Asian Turfgrass Seminar - Zoysiagrass · Zoysiagrass on the golf course ... tolerant of hitolerant of high sogh soil strengthil strength tolerant oftolerant of hi high soil strengthgh

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Zoysiagrass:Zoysiagrass:past, present and sustainable futurepast, present and sustainable futureZoysiagrass:Zoysiagrass:past, present and sustainable futurepast, present and sustainable future

Dr Donald S. LochDr Donald S. Loch(University of Queensland & GeneGro Pty Ltd)(University of Queensland & GeneGro Pty Ltd)

Outline of presentationOutline of presentationOutline of presentationOutline of presentation

■■ Why would you plant a zoysiagrass?Why would you plant a zoysiagrass?

■■ Overview of the genus Overview of the genus ZoysiaZoysia−− Currently accepted species, distribution & identificationCurrently accepted species, distribution & identification−− Species relationships, breeding & cultivarsSpecies relationships, breeding & cultivarsp p , gp p , g

■■ Adaptation and usesAdaptation and uses−− Ornamental landscaping, green roofs, roofOrnamental landscaping, green roofs, roof--top gardenstop gardens−− Golf (tees, fairways, greens)Golf (tees, fairways, greens)−− Lawns, parks, sports fields, etcLawns, parks, sports fields, etc

■■ Managing zoysiagrassesManaging zoysiagrasses−− Work with the strengthsWork with the strengths−− Zoysias do not always follow the same rules as other turf grassesZoysias do not always follow the same rules as other turf grasses

■■ Why wouldn’t you plant a zoysiagrass?Why wouldn’t you plant a zoysiagrass?

Why would you plant a zoysiagrass?Why would you plant a zoysiagrass?(negative past & present attitudes)(negative past & present attitudes)

Why would you plant a zoysiagrass?Why would you plant a zoysiagrass?(negative past & present attitudes)(negative past & present attitudes)

■■ It is a local grassIt is a local grass−− Better turf grasses come from overseasBetter turf grasses come from overseas

■■ Sod growers don’t stock good zoysia varietiesSod growers don’t stock good zoysia varieties−− Prefer faster growing species for faster turnaroundPrefer faster growing species for faster turnaround

■■ Slow to establish roots from newly laid sodSlow to establish roots from newly laid sod

■■ Difficult to manageDifficult to manage−− Doesn’t respond like other turf grassesDoesn’t respond like other turf grasses

■■ Other turf grasses are easier to mowOther turf grasses are easier to mow−− Hard on mower bladesHard on mower blades−− Scalps easilyScalps easily

US plantings on golf coursesUS plantings on golf courses(2006 EIG estimates)(2006 EIG estimates)

US plantings on golf coursesUS plantings on golf courses(2006 EIG estimates)(2006 EIG estimates)

■■ Paspalum vaginatumPaspalum vaginatum−− 3,000 ha3,000 ha−− Mostly in SE USA Mostly in SE USA (subtropical)(subtropical)

■■ ZoysiaZoysia spp.spp.−− 6,600 ha6,600 ha−− Mostly in transition zone Mostly in transition zone ((Z. japonica Z. japonica varieties)varieties)−− <20% in SE USA <20% in SE USA (mainly (mainly Z. matrellaZ. matrella & crosses, some & crosses, some Z. japonicaZ. japonica))

■■ Cynodon dactylon Cynodon dactylon && Cynodon Cynodon hybridshybrids−− 196,700 ha196,700 ha

The genus The genus ZoysiaZoysia WilldWilld..The genus The genus ZoysiaZoysia WilldWilld..

■■ ±±11 species & 1 man11 species & 1 man--made hybridmade hybrid

Zoysia japonicaZoysia japonica –– SE AsiaSE AsiaZoysia matrella Zoysia matrella –– SE & S Asia, Pacific & Indian Oceans, Australia?SE & S Asia, Pacific & Indian Oceans, Australia?Zoysia pacificaZoysia pacifica –– SE Asia & PacificSE Asia & PacificZoysia pacifica Zoysia pacifica –– SE Asia & PacificSE Asia & PacificZoysia X forbesiana = Z. japonica X Z. pacificaZoysia X forbesiana = Z. japonica X Z. pacificaZoysia macrantha Zoysia macrantha –– AustraliaAustraliaZoysia sinica Zoysia sinica –– SE AsiaSE AsiaZoysia macrostachya Zoysia macrostachya –– SE AsiaSE AsiaZoysia minima Zoysia minima –– New ZealandNew ZealandZoysia pauciflora Zoysia pauciflora –– New ZealandNew ZealandZoysia planifolia Zoysia planifolia –– New ZealandNew ZealandZoysia seslerioides Zoysia seslerioides –– VietnamVietnamZoysia tenuifolia Zoysia tenuifolia –– Mascarene IslandsMascarene Islands

The genus The genus ZoysiaZoysia WilldWilld..The genus The genus ZoysiaZoysia WilldWilld..

■■ ±±11 recognised natural species covering 42 validly described names 11 recognised natural species covering 42 validly described names (MBG TROPICOS(MBG TROPICOS®® -- http://www.tropicos.org/http://www.tropicos.org/))

Zoysia japonicaZoysia japonica SteudSteud. (9) . (9) Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella (L.) (L.) MerrMerr. (10) . (10) Zoysia pacifica Zoysia pacifica ((GoudswaardGoudswaard) M. ) M. HottaHotta & S. Kuroki (2) & S. Kuroki (2) Zoysia X forbesiana Zoysia X forbesiana TraubTraub (2 cultivars)(2 cultivars)Zoysia macrantha Zoysia macrantha DesvDesv. (4). (4)Zoysia sinica Zoysia sinica HanceHance (9) (9) Zoysia macrostachya Zoysia macrostachya FranchFranch. & Sav. (1) . & Sav. (1) Zoysia minima Zoysia minima (Colenso) (Colenso) ZotovZotov (1) (1) Zoysia pauciflora Zoysia pauciflora MezMez (1) (1) Zoysia planifolia Zoysia planifolia ZotovZotov (1) (1) Zoysia seslerioides Zoysia seslerioides (Bal.) Clayton & F.R. Richardson (1) (Bal.) Clayton & F.R. Richardson (1) Zoysia tenuifolia Zoysia tenuifolia ThieleThiele (3) (3) –– Z. tenuifolia Z. tenuifolia WilldWilld. ex Thiele. ex Thiele (in Grass World)(in Grass World)

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J J Z. japonicaZ. japonicaM M Z. matrellaZ. matrellaFF Z. pacificaZ. pacificaS S Z. sinicaZ. sinicaN N Z. macranthaZ. macranthaO O Z. macrostachyaZ. macrostachya

N

After Anderson (2000)After Anderson (2000)

Zoysia tenuifolia Zoysia tenuifolia or or Zoysia pacificaZoysia pacifica??Zoysia tenuifolia Zoysia tenuifolia or or Zoysia pacificaZoysia pacifica??

