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Biodiversity Goals 2010+ - Transforming the Global Economy to Save Nature
EU Green WeekBrussels, 1 June 2010
Ashok KhoslaChairman, Development AlternativesPresident, IUCN and Club of Rome
Our One Earth
Climate Change
Extinction of Species
Our One Earth
Earth in Crisis . . .Crises . .
PovertyPopulationPollution ClimateBiodiversitySocietyFinanceEtc, etc
Earth in Crisis . . .Crises . .
PovertyPopulationPollution ClimateBiodiversitySocietyFinanceEtc, etc
Biodiversity trends (IUCN Red List Index)AmphibiansMammalsCorals
Tiger Tiger Burning Bright
Now Battling for Survival!Now Battling for Survival!
Tiger Habitats in India
Population of Tigers in India
Tiger Census by Government of India
1 0
Estimated Price of Tiger Parts
Threats to the Tiger
Poaching, Smuggling, Illicit Trade
Poor enforcement, conviction
Disturbance of habitat – Fewer prey, more crops
Open cast mining and quarrying
Man-animal conflict for habitat
Lack of funds for corridors and infrastructure
Poor recruitment/training of forest guards
King of the Asian Jungle
*The
Tiger’ s
Range
1900 20001950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2025
100,00 0
Tigers in the Wild – Pan Asia
60,000
45,000
30,00025,000
7,0004,000
2010
2,500
India
World
Vultures in South Asia
Vultures 99 % Loss in 10 Years
1995: 40 Million2005: 60,000
Diclofenac
• 2000 - Dead Vultures Notice• 2003 - Research initiated• 2004 - Cause traced to Diclofenac• 2006 - Diclofenac banned• 2008 - Recovery started
• India, Pakistan, Nepal
Policies for Biodiversity
General Policies are of Limited Value:
Need specific Policies to address Specific Threats
Today’s Paradigm: The Global Economy
Source: New Yorker
- stimulate- spend !- buy stuff !!- grow !!!
G20 Leaders Hail Crisis Fightback
Financial Times 2nd April 2009
23
Silver Bullets . . . turn into Rubber
• More Consumption• More Trade
• More Competitiveness• More Efficiency
• More etc
Conservation of Living Resources
The Components of Biodiversity
• Species• Habitats
• Ecosystem Processes
Species
Habitats
Ecosystem Processes
Biogeochemical Cycles
The Future of Biodiversity
Under Rapidly Changing Conditions of
• Great Economic Stress• Great Social Distress
• Great Environmental Threat
31
The problem
$$$Money : today‘s Yardstick
Photo: C.Neßhöver, UFZ
Nature‘sInteractions with Humanity
The Earth
today is in high fever
Threats to Biodiversity
Many types of “Development” Intervention, including . . .
Valued by the Rich – the “Biosphere People”
35Source: Ben ten Brink (MNP) presentation at the Workshop: The Economics of the Global Loss of Biological Diversity 5-6
March 2008, Brussels, Belgium. Original source: Pauly
Open Access & Perverse Subsidies are key drivers of
the loss of fisheries
Half of wild marine fisheries are fully exploited, with a
further quarter already over-exploited
at risk : $ 80-100 billion income from the sector
at risk : est. 27 million jobs
but most important of all…..
at risk : Health … over a billion rely on fish as their main or sole source of animal protein, especially in developing countries.
TEEB : Global Loss of Fisheries…Human Welfare Impact
We are fishing down the food web to ever smaller species…
Variety
Recreation and Sports
“Efficient” Production
“Efficient” Agriculture
“Efficient” fishing
“Efficient”
Urban Systems
and Transport
Efficiency and Mastery of the Universe
Bad Land Use Leading to Erosion and Siltation
Indiscriminate Logging
Removal of Protective Vegetation
Runoff of Pesticides, Fertilizer, Sewage and Wastes
Alien Species
Endangered Species
Affluenza(A
Terminal Condition)
Gets Attention
Ecosystem Services for the Poor –
“Ecosystem People”
The Daily Trek: Billion Women
– No Clean Drinking Water
> 1,300 million people
Denuded Landscapes
Creating Deserts
Sub-Saharan Africa’s wood-energy consumption is the highest in the world
Source: Bailis,Ezzati & Kammen, Science (2005)
Primary production of biomass energy in 2000 (1018
Joules)
SSA 10.2
China 8.9
India 8.4
Latin America 3.2
Source: IEA, 2003
Povertitis(A
Terrible Illness that is
Terminal) often goes
Unnoticed
Biodiversity
Is FundamentallyValuable in
Its Own Right
Sustainable Use ?
