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Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
asia technologies
Invites you for a
Walk Thro’
The land of
“RFID”
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Auto Identification TechnologiesHelp machines
to identify
Objects, People and Animals.
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
• Bar code
• OCR
• Voice Recognition
• Biometrics (retinal scan, Fingerprint,etc)
Other Auto Id TechnologiesOther Auto Id Technologies
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
What is RFID?
Radio wavesPeoplePeople Objects &Objects & animalsanimals
PeoplePeople Objects &Objects & animalsanimals
to to identifyidentify
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
How to identify?
• Storing Serial number of “subject” to be identified on an attached microchip equipped with antenna
• This Serial number is termed as
“Unique Identification Code”
(UID)
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Barcode
Most pervasive Auto ID Technology is Barcode
BARCODE VS RFID
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Barcode Vs RFID
BARCODE RFID
LOS is needed No need for LOS
Requires Physical contact
Physical contact with the reader is not required
Individual scanning Several tags can be read at a time
Affected by moisture Withstands harsh environment
Limited storage capacity Higher storage capacity
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
RFID Components
• Reader or Interrogator
• Tag or Transponder
• Host computer (Back-end system)
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Elements of RFID System
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Reader Functions
• Queries the tag
• Obtains information (about product)
• Decodes the message received from the tag
• Conveys tag information to the back-end system for processing
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Reader – What’s inside?
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Tag
Microchip
+ Transponder (or) Tag
Antenna }
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Passive Transponder What’s inside ?
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Types of tag
Passive tag - Draws power from the reader signal.
Active tag - With battery on board.
Semipassive -Passive tag with small battery.
It usually incorporates onboard
SENSOR to monitor state of item
such as temperature. Sleeps until
awakened by reader.
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Classification of tag
• Read Only - Programmed by the manufacturer
• WORM - Write Once-Read Many
User initialized after manufacture
• Read/Write - Information read from or written
into the tag by the reader/Writer
- Asymmetric read and write
operating range
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Transponder Examples
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
HOW RF BEHAVES?
METAL – Metals reflect RF
Radio waves bounce off metals
WATER/LIQUIDS– RF Waves are absorbed to
varying degrees
“RFID using LF(<150 KHZ) exhibits better
performance and stability in above environments”
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Interference
• Metal interferencesMetal packaging blocks / corrupts signal some tags may not be read when attached to metal
• Frequency interferencesLimits identification of a particular tag when
surrounded by other tags operating at same frequency.
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Data Rate Vs Frequency
• The larger the quantum of data to be read in given time, the higher the frequency to be deployed in RFID
• For reading bulk data in short span of time, higher frequencies are used.
E.g.. multiple tags in mobile environments.
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
RFID Frequencies
RFID is characterized by the frequencies used for identification.
Low Frequency - < 135 KHZ High Frequency - 13.56 MHZ UHF Frequency - 860-960 MHZ
Microwave (SHF) - 2.4 & 5.9 GHZ
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
LF Advantages
• Free from regulatory limitations
• Well suited for applications requiring reading small amount of data at slow speeds and minimum distance.
• Penetrates material well (water, tissue, wood)
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
LF Disadvantages
• Does not penetrate or transmit around metals• Handles only small amount of data• Slow read speeds• Large antennas• Minimum rangeTag Construction• Thicker (compared to 13.56MHz)• More complex (more turns required)• More expensive (compared to 13.56MHz)
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
HF Advantages
• Well suited for applications requiring reading small amount of data and minimum distance
• Penetrate water/tissue well• Simple antenna design• Less expensive• Higher data rate • Thinner tag construction (compared to LF)
This is popularly known as “smart card frequency”
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
HF Disadvantages
• Does not penetrate or transmit around metal• Large antenna size (compared to UHF/Microwave
frequencies)• Larger tag size than at higher frequencies• Read range < 0.7 m
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
UHF Advantages
• Effective around metals
• Ideal for range > 1m
• Tag size smaller than HF
• Smaller antenna
• Higher data rate
• Controlled read zone (thro’ antenna directionality)
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
UHF Disadvantages
• Does not penetrate water/tissue
• Regulations (different frequency bands in different countries)
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Tag Reading Capability
Anti collision
-- Ability to communicate with several transponders simultaneously
-- Important in longer range readers
-- Implemented at silicon chip design stage
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
STANDARDS – Why?• To increase customer confidence in new technology• To promote worldwide RFID acceptance and
technology advancement• To broad base market for manufacturers stimulate
competition and reduce costs for end users.• To facilitate application development by
encouraging interoperability & by reducing customization
• To provide development platform for complementary products (software translators, hardware accessories)
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
RFID STANDARDS
Two international standards making bodies
ISO EPC Global
Conflicting
EPC Objectives:• Primary Mission Low cost tag standard• Standard to be open for tracking purposes• Open Network architecture
to enable anyone to access the information from database using unique ID.