■■ Scientific literature mostly refers to Scientific literature mostly refers to Zoysia tenuifolia Zoysia tenuifolia in SE Asiain SE Asia

■■ P.C. P.C. GoudswaardGoudswaard (1980) recognised that this may be erroneous(1980) recognised that this may be erroneous−− Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella varvar. pacifica . pacifica GoudswaardGoudswaard

BlBl 26 1 126 1 1 1 2 1 41 2 1 4−− BlumeaBlumea 26: 17126: 171--172, 174 172, 174

■■ Raised to species rank by M. Raised to species rank by M. HottaHotta & S. Kuroki (1994)& S. Kuroki (1994)−− Zoysia pacifica (Zoysia pacifica (GoudswaardGoudswaard) M. ) M. HottaHotta & S. Kuroki & S. Kuroki −− ActaActa PhytotaxonomicaPhytotaxonomica et et GeobotanicaGeobotanica 45(1): 7145(1): 71--72 72

■■ Grass World & MBG Grass World & MBG TropicosTropicos−− Zoysia tenuifolia Zoysia tenuifolia from Mauritiusfrom Mauritius−− Zoysia pacificaZoysia pacifica from SE Asia from SE Asia (Ryukyu Islands)(Ryukyu Islands)−− Both species have very fineBoth species have very fine--textured leavestextured leaves

Morphological distinctionsMorphological distinctions(Source: Grass World)(Source: Grass World)

Morphological distinctionsMorphological distinctions(Source: Grass World)(Source: Grass World)

Zoysia pacificaZoysia pacifica Zoysia tenuifoliaZoysia tenuifoliaStolonsStolons PresentPresent AbsentAbsentCulmsCulms WiryWiry FirmFirmLiguleLigule Ciliate membraneCiliate membrane Eciliate membraneEciliate membraneLeaf bladesLeaf blades FiliformFiliform LinearLinearLeaf bladesLeaf blades FiliformFiliform LinearLinearInflorescenceInflorescence RacemeRaceme PaniclePaniclePedicelsPedicels PresentPresent AbsentAbsentSpikeletsSpikelets 11--many floweredmany flowered 22--floweredflowered

(both fertile or upper sterile)(both fertile or upper sterile) (lower male/barren; upper fertile)(lower male/barren; upper fertile)

Falling entireFalling entire Persistent on plantPersistent on plantGlumesGlumes 1 1 (lower absent or obscure)(lower absent or obscure) 22

Firmer than fertile lemmaFirmer than fertile lemma Similar to fertile lemmaSimilar to fertile lemmaShinyShiny DullDull

Fertile lemmaFertile lemma 11--veinedveined SeveralSeveral--veinedveinedPaleaPalea Absent or minuteAbsent or minute PresentPresent

Distinguishing Distinguishing Z. matrella Z. matrella & & Z. pacificaZ. pacificaDistinguishing Distinguishing Z. matrella Z. matrella & & Z. pacificaZ. pacifica

■■ AkamineAkamine et al.et al. (2005)(2005)

■■ Leaf widthLeaf width−− Overlapping (continuous) distribution 0.29Overlapping (continuous) distribution 0.29--1.86 mm in1.86 mm in

■■ AkamineAkamine et al.et al. (2005)(2005)

■■ Leaf widthLeaf width−− Overlapping (continuous) distribution 0.29Overlapping (continuous) distribution 0.29--1.86 mm in1.86 mm in

35 specimens from SW islands of Japan35 specimens from SW islands of Japan−− NarrowNarrow--leaved leaved Z. matrella Z. matrella visually similar to visually similar to Z. pacificaZ. pacifica

■■ VernationVernation−− Arrangement of a young leaf within the budArrangement of a young leaf within the bud

(cross(cross--section)section)−− Rolled vernation Rolled vernation –– Z. matrellaZ. matrella−− Folded vernation Folded vernation –– Z. pacificaZ. pacifica

35 specimens from SW islands of Japan35 specimens from SW islands of Japan−− NarrowNarrow--leaved leaved Z. matrella Z. matrella visually similar to visually similar to Z. pacificaZ. pacifica

■■ VernationVernation−− Arrangement of a young leaf within the budArrangement of a young leaf within the bud

(cross(cross--section)section)−− Rolled vernation Rolled vernation –– Z. matrellaZ. matrella−− Folded vernation Folded vernation –– Z. pacificaZ. pacifica

Interspecific hybridisationInterspecific hybridisationInterspecific hybridisationInterspecific hybridisation

■■ ZoysiaZoysia species cross readily (2n = 40 chromosomes)species cross readily (2n = 40 chromosomes)−− Seeds formed from crosses among 7 species at Texas A&MSeeds formed from crosses among 7 species at Texas A&M−− Successful reciprocal crosses among 7 species at NGRI (Japan)Successful reciprocal crosses among 7 species at NGRI (Japan)

N th iN th i■■ NothospeciesNothospecies−− New species formed by hybridisation of two parental speciesNew species formed by hybridisation of two parental species

((Z. x forbesiana, Z. x Z. x forbesiana, Z. x hondanahondana))

