inhabitants wh are wrking age and 1.1 billin aged ver sixty. 2 The reprt urther estimates

that by 2050, India will vertake China as the mst ppulus cuntry and the tw cuntries will

represent abut 50% the wrlds ppulatin. Ppulatin grwth will be highest in pr cuntries

already struggling t prvide d security r its peple. Develped cuntries will cntinue t

decline in birth rates with increase in birth planning and lw ertility rates. The UN predicts that tw

peple ut every nine in the wrld will be sixty years ld r lder with lie expectancy at birth

increased t ver seventysix years in 2050.

This sectin lks at the ppulatin status, birth rate, death rate, median age, ageing ppulatin

and urban ppulatin in Asia and Eurpe.

Population o Asia and Europe

Tday, Asia and Eurpe make up abut 60% the wrlds ppulatin, where Asia is the wrldslargest and mst ppulus cntinent with ver 50% the wrlds ppulatin (with a ttal

ppulatin ver 3.7 billin) and Eurpe being the third mst ppulus cntinent (with a ttal

ppulatin ver 500 millin).

ASEM population 2011

3,709,634,513

503,680,116

Europe includes: Austria. Belgium, Bulgaria,

Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, France, Germany,Greece, Hungary,

Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,

Malta, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,

Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and

United Kingdom

Asia includes: Australia, Brunei Darussalam,

Cambodia, China,India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic

of Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, New

Zealand, Pakistan, The Philippines, Russia,

Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam

Source: World Bank

1 Reer t http://www.unpa.rg/pds/trends.htm.

2 Reer t http://www.un.rg/esa/ppulatin/publicatins/wpp2008/pressrelease.pd.


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Countries with the largest populations

China is the wrlds mst ppulus cuntry, with abut 1.344 billin peple in 2011. India llws

clsely with arund 1.241 billin peple and is expected t vertake China by the year 2030 due t

Chinas nechild plicy that was intrduced in 1978. The llwing graph shws the tp three ASEM

cuntries in bth Asia and Eurpe that have the largest ppulatins.

ASEM countries with the largest populations in Asia and Europe (millions) 2011

1,344

1,241

242

82 65 63

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

China India Indonesia Germany France United

Kingdom

Source: World Bank


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Population growth rate in Asia and Europe

Ppulatin grwth rate is the average annual percentage change in the ppulatin resulting

rm a surplus r decit births ver deaths and the balance migrants entering and leaving a

cuntry. Ppulatin grwth rates are psitive when mre individuals are added t a ppulatin than

remved, negative when mre individuals are remved than added. The llwing graphs shw the

ppulatin grwth in Asia and Eurpe.

Ppulatin grwth rates have nt increased in many cuntries due t lw birth rates, this is

especially bvius in Eurpean cuntries, althugh there are still sme cuntries that maintain

high birth rates. An increase in ppulatin grwth rate may pse prblems t a cuntry in terms

the changing needs its peple r inrastructure (e.g., schls, hspitals, husing, rads,

transprtatin), resurces (e.g., d, water, electricity) and jbs.

Population growth rate in Asia 2011

1.054

0.543

1.993

-0.48

1.873

1.551

0.863

1.07

1.469

1.542

1.655

0.204

-0.077

1.04

1.312

0.481

1.687

1.691

1.126

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Vietnam

Thailand

Singapore

Russia

The Philippines

Pakistan

New Zealand

Myanmar

Mongolia

Malaysia

Laos

Republic of Korea

Japan

Indonesia

India

China

Cambodia

Brunei Darussalam

Australia

Source: The World Factbook


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Population growth rate in Europe 2011

0.553

0.168

0.654

-0.185

0.104

-0.26

0.181

-0.075

0.452

0.359

1.135

-0.278

-0.598

0.38

1.112

-0.184

0.06

-0.02

0.497

0.065

-0.65

0.239

-0.134

1.571

-0.796

0.061

0.026

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

United KingdomSweden

Spain

Slovenia

Slovakia

Romania

Portugal

Poland

The Netherlands

Malta

Luxembourg

Lithuania

Latvia

Italy

Ireland

Hungary

Greece

Germany

France

Finland

Estonia

Denmark

Czech Republic

Cyprus

Bulgaria

Belgium

Austria



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Human Development Index

The Human Develpment Index (HDI) is a cmpsite statistic used t rank cuntries by levels

human develpment. The HDI is a measure health, educatin and incme. It measures the average

achievements in a cuntry in these three basic dimensins human develpment, calculated int

an index. The llwing graphs shw the ten ASEM cuntries with the highest Human Develpment

Index and the ten ASEM cuntries with the lwest Human Develpment Index.

Interestingly, bth Asian and Eurpean cuntries are airly represented in the tp ten list r highest

HDI; hwever, the ten cuntries with the lwest HDI cmprise nly Asian cuntries.

Top 10 ASEM countries with the highest HDI 2011

0.929 0.91 0.908 0.908 0.905 0.904 0.901 0.897 0.895 0.886

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Source: UNDP

Top 10 ASEM countries with the lowest HDI 2011

0.483 0.504 0.523 0.524 0.547

0.593 0.6170.644 0.653

0.682

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Source: UNDP


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Lie expectancy

Lie expectancy reers t the number years that peple in a given cuntry r ppulatin can

expect t live. The llwing graphs shw cuntries in Asia and Eurpe with the highest and lwest

lie expectancy.

Highest lie expectancy in Asia (highest 5 countries) and Europe (highest 6 countries) 2011

83 82 82 82 82 81 81 81 81 81 81

0

20

40

60

80

100

Source: World Bank

Lowest lie expectancy in Asia and Europe (lowerst 5 countries) 2011

63 65 65 6567

73 73 73 74 74

0

20

40

60

80

100

Source: World Bank


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Crude birth rate

Crude birth rate indicates the number live births ccurring during the year r every 1,000 births,

estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate rm the crude birth rate prvides the rate

natural increase, which is equal t the rate ppulatin change in the absence migratin. The

llwing table shws the crude birth rate (per 1,000 births) ASEM cuntries in 2001 and 2011.

Countries 2001 2011 Countries 2001 2011

Australia 12.7 12.28 Latvia 8.3 9.97

Austria 9.4 8.69 Lithuania 9.1 9.34

Belgium 11.1 10.03 Luxemburg 12.4 11.7

Brunei Darussalam 22.3 17.74 Malaysia 23.8 20.74

Bulgaria 8.5 9.2 Malta 10.1 10.31

Cambdia 26.1 25.17 Mnglia 19.5 20.7

China 13.4 12.31 Myanmar 20.1 19.11

Cyprus 12.8 11.44 The Netherlands 12.6 10.89

Czech Republic 8.9 8.62 New Zealand 14.4 13.57

Denmark 12.2 10.22 Pakistan 30.5 24.3

Estnia 9.3 10.43 The Philippines 29.4 24.98Finland 10.8 10.36 Pland 9.6 9.96

France 13.1 12.72 Prtugal 11 9.76

Germany 8.9 8.33 Rmania 10 9.49

Greece 9.3 9.08 Russia 9.1 10.94

Hungary 9.5 9.49 Singapre 11.8 7.72

India 25.4 20.6 Slvakia 9.5 10.38

Indnesia 19.4 17.76 Slvenia 8.8 8.76

Ireland 15 15.81 Spain 10 10.4

Italy 9.4 9.93 Sweden 10.3 10.24

Japan 9.3 8.39 Thailand 14.4 12.81

Republic Krea 11.6 8.42 United Kingdm 11.3 12.27

Las 29.4 25.68 Vietnam 17.2 16.83

Source: 2001 results rom World Bank; 2011 results rom The World Factbook


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Death rate

The death rate is the rati ttal deaths t ttal ppulatin in a specied cmmunity r area ver a

specied perid time. The death rate, als knwn as atality rate is ten expressed as the number

deaths per 1,000 persns each year. The llwing graphs shw the ten highest and ten lwest

death rates in ASEM cuntries.

