BrownfieldRemediation &

Redevelopment

经济结构转型以及传统工业衰退导致废弃场地的涌现和社区的衰败。这些污染场地

不仅对环境构成威胁，而且影响着社会和经济的健康发展。考虑到未来发展对绿地

资源的持续消耗，保护有限的自然和土地资源以及振兴颓败社区的迫切需要，我们

必须意识到，棕地修复和重建是获得可持续发展的关键方法之一。《棕地治理与再开

发》一书的读者人群主要为政策制定者、工程师、规划师、企业家以及专家学者，我们

希望借此唤起他们对该领域的探讨，同时彰显AECOM在中国乃至全球的思想先锋地

位。本书除了记录世界范围内棕地治理和发展趋势，还在系列工作成果中展示了如何

将先进和一体化的解决方案应用于棕地重建，获得可持续发展。

Economic structural change and the decline of traditional industries have led to the emergence of derelict sites and hence the decline of neighborhoods. These contaminated vacant lands are posing threats not only to the environment but also to the economic and social health of a city. Taking into account the ongoing consumption of greenfield for future development, the protection of limited natural land resources and the urgent need to revitalize the deteriorating neighborhoods, it must be recognized that brownfield remediation and redevelopment is one of the major tools to achieve development which is sustainable. Written for policy makers, engineers, planners, entrepreneurs and acadamics, Brownfield Remediation and Redevelopment inspires, provokes discourse and sets AECOM apart as a thought leader in China as well as in our global market. It documents the worldwide trend on the remediation and development of brownfields, and shows in this collection of works how radical and integrated solutions are applied to achieve sustainability on brownfield redevelopment.

中国环境出版社

棕地治理与再开发AECOM Inc. 编著

“随着中国经济的持续快速发展，城市化进程

加速，各大中型城市实施的工业企业搬迁活

动将更加频繁，如何对这些活动产生的污染

场地进行有效的环境管理，是中国环境科技

工作者面临的一个重要课题。”李发生

中国环境科学研究院总工程师

“快速的工业化产生了土地修复的需求。修复

土地的需求、绿地的稀缺以及高昂的开发成

本为这些经济体实施棕地开发提供了契机，也

使其成为符合公私营部门需要并具备实效性

和时效性的解决方案。”乔全生

AECOM中华区行政总裁

“从其他地区已取得的成就来看，修复是下一

个提升世界环境的前沿领域。对土壤进行处

理，需要采用最佳技术以及基于风险评估的

工作方法，同时借鉴世界范围的实践经验。”艾思龙

AECOM高级副总裁、泛亚洲区环境咨询总经理

“As the economy of China continues to grow with rapid urbanization, further relocation of industrial enterprises in large and medium cities is anticipated. As a result, it will further present significant challenges to effectively manage the brownfields generated under these activities for the environmental professionals in China. ”Li FashengChief EngineerChinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

“Fast industrialization has generated land with remediation needs; coupled with the scarcity of greenfield land in many of these economies, this make brownfield development a relevant and timely solution to meet the needs of both public and private sectors. ”Sean ChiaoChief Executive, ChinaAECOM

“As gains are made in other areas, remediation is the next frontier to be addressed to improve environmental conditions in the world around us: soils need to be treated with the best technology and risk-based approaches available and in practice around the world.”Stephane Asselin, M.Sc., PESenior Vice President, Managing Director, Environment, Pan-Asia, AECOM

《棕地》导读What’s inside of Brownfield?

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目录Contents

序一 Foreword I

序二 Foreword II

解读棕地修复

Understanding Brownfield Remediation

全球视野：棕地重建是实现可持续发展的关键

Brownfield Redevelopment: A Global Perspective高明正/文 By Matthew Ko

实例：美国科罗拉多州丹佛市斯特普尔顿的重建

Case Study: Stapleton Redevelopment, Denver, Colorado

中国视野：中国棕地修复行业的现状和趋势

Brownfield Redevelopment: A China Perspective熊健，高胜达/文 By Xiong Jian, Gao Shengda

变废为宝：棕地修复的驱动力

Greening the Brown: Drivers for Brownfield Remediation

政策驱动如何体现实效：中国广州案例研究

Policy and Funding Drivers: A Case Study from Guangzhou, China危靓，康本裕/文 By Wei Liang, Kang Benyu