■■ Introgression brings more subtle changes & continuous variationIntrogression brings more subtle changes & continuous variation−− Repeated hybridisation (crossing & backRepeated hybridisation (crossing & back--crossing) in nature where crossing) in nature where

species distributions overlapspecies distributions overlap((Z. japonica, Z. matrella, Z. pacifica, Z. sinicaZ. japonica, Z. matrella, Z. pacifica, Z. sinica –– already variable)already variable)

−− Identification according to the major species contentIdentification according to the major species content

US cultivarsUS cultivarsUS cultivarsUS cultivars

■■ Zoysia japonicaZoysia japonica−− 3 seeded, 26 vegetative varieties3 seeded, 26 vegetative varieties

■■ Zoysia matrellaZoysia matrella−− 12 vegetative varieties12 vegetative varietiesgg

■■ Zoysia japonica x pacificaZoysia japonica x pacifica−− 2 vegetative varieties (‘Emerald’, 2 vegetative varieties (‘Emerald’, PristineFloraPristineFlora®®))

■■ Zoysia japonica x matrella x pacificaZoysia japonica x matrella x pacifica−− 1 vegetative variety (‘Z1 vegetative variety (‘Z--89’)89’)

■■ Zoysia sinicaZoysia sinica−− 1 seeded variety (‘J1 seeded variety (‘J--14’) developed but not commercialised14’) developed but not commercialised

■■ Zoysia macranthaZoysia macrantha−− 1 vegetative variety (‘MAC03’)1 vegetative variety (‘MAC03’)

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Zoysia japonica Zoysia japonica on grave moundson grave mounds((JejuJeju Island, Korea)Island, Korea)

Zoysia japonica Zoysia japonica on grave moundson grave mounds((JejuJeju Island, Korea)Island, Korea)

Zoysia japonica Zoysia japonica on royal burial moundson royal burial mounds((GyeongjuGyeongju, Korea), Korea)

Zoysia japonica Zoysia japonica on royal burial moundson royal burial mounds((GyeongjuGyeongju, Korea), Korea)

Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella in ornamental landscapein ornamental landscape(Taipei International Flora Exposition 2010)(Taipei International Flora Exposition 2010)Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella in ornamental landscapein ornamental landscape(Taipei International Flora Exposition 2010)(Taipei International Flora Exposition 2010)

Zoysia pacifica Zoysia pacifica in ornamental landscapein ornamental landscape(Entrance to Palm Cove resort, north Queensland)(Entrance to Palm Cove resort, north Queensland)

Zoysia pacifica Zoysia pacifica in ornamental landscapein ornamental landscape(Entrance to Palm Cove resort, north Queensland)(Entrance to Palm Cove resort, north Queensland)

Photo: Terry AnderliniPhoto: Terry Anderlini

Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella lawnslawns in ornamental landscapein ornamental landscape(Chongqing, PR China)(Chongqing, PR China)

Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella lawnslawns in ornamental landscapein ornamental landscape(Chongqing, PR China)(Chongqing, PR China)

Axonopus compressusAxonopus compressus Eremochloa ophiuroideEremochloa ophiuroidess

Taipei International Flora Exposition 2010Taipei International Flora Exposition 2010Cynodon dactylonCynodon dactylon Zoysia matrellaZoysia matrella

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Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella fairwaysfairways(Clearwater Bay Golf & Country Club, Hong Kong)(Clearwater Bay Golf & Country Club, Hong Kong)

Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella fairwaysfairways(Clearwater Bay Golf & Country Club, Hong Kong)(Clearwater Bay Golf & Country Club, Hong Kong)

Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella putting greenputting green(Caledonia Golf and Fish Club, SC)(Caledonia Golf and Fish Club, SC)Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella putting greenputting green

(Caledonia Golf and Fish Club, SC)(Caledonia Golf and Fish Club, SC)Photos: New Life TurfPhotos: New Life Turf

Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella on shaded teeson shaded tees(Avondale Golf Club, Sydney)(Avondale Golf Club, Sydney)

Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella on shaded teeson shaded tees(Avondale Golf Club, Sydney)(Avondale Golf Club, Sydney)

Photos: David WarwickPhotos: David Warwick

Zoysiagrass on the golf courseZoysiagrass on the golf courseZoysiagrass on the golf courseZoysiagrass on the golf course

■■ RoughsRoughs–– Coarser Coarser Zoysia japonica Zoysia japonica varietiesvarieties–– Colour contrast with fairwaysColour contrast with fairways

■■ FairwaysFairways■■ FairwaysFairways−− Zoysia japonica Zoysia japonica andand mediummedium--fine textured fine textured Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella varietiesvarieties−− Colour contrast with roughs (e.g. bermudagrass)Colour contrast with roughs (e.g. bermudagrass)−− Less fertiliser, pesticide & mowing than bermudagrassLess fertiliser, pesticide & mowing than bermudagrass−− Stripes nicelyStripes nicely

(but don’t burn in the stripes (but don’t burn in the stripes –– reduces playing quality)reduces playing quality)−− Reduced edging around bunkers compared to bermudagrassReduced edging around bunkers compared to bermudagrass

■■ GreensGreens−− Very fineVery fine--textured textured Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella varieties (e.g. ‘Diamond’)varieties (e.g. ‘Diamond’)−− Slower stimp speeds than bermudagrassSlower stimp speeds than bermudagrass−− BUTBUT survives (and thrives) in shade where bermudagrass failssurvives (and thrives) in shade where bermudagrass fails

Zoysia japonicaZoysia japonicaZoysia japonicaZoysia japonica Zoysia matrellaZoysia matrellaZoysia matrellaZoysia matrella

PlayabilityPlayabilityPlayabilityPlayability

■■ Good ball lieGood ball lie–– Even in the roughs, especially the stiffer varietiesEven in the roughs, especially the stiffer varieties

■■ Means good course plaMeans good course playabilityyability


Photos: Terry AnderliniPhotos: Terry AnderliniZoysia japonica Zoysia japonica in park landscapein park landscape

((GyeongjuGyeongju, Korea), Korea)Zoysia japonica Zoysia japonica in park landscapein park landscape

((GyeongjuGyeongju, Korea), Korea)