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
EPC – Tag Data Format
• Size -- 96 bits
• Header -- Defines data types(8 bit)
• EPC Manager-- Details of orginator(34 bit)
• Object Class -- Describes Product type(20 bit)
• Serial number -- Unique ID for Product(34 bit)
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
UHF RFID standard for India
• India adopts 865-867 MHz for RFID
• Wireless Planning and Co-ordination (WPC) Under Ministry of Communication assigned the 865-867MHz band for RFID
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Applications
Broad Classes• Proximity or Short Range
• Vicinity or Long Range
Proximity – E.g.. Access control Mass transit ticketing
Vicinity –E.g.. Railcar tracking Highway toll collection Supply chain management
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
RFID Applications
Broadly applied to five market segments
• Track &Trace
• Manufacturing
• Asset management
• Security & access control
• Consumer applications
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Track & Trace
• Track and trace is a broad umbrella concept
popularly known as SCM
• The right label can take the labor out of track and
trace processes
Includes Parcel and postal application
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Supply chain management
Tagging pallets, cases & returnable containers
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Supply chain management
• Gives total asset visibility
• Date of manufacture written into tag memory
to facilitate selling by date & avoiding
spoilage and out of stock
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Parcel and post
• Improves tracking during sorting and delivery processes
Features:
• Line of sight not required
• Orientation of items is not a concern
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Manufacturing
• Most technologically advanced element of supply
chain
• Sophisticated IT system geared for real time data
• Manufacturer assumes responsibility for product
life cycle management
• Potential gains in terms of cost reduction & added
value
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Manufacturing
Features on assembly line:• Read/write tags• High accuracy• Real-time inventory of raw material, WIP & finished
goods.• Enables tracking of product genealogy
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Manufacturing
• Monitoring of
post production
performance
• Simplifies
product recall
• Realization of JIT
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Asset management
For high value items in• Warehouses• Manufacturing plants• Offices• Complexes
UsingUsing• RFID tag – transmitting periodic signalsRFID tag – transmitting periodic signals• Intelligent locatorsIntelligent locators• Central computerCentral computer
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Asset management
Common Applications:
• Library management
• File & document tracking
• Gas cylinder management
• Warehouse management
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Library management
Features: Automates issues and returnsAutomates issues and returns Provides real time inventory visibilityProvides real time inventory visibility Scanners on shelves for automated Scanners on shelves for automated
inventoryinventory Minimizes labor costMinimizes labor cost
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
File and document tracking
Important and valuable document files Important and valuable document files
can be RFID tagged to facilitate security, can be RFID tagged to facilitate security,
location tracking and filing. location tracking and filing.
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Gas cylinder management
• Reduction of gas cylinder losses
• Delivery warranty• Personalized
invoice• Automation of
processes
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Warehouse management
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Warehouse Management
Warehouse,InventWarehouse,InventoryorySpecial Special equipment, Labor equipment, Labor resourcesresources
Warehouse,InventWarehouse,InventoryorySpecial Special equipment, Labor equipment, Labor resourcesresources
Receiving, Put-Receiving, Put-awayawayLight assemblyLight assemblyOrder pick-up & Order pick-up & ShipmentShipment
Receiving, Put-Receiving, Put-awayawayLight assemblyLight assemblyOrder pick-up & Order pick-up & ShipmentShipment
To direct flow of To direct flow of material & material & information information
ManageManagess
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Security & access control• Data from smartcard sent to control zone computer• After authentication door/gate is released for entry/exit• For high security areas, biometric feature is included• Operates with long range antenna controlling turnstile or
revolving door• Data display system to facilitate supervisionCommon Applications: Access control Airline baggage tagging Parking lot access Vehicle identification
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Access control
• Involves identity card with RFID tag
Feature:
• Contactless, secure & tamper-proof
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Airline Baggage tagging
Airlines have successfully
run. RFID trials
• Improved read rates(99%) with RFID
• Rewriting feature on tag provides additional functionality at checkpoints
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Parking Lot Access
RFID Provides Quick identification of vacant lots Automatically records entry/exit data Provides complete vehicle history Automated collection of parking tolls
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Vehicle identification
Environment:
• Fleet and vehicles in facility
Features:
• Determines current position of each vehicle in facility
• Information stored in database for integration with fleet MIS
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Consumer applications
Typical Garments Laundry Healthcare Automatic ticketing Retail Jewellery management
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Garments
• Value for brand owners
• Authentication of garments by unique identity
• Facilitates detection of counterfeit
• Minimizes shrinkage and out of stock
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Laundry Laundry • Most reliable automation
• Increased productivity &
profitability because of 100% read
rate
• 100% Tracking from laundry to
customer premises
• Reduction of losses - Optimum
inventory management
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Healthcare
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Automatic ticketing
• Contactless card / ticket used
Feature:
• Minimal reader maintenance
• Eliminate fraudulent use of counterfeit tickets
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Jewellery management
• Designed to manage &
track at retail level
Feature:
• Increases operational
efficiency, security and
accuracy of inventory
management
• Avoids theft and loss of
jewels
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Miscellaneous applications
Animal tagging Waste management Road toll management Sports time recording Paper reel tracking People tracking Ore tracking
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Animal identification
• Mandatory in US & Canada consequent to mad cow disease
• provides information regarding identity and lineage of animals
Technology Features:
• 135KHz LF used (ISO 11784, ISO 11785)
• Read rates 90% max, short range & directional sensitivity
• UHF system with better read rates under consideration.