亚洲视野：亚洲地区污染土地管理体系的现实挑战和未来

Asia Overview: Barriers and Policies Surrounding Brownfield Remediation in Asia伍梓诚/文 By Ng Hon-Seng

萨克拉门托铁路综合站场：历史旧址重现光彩

Success Story: The Historic Sacramento Railyards Site布莱恩•D•博克萨/文 By Brian D. Boxer

实例：美国科罗拉多州丹佛市库尔斯球场

Case Study: Coors Field, Denver, Colorado

思想创新：棕地治理之道

Creative Thinking: Innovations in Brownfield Remediation

寻求控制风险的新模式

Managing Uncertainties: A New Model for Reducing Risk 希拉里•艾伦，丽贝卡•华莱士/文

By Hilary Allen, Rebecca Wallace

评估成本与风险：选择有效的采购策略

Approaches for Effective Procurement Management德里克•弗农/文 By Derek Vernon

为明智的成本控制多做一点投资

Successfully Managing Costs in Remediation Projects德里克•弗农/文 By Derek Vernon

多边金融机构帮助各国棕地变绿地

New Funding Mechanisms Through Multilateral Financing Institutions高明正，李柏麟/文 By Matthew Ko, Jonathan Li

土壤修复：看香港船坞的蜕变

Soil Remediation at a Hong Kong Shipyard高明正/文 By Matthew Ko

实例：美国蒙大拿州比尤特市银弓湾绿道

Case Study: Silver Bow Creek Greenway, Butte, Montana

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美国科罗拉多州丹佛市库尔斯球场

Coors Field, Denver, Colorado

探索绿色修复：美国威斯康星州水星造船厂案例研究

Cleanup Analysis for a Mercury Marine Plant埃里克•施密特，安德鲁•莫特/文 By Eric Schmidt, Andrew Mott

实例：美国德克萨斯州圣安东尼奥市西部小港重建

Case Study: Westside Creeks Restoration, San Antonio, Texas

有限元模型为滨海含水层修复策略加分

Evaluating Remediation Through a Groundwater Flow Finite Model安德里亚•基里尔图，基娅拉•赖迪，安东尼奥•库佐拉，保罗•贝尔法斯特/文

By Andrea Gigliuto, Chiara Righetti, Antonio Cuzzola, Paolo Belfanti

热脱附技术的新应用：中国台湾的成功案例

Using Thermal Desorption for Brownfield Remediation斯克诚 博士/文 By Ken Tse

纳米技术突显修复优势

Application of Nanotechnology on Brownfield Remediation斯克诚 博士，万铨/文 By Ken Tse, Ban Zhuan

棕地治理的终极目标：创造可持续空间

Sustainable Spaces: Results of Successful Brownfield Remediation

中国广州白鹅潭经济圈重塑文化和商业品牌

Cultural and Commercial Growth: Reinventing the Baietan Economic Zone in Guangzhou, China张啸，康本裕/文 By Zhang Xiao, Kang Benyu

实例：美国内布拉斯加州奥哈马市奥哈马滨河区

Case Study: Omaha Riverfront, Omaha, Nebraska

中国北京首钢旧厂滨水区的复兴和重振

Regenerating and Reactivating a Waterfront in Beijing, China傅维君，李贺/文 By Helena Fu, Li He

实例：美国明尼苏达州圣保罗市福特汽车公司场地规划

Case Study: Ford Site Planning, Saint Paul, Minnesota

城市再生与棕地再开发：伦敦奥运会效应

Urban Regeneration and Brownfield Redevelopment: The London Olympic Effect克里斯多夫•乔/文 By Christopher Choa

悉尼奥运会效应

The Olympic Effect: Sydney索菲•迪勒，詹姆斯•罗森威克斯，格里•史密斯博士/文

By Sophie Diller, James Rosenwax, Dr. Garry Smith

后记 Afterword

参考文献 References

编辑团队 Contributors

图片版权 Image credits

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Sydney Olympic Park

解读棕地修复Understanding Brownfield Remediation Rapid economic growth and industrial restructuring

in China have produced growing numbers of abandoned and often contaminated sites — known as brownfields — in major urban areas. Brownfield redevelopment is an urban land use strategy based on the principles of sustainable development: it relieves environmental pressure and resolves the glaring contradictions between urban land idleness and urban sprawl, seeking to turn disused and derelict land into viable industrial, residential or recreational areas. A newcomer to this discipline, China still has much room for improvement.