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Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella in home orchardin home orchard(Brisbane, Queensland)(Brisbane, Queensland)

Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella in home orchardin home orchard(Brisbane, Queensland)(Brisbane, Queensland)

Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella in park on breakwaterin park on breakwater(Magnetic Island, north Queensland)(Magnetic Island, north Queensland)




Zoysia japonica Zoysia japonica on on DaejeonDaejeon Stadium Stadium (Soccer World Cup 2002 (Soccer World Cup 2002 –– Korea)Korea)

Zoysia japonica Zoysia japonica on on DaejeonDaejeon Stadium Stadium (Soccer World Cup 2002 (Soccer World Cup 2002 –– Korea)Korea)

Photo: Patten Seed CompanyPhoto: Patten Seed Company

■■ BeforeBeforeFlood damaged Flood damaged Durban grass lawn Durban grass lawn in shaded Brisbane in shaded Brisbane gardengarden

■■ BeforeBeforeFlood damaged Flood damaged Durban grass lawn Durban grass lawn in shaded Brisbane in shaded Brisbane gardengarden

■■ AfterAfterZoysia matrellaZoysia matrella

■■ AfterAfterZoysia matrellaZoysia matrella

Photos: Dr Chris LambridesPhotos: Dr Chris Lambrides

Seeded varietiesSeeded varietiesSeeded varietiesSeeded varieties

■■ Restricted to Restricted to Zoysia japonicaZoysia japonica−− Seed production depends on having large inflorescencesSeed production depends on having large inflorescences−− Some wild collected seed (China, Korea) soldSome wild collected seed (China, Korea) sold−− Seed of ‘Zenith’ and ‘Seed of ‘Zenith’ and ‘CompadreCompadre’ produced in USA’ produced in USA−− More winter dormant than the better vegetative varietiesMore winter dormant than the better vegetative varietiesMore winter dormant than the better vegetative varietiesMore winter dormant than the better vegetative varieties−− Cheaper from seed but very slow to establishCheaper from seed but very slow to establish

(much slower than from sod, plugs or sprigs)(much slower than from sod, plugs or sprigs)

■■ Zoysia sinicaZoysia sinica−− Large inflorescences but seed production still too difficultLarge inflorescences but seed production still too difficult

■■ Zoysia matrellaZoysia matrella and and Z. pacificaZ. pacifica−− Vegetatively propagated commerciallyVegetatively propagated commercially−− Small inflorescences mean that seed production is low Small inflorescences mean that seed production is low (uneconomic)(uneconomic)

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AdaptationAdaptationAdaptationAdaptation

Zoysia japonicaZoysia japonica Zoysia matrellaZoysia matrella(varies with cultivar)(varies with cultivar) (varies with cultivar)(varies with cultivar)

ClimateClimate Cool temperateCool temperate--subtropicalsubtropical Warm temperateWarm temperate--tropicaltropical(strong winter dormancy in(strong winter dormancy ingenotypes from high latitudes)genotypes from high latitudes)


■■ Z. matrella Z. matrella tolerates shade (maintains good density & turf quality) tolerates shade (maintains good density & turf quality) down to c. 20% of full sunlightdown to c. 20% of full sunlight

−− Z. japonica Z. japonica is less shade tolerantis less shade tolerant

■■ Growth (& thatch accumulation) is appreciably slower in shadeGrowth (& thatch accumulation) is appreciably slower in shade−− So wear tolerance is also reducedSo wear tolerance is also reduced

■■ Z. matrella Z. matrella tolerates shade (maintains good density & turf quality) tolerates shade (maintains good density & turf quality) down to c. 20% of full sunlightdown to c. 20% of full sunlight

−− Z. japonica Z. japonica is less shade tolerantis less shade tolerant

■■ Growth (& thatch accumulation) is appreciably slower in shadeGrowth (& thatch accumulation) is appreciably slower in shade−− So wear tolerance is also reducedSo wear tolerance is also reduced

Shade toleranceShade toleranceShade toleranceShade tolerance




Shade toleranceShade tolerance Moderate to fairModerate to fair Very highVery high

Moisture requirementsMoisture requirementsMoisture requirementsMoisture requirements

■■ SE Asian genotypes adapted to moderate to high rainfallSE Asian genotypes adapted to moderate to high rainfall

■■ Zoysias less drought tolerant than Zoysias less drought tolerant than CynodonCynodon, but more drought , but more drought tolerant than seashore paspalumtolerant than seashore paspalum & broadleaf carpetgrass& broadleaf carpetgrass

■■ Zoysias are more drought tolerant if not heavily fertilisedZoysias are more drought tolerant if not heavily fertilised−− Reduced water useReduced water use

■■ Z. matrella Z. matrella in particular survives drought better in the shade than in in particular survives drought better in the shade than in the sunthe sun





Drought toleranceDrought tolerance GoodGood GoodGood

Salinity toleranceSalinity tolerance

Good salt toleranceGood salt tolerance–– Z. matrella Z. matrella > > Z. japonica Z. japonica (US & Australian trials)(US & Australian trials)–– Depends on the origin of the material (marine or inland)Depends on the origin of the material (marine or inland)

Salt tolerance close to that of seashore paspalumSalt tolerance close to that of seashore paspalum–– Zoysias excrete salt from salt glands, which can then be Zoysias excrete salt from salt glands, which can then be

removed by mowing and catching the clippingsremoved by mowing and catching the clippings((cf.cf. seashore paspalum does not have salt glands)seashore paspalum does not have salt glands)

SaltSalt glandsglandsSaltSalt glandsglands

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‘Diamond’‘Diamond’‘Diamond’‘Diamond’ ShadetuffShadetuff ®®ShadetuffShadetuff ®®

Zoysia matrella – salinity tolerance (12 wks)

‘Zorro’‘Zorro’‘Zorro’‘Zorro’ ‘Royal’‘Royal’‘Royal’‘Royal’






Salinity toleranceSalinity tolerance Fair to goodFair to good GoodGood to very goodto very good