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Waste management
• Facilitates Real time monitoring of operations
• Optimization of Waste collection
• Accurate billing for the citizen
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Automatic toll collection
Benefits:• Increases patron convenience
and safety with nonstop payment
• Improves traffic flow/reduces commute times
• Reduces traffic congestion • Lowers operating costs for toll
operators• Provides proven reliability and
unparalleled accuracy
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Sports Timing• Records or collect the perfect
timing data of athletes in
marathon
Features:
• Withstand harsh weather
condition because the glass tag is
packaged in specially designed
plastic
• Guards against Fraud
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Paper reel tracking
• Tracking paper reel thro’ production & further through global paper supply chains
• Paper reels are moved on conveyer belts and by clamp trucks
• Provide 100% multi read capability
• RFID reader positioned on conveyor belt, clamp trucks & docking doors
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
People trackingPeople tracking
Used in
• Entrance management for security
• Contact management at events
• Monitoring physical movements
• Baby tags in hospitals
Goals:
• To obtain real time location of individual within tracking zone
• Provide value added services with same infrastructure
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Ore tracking
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Ore tracking
• Tracking of wet ores on conveyor belt in rugged
mining environment
• Reliable reading at conveyor speeds up to 5m/sec
• Tag with primary flexible packaging and
secondary packaging of PU
• Reader height: 30-50cm above are.
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
RFID in the pharmaceutical industry
• Pedigree reporting: Track medications from
component parts to distribution
• Anti-counterfeiting: Identify counterfeit drugs
before they are distributed
• Anti-diversion: Improve the distribution of drugs
according to need
• Cold chain management: Verify the proper
transport of temperature-sensitive pharmaceuticals
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
What is the limit...
The Sky?
or
Your Imagination
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
What happens to the RFID data gathered by readers?
This data is processed by
“MIDDLEWARE”
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
What is middleware?
Software layer residing between
RFID hardware
&
Existing back-end system application software
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
System Infrastructure
Reader
..
..
mmiiddddlleewwaarree
EntEntererpripriseseApAppliplicatcationion
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
What does it do?
Extracts data from readers
Filters
Aggregates the information
Routes data to enterprise system (WMS, ERP etc)
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
What does RFID cost
Fixed costs• Readers• Antenna• Printers• Network infrastructure• Data collection software• Business middleware• Integration, installation and trainingVariable costs• Tag• Tag application (labor support and maintenance)
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Hardware Cost Trends
Initially High Costs inhibited adoption of RFID
Now• With advances in Technology• Standardization efforts
There is steady decline in costs.
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Prices will plummet
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
Benefits of RFID
• Facilitates process automation
• Improves security & prevents theft through access control
• Determines real time location of tagged objects
• Improves management of tracked objects
• Authenticates products and protects brand name & know-how
• Promotes enterprise- wide innovation
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
RFID Hardware Vendors
IPIC
O
Texas
Instr
umen
tsUPM raflatac
FEIG
Printronix
Sokymat
smartkey
Securakey
wavetren
d
Alientechnology
AWID
sirit
symbol
Psion techlogix
Omron rfid
IRIS
Power ID Intelleflex
Savi technology
IDENTC SOLTIONS
SCA
NPA
K
SAMSys
Tagsense
inc.
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
RFID is
Simply NOT a PRODUCT
But
an Enabled Technology
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
RFID - as a technology
• Changes old ways of doing things Alters competitive position
• Create new industry Changes work practices Expands the role of system integration
• Brings a fundamental different value proposition
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
RFID - as a technology
• Leads to emergence of
new productsRedefinition of industryShake-up of competitive structure
• Fundamentally changes market for products and services of companies
Asia Technologies Limited – Training Materials – All Rights Reserved
RFID is not hype
It is