Putting sustainable brownfield redevelopment at the heart of planning strategies for major Chinese cities would deliver long-term improvements in environmental quality, farmland protection, public health and safety, housing and job growth, tax revenue and, ultimately, economic health.

The following chapters introduce the historical background to brownfield redevelopment, from the initial definitions of brownfield to its general acceptance in western countries. Recent developments on brownfield issues in China, including the main institutional arrangement, such as relevant policies and regulations, barriers and stakeholders, are outlined to provide insight on the potential opportunities that brownfield redevelopment could provide in the Chinese market.

中国经济的快速增长和产业结构调整导致主要城市的废弃和污

染地块（也称为“棕地”）数量呈不断上升之势。棕地重建指的是

在可持续发展原则指导下的城市土地利用策略。它可以释放环

境压力，缓和土地闲置与城市扩张的矛盾，把市区的废弃土地转

变为可再用的工业、住宅或休闲区。目前，中国在棕地重建这一

领域尚处于入门阶段，还有很大的提升空间。

若中国主要城市在制订规划策略时，能够坚持以可持续棕地重

建为中心，将会使环境质量、农田保护、公众健康和安全、住房

供应和就业率增长、税收等方面实现持续改善，最终带来经济的

健康发展。

以下2章在介绍棕地重建的历史时，首先解析棕地的定义，再阐

述其如何被西方国家普遍接受。此外，还将概述中国近年来在

棕地管理上的进展，例如相关的政策、法规、障碍和利益相关者

等，从中深入探讨棕地重建在中国市场的潜在机会。

全球视野：棕地重建是实现可持续发展的关键Brownfield Redevelopment: A Global Perspective高明正/文 By Matthew Ko

Economic structural changes and the decline of traditional industries has led to a rise in derelict sites and the subsequent decline of neighborhoods. These contaminated vacant lands, which were first labeled “brownfield” in the United States, pose threats not only to the environment but also to the economic and social health of a city. While demands for revitalized urban areas and a better quality of life continue to grow, the redevelopment of these brownfields that blight the urban landscape has received particular attention from policymakers and urban planners. Governments from developed economies have sought better understanding on brownfield issues since the late 1970s and significant efforts have been made to foster redevelopment.

The overarching objectives associated with the management of brownfields have evolved over the past few decades, shifting from an initial focus on managing health and environmental risks to developing and implementing mechanisms for stimulating economic development.

More stakeholders are raising their expectations of redevelopment in an effort to meet a broader range of environmental, social and economic objectives that fall under the umbrella of “sustainable development.”

Taking into account the scarce availability of greenfields for future development, the protection of limited natural and land resources and the urgent need to revitalize deteriorating neighborhoods, this chapter looks at how brownfield remediation and redevelopment could be a vital tool in achieving sustainable development.

经济结构的转变和传统工业的衰败导致了废弃用地的增加，随之

而来的是周边社区的衰退。在美国，这些受污染的闲置场地首次

被贴上“棕地”这一标签。它们不仅对环境造成危害，还威胁着城

市的经济发展和社会健康。当人们对复兴市区的需求越来越强

烈，对生活品质的追求越来越高时，开展棕地重建，美化市区景

观的呼声慢慢引起了城市决策者和规划者的特别关注。20世纪70

年代后期，发达国家对棕地议题的认识和理解逐渐加深，也采取

了不少促进棕地重建的有效措施。

在过去数十年，棕地管理的首要目标已经发生了改变：从初期的

关注人类健康和环境风险转变为后来的通过制定和实施相应机

制来刺激经济发展。

利益相关者对棕地重建的期望越来越高，他们希望在更大范围内

实现环境、社会和经济的可持续发展。

考虑到未来绿地资源的稀缺性，保护有限的自然和土地资源的迫

切性，振兴颓败社区的急切性，本章将讨论棕地修复与重建如何

作为关键方法，帮助实现可持续发展。

1.1 理解棕地的复杂性

棕地涉及各类型复杂的社会、经济和技术问题，要全面了解这个

议题，需要运用多个学科的理论、概念和方法。

根据美国环境保护局的定义，棕地属于不动产，这些不动产在其

扩展、振兴和再开发时受到现实或潜在有害物质和污染物的影响

(美国环境保护局，2002)。这一广泛的棕地定义被世界众多地方

采用，决策者和实践者可以灵活地把棕地纳入环境和经济问题

(Yount，2003）。在欧洲，棕地的概念从潜在的污染土地延伸到

所有开发过的土地和建筑（Alker等，2000）。由此可见，棕地重

建涉及多个学科，需要从不同角度加以考虑。

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1.1 Understanding the Complexities of Brownfield SitesBrownfields lie at the nexus of a variety of socio-economic and technical issues. Understanding the complex dynamics of brownfields requires theories, concepts and methods that have traditionally resided within discrete academic disciplines.