ASEM countries with the highest death rates (per 1,000 persons) 2011 est.

14.3213.6 13.6

12.711.84 11.4

11.04 11 10.94

16.03

0

2

4

6

8

1012

14

16

18

Russia Bulgaria Latvia Estonia Hungary Romania Lithuania Germany Slovenia Czech

Republic


ASEM countries with lowest death rates (per 1,000 persons) 2011 est.

6.38 6.38 6.286.01 5.95

4.98 4.954.67

3.41 3.39

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7



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Median age

Median age is the age that divides a ppulatin int tw numerically equal grups; that is, hal the

peple are yunger than this age and the ther hal are lder. It is a single index that summarises

the age distributin a ppulatin. The llwing graphs shw the median age in Asia and Eurpe.

Females have a higher median age as cmpared t men in all ASEM cuntries. The verall average

median age r Eurpe is 40.5 and r Asia it is 30.8 with mre than hal Eurpean cuntries with

median age ver 40 and nly tw Asian cuntries with median age ver 40.

Median age in Asia 2011

26.8

33.3

39.6

35.5

22.4

21.5

36.2

26.3

25.8

26.7

20.7

37

43.2

27.7

25.6

34.9

22.2

28.3

37

28.9

35.2

40.6

41.9

23.4

21.6

37.8

27.5

26.6

27

21.3

39.8

46.7

28.7

26.9

36.2

23.7

28.6

38.4

0 20 40 60

Vietnam

Thailand

Singapore

Russia

The Philippines

Pakistan

New Zealand

Myanmar

Mongolia

Malaysia

Laos

Republic of Korea

Japan

Indonesia

India

China

Cambodia

BruneiDarussalam

Australia

Female

Male



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Median age in Europe 2011

38.8

40.8

39.3

40.7

36.1

37.3

38

36.8

40.3

38.8

38.4

37.5

37.6

42.4

34.5

38.1

41.4

43.7

38.4

40.8

37

40

39.2

33.5

39.6

41

41.9

41.1

43.1

41.9

44.1

39.2

40.2

42.3

40.3

41.9

41.4

40.4

42.7

43.7

44.7

35.1

42.8

43.6

46

41.5

44.3

43.9

41.8

42.5

36.6

44

43.6

44

0 20 40 60

United Kingdom

Sweden

Spain

Slovenia

Slovakia

Romania

Portugal

Poland

The Netherlands

Malta

Luxembourg

Lithuania

Latvia

Italy

Ireland

Hungary

Greece

GermanyFrance

Finland

Estonia

Denmark

Czech Republic

Cyprus

Bulgaria

Belgium

Austria

Female

Male



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Ageing population in Europe (% above 65) in 2011 and 2050

17%

20%

17%

17%

13%

15%

18%

14%

16%

16%

15%

17%

17%

20%

12%

17%

20%

21%

17%

18%

18%

17%

16%

10%

18%

18%

18%

27%

30%

38%

35%

29%

26%

30%

28%

27%

27%

20%

29%

28%

36%

22%

29%

34%

31%

27%

28%

27%

26%

33%

23%

30%

29%

34%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

United Kingdom

Sweden

Spain

Slovenia

Slovakia

Romania

Portugal

Poland

The Netherlands

Malta

Luxembourg

Lithuania

Latvia

Italy

Ireland

Hungary

Greece

Germany

France

Finland

Estonia

Denmark

Czech Republic

Cyprus

Bulgaria

Belgium

Austria

Ageing population

(% above 65) in 2050

Ageing population

(% above 65) in 2011

Source: 2011 data rom The World Factbook

2050 data rom United Nations


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Mortality

1. Maternal mortality

The llwing graph shws the ten cuntries in ASEM with the highest maternal mrtality ratis.

Maternal mrtality rati is the number wmen wh die during pregnancy and childbirth, per

100,000 live births.3 The graph clearly shws that the ten cuntries with highest maternal mrtality

ratis are all Asian.

10 ASEM countries with the highest maternal mortality ratio 2010(modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births)

470

260250

220200 200

99

63 59 48

0

150

300

450

Source: Trends in Maternal Mortality:1990-2010 UNFPA

3 The data is estimated with a regressin mdel using inrmatin n ertility, birth attendants and HIV prevalence.


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2. Mortality rate (under-ve)

The next graph lks at the mrtality rate children under ve years age. Underve mrtality

rate is the prbability a newbrn baby dying bere reaching age ve, per 1,000 live births. Fr

inant mrtality as well, all the ten cuntries with highest mrtality rates are Asian.

10 ASEM countries with highest mortality rate o children under ve 2010(per 1,000 live births)

86.5

66.262.7

53.8 51.0

35.331.6 29.4

23.318.4

0.0

30.0

60.0

90.0

Source: Level & Trends in Child Mortality Report 2011,Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group or Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA, UNPD)


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Fertility rate

1. Total ertility rate

This graph shws the cuntries with the highest and lwest ertility rates. Ttal ertility rate

represents the number children that wuld be brn t a wman i she were t live t the end

her childbearing years and bear children in accrdance with current agespecic ertility rates.

10 ASEM countries with highest total ertility rate (births per woman) 2010

3.423.14

2.75 2.64 2.63 2.58

2.502.16 2.12 2.07

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

Source: World Bank

10 ASEM countries with lowest total ertility rate (births per woman) 2010

1.391.391.381.381.381.321.251.221.171.15

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

JapanSpainMaltaPolandRomaniaPortugalHungaryRepublic

of Korea

LatviaSingapore

Source: World Bank


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2. Adolescent ertility rate

This next graph lks particularly at adlescent ertility. Adlescent ertility rate is the number

births per 1,000 wmen between the ages 1519. The data represent gures rm 2009.

10 ASEM countries with highest adolescent ertility rate(births per 1,000 women aged 1519) 2009

79.3

49.5

43.5 39.5 38.936.4

33.630.1 29.7 29.5

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects

10 ASEM countries with lowest adolescent ertility rate(births per 1,000 women aged 1519) 2009

6.56.35.95.9

5.65.55.1

4.74.64.4

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects


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Urban population

Urban ppulatin reers t peple living in urban areas as dened by natinal statistical fces. Here,

it is calculated using Wrld Bank ppulatin estimates and urban ratis rm the United Natins

Wrld Urbanizatin Prspects. The llwing graphs shw the tp eleven ASEM cuntries with the

highest urban ppulatin and the tp ten ASEM cuntries with the lwest urban ppulatin.