Soil preferencesSoil preferencesSoil preferencesSoil preferences

■■ MUSTMUST be wellbe well--draineddrained−− Established zoysias tolerate temporary waterlogging, but Established zoysias tolerate temporary waterlogging, but

not prolonged or permanent waterloggingnot prolonged or permanent waterlogging−− Young zoysia turf is more tolerant of waterlogging until the Young zoysia turf is more tolerant of waterlogging until the

root system maturesroot system maturesroot system maturesroot system matures

■■ Best at soil pH7 or belowBest at soil pH7 or below−− Some varieties with better alkaline soil toleranceSome varieties with better alkaline soil tolerance

(e.g. ‘El Toro’)(e.g. ‘El Toro’)

■■ WellWell--structured friable soil or sand promotes deeper rhizome structured friable soil or sand promotes deeper rhizome developmentdevelopment

−− Tolerant of high strength soilsTolerant of high strength soils■■ Tolerant of high soil strengthTolerant of high soil strength

−− Shallower rhizome growth than in more open friable soilsShallower rhizome growth than in more open friable soils■■ Tolerant of high soil strengthTolerant of high soil strength

−− Shallower rhizome growth than in more open friable soilsShallower rhizome growth than in more open friable soils

Colonising hard dry gravelly soilColonising hard dry gravelly soilColonising hard dry gravelly soilColonising hard dry gravelly soil Colonising bare tough clay soilColonising bare tough clay soilColonising bare tough clay soilColonising bare tough clay soil

High strength soilsHigh strength soilsHigh strength soilsHigh strength soils

Zoysia matrella

Zoysia macranthaZoysia macranthaZoysia macranthaZoysia macrantha

Zoysia matrellaZoysia matrellaZoysia matrellaZoysia matrella

Trial plots on saline high strength soilTrial plots on saline high strength soil(Cairns, north Queensland)(Cairns, north Queensland)

Trial plots on saline high strength soilTrial plots on saline high strength soil(Cairns, north Queensland)(Cairns, north Queensland)

Photo: Terry AnderliniPhoto: Terry Anderlini

Paspalum vaginatumPaspalum vaginatumPaspalum vaginatumPaspalum vaginatum

Zoysia macranthaZoysia macranthaZoysia macranthaZoysia macrantha






Salinity toleranceSalinity tolerance Fair to goodFair to good GoodGood to very goodto very good

SoilsSoils WellWell--drained; best at pH≤7.0;drained; best at pH≤7.0; WellWell--drained; best at pH≤7.0;drained; best at pH≤7.0;tolerant of high soil strengthtolerant of high soil strength tolerant of high soil strengthtolerant of high soil strength

Wear toleranceWear tolerance Very high resistance to wearVery high resistance to wear Very high resistance to wearVery high resistance to wearSlow recovery from wearSlow recovery from wear Slow recovery from wearSlow recovery from wear

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Zoysia japonicaZoysia japonicaZoysia japonicaZoysia japonica Cynodon dactylonCynodon dactylonCynodon dactylonCynodon dactylon

■■ Zoysiagrasses recover from divoting a little slower than Zoysiagrasses recover from divoting a little slower than bermudagrassesbermudagrasses

−− Zoysiagrasses recover mainly from vertical shoots produced from Zoysiagrasses recover mainly from vertical shoots produced from underground rhizomesunderground rhizomes

−− Bermudagrasses recover from lateral stolon growth as well as Bermudagrasses recover from lateral stolon growth as well as vertical shoots from underground rhizomesvertical shoots from underground rhizomes

■■ Zoysiagrasses recover from divoting a little slower than Zoysiagrasses recover from divoting a little slower than bermudagrassesbermudagrasses

−− Zoysiagrasses recover mainly from vertical shoots produced from Zoysiagrasses recover mainly from vertical shoots produced from underground rhizomesunderground rhizomes

−− Bermudagrasses recover from lateral stolon growth as well as Bermudagrasses recover from lateral stolon growth as well as vertical shoots from underground rhizomesvertical shoots from underground rhizomes

Divot recoveryDivot recoveryDivot recoveryDivot recovery

Attributes relative to other turf speciesAttributes relative to other turf speciesAttributes relative to other turf speciesAttributes relative to other turf species

V. low/slow Low/slowV. low/slow Low/slow Medium HighMedium High V. highV. high

Growth rateGrowth rateNutrient needs Nutrient needs Wear toleranceWear toleranceShade toleranceShade toleranceThatchThatchSalinity toleranceSalinity toleranceHigh soil strength toleranceHigh soil strength toleranceHeat toleranceHeat toleranceDroughtDrought

Zoysia japonica Zoysia japonica Zoysia matrellaZoysia matrella(ratings for individual varieties within species may vary)(ratings for individual varieties within species may vary)

Zoysia japonica Zoysia japonica Zoysia matrellaZoysia matrella(ratings for individual varieties within species may vary)(ratings for individual varieties within species may vary)

Water...the key driverWater...the key driverWater...the key driverWater...the key driver

■■ Growth of zoysia is driven more by water than by nitrogenGrowth of zoysia is driven more by water than by nitrogen-- Prof. Al TurgeonProf. Al TurgeonProf. Al TurgeonProf. Al Turgeon

Establishing zoysia sodEstablishing zoysia sodEstablishing zoysia sodEstablishing zoysia sod

■■ Keep sod moist from cutting (harvest) through to layingKeep sod moist from cutting (harvest) through to laying–– Don’t let any rolls dry outDon’t let any rolls dry out

■■ Wet newly laid sod and underlay soil thoroughlyWet newly laid sod and underlay soil thoroughly−− Before laying, apply a low P fertiliser blend to the surface of the underlayBefore laying, apply a low P fertiliser blend to the surface of the underlayBefore laying, apply a low P fertiliser blend to the surface of the underlay Before laying, apply a low P fertiliser blend to the surface of the underlay

soil at 1 kg N/100 msoil at 1 kg N/100 m22

■■ Keep sod (& underlay) moist until it develops a strong new root Keep sod (& underlay) moist until it develops a strong new root systemsystem

−− Don’t let the sod dry out until establishedDon’t let the sod dry out until established