According to the definition made by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, brownfields are real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant or contaminant (USEPA, 2002). This broad-brush definition of brownfields, which has already been employed in many parts of the world, gives policymakers and practitioners the flexibility to address brownfields as both an environmental and economic problem (Yount, 2003). The definition of brownfields was further extended in Europe from potentially contaminated properties to any previously developed land and buildings (Alker et al., 2000). These wide definitions indicate that brownfield redevelopment is a multidisciplinary issue that needs consideration from different angles.

The concept of “brownfields” may refer to any contaminated, abandoned or underdeveloped land; such land existed since the Industrial Revolution began in the mid 18th century. More specifically, the historical roots of brownfield issues can be traced back to events such as the Love Canal Disaster in Niagara Falls, New York, that began in 1978, when the local government covered up a hazardous waste dumpsite for settlements and continues to adversely affect local residents to the present day (Colten and Skinner, 1996). The publicity generated by this and similar events has drawn global attention to the fact that poor management when developing brownfield sites or previously developed properties could have catastrophic consequences for the entire community (Gorman, 2003).

In this sense, the term “brownfields” is a relatively new name for a long-existing problem. Brownfields are commonly associated with old industrial sites as a legacy of industrialization (Grimski & Ferber, 2001): for decades now, businesses have been leaving urban areas to build on cheaper real estate or to cluster in industrial parks. Many of these enterprises were polluting industries that left behind abandoned structures containing pollutants or hazardous waste, either in storage or in the local soil and groundwater, and this of course had the potential to cause negative impacts to human health and to the environment. The decision of what to do with abandoned and contaminated industrial sites has been much debated. In the past, such facilities were primarily fenced off from the public and left alone. Cleanup was always an option, but liability concerns made it difficult to redevelop a site as no one wanted to take responsibility for the cost of cleanup or be liable for any damage to private property, ecosystems or human health (Bookspan, 1991; Hird, 1994).

While the cost of cleanup could easily exceed the economic value of the site, there was an overriding need to address increasing community concerns about the risks posed by brownfields. Therefore, the initial focus of policymaking frameworks in western countries was generally on safeguarding public health and reducing the environmental risks associated with contamination (De Sousa, 2009). These frameworks were designed to achieve four major objectives:

- Identify the sites that posed a potential risk to human health and the environment;

- Place the most contaminated sites on a priority list;- Remediate the contaminated sites;- Ensure the party responsible for contamination

paid for cleanup, and should the responsible party be unknown, to cleanup with cost covered by the government or taxpayer.

Eventually, the U.S. Government and later European governments dedicated considerable effort towards developing their own regulations and guidelines on the management, and particularly the remediation and decontamination, of brownfields (Alker & Mcdonald, 2003; Yount, 2003). As part of this process, formalized mechanisms were gradually established to clean up contaminated brownfields for which nobody assumed responsibility.

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棕地可以指任何受污染的、废弃的或开发不足的土地，这些土地