Top 11 ASEM countries with highest urban population (% o total) 2010

100 97 9590 89 87 87 85 83 82 82

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Source: World Bank

Top 10 ASEM countries with lowest urban population (% o total) 2010

2329 30

33 34 3437

4548

54

0

20

40

60

80

100

Source: World Bank


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2. Migration and Labour

This sectin utlines the current state activity in Asia and Eurpe in the cntext migratin and

labur. Accrding t the Internatinal organizatin r Migratin (IoM), there are currently abut

200 millin peple, r apprximately 3% the wrlds ppulatin, living utside their place

birth. This means that abut ne every thirtyve persns in the wrld is a migrant.4

In the cntext Asia and Eurpe, we are currently seeing changes in trends that are aecting

many ASEM cuntries, psing challenges especially in terms integratin migrants. Accrding

t the IoM 2010 World Migration Report, cuntries that have been predminantly rigin cuntries

will begin t experience mre emigratin, in Eastern Eurpe and Suth Asia r example. New

challenges will als arise r cuntries already accepting immigrants, such as increased diversity

migrants and increased cncentratin in urban centres. This wuld in turn put pressure n systemssuch as schling, husing and health care.5

With this in mind, this sectin builds a picture migratin in Asia and Eurpe tday. Where d

peple migrate t and where rm? What is the ecnmic impact? What are sme the reasns

r migratin?

Ater an verview migratin patterns, the sectin will then cus n labur trends in Asia and

Eurpe. Accrding t the Global Employment Trends 2012 reprt by the Internatinal Labur

organisatin (ILo), since the beginning the 2007 nancial crisis, glbal unemplyment has

risen rm 27 millin t 200 millin in 2012. It is estimated that ver 400 millin new jbs will

be needed ver the next ten years t avid a urther increase in unemplyment. The yuth have

been particularly hardhit in this equatin.6 Hw is this reected in the current situatin in Asia

and Eurpe? What are the current gures behind the relative stability in Asia as ppsed t the

uncertainties in the Eurpean market?

All data represented are rm 2008 r later. In sme cases, data was nt available r all ASEM

cuntries, which is indicated in each the graphs.

Net migration

one way t measure the eect the mvement peple is thrugh net migratin rates. Net

migratin is the net ttal migrants during the perid, that is, the ttal number immigrants

less the annual number emigrants, including bth citizens and nncitizens. Data are reected

as veyear estimates. The higher the number, the mre peple there are entering a cuntry with

ewer peple leaving it. The net migratin rate indicates the cntributin migratin t the verall

level ppulatin change.

4 Fr urther details, see Internatinal organizatin r Migratin, Abut Migratin, http://www.im.int/jahia/Jahia/abut

migratin/lang/en.5 Fr the ull reprt, see Internatinal organizatin r Migratins 2010 Wrld Migratin Reprt, The Future Migratin: Capacity

Building r Change, http://www.im.int/jahia/Jahia/plicyresearch/migratinresearch/wrldmigratinreprt/wmr2010.

6 Fr the ull reprt, see Internatinal Labur organisatins Glbal Emplyment Trends 2012 Preventing a deeper jbs crisis,http://www.il.rg/glbal/research/glbalreprts/glbalemplymenttrends/WCMS_171571/langen/index.htm.


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Net migration in ASEM countries (000) 2010

2250.0051998.926

1135.737

1124.639

1020.211

721.738

550.001

500.001

492.252

270

265.649

240.466

200

160

154.004

150.002

100

90.316

84.494

75

72.634

65.004

55.644

50.00644.166

42.469

36.684

22

5

3.5

0

-10

-15.001

-30

-35.495

-50

-74.998

-100

-254.942

-430.692

-500

-1233.365

-1293.089

-1884.102

-1999.998

-2999.998

-3500 -2500 -1500 -500 500 1500 2500 3500

SpainItaly

Russia

Australia

United Kingdom

Singapore

Germany

France

Thailand

Japan

Sweden

Czech Republic

Belgium

Austria

Greece

Portugal

Ireland

Denmark

Malaysia

Hungary

Finland

New Zealand

Poland

The NetherlandsCyprus

Luxembourg

Slovakia

Slovenia

Malta

Brunei Darussalam

Estonia

Latvia

Mongolia

Republic of Korea

Lithuania

Bulgaria

Laos

Romania

Cambodia

Vietnam

Myanmar

The Philippines

Indonesia

China

Pakistan

India

Source: World Bank


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International migrants

A urther analysis the actuality migratin patterns can be seen in the number internatinal

migrants in a given cuntry. The llwing graph highlights the tp ten ASEM cuntries with highest

percentage internatinal migrants within their ppulatins.

Top 10 ASEM countries with international migrants (% o population) 2010

41

36 35

22 2220

18

16 15 14

-

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

Source: United Nations Population Division.


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Labour migration

As mentined abve in IoMs 2010 World Migration Report, it is pssible t see new patterns

mbility arising, particularly as emerging ecnmies Asia becme even mre imprtant cuntries

destinatin r labur migrant. The llwing graphs demnstrate the ecnmic impact these

mvements in the rm remittance inws (the tp ten ASEM cuntries t which migrant wrkers

send their earnings) and utws (the tp ASEM destinatin cuntries r migrant wrkers).

Top 10 ASEM countries or migrant remittance inows (US$ million) 2010

54,035

53,038

21,423

15,629

11,338 10,507 10,264 9,690 8,708 8,260

-

20,000

40,000

60,000

Source: World Bank

Top 10 ASEM countries or migrant remittance outows (US$ million) 2010

18,796

15,908

12,923 12,227 12,20111,385

10,432

5,2644,474 4,051

-

4,000

8,000

12,000

16,000

20,000

Source: World Bank


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Environmental migration: natural disasters

The available data n migratin as a result envirnmental impact has nt been develped

extensively. It is in act difcult t measure the exact impact envirnmental change n migratin

patterns given that there are ten multiple reasns r migratin in these circumstances, such as

scial and ecnmic reasns, and migratin is ten nt the result climate change.

Hwever, there is data related t the mvement peples due t natural disasters. Accrding t IoMs

2010 World Migration Report, 20 millin peple were displaced in 2008 as a result sudden nset

climaterelated weather events, cmpared t 4.6 millin internally displaced by cnict and vilence.

Hwever, migratin as a result natural disasters is mre likely t be internal rather than internatinal,

given that the disasters are temprary and that many aected by it d nt have the resurces tmigrate internatinally. The llwing map shws the number peple aected by natural disasters

in 2010. As can be seen, ASEM Asia has been mre widely impacted by natural disasters.

Number o persons reported aected by natural disasters in 2010

Source: EM-DAT International Disaster Database


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Althugh natural disasters are smetimes the result climate change, it is actually the gradual

envirnmental changes that will have greater impact n the mvement peples. Fr example,

the IoM 2010 World Migration Report states that ver the last thirty years, twice as many peple

wrldwide have been aected by persistent drughts as by vilent strms (1.6 billin cmpared

with apprximately 718 millin, respectively). These gradual envirnmental changes will have the

eect rcing peple t relcate, within their cuntry r internatinally, in rder t nd wrk r

mre stability.