In Time, Demands
will exceed Supply
Policies for Biodiversity
Generally Not Yet Strong or Major Priority for Most
Governments
Biodiversity
Is HugelyValuable in
Subsidizing the Economy
Pollination
*
Wild Plants
and
Crops
Australia: Value of Pollination
Amount: US $ 1.3 Billion
Date: 2000Estimated by: Rural Industries Research
and Development Corp, Govt of Australia
35 % of human food comes from plants pollinated by wild pollinators
100,000 species of bats, bees,
beetles, birds, and
butterflies – plus flies and
moths -- provide free pollination services
USA: Value of Pollination
Amount: US $ 5.7 to 8.3 Billion
Value of Crops: US $ 24 Billion
Ref: Ecological Society of America
Biological Pest Control
Replacement of Chemical Pesticides Saves Money –
and Lives
2000 Estimate of Replacement Value:
US $ 54 Billion per year.
(Not Including Health Costs Saved)
Pharmaceuticals
TraditionalMedicines
Pharmacy
40 % of Pharmaceuticals derived from Natural Products.
Including 9 out of Top 10
2003 Sales of Pharmaceuticals:
US $ 480 Billion
Seed Dispersal
Nature’s Chemical Factories
Nature’s Food and Water Factories
Salicornia
Natural Reservoirs
Glaciers for Year Round River Flows
Wetlands – Balancing Water Cycles
Welwitschia Mirabilis
Science
Aesthetic Beauty and Inspiration
And Many, Many Others
Including:Mitigation of Floods and DroughtStorm ProtectionRegulation of ClimateNurturing BiodiversityRefuge for Migratory SpeciesEtc, etc
Strong Policies for Biodiversity
Depend on High Level Recognition that BD is
Also a Key to Sustainable Development
The Art of Setting Goals and Targets
• Ambitious Enough?• Realistic Enough?
Example: Protected Areas
• Terrestrial: from today’s 12.5% to 15% by 2015• Marine: from today’s 1% to 15 % by 2020
With more detail, eg:• Target 17. At least 50% of the planet protected
through networks of effectively managed protected area systems and/or other means, and integrated into the wider land- and seascape
Not Like the MDGs !
MDG #7, Target #11 states:
“By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers”.
And How Many Slums?
According to the Executive Director of UN Habitat, if we continue with BAU:
• 1 Billion in Slums in 2003• 2 Billion in Slums in 2030• 3 Billion in Slums in 2050
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Popu
latio
n in
Slu
ms
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Slum Dwellers and MDG 7 [from UN Habitat Data]
Slum Population "Improved Lives"
Policy Interventions Needed• National Economy
Incentives for DematerialisationGreen Accounts (include Nature’s Subsidy)Balance Sheet (separate Assets & Income)
• Institutions of GovernanceLocal, Decentralised Decision-MakingCommunity Ownership of ResourcesStrong Regional Participative Planning
Research Needed
• Research How Much are Eco Services Worth?Who Benefits and Who Pays for them?What Means can Generate Eco-Efficiency?
• DevelopmentSustainable TechnologiesZero Emission Initiatives
And Action!
The Five Kingdoms of Nature
*• Animals
• Plants
• Fungi
• Algae
• Bacteria
The Savannah in Vichada
Water is abundant 3 months per year but the pH low
populationsuffers from gastro-intestinal diseasesand soilconsideredBAD
population only 1 per 4 km2
no industryno agriculture
Savannah Tropical Forest
Biodiversity
SustainableCommunities
Drinking Water
Carbon Sink
Biodiesel
inspired by Janine Benyus author Biomimicry
Eastgate in Harare, Zimbabwe
how can we have cool air without aircon?
Producing drinking watercondensation/evaporation or reverse osmosis
ZERI Foundation at GLOBE Tokyo 29th of June 2008
how can we have waterwithout any pumps?
Welwitschia mirabilis in the Namib Desert
waterwithout any pumps
drinking water inspired by Namibian bug
end of reverse osmosis for drinking waterin the Middle East
ZERI Foundation at GLOBE Tokyo 29th of June 2008