在18世纪工业革命时期就出现了。说得更具体一些，棕地议题的

历史根源可以追溯到当时发生的几件大事。例如发生在美国纽约

州尼亚加拉大瀑布的“拉夫运河”事件。该事件始于1978年，当

地政府填埋了有害废物倾倒场地，将其改建成安置区，导致这些

物质至今仍然对当地居民的健康和生活造成负面影响(Colten &

Skinner，1996）。媒体对此类事件的宣传报道引起了全球关注，

人们逐渐意识到若对棕地或已开发土地管理不善，将对整个社区

造成灾难性后果（Gorman, 2003）。

由此看来，土地污染问题由来已久，“棕地”是这一老问题的新

说法。棕地通常与工业化时代遗留下来的废旧工业用地相关

(Grimski & Ferber，2001)：近几十年来，许多企业逐渐搬离市中

心，选择更便宜的土地或往工业园区扎堆，这些企业大多属于污

染严重的行业。污染或有害物质不仅存在于其废弃的建筑物，也

残留于仓库、当地的土壤或地下水，并对人体健康和环境质量构

成危害。因此，目前对这一类型用地的处理方法讨论很多。以往

多采用设施将污染物与公众隔离，修复也是常用的方法，但这一

方法的困难之处在于涉及责任体制，因为没有主体愿意负担修

复成本或承担破坏私有财产、生态系统和人类健康的法律责任

(Bookspan, 1991; Hird, 1994)。

当棕地的修复成本高出其本身的经济价值时，最重要的是减轻

社区居民对棕地风险的忧虑。为此，西方国家在建立决策框架时

首先关注的是保护公众健康和减低由污染引起的环境危害（De

Sousa，2009）。通过这些决策框架有望达成以下4个主要目标：

- 识别哪些场地对人类健康和环境造成潜在威胁；

- 把污染最严重的场地列入《优先控制场地名录》；

- 修复受污染场地；

- 确保责任方承担修复费用，在没有责任方的情况下，由政府或

纳税人出资。

美国政府及欧洲多国政府为建立适合自身条件的棕地管理

规程和指南付出了诸多努力，尤其在棕地修复方面 (Alker &

McDonald，2003; Yount，2003)。在此过程中也为缺乏责任

方的棕地修复建立起规范机制。

1.2 棕地重建之路

由于大多数棕地位于城镇和城市的重要地带，所以各级政府的决

策者都希望能变废为宝。不过，棕地通常建有现成的基础设施，

如道路、电线和污水下水道系统，所以重建工作需要经历漫长过

程，才能盘活城市衰退区，同时保护绿色用地免遭新的开发。

图1-1“拉夫运河”是一个尚未完成的项目，该项目计划建造一条运河连接安大略湖、社区公园和沿河

住宅。项目被搁置后，未完工的运河逐渐蓄满水。在20世纪30年代，运河成为了州倾倒场地。在1942

年，虎克电化学公司获尼亚加拉电力发展公司许可往运河倾倒废弃物。截至1953年，该场地仍在运

营，虎克公司已往河中倾倒了约2万吨化学废料。此后，场地被关闭，并于其上填土、种菜。但是，当地

政府隐瞒了这一情况，居民开始沿河而居。直到1978年，当地媒体披露了这里当年曾是倾倒场地的信

息，并首次就居民的健康问题展开调查

Figure1-1 Love canal was an unfinished project that planned to construct a canal that connects Lake Ontario with a community of parks and homes along the canal. With the project abandoned, the unfinished canal gradually filled with water. In the 1930s, the canal became a dump site for the State. By the 1940s, Hooker Electrochemical Company was granted permission by the Niagara Power and Development Company in 1942 to dump wastes in the canal. This dumpsite was in operation until 1953 with 21,000 tons of chemicals added. The canal was covered with soil upon closure of the dumpsite and vegetation began to grow atop. The local government covered up this issue and urban dwellers began to settle along the covered canal. Until 1978, the dumpsite was discovered and investigated by the local newspaper with health problems were first raised

1927年

约1953年 Circa 1953

1974年

农场 Farm

住宅区

Residential development

运河上表层的湿沉降区

Wet depressions over canal

前运河的边界(估计)

Approx. limit of former canal

铺砌后的游乐场地

Paved play area运河边的房屋

Houses along canal

下沉块上的湿地

Wet areas over sagging pad

休憩区通道

Path to recreation area

休憩区域步道

Recreational trails

填埋废弃物的运河段

Waste filled canal

填埋废弃物的运河段

Waste filled canal废弃电池

Waste cells

运动场

Playground学校

School

堤坝

Dike

果园 Orchards 排水洼地 Drainage swales

排水洼地

Drainage swales

拉夫运河 Love Canal

拉夫运河 Love Canal

休憩区域(游泳)

Recreation area (Swimming)