Urbanisation and migration

A tpic that has raised much debate is the rate urbanisatin. The mvement peple rm the

cuntry t the city has many scial, ecnmic and envirnmental impacts. The llwing graph

utlines the rate urbanisatin within ASEM cuntries. In the llwing graph, 0% means thatthere was n change in the mvement peples rm rural t urban centres between 2005 and

2010. Psitive gures shw the percentage increased numbers t urban centres between 2005

and 2010 and negative percentage gures shw that there was mre mvement the ppulatin

twards rural living. As can be seen, there is a grwth in urbanisatin in all ASEM cuntries except

six. The tp nine ASEM cuntries that have seen the highest rates urbanisatin are all lcated in

Asia: Las, China, Vietnam, Myanmar, Indnesia, Mnglia, Malaysia, India and Japan.


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Percentage o annual rate o change o urbanisation, 20052010

3.802.93

2.16

1.76

1.66

1.56

1.27

1.13

1.03

0.99

0.90

0.880.80

0.77

0.66

0.66

0.63

0.56

0.46

0.39

0.30

0.30

0.270.25

0.25

0.22

0.22

0.20

0.20

0.19

0.17

0.16

0.15

0.130.13

0.11

0.03

0.03

0.01

0.01

-0.06

-0.08

-0.17

-0.20-0.26

-0.50 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00

LaosChina

Vietnam

Myanmar

Indonesia

Mongolia

Malaysia

India

Japan

Portugal

Thailand

FrancePakistan

Hungary

Bulgaria

Cambodia

The Netherlands

Brunei Darussalam

Ireland

Republic of Korea

Luxembourg

Greece

AustriaThe Philippines

Cyprus

Malta

Denmark

Russia

Australia

Italy

Sweden

Finland

Spain

United KingdomGermany

Lithuania

Belgium

New Zealand

Romania

Estonia

Singapore

Czech Republic

Latvia

Poland

SloveniaSlovakia

Source: United Nations Population Division Depar tment o Social and Economic Aairs


37/158



Student mobility

Glbal mvement tertiary students, especially in Asia and Eurpe, is grwing, with Asia playing

an increasingly imprtant rle. Accrding t a 2010 reprt by the organisatin r Ecnmic C

peratin and Develpment (oECD), almst 3.7 millin tertiary students were enrlled utside

their cuntry citizenship.7 Asian students represent 52% reign students enrlled wrldwide,

with China, India and Republic Krea sending the mst number students. As a result, it is very

relevant r this study t lk at the mvement internatinal students. The llwing graphs

indicate where the students cme rm and which cuntries hst the mst number students.

Top 10 ASEM countries with tertiary students studying abroad 2011

510,314

195,107

125,16591,928

53,121 51,288 46,964 44,768 44,038 39,820

-

200,000

400,000

600,000

China India Republic

of Korea

Germany Malaysia France Russia Japan Vietnam Italy

Source: UNESCO Global Education Digest 2011

Fr the tp three natins sending tertiary students verseas, their tp destinatins are as llws:

l Tp ve study destinatins r students rm China: United States (124,225), Japan (79,394),

Australia (70,357), United Kingdm (47,033), Republic Krea (39,309)

l Tp ve study destinatins r students rm India: United States (101,563), United Kingdm

(34,065), Australia (26,573), New Zealand (5,710), Russia (4,314)

l Tp ve study destinatins r students rm Republic Krea: United States (73,832), Japan

(24,850), Australia (6,796), United Kingdm (4,277), Germany (4,105)

In terms receiving students, United Kingdm, Australia, France, Germany and Russia have the

highest percentages internatinal students amng their tertiary enrlments. The llwing graph

shws the tp ten ASEM cuntries that receive the highest number internatinal students.

7 Fr ull reprt, see oECD (2011), Education at a glance 2011: OECD Indicators, oECD Publishing. http://dx.di.rg/10.1787/eag2011en.


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Top 10 ASEM countries with the highest number o international tertiary students 2011

368,968

257,637 249,143

197,895

136,791 131,599

68,306 61,211 59,705 50,030

-

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

United

Kingdom

Australia France Germany Russia Japan Italy China Austria Republic

of Korea

Source: UNESCO Global Education Digest 2011

GDP per person employed

As an verview the earnings emplyees, the llwing graph shws the GDP per persn

emplyed r all ASEM cuntries. Purchasing pwer parity (PPP) GDP is GDP cnverted t 1990

cnstant internatinal dllars using PPP rates. An internatinal dllar has the same purchasing

pwer ver GDP that a US dllar has in the United States. (Nte: there was n data available r

Brunei Darussalam, Mnglia r Las.)


39/158



ASEM GDP per person employed (US$) 2010

57,47355,033

54,882

54,449

51,604

50,278

50,153

49,778

47,474

46,949

46,598

44,85544,804

44,568

44,524

44,278

43,050

41,641

36,752

35,787

34,767

32,911

32,67630,985

28,665

27,080

26,870

25,873

25,058

24,941

21,473

18,259

18,141

15,74312,593

11,019

10,587

8,525

8,401

8,354

5,898

5,235

3,988

- 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000

IrelandFrance

Belgium

Luxembourg

United Kingdom

Finland

Australia

Sweden

Austria

The Netherlands

Denmark

ItalyJapan

Estonia

Singapore

Republic of Korea

Germany

Spain

Slovenia

New Zealand

Greece

Slovakia

MaltaPortugal

Latvia

Cyprus

Lithuania

Poland

Malaysia

Czech Republic

Hungary

Russia

Bulgaria

ThailandChina

Romania

Indonesia

Pakistan

India

The Philippines

Vietnam

Myanmar *

Cambodia

* 2008 fgures

Source: International Labour Organization.


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Female labour participation

T gain insight int the makeup the labur rce, the llwing graphs utline ASEM cuntries

with the mst and the least emale participatin in the labur rce. Labur rce participatin rate

is the prprtin the ppulatin aged teen and lder that is ecnmically active and reect

all persns wh supply labur r the prductin gds and services during a specied perid.

Top 10 ASEM countries with highest percentage o emale labour participation(ages 15 years and older) 2010

7977 75 73

68

64 62 60 59 59

0

20

40

60

80

100

Source: World Bank

Top 10 ASEM countries with lowest percentage o emale labour participation(ages 15 years and older) 2010

4848484544443835

2922

0

20

40

60

80

100

PolandRomaniaBelgiumGreeceHungaryMalaysiaItalyMaltaIndiaPakistan

Source: World Bank


41/158



Unemployment

on the reverse side the cin, the llwing tw graphs that shw the unemplyment in Asia and

Eurpe. Unemplyment reers t the share the labur rce that is withut wrk but available r

and seeking emplyment. This includes yuth, hmemakers and selemplyed persns lking

r wrk. While this wuld seem t be straightrward, there are several cmplicatins in bth

measuring unemplyment within a cuntry and in cmparing unemplyment rates rm cuntry

t cuntry. Fr instance, emplyment in the inrmal sectr, as well as yung peple wh have

given up lking r jbs (recently als reerred t as NEET = Nt in Emplyment, Educatin r

Training), may remain unrecrded. one needs t be aware that the gures belw may therere nt

necessarily prvide hlistic pictures unemplyment. (Nte: there was n data available r Brunei

Darussalam, India, Las r Myanmar.)