■■ Scars between rolls of new sod are slow to healScars between rolls of new sod are slow to heal–– Dusting along the joins hastens the process Dusting along the joins hastens the process

■■ New sod laid to repair a damaged patch takes time to blend in New sod laid to repair a damaged patch takes time to blend in fully with the surrounding established turffully with the surrounding established turf

Glasshouse experiment Glasshouse experiment –– sod establishmentsod establishment(Loch, Yi Zhou & Hunter, unpublished data 2010)(Loch, Yi Zhou & Hunter, unpublished data 2010)Glasshouse experiment Glasshouse experiment –– sod establishmentsod establishment(Loch, Yi Zhou & Hunter, unpublished data 2010)(Loch, Yi Zhou & Hunter, unpublished data 2010)

■■ DoubleDouble--pot ANOVA system to bottom water underlay by capillary pot ANOVA system to bottom water underlay by capillary action & spray nutrient treatments onto leavesaction & spray nutrient treatments onto leaves

–– No overhead watering after laying sodNo overhead watering after laying sod

■■ Inner pots 200 mm diameter X 250 mm deep filled with sandInner pots 200 mm diameter X 250 mm deep filled with sand--coircoir■■ Inner pots 200 mm diameter X 250 mm deep filled with sandInner pots 200 mm diameter X 250 mm deep filled with sand coir coir UC mix topped with circles of UC mix topped with circles of Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella sodsod

−− 15:3:11 fertiliser blend @ 1 kg N/ 100 m15:3:11 fertiliser blend @ 1 kg N/ 100 m22 applied between underlay & sodapplied between underlay & sod−− WellWell--watered before & immediately (once only) after layingwatered before & immediately (once only) after laying

■■ 4 treatments (Water4 treatments (Water--only Control, Foliar high N fertiliser, Kelp, only Control, Foliar high N fertiliser, Kelp, Foliar + Kelp) X 10 replicates in randomised block designFoliar + Kelp) X 10 replicates in randomised block design

−− Treatments sprayed onto leaves 3 times per week for first 3 wksTreatments sprayed onto leaves 3 times per week for first 3 wks−− Water only sprays applied on all other days (to moisten leaves)Water only sprays applied on all other days (to moisten leaves)

■■ Dry matter weights of new roots & new leaves at 6 wksDry matter weights of new roots & new leaves at 6 wks–– Progressive measurements of rooting depth (25 cm by 3 wk)Progressive measurements of rooting depth (25 cm by 3 wk)

■■ Blocks 1Blocks 1--9 (good soil moisture)9 (good soil moisture)−− Untreated control produced most roots & topsUntreated control produced most roots & tops−− Foliar N fertiliser reduced root growth, redistributed DM to topsFoliar N fertiliser reduced root growth, redistributed DM to tops−− Kelp reduced tops growth, redistributed DM to rootsKelp reduced tops growth, redistributed DM to roots−− Fertiliser + Kelp reduced root & tops growth, redistributed DM to topsFertiliser + Kelp reduced root & tops growth, redistributed DM to tops

■■ Block 10 (poor soil moisture Block 10 (poor soil moisture –– partly dried out in week 1)partly dried out in week 1)−− All treatments produced very limited & poor root systemsAll treatments produced very limited & poor root systems

■■ Blocks 1Blocks 1--9 (good soil moisture)9 (good soil moisture)−− Untreated control produced most roots & topsUntreated control produced most roots & tops−− Foliar N fertiliser reduced root growth, redistributed DM to topsFoliar N fertiliser reduced root growth, redistributed DM to tops−− Kelp reduced tops growth, redistributed DM to rootsKelp reduced tops growth, redistributed DM to roots−− Fertiliser + Kelp reduced root & tops growth, redistributed DM to topsFertiliser + Kelp reduced root & tops growth, redistributed DM to tops

■■ Block 10 (poor soil moisture Block 10 (poor soil moisture –– partly dried out in week 1)partly dried out in week 1)−− All treatments produced very limited & poor root systemsAll treatments produced very limited & poor root systems

Total dry matter yieldTotal dry matter yieldTotal dry matter yieldTotal dry matter yield Dry matter distributionDry matter distributionDry matter distributionDry matter distribution

ResultsResultsResultsResults

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Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella establishment (6 wks)establishment (6 wks)Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella establishment (6 wks)establishment (6 wks)

Good soil moisture Poor soil moisture Soil Moisture: Good Poor

The zoysia rulebookThe zoysia rulebookThe zoysia rulebookThe zoysia rulebook

■■ Rule 1Rule 1: growth is driven more by water than nitrogen: growth is driven more by water than nitrogen

■■ Rule 2Rule 2: established zoysia does not tolerate extended waterlogging: established zoysia does not tolerate extended waterlogging–– Young zoysia more waterlogging tolerant until mature root system developsYoung zoysia more waterlogging tolerant until mature root system develops

■■ Rule 3Rule 3: Laying sod : Laying sod –– wet sod & underlay soil thoroughly, and do wet sod & underlay soil thoroughly, and do not let it dry out until a strong root system has developednot let it dry out until a strong root system has developed

FertiliserFertiliserFertiliserFertiliser

■■ Low fertility (N) requirementLow fertility (N) requirement–– Require 25% or less of N rates needed to maintain bermudagrassRequire 25% or less of N rates needed to maintain bermudagrass–– Typical recommendations: 0.5Typical recommendations: 0.5--1 kg N/100 m1 kg N/100 m22 split spring & summersplit spring & summer–– US research (Patton): no consistent advantage in applying >1 kg N/100 mUS research (Patton): no consistent advantage in applying >1 kg N/100 m22

–– Experienced US superintendents are using down to 0 5 kg N/100 mExperienced US superintendents are using down to 0 5 kg N/100 m22 withoutwithoutExperienced US superintendents are using down to 0.5 kg N/100 mExperienced US superintendents are using down to 0.5 kg N/100 m without without detriment to turf qualitydetriment to turf quality

■■ Still acceptable turf quality at very low N ratesStill acceptable turf quality at very low N rates−− 00--0.5 kg N/100 m0.5 kg N/100 m22 (Patton)(Patton)