全球视野：棕地重建是实现可持续发展的关键 Brownfield Redevelopment: A Global Perspective

In addition to cleaning up the contaminated and abandoned brownfield sites, these initiatives encourage redevelopment that leads to profitable business operations, revitalized communities with better socio-economic environments and other financial incentives. Through various forms of assistance such as grants, tax reductions, loans and easier development approvals, brownfields have turned out to provide opportunities for investors, developers and entrepreneurs to buy undesirable properties at below market price, clean them up at a lower cost, obtain financial, regulatory and technical assistance for the developments and make a desirable profit (Verbit, 2001). 1.3 Achieving Sustainability in Brownfield Redevelopment If sustainable development is defined as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland, 1987),” the presence of brownfields represents a good example of how past activities have come to compromise this generation. For many communities, brownfields have become a symbol of economic growth that does not occur within a sustainability framework (Bjelland, 2004). In the meantime, as more and more people live in cities, which in turn continue to expand topographically, demographically and economically, it is becoming clear that a sustainable approach to urban development is necessary to help safeguard communities against poverty, social inequality and environmental degradation. As a result, it makes sense to redevelop brownfield sites for environmental, social and economic reasons, so that they can make urban development:

- More productive, stable, innovative and economically equitable;

- More capable of catering to social needs, especially in the areas of health services and of preserving social values, traditions, heritage, and culture;

- More sensitive to ecosystems and have minimal or at least controllable impacts on the natural environment.

Various studies have sought to identify the potential benefits of brownfield redevelopment in achieving sustainability. Some examples of these benefits are outlined in Figure 1-2.

1.2 The Way To Brownfield RedevelopmentAs brownfield sites are frequently located in prime areas of our towns and cities, it is understandable that policymakers at all levels of government would be interested in getting them back into productive use. And since they are commonly serviced by readily available infrastructure, such as roads, power lines and sewage systems, their redevelopment could clearly go a long way towards revitalizing deteriorating urban areas and preserving greenfields from new development.

However, although regulations have successfully facilitated the remediation of brownfield sites, interest on the part of developers, landowners and other private-sector stakeholders in putting these sites back into productive use has tended to be minimal because of the fear that such sites may be too expensive, too time-consuming or too risky to redevelop profitably. Instead, they have remained focused on the development of greenfields, which are usually farmlands and undeveloped wilderness, through building low-density subdivisions and this has led to urban sprawl. While suburban development continuously encroaches on precious agricultural land, brownfields within city districts or neighborhoods remain vacant and lead to various socio-economic problems. Nevertheless, while it is obvious that brownfield redevelopment would be beneficial to the community, it has been difficult for governments to redevelop the vast number of brownfield sites in urban centers without the assurance of private investment. To effectively attract investors, governments are having to bring about a better competitive position for them by implementing a wide range of financial, fiscal, legal and policy incentives, instead of direct regulations, in order to overcome reluctance to redevelop these sites (Thornton et al., 2007). In developed economies, governments have implemented a variety of initiatives since the 1990s to lessen the costs and risks associated with brownfield redevelopment (Syms, 1997).

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尽管相关的规章制度为棕地修复提供了保障，但发展商、土地所