Unemployment rate in Asia 2010

7.5 7.4 7.1 6.5 5.9 5.2 5.2 5.0 4.3 3.7 3.72.8 2.4 1.7 1.2

0

5

10

15

20

25

* 2008 fgures ** 2009 fgures

Source: World Bank, GFMag


42/158



Unemployment rate in Europe 2012

24.3

21.7

15.2

15.214.2

13.813.7

12.6

10.710.2

10.2

10.19.9

8.78.1 7.6 7.6 7.4 7.4 7.3

6.65.7 5.4 5.2 5.2

3.9

0

5

10

15

20

25

Spain

Greece

Latvia

Portugal

Ireland

Lithuania

Slovakia

Bulgaria

Hungary

France

Italy

Cyprus

Poland

Slovenia

UnitedKingdom

Denmark

Finland

Belgium

Romania

Sweden

CzechRepublic

Malta

Germany

Luxembourg

TheNetherlands

Austria

Source: Eurostat

Youth unemployment

As mentined in the intrductin t this sectin, the yuth have been hit particularly hard in thisrecent ecnmic crisis. The llwing graph shws the tp ten ASEM cuntries with the highest

yuth unemplyment. (Here, yuth is dened as aged 1524.)

Top 10 ASEM countries with the highest youth unemployment (%) 2010

43.2

38.435.4 35.4 34.7 33.7

27.926.8 26.7 26.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

Spain Lithuania Estonia Latvia Slovakia Ireland Hungary Italy Greece Sweden

Source: UN Millenium Development Goals statistics


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Hours worked

Aside rm the grim unemplyment gures, anther indicatin wrking cnditins in Asia and

Eurpe is the number hurs peple wrk. The llwing graph shws the number hurs wrkedper week. Nt all ASEM cuntries are listed due t inaccessibility data in sme cuntries. Statistics

rm oECD (prvided per annum), are divided by the number weeks per annum t cmpare with

ILo data. Fr the ILo data, number hurs is dened as the average wrking hurs acrss all sectrs

r bth men and wmen. The oECD data estimates the annual hurs wrked r the ttal ecnmy

based n the Eurpean Unin Labur Frce Survey (EULFS).8

Hours worked per week in selected ASEM countries (20082010)

4746

45

45

41

4140

40

40

40

4039

3938

38

38

3737

36

36

36

35

3535

3535

34

3434

34

34

32

30

30

26

0 10 20 30 40 50

MalaysiaSingapore

The Philippines

China

Indonesia

Japan

GreeceMyanmar

Republic of Korea

Poland

Romania

Lithuania

GermanyMalta

Hungary

France

Czech Republic

Latvia

IrelandSweden

Finland

Russia

Portugal

Slovenia

SpainItaly

Australia

Slovakia

Austria

Estonia

New Zealand

United KingdomDenmark

Belgium

The Netherlands

Source: ILO statistics database and OECD statistics

8 Fr ull details n the survey, see Eurpean Cmmissin, Eurstats website, http://epp.eurstat.ec.eurpa.eu/prtal/page/

prtal/micrdata/ls.


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3. Research and Development, Inormation and CommunicationTechnology

Innvatin and investment int research and develpment (R&D) as well as inrmatin and

cmmunicatin technlgy are vital t the nging grwth in bth Asia and Eurpe. Furthermre,

it is evident that new technlgies and the internet are changing the dynamics glbal

cmmunicatin. There are seven billin peple in the wrld and ne third them use the internet.

Based n Internatinal Telecmmunicatin Unins The Wrld in 2011: ICT Facts and Figures, in

2011, 62% the ppulatin in the develped wrld were internet users. 9

The llwing graphs shw, thrugh varius indicatrs, the current status R&D and inrmatin,

cmmunicatins and technlgy. By utlining the research and develpment expenditure, high

technlgy exprts and patent applicatins, we can gain an insight int the investment intinnvatin in Asia and Eurpe. Fllwing this is an verview the use and accessibility the

internet, including the develpment highspeed technlgy such as bradband subscriptins.

In terms cmmunicatin, this sectin utlines the uses technlgy such as mbile phnes

(cmparing it t the nging use xed telephnes), Facebk, clud technlgy and nline

security.

Research and development expenditure

As an verview the investment int R&D, it is interesting t rst analyse the expenditure in

ASEM cuntries twards R&D. This expenditure shws a cmmitment twards innvatin. The

expenditures are capital expenditures (bth public and private) n creative wrk undertaken

systematically t increase knwledge, including knwledge humanity, culture and sciety,

and the use knwledge r new applicatins. R&D cvers basic research, applied research, and

experimental develpment. ASEM cuntries that are nt listed had n available r cmparable data.

9 See ull reprt at www.itu.int/ITUD/ict/acts/2011/material/ICTFactsFigures2011.pd.


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Expenditure or research and development in selected ASEM countries (% o GDP) 2009

4.03.6

3.4

3.4

3.0

2.8

2.8

2.7

2.3

2.2

2.01.9

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.5

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.1

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.50.2

0.1

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

FinlandSweden

Japan *

Republic of Korea *

Denmark

Germany

Austria

Singapore *

Australia *

France

BelgiumUnited Kingdom

Slovenia

The Netherlands

Ireland

Luxembourg

Portugal

Czech Republic

China *

Spain

Italy

Russia

Hungary

Lithuania

Poland

Malta

Bulgaria

Slovakia

Romania

Pakistan

Cyprus

LatviaMongolia

Indonesia

*2008 fgures

Source: UNESCO Institute or Statistics.


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High technology exporters

Anther way t mnitr R&D in ASEM is thrugh high technlgy exprts, which give an indicatin

the investment int prducts with high R&D intensity. This includes prducts in aerspace,cmputers, pharmaceuticals, scientic instruments and electrical machinery. The llwing graph

shws the tp ten ASEM exprters high technlgy prducts.

Top 10 ASEM high technology exporters (US$ billion) 2009

159

127 122100

60 59 59

34 32

0

200

400

Source: United Nations, Comtrade database.

Patent applications

A signal public and private investment int innvatin can als be measured thrugh patent

applicatins. These are wrldwide patent applicatins led thrugh prcedure the Patent

Cperatin Treaty r with a natinal patents fce r exclusive rights r an inventin a prduct

r prcess that prvides a new way ding smething r ers a new technical slutin t a

prblem. A patent prvides prtectin r the inventin t the wner the patent r a limited

perid, generally twenty years. The llwing graph shws the tp ten ASEM cuntries registering

patent applicatins.

Top 10 ASEM countries registering patent applications 2010

293066 290081

131805

4704728722

15490 14748 8814 7262 35660

100000

200000

300000

China Japan Republic

of Korea

Germany Russia United

Kingdom

France Italy* India* Spain

*2009 fgures

Source: World Bank


47/158



Internet access

Access t the internet is smething many us take r granted in this glbally cnnected wrld.

But hw des this cmpare in reality between Asia and Eurpe? Wh uses the internet the mst?

The llwing tw charts shw the tp ten Asian and tp ten Eurpean internet users. China has by

ar the mst users, with mre than ur times the number users than India, the next cuntry with

the biggest number internet users. It is als signicant that while the tp ten Eurpean cuntries

have a ttal 301,274,791 users, the tp ten Asian cuntries ar exceed this with 1,001,030,796 users.