■■ No effect of different N sources No effect of different N sources –– After 2 years, N source (urea, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate) did not After 2 years, N source (urea, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate) did not

significantly affect turf colour, density or quality (Patton)significantly affect turf colour, density or quality (Patton)





■■ Rule 4Rule 4: grow it lean: grow it lean−− Low N requirement reduces thatchingLow N requirement reduces thatching

MowingMowingMowingMowing

■■ Requires fewer mowings than bermuda and other grassesRequires fewer mowings than bermuda and other grasses–– Advantage of slow growthAdvantage of slow growth

■■ Mow to remove no more than oneMow to remove no more than one--third of leaf & thatchthird of leaf & thatch−− Same principle as applies to other grasses (oneSame principle as applies to other grasses (one--third rule)third rule)p p pp g (p p pp g ( ))

■■ Keep mower blades sharp to avoid shredding ends of cut leavesKeep mower blades sharp to avoid shredding ends of cut leaves−− Sharpen Sharpen every every 22--3 3 weeksweeks

■■ Do not mow wilted zoysia grassDo not mow wilted zoysia grass−− Tears leaf blades (doesn’t cut cleanly) & rips out some complete shootsTears leaf blades (doesn’t cut cleanly) & rips out some complete shoots

■■ Leaving too long between mowings can result in scalpingLeaving too long between mowings can result in scalping–– Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella more prone to thatching (denser growth) & scalpingmore prone to thatching (denser growth) & scalping

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HOC

■■ Remove growing points on vertical tiller by low height of cut (HOC)Remove growing points on vertical tiller by low height of cut (HOC)−− No following growing shoots (dormant basal buds)No following growing shoots (dormant basal buds)−− Leaves bare stem base until replacement basal buds shoot & growLeaves bare stem base until replacement basal buds shoot & grow−− Using groomers to break stolons encourages active following shoots (Engelke)Using groomers to break stolons encourages active following shoots (Engelke)

■■ Remove growing points on vertical tiller by low height of cut (HOC)Remove growing points on vertical tiller by low height of cut (HOC)−− No following growing shoots (dormant basal buds)No following growing shoots (dormant basal buds)−− Leaves bare stem base until replacement basal buds shoot & growLeaves bare stem base until replacement basal buds shoot & grow−− Using groomers to break stolons encourages active following shoots (Engelke)Using groomers to break stolons encourages active following shoots (Engelke)

Dormant basal buds

ScalpingScalpingScalpingScalping

MowingMowingMowingMowing

■■ Requires fewer mowings than bermuda and other grassesRequires fewer mowings than bermuda and other grasses–– Advantage of slow growthAdvantage of slow growth

■■ Mow to remove no more than oneMow to remove no more than one--third of leaf & thatchthird of leaf & thatch−− Same principle as applies to other grasses (oneSame principle as applies to other grasses (one--third rule)third rule)p p pp g (p p pp g ( ))

■■ Keep mower blades sharp to avoid shredding ends of cut leavesKeep mower blades sharp to avoid shredding ends of cut leaves−− Sharpen every 2Sharpen every 2--3 weeks3 weeks

■■ Do not mow wilted zoysia grassDo not mow wilted zoysia grass−− Tears leaf blades (doesn’t cut cleanly) & rips out some complete shootsTears leaf blades (doesn’t cut cleanly) & rips out some complete shoots

■■ Leaving too long between mowings can result in scalpingLeaving too long between mowings can result in scalping–– Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella more prone to thatching (denser growth) & scalpingmore prone to thatching (denser growth) & scalping

■■ Less thatch development at lower heights of cut (HOCs)Less thatch development at lower heights of cut (HOCs)−− Reduced shading of basal tiller buds allows their active developmentReduced shading of basal tiller buds allows their active development





■■ Rule 4Rule 4: grow it lean: grow it lean−− Low N requirement reduces thatchingLow N requirement reduces thatching

■■ Rule 5Rule 5: mow little & often to avoid scalping: mow little & often to avoid scalping−− Avoid removal of growing points from all vertical tillersAvoid removal of growing points from all vertical tillers

■■ Rule 6Rule 6: mow with sharp blades: mow with sharp blades−− Sharpen regularlySharpen regularly

Weed controlWeed controlWeed controlWeed control

■■ Established zoysia grasses maintain a dense weedEstablished zoysia grasses maintain a dense weed--free sward free sward better than bermudagrass & seashore paspalumbetter than bermudagrass & seashore paspalum

–– Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella chokes out creeping shadechokes out creeping shade--tolerant weedstolerant weeds(e.g. (e.g. Pratia purpurascensPratia purpurascens))

■■ Tolerant of broadleaf herbicidesTolerant of broadleaf herbicides−− e.g. 2,4e.g. 2,4--D, MCPA, dicamba, fluroxypyr, metsulfuron, metsulfuron + dicamba, D, MCPA, dicamba, fluroxypyr, metsulfuron, metsulfuron + dicamba,

metsulfuron + fluroxypyr, mecoprop + 2,4metsulfuron + fluroxypyr, mecoprop + 2,4--D + dicambaD + dicamba

■■ MSMA/DSMA?MSMA/DSMA?−− Significant shortSignificant short--term damage from sequential spraying at low ratesterm damage from sequential spraying at low rates−− Do not apply full rates for a single sprayingDo not apply full rates for a single spraying−− To be phased out by 2014To be phased out by 2014

■■ Fluazifop to control bermudagrassFluazifop to control bermudagrass–– Adding triclopyr is more effective on bermuda & safer on most zoysiasAdding triclopyr is more effective on bermuda & safer on most zoysias–– Other ‘fops’ & ‘dims’ also promising (Loch, unpublished data 2010) Other ‘fops’ & ‘dims’ also promising (Loch, unpublished data 2010)

Fluazifop (384g Fluazifop (384g aiai/ha)/ha) HaloxyfopHaloxyfop (260g (260g aiai/ha)/ha)