有者和其他私营利益相关者担心投入太高、周期太长、风险太

大，因此他们对这一部分土地的兴趣不大。相反，他们仍通过兴

建低密度住宅小区来集中开发绿色用地，这些土地多半是农田和

未开发的荒地，这导致了城市扩张。一方面，郊区的开发逐渐吞

噬宝贵的农田；另一方面，市区和社区的棕地却仍然闲置着，这种

情况引起了不同的社会经济问题。

尽管棕地重建对社区的益处显而易见，政府却很难在没有私人投

资参与的情况下在市中心实施大量的棕地重建。为有效吸引投资

者，政府并没有制定直接的法律法规而是推出了大量的金融、财

务、法律和政策激励，为投资者创造更有利的竞争条件，让他们自

愿进行棕地重建（Thornton等，2007）。从20世纪90年代开始，发

达国家的政府部门采取了许多积极措施，以降低棕地重建的成本

和风险（Syms，1997）。

除了修复受污染和被废弃的棕地外，上述举措还鼓励投资者在

重建后的场地开展商业活动，在更好的社会经济环境和其他财政

激励下复兴社区。投资者、开发商和企业主可获得不同形式的帮

助，如拨款、减税、贷款、较简易的开发审批程序等，他们通过这

些方式以低于市场平均价购入棕地，以较低的成本进行修复，取

得开发所需的财政、制度和技术协助，创造可观的经济收益。

1.3 实现棕地重建的可持续发展

如果可持续发展的定义是“既满足当代人的需求，又不损害后代

人满足其需求的能力”（Brundtland，1987），那么棕地的存在是

一个很好的例子，见证了过去的经济活动如何损害了我们这一代

人的利益。棕地对很多社区而言，是一个存在于可持续发展框架

以外的经济发展象征（Bjelland，2004）。同时，随着城市人口越

来越集中，在地理上、人口上、经济上的扩张也会不断持续，从而

令我们更清晰地认识可持续发展的必要性。它可以帮助社区摆脱

贫穷、社会不公和环境恶化。因此，围绕环境、社会和经济等原因

开展棕地重建可促进城市发展，具有深远意义：

- 更高的生产力，社会更稳定、更具创造力，实现公平经济；

- 更强的社会服务能力，尤其在医疗健康服务领域及保护社会

价值、传统、遗产和文化等方面；

- 对生态系统的变化更敏感，将对自然环境的影响控制在最低

程度。

不同研究表明，棕地重建对可持续发展具有潜在益处。图1-2列举

了其中某些方面。

环境得益 Environmental Benefits• 减少绿色用地的发展压力

Reduction of development pressure on greenfield sites• 保护公众健康和安全

Protection of public health and safety• 保护和循环利用土壤资源

Protection and recycling of soil resources• 保护地下水资源

Protection of groundwater resources

社会得益 Social Benefits

• 城区再生

Renewal of urban areas• 挽回受影响社区的名声

Elimination of stigma attached to communities residing in affected areas• 减少社区恐惧（人体健康、环境破坏以及财产减少）

Reduction of community fear (ill health, environmental damage and reduction in property values)

经济得益 Economic Benefits• 吸引国内外投资

Attraction of domestic and foreign investment• 发展修复/净化技术

Development of remediation/decontamination technology• 增加市中心的土地价值

Increasing land values in inner city areas

图1-2 棕地重建对可持续发展的潜在益处（De Sousa，2001）Figure 1-2 Potential Benefits of Brownfield Redevelopment in Achieving Sustainability (De Sousa, 2001)

全球视野：棕地重建是实现可持续发展的关键 Brownfield Redevelopment: A Global Perspective

总策划 Curators艾思龙 Stephane Asselin许敏达 Minda Xu

主编 Editors-in-Chief艾思龙 Stephane Asselin沈建 Shen Jian

责任编辑 Deputy Editors高明正 Matthew Ko李柏麟 Jonathan Li刘杨 Liu Yang

专家顾问 Advisors李发生 Li Fasheng李广贺 Li Guanghe姜林 Jiang Lin

撰稿 AuthorsAndrea GigliutoAndrew MottAntonino Cuzzola万铨 Ban ZhuanBill VitekBrian D. BoxerChiara RighettiChristopher ChoaDerek VernonEric Schmidt高胜达 Gao ShengdaGarry SmithHilary Allen傅维君 Helena Fu熊健 James Xiong李柏麟 Jonathan LiJames Rosenwax康本裕 Kang Benyu斯克诚 Ken TseLaDonna Baertlein李贺 Li He高明正 Matthew KoMeghann Pullen伍梓诚 Ng Hon-SengPaolo BelfantiRebecca WallaceSophie Diller危靓 Wei Laing张啸 Zhang Xiao

翻译校对 Translation & Copy EditingKate Alden（英）

David Gallacher（英）

符秀娴 Foo Siewshyan（英）

蒋明 Jiang Ming（中）

李芳芳 Li Fangfang（中）

贾非商 Jia Feishang（中）

陈洁芳 Sika Chen（中）

平面设计 Graphic Design吴亦淳 Wu Yichun胡昂航 Leon Hu

出版事务 Project Coordination陈洁芳 Sika Chen

特别鸣谢 Special Thanks中国环境科学学会

China Society for Environmental Sciences

编辑团队 Contributors

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Early impression of the Olympic Park in legacy

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ISBN 978-7-5111-1406-8

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盖交通运输、基础设施、环境、能源、水务和政府服务等领域，

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About AECOMAECOM is a global provider of professional technical and management support services to a broad range of markets, including transportation, facilities, environmental, energy, water and government. With approximately 45,000 employees around the world, AECOM is a leader in all of the key markets that it serves. AECOM provides a blend of global reach, local knowledge, innovation and technical excellence in delivering solutions that create, enhance and sustain the world’s built, natural and social environments. A Fortune 500 company, AECOM serves clients in more than 140 countries and has annual revenue in excess of $8.0 billion.