Top 5 Asian countries with the most internet users 2011

513,100,000

121,000,000 101,228,73661,472,011 55,000,000

0

200,000,000

400,000,000

600,000,000

China India Japan Russia Indonesia

Source: Internet World Stats

Top 5 European countries with the most internet users 2011

67,364,898

52,731,20950,290,226

35,800,000

30,654,678

0

20,000,000

40,000,000

60,000,000

Germany United Kingdom France Italy Spain

Source: Internet World Stats


48/158


49/158



Broadband subscriptions

Investigating urther the tpic internet access, ne indicatin the develpment ast and

eective internet is the spread xed bradband subscriptins, allwing r enhanced capacity r

the average user. The llwing tw graphs shw the tp ten and bttm ten ASEM cuntries with

xed bradband subscriptins.

Top 10 ASEM countries with xed broadband subscriptions (per 100 inhabitants) 2010

38 3836

34 33 32 32 32 3129

0

10

20

30

40

50

Source: International Telecommunication Union

Bottom 10 ASEM countries with xed broadband subscriptions (per 100 inhabitants) 2010

4.64.1

2.61.9

0.90.80.30.30.20.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

Source: International Telecommunication Union


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Inormation, communication and technology export goods

T gain an verview int the develpment inrmatin and cmmunicatin technlgy activity

in ASEM, is the llwing is a graph shwing exprt gds that include telecmmunicatins, audi

and vide, cmputer and related equipment, electrnic cmpnents and ther inrmatin and

cmmunicatin technlgy gds (excluding stware). Please nte that n data was available r

Brunei Darussalam, Myanmar, Mnglia r Las.

ICT Exports goods (% o total exports) 2010

49.135.6

34.334.0

29.125.6

21.419.318.9

15.012.5

10.79.89.59.1

8.4

7.87.5

6.45.95.85.8

5.15.1

4.44.03.93.6

2.9

2.72.52.52.32.22.22.12.0

1.21.0

0.20.20.1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

MaltaThe Philippines

SingaporeMalaysia

ChinaHungary

Republic of KoreaSlovakia

ThailandCzech Republic

The NetherlandsJapan

SwedenPolandCyprus

Romania

EstoniaIrelandFinland

United KingdomVietnam *

LatviaGermany

IndonesiaFrance

PortugalAustria

DenmarkLuxembourg

LithuaniaGreeceBulgariaBelgium

SpainSlovenia

ItalyIndia

New ZealandAustralia

RussiaPakistan

Cambodia

*2009 fgures

Source: UNCTAD Statistics Database


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Mobile cellular phones

What wuld we d withut mbile phnes? It is cmmnplace t see mbile phnes wherever we g

and it seems increasingly difcult t nd anyne withut ne. But is this really the case? The llwing

tw graphs shw the tp ten and bttm ten ASEM cuntries with mbile cellular subscriptins.

Mbile cellular telephne subscriptins are subscriptins t a public mbile telephne service using

cellular technlgy, which prvide access t the public switched telephne netwrk. Pstpaid and

prepaid subscriptins are included. The gures are presented in number subscriptins per 100

peple. While the highest is Vietnam at ver 170 (mre than ne mbile phne per persn), Myanmar

still alls a lng way behind at just ne mbile phne subscriptin per 100 peple.

Top 10 ASEM countries with highest mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 persons) 2010

177168

156 150 149 146 145 143 143 137

0

50

100

150

200

Source: World Bank

Bottom 10 ASEM countries with mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 person) 2010

94929186

6564615857

1

0

50

100

150

200

Source: World Bank


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Facebook users

An area increasing imprtance in tdays sciety is scial media and new technlgies. The rise

in the ppularity scial media netwrks is a phenmenn perhaps well reected in Facebk,

which has grwn expnentially since its establishment. The llwing is a quick verview the tp

ten Facebk users in ASEM.10

Top 10 ASEM Facebook users (millions) 2012

50

44

31

2824 24

22

16 1512

0

10

20

30

40

50

Source: Facebook

Facebook penetration

Hwever, althugh the tp ten Facebk users include large cuntries like India, the percentage

the ppulatin that accesses Facebk tells a dierent stry with regard t penetratin acrss the

ppulatin. Fr example, in the llwing graph which shws the percentage the ppulatin

accessing Facebk India actually has less than 10% its ppulatin using the scial media

website. In sme cases, lw access culd be a result gvernment restrictins (r example, in thecase China) r it culd reect the preerence ther scial media technlgies. When cmparing

Asia and Eurpe, the penetratin Facebk is nt that dierent between the tw regins

Eurpe has an average 38% while Asia has an average 22% its ppulatin using Facebk.

10 It is als interesting t nte that in China the use scial media website Renren (http://renreninc.cm/en/) is mre

prevalent, with ver 154 millin users. http://seekingalpha.cm/article/701751buyrenrentheacebkchina.


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Penetration o Facebook throughout ASEM 2012

61%56%

52%

52%

51%

51%

50%

50%

49%

48%

46%

45%41%

41%

41%

41%

39%

38%

38%

37%

36%

36%

35%35%

35%

34%

33%

30%

29%

28%

23%

22%

22%

18%

16%

15%

14%

8%

6%

4%

4%

4%

4%

3%

0.04%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Brunei DarussalamSingapore

Australia

Denmark

New Zealand

Sweden

Malta

Cyprus

United Kingdom

Malaysia

Ireland

BelgiumPortugal

Finland

Hungary

Luxembourg

The Netherlands

Italy

France

Estonia

Czech Republic

Slovakia

GreeceSlovenia

Spain

Austria

Bulgaria

Lithuania

Germany

The Philippines

Thailand

Poland

Romania

Indonesia

Latvia

Republic of Korea

Mongolia

Japan

Vietnam

Russia

India

Pakistan

Cambodia

Laos

China

Source: Social Bankers


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Online security

In an increasingly netwrked wrld, there is cncern r the security inrmatin that is given

ut n a regular basis, whether it is credit card inrmatin, persnal data r scial netwrking

preerences. Accrding t the 2012 Internet Security Threat Report by Symantec Crpratin,11 the

number malicius nline attacks12 rse t 5.5 billin in 2011, an increase 81% ver the previus

year. The reprt als highlights the rise advanced targeted attacks spreading t rganisatins

and an increase in data breaches. Scial netwrks als ace challenges as the structure netwrks

makes it easier r threats t mve rm ne persn t the next. Mbile vulnerabilities als increased

in 2011, the rst year that mbile malware presented a tangible threat t businesses and cnsumers.

These threats are designed r activities including data cllectin, the sending cntent and

tracking users.

There are several ways t breach nline security thrugh spyware, identity thet, spam mail,

phishing mail r rgue applicatins. These threats are ten measured by stware prtectin

cmpanies. The llwing is a map rm Kaspersky Lab, indicating the prevalence nline threats

accrding t their rigin.

Online threats (July 2012)

Source: Kaspersky Lab ZAO.