Zoysia japonica Zoysia japonica (Control(Control--1X1X--2X)2X)ClethodimClethodim (120g (120g aiai/ha)/ha) Metamifop (400g Metamifop (400g aiai/ha)/ha)

Fluazifop (384g Fluazifop (384g aiai/ha)/ha) HaloxyfopHaloxyfop (260g (260g aiai/ha)/ha)

Zoysia matrella Zoysia matrella (Control(Control--1X1X--2X)2X)ClethodimClethodim (120g (120g aiai/ha)/ha) Metamifop (400g Metamifop (400g aiai/ha)/ha)

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Killing zoysiagrassesKilling zoysiagrasses

More difficult than killing other grasses (weeds) in zoysiaMore difficult than killing other grasses (weeds) in zoysia

GlyphosateGlyphosateLike bermudagrass need high rates (around 10 L/ha)Like bermudagrass need high rates (around 10 L/ha)–– Like bermudagrass, need high rates (around 10 L/ha)Like bermudagrass, need high rates (around 10 L/ha)

–– Better results if soluble N fertiliser is added to the spray mixBetter results if soluble N fertiliser is added to the spray mix

MesotrioneMesotrione?? ((YelvertonYelverton))

–– Susceptibility may vary with species/genotypeSusceptibility may vary with species/genotype–– Does it give a complete kill of zoysiagrass?Does it give a complete kill of zoysiagrass?

Pests and diseasesPests and diseasesPests and diseasesPests and diseases

■■ Fewer pest problems than other warmFewer pest problems than other warm--season grassesseason grasses–– Eriophyid mites & false spider mitesEriophyid mites & false spider mites

(more of a problem during sod production than facility maintenance)(more of a problem during sod production than facility maintenance)–– Tolerant of lawngrub complex (armyworm & sod webworm)Tolerant of lawngrub complex (armyworm & sod webworm)

(more susceptible in tropical areas & under excessive N fertilisation)(more susceptible in tropical areas & under excessive N fertilisation)(more susceptible in tropical areas & under excessive N fertilisation)(more susceptible in tropical areas & under excessive N fertilisation)–– Curl (scarab) grubs, Japanese beetle, Green June beetleCurl (scarab) grubs, Japanese beetle, Green June beetle–– Hunting billbugs (US, Asia)Hunting billbugs (US, Asia)

■■ Two main diseasesTwo main diseases−− Large patch (brown patch) caused by Large patch (brown patch) caused by RhizoctoniaRhizoctonia spp. spp.

(develops under cold wet conditions & poor air movement keeping leaves (develops under cold wet conditions & poor air movement keeping leaves moist for longer periods; less important in warmer areas)moist for longer periods; less important in warmer areas)

−− Zoysia rustZoysia rust(develops on (develops on Zoysia japonica Zoysia japonica under intermediate temperatures)under intermediate temperatures)

−− Some varieties show occasional leaf spots & dollar spot under humid Some varieties show occasional leaf spots & dollar spot under humid conditionsconditions

Large patchLarge patch Zoysia rustZoysia rust

MitesMites African black beetle (scarab larvae)African black beetle (scarab larvae)

Carbon sequestrationCarbon sequestrationCarbon sequestrationCarbon sequestration

■■ Increase in soil organic matter under turf leads to increase in soil CIncrease in soil organic matter under turf leads to increase in soil C–– Reaches an equilibrium between gain (input) and loss (breakdown)Reaches an equilibrium between gain (input) and loss (breakdown)

■■ Plantstone carbonPlantstone carbon−− LongLong--lasting form of carbon sequestered by grasses high in silicalasting form of carbon sequestered by grasses high in silica−− Zoysia leaves are high in silicaZoysia leaves are high in silica

■■ Unproven at this stage and further research is neededUnproven at this stage and further research is needed–– Research by Sullivan & Parr (Southern Cross University)Research by Sullivan & Parr (Southern Cross University)

Why not plant a zoysiagrass?Why not plant a zoysiagrass?(positive future)(positive future)

Why not plant a zoysiagrass?Why not plant a zoysiagrass?(positive future)(positive future)

■■ It is a local grassIt is a local grass−− Better adapted than turf grass species from overseasBetter adapted than turf grass species from overseas−− More tolerant of low light than the “majors”More tolerant of low light than the “majors”

■■ Lower maintenance costsLower maintenance costs■■ Lower maintenance costsLower maintenance costs−− Less fertiliser, mowing & pesticide useLess fertiliser, mowing & pesticide use

■■ Relatively easy to control weedsRelatively easy to control weeds−− Especially grass weedsEspecially grass weeds

■■ Environmentally friendlyEnvironmentally friendly−− Low inputsLow inputs−− Carbon sequestration?Carbon sequestration?

■■ High turf quality & playability (tight playing surface)High turf quality & playability (tight playing surface)−− Preferred by good golfersPreferred by good golfers

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

■■ Discussions with and information from:Discussions with and information from:−− Terry Anderlini (Tropical Lawns, Cairns)Terry Anderlini (Tropical Lawns, Cairns)−− Dr Milt Engelke (Texas A&M University)Dr Milt Engelke (Texas A&M University)−− Darry Koster (Clearwater Bay Golf, Hong Kong)Darry Koster (Clearwater Bay Golf, Hong Kong)−− Dr Brett Morris (Turnpoint, Australia)Dr Brett Morris (Turnpoint, Australia)−− Dr Aaron Patton (Purdue University, IN)Dr Aaron Patton (Purdue University, IN)−− Bryan Simon (Queensland Herbarium)Bryan Simon (Queensland Herbarium)−− David Stone (The Honors Course, TN)David Stone (The Honors Course, TN)−− David Warwick (Avondale Golf Club, Sydney)David Warwick (Avondale Golf Club, Sydney)−− Dr Fred Yelverton (North Carolina State University)Dr Fred Yelverton (North Carolina State University)

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Thank you...Thank you...Thank you...Thank you...

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Asian Turfgrass Seminar - Zoysiagrass · Zoysiagrass on the golf course ... tolerant of hitolerant of high sogh soil strengthil strength tolerant oftolerant of hi high soil strengthgh