11 See ull reprt at http://www.symantec.cm/abut/news/resurces/press_kits/detail.jsp?pkid=threat_reprt_17.12 Data in the reprt is cllected n attacks, malicius cde activity, phishing, and spam can be und at http://www.symantec.

cm/cntent/en/us/enterprise/ther_resurces/bistr_main_reprt_2011_21239364.enus.pd?m_ext_cid=biz_

scmed_twitter_acebk_marketwire_linkedin_2012Apr_wrldwide_ISTR17.


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Film production

What abut the creative industries? While this study des nt have the scpe t investigate this area

in great depth, ne industry whse prevalence is signicant is the lm industry. With Bllywd ever

grwing, it is n surprise that India is the largest ASEM lm prducer. The llwing graph shws the

tp ve ASEM cuntries in terms lm prductins.

Top 5 lm producers in ASEM 2009

1288

475 448

253 230

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

India China Japan Russia * France* Partial data, does not include documentaries

Source: UNESCO Institute or Statistics


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4. Public Health

CharlesEdward Amry Winslw, ne the leading gures in the histry public health,

characterised public health practice as the science and art disease preventin, prlnging lie,

and prmting health and wellbeing thrugh rganised cmmunity ert r the sanitatin

the envirnment, the cntrl cmmunicable inectins, the rganisatin medical and nursing

services r the early diagnsis and preventin disease, the educatin the individual in

persnal health and the develpment the scial machinery t assure everyne a standard

living adequate r the maintenance r imprvement health13.

Because this interdisciplinary and multidimensinal nature public health, appraches

t public health a cuntry may take r the public health status a cuntry reect nt nly the

cuntrys nancial, technlgical, medical and scientic capacity but als its culture, values andlie style. It is therere imprtant and smetimes even suggestive t cmpare and cntrast public

health situatins acrss Asia and Eurpe.

This sectin prvides an verview public health status in the tw regins. It begins by lking

at statistics n cuntries health expenditure, llwed by public healthrelated inrastructure

(sanitatin acilities and water surce), current status n wellbeing and cmmunicable diseases

(mrtality, ertility, prevalence HIV and tuberculsis) and preventin (immunisatin).

Health expenditure

The llwing graph shws the ttal health expenditure ASEM cuntries in 2010, calculated

in terms percentage GDP. Ttal health expenditure is the sum public and private health

expenditure. It cvers the prvisin health services (preventive and curative), amily planning

activities, nutritin activities and emergency aid designated r health but des nt include prvisin

water and sanitatin. The tp thirteen cuntries are all Eurpean and the bttm twelve all Asian.

There is apprximately 10% gap between the cuntries with highest and lwest health expenditure.

13 CharlesEdward Amry Winslw, The Untilled Fields Public Health. Science 51 (1306), 1920: 2333.


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Total health expenditure (% o GDP) in ASEM countries 2010

11.911.9

11.6

11.4

11.0

11.0

10.7

10.2

10.1

9.6

9.6

9.5

9.59.5

9.4

9.2

9.0

8.8

8.7

8.6

7.9

7.8

7.5

7.3

7.0

6.9

6.9

6.8

6.7

6.0

6.0

5.6

5.6

5.4

5.1

5.14.5

4.4

4.1

4.0

3.9

3.6

2.8

2.6

2.2

2.0

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0

The NetherlandsFrance

Germany

Denmark

Portugal

Austria

Belgium

Greece

New Zealand

United Kingdom

Sweden

Spain

ItalyJapan

Slovenia

Ireland

Finland

Slovakia

Australia

Malta

Czech Republic

Luxembourg

Poland

Hungary

Lithuania

Republic of Korea

Bulgaria

Vietnam

Latvia

Estonia

Cyprus

Cambodia

Romania

Mongolia

Russia

ChinaLaos

Malaysia

India

Singapore

Thailand

The Philippines

Brunei Darussalam

Indonesia

Pakistan

Myanmar

Source: World Health Organization National Health Account database


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Improved sanitation acilities

Access t imprved sanitatin acilities reers t the percentage the ppulatin with at least

adequate access t excreta dispsal acilities that can eectively prevent human, animal and insect

cntact with excreta. Imprved acilities range rm simple but prtected pit latrines t ush tilets

with a sewerage cnnectin. T be eective, acilities must be crrectly cnstructed and prperly

maintained.

The llwing graph demnstrates the gures r cuntries withut 100% access t sanitatin

acilities.14 The data present gures rm 2010, but n inrmatin was available r Brunei

Darussalam, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, New Zealand, Pland and Rmania.

Improved sanitation acilities in ASEM (% o population with access) 2010

99

98

98

96

96

95

76

76

74

70

64

63

54

51

48

34

31

0 20 40 60 80 100

Ireland

Czech Republic

Greece

Malaysia

Thailand

Estonia

Myanmar

Vietnam

The Philippines

Russia

China

Laos

Indonesia

MongoliaPakistan

India

Cambodia

Source: World Health Organization and United Nations Childrens Fund, Joint Measurement Programme (JMP)

14 In twentytw ut rtysix ASEM cuntries, 100% ppulatin have access t sanitatin acilities. These cuntriesinclude: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Republic

Krea, Luxemburg, Malta, the Netherlands, Prtugal, Singapre, Slvakia, Slvenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdm.


59/158



Water source

Access t an imprved water surce is measured here by the percentage the ppulatin with

reasnable access t an adequate amunt water rm an imprved surce, such as a husehld

cnnectin, public standpipe, brehle, prtected well r spring, and rainwater cllectin.

Unimprved surces include vendrs, tanker trucks, and unprtected wells and springs. Reasnable

access is dened as the availability at least 20 litres a persn each day rm a surce within ne

kilmetre the dwelling.

1. Improved water source among urban population

Many urban ppulatins in ASEM cuntries enjy 100% access t imprved water surces. Amng

these thirty cuntries, twentythree are Eurpean and seven are Asian.15

The llwing graphdemnstrates the gures r cuntries withut 100% access t sanitatin acilities. All the data are

rm 2010 and inrmatin was nt available r Brunei Darussalam.

Improved sanitation acilities in ASEM (% o population with access) 2010

99

99

99

99

99

98

98

97

97

96

93

93

92

87

77

0 20 40 60 80 100

Estonia

Portugal

Romania

Russia

Vietnam

China

Lithuania

India

Thailand

Pakistan

Myanmar

The Philippines

IndonesiaCambodia

Laos

Source: WHO and UNICEF, Joint Measurement Programme (JMP)

15 Eurpean cuntries with 100% imprved water surce amng urban ppulatin: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, I taly, Latvia, Luxemburg, Malta, the Netherlands,Pland, Slvakia, Slvenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdm. The Asian cuntries with the same gure are: Australia,

Japan, Republic Krea, Malaysia, Mnglia, New Zealand and Singapre.


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2. Improved water source among rural population

Cmpared t access amng urban ppulatins, ewer cuntries achieve 100% access t imprved

water surce amng rural ppulatins. Yet, twentythree ASEM cuntries were able t prvide 100%

rural ppulatin with access t imprved water surces. These cuntries are predminantly

Eurpean (20 cuntries).16 In Asia, nly Australia, Japan and New Zealand achieve 100% access t

imprved water surce amng urban ppulatin.

The llwing graph demnstrates the gures r cuntries where nt all rural ppulatins have

access t sanitatin acilities. The data cited are rm 2010 but inrmatin was nt available r

Brunei Darussalam, Lithuania, Pland, Rmania and Singapre.

Improved water source in rural areas (% o rural population with access) 2010

99

99

99

97

96

95

9392

92

90

89

88

85

78

74

62

58

53

0 20 40 60 80 100

Greece

Malaysia

Slovenia

Estonia

Latvia

Thailand

VietnamThe Philippines

Russia

India

Pakistan

Republic of Korea

China

Myanmar

Indonesia

Laos

Cambodia

Mongolia

Source: WHO and UNICEF, Joint Measurement Programme (JMP)

16 Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg,

Malta, the Netherlands, Prtugal, Slvakia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdm.


61/158


62/158



Tuberculosis

Anther cmmunicable disease that is cncern in public health is tuberculsis. In the llwing

graph, incidence tuberculsis is the estimated number new pulmnary, smearpsitive, and

extrapulmnary tuberculsis cases in 2010. In cntrast t HIV, which was equally prevalent in Asia

and Eurpe, the incidence tuberculsis appears t be much mre cmmn in Asia than in Eurpe.

In act, Rmania was the nly Eurpean cuntry amng the ten ASEM cuntries with the highest

incidences tuberculsis.

10 ASEM with highest incidence o tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) 2010

437

384

275

231224

199189 185

137

116

0

100

200

300

400

Source: World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Control Report


63/158


64/158



10 ASEM with highest immunisation rates against measles(% o children aged 1223 months) 2010

99

99

99

98

98

98

98

98

98

98

0 20 40 60 80 100

China

Greece

Hungary

Czech Republic

Finland

Republic of Korea

Poland

Russia

Slovakia

Thailand

Source: WHO and UNICEF

10 ASEM countries with lowest immunisation rates against measles(% o children aged 1223 months) 2010

89

88

88

87

86

85

76

74

73

64

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Indonesia

Myanmar

The Philippines

Cyprus

Pakistan

Denmark

Austria

India

Malta

Laos

Source: WHO and UNICEF


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5. Economy

In Asia, the large and astgrwing ecnmies Russia, India and China as demnstrated by

the rmatin BRICS have signicant inuence n reginal and glbal aairs. In Eurpe,

the prlnged Eurzne crisis presents severe challenge t a regin struggling t nd cmmn

Eurpean slutins. In the midst this crisis, sme claim that Eurpe risks lsing its glbal relevance.

Nnetheless, the eur remains the secnd mst cmmnly held reserve currency and the EU single

market has the largest GDP any ecnmy in the wrld. AsiaEurpe relatins evlve accrdingly.

In cntrast t the previus relatinship dminatin, trade and skill transers, which tended t

be rather unequal twway cmmunicatin and mutual learning as well as cllabratins are

becming mre prevalent.

In this sectin, we will cncentrate n thse key ecnmic indicatrs that are relevant tunderstanding the health the ecnmies Asia and Eurpe.

Trade openness

Trade t grss dmestic prduct (GDP) rati is estimated as an ecnmys ttal trade gds and

cmmercial services (exprts plus imprts, n a balance payments basis) divided by GDP, n the

basis available data r the three latest years. GDP is measured in nminal terms and with market

exchange rates. The llwing graph demnstrates the GDP rati in all rtysix ASEM cuntries.

The data cme rm Wrld Trade organisatin (WTo) rm 20082010, unless indicated therwise.


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Trade to GDP ratio (%) in ASEM countries 20082010

420260

178

167

166

160

157

154

154

150

138

138

131128

127

127

120

115

107

104

104

97

97

93

91

86

84

82

74

70

68

59

58

56

55

55

54

53

52

50

50

48

44

39

38

31

0 100 200 300 400

SingaporeLuxembourg

Malaysia

Malta

Ireland

Hungary

Slovakia

Vietnam

Belgium

Estonia

Thailand

The Netherlands

Czech RepublicCambodia

Slovenia

Lithuania

Bulgaria

Mongolia

Republic of Korea

Brunei Darussalam*

Austria

Denmark

Latvia

Sweden

CyprusGermany

Poland

Finland

Romania

Portugal

The Philippines

United Kingdom

New Zealand*

Laos

China

Spain

Italy

France

Russia

Greece

Indonesia

India

Australia*

Myanmar*

Pakistan

Japan

*20072009 fgures

Source: WTO


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GDP based on purchasing power parity

GDP based n purchasing pwer parity (PPP) is calculated by dividing a cuntrys nminal GDP

in its wn currency by the PPP exchange rate. The PPP exchange rate cmes rm a calculatin

that starts with the PPP exchange reprted by the Internatinal Cmparisn Prgram (ICP) r years

200305, which is then extended backwards and rwards by the grwth in relative GDP deatrs

(the deatr a cuntry divided by the deatr the United States).

The tw llwing graphs demnstrate GDP based n PPP in 2011 reprted by the Internatinal

Mnetary Fund (IMF). The rst graph shws the ten ASEM cuntries with the highest GDPPPP

valuatin and the secnd the ten ASEM cuntries with the lwest GDPPPP valuatin.

10 ASEM countries with highest GDP based on PPP valuation o GDP (US$ billion) 2011

11,300

4,458 4,440

3,0992,383 2,261 2,218 1,847 1,554 1,413

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

China India Japan Germany Russia UnitedKingdom

France Italy Republicof Korea

Spain

Source: IMF

10 ASEM countries with lowest GDP based on PPP valuation o country GDP (US$ billion) 2011

58

41

3533

27

2421

17

1311

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Source: IMF


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Gross National Income (GNI)

GNI is the sum value added by all resident prducers plus any prduct taxes (less subsidies)

nt included in the valuatin utput plus net receipts primary incme (cmpensatin

emplyees and prperty incme) rm abrad. Data are in current US dllars. GNI, calculated in

the natinal currency, is usually cnverted t US dllars at fcial exchange rates r cmparisns

acrss ecnmies, althugh an alternative rate is used when the fcial exchange rate is judged t

diverge by an exceptinally large margin rm the rate actually applied in internatinal transactins.

T smth uctuatins in prices and exchange rates, a special Atlas methd cnversin is used

by the Wrld Bank. This applies a cnversin actr that averages the exchange rate r a given year

and the tw preceding years, adjusted r dierences in rates inatin between the cuntry, and

thrugh 2000, the G5 cuntries (France, Germany, Japan, United Kingdm, and the United States).

Frm 2001, these cuntries include the Eur zne, Japan, United Kingdm, and the United States.

1. GNI, Atlas method

GNI per capita (rmerly GNP r Grss Natinal Prduct per capita) is the grss natinal incme,

cnverted t US dllars using the Wrld Bank Atlas methd, divided by the midyear ppulatin.

The tw graphs shw the tp ten and bttm ten ASEM cuntries in terms the GNI. Hwever, the

data were nt available r Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cyprus, Malta, Myanmar and New Zealand.

10 ASEM countries with hightest GNI (current US$ billion ) 2011

6628

5574

3594

27762367

21471746

1476 14331039

0

2000

4000

6000

China Japan Germany France United

Kingdom

Italy India Russia Spain Republic

of Korea

Source: World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data fles


70

Documents

ASEM Outlook Report_Vol 1_Asia Europe Relations at a Glance