Asignatura FRAMED STRUCTURES 1 REINFORCED CONCRETE … · FRAMED STRUCTURES 1 REINFORCED CONCRETE ... Definition l Requeriments l Typologies l Materialization l Installation l Design

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FRAMED STRUCTURES 1REINFORCED CONCRETESTRUCTURES

Construction II. Systems. 2nd year

Construction AreaAcademic year 2016-2017

Revised: 26/10/2016Authors: Marta Adroer, Pilar Armand-Ugón, Xavier Aumedes, Núria Martí

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Introduction

a) Requirements

b) Typologies

- Amorphous materials: Site-cast

- Components: Precast concrete

REINFORCED CONCRETE

1. Definition

2. Requirements

3. Materials and installing of reinforced concrete

4. Types of reinforced concrete frames

5. Singular points

a) One-Way slabs

- Site-cast

- Precast

b) Two-Way slabs:

6. Architectural Design

Information sources. Bibliography

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1. Definition

2. Requirements

3. Typologies3.1 Amorphous materials: Site-cast3.2 Components: Precast concrete

4. Materials4.1 Concrete4.2 Reinforcing steel4.3 Reinforced concrete4.5 One-Way slabs: Arrangement and singular points4.5 Two-Way slabs: Arrangement and singular points

5. Installation (execution)

6. Architectural Design

7. Information sources. Bibliography

Lecture index

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WALL STRUCTURE FRAMED STRUCTURE

ESTRUCTURA DIFOSA

Light-frame structures, not

organized in a Cartesian system; of

greater complexity because of its

composition (materials) and its

geometry (the load paths are not

clearly defined). The composition

works together to gain stability, there

is an optimization of forces and this

structural system allows high levels

of deformation.

Heavy weight structures defined by linear

and continuous elements.Structures defined by frames

organized in a Cartesian system.

Frame structure: a linear structural

system composed of linear elements

(beams supported on columns) that

define a virtual plane. At least one of

these members (top or main beam) is

subjected to bending.

DEFINITION

MAIN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Refers to the skeleton of the building; a group of elements that support and areresponsible for receiving all the loads of the structure and transmit them to the foundationof the building.

DIFUSED STRUCTURE

Definition l Requeriments l Typologies l Materialization l Installation l Design l Information sources

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WALL STRUCTURE FRAMED STRUCTURE

ESTRUCTURA DIFOSA

Light-frame structures, not

organized in a Cartesian system; of

greater complexity because of its

composition (materials) and its

geometry (the load paths are not

clearly defined). The composition

works together to gain stability, there

is an optimization of forces and this

structural system allows high levels

of deformation.

Heavy weight structures defined by linear

and continuous elements.Structures defined by frames

organized in a Cartesian system.

Frame structure: a linear structural

system composed of linear elements

(beams supported on columns) that

define a virtual plane. At least one of

these members (top or main beam) is

subjected to bending.

DEFINITION: MAIN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: FIRST ORDER

Refers to the skeleton of the building; a group of elements that support and areresponsible for receiving all the loads of the structure and transmit them to the foundationof the building

DIFUSSED STRUCTURE


DEFINITION: FRAMED STRUCTURE

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CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS:

• Resistance (strength) CTE EB SE1; EHE-08 Chap.1. Art 5

• Stability CTE EB SE1 ; EHE-08 Chap.1. Art 5

• Compatibility CTE EB SE2 ; EHE-08 Chap.1. Art 5

• Durability CTE EB SE2 ; EHE-08 Chap.1. Art 5

• Fire resistance CTE EB SI 1,2 i 6; EHE-08 Chap.1. Art 5

COMFORT REQUIREMENTS:

• Thermal control CTE EB HE 1

• Moisture protection CTE EB HS 1 i 5

• Higrothermal control CTE EB HE 1

• Lighting control

• Acoustic control CTE EB HR

• Others: cultural, social, psychological...(CTE Código Técnico de la Edificación)

CTE = Technical Building Code

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Definition l Requirements l Typologies l Materialization l Installation l Design l Information sources

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(Usually prefabricated structures)

Bending moment is NOT transferred

Stabilization strategies

-By rigid plane (bracing). Cross bracing. X bracing: (two diagonals, one in each direction. They can have a small section if they only work on tensile.

-Rigid core

-By mass

RIGID CONNECTIONS:

(The site-cast and in some cases pre-cast structures)

Bending moment IS transferred.

Columns with a bigger section are required.

More resistant joints are required.

Bigger foundations are required.

SUPPORT REQUIREMENT: STABILITY

STABILITY: Horizontal Loads


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STRUCTURAL SYSTEM. FRAMED STRUCTURES

TYPOLOGIES.ACCORDING TO DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS

ONE-WAY TWO-WAY

-System which distributes the loads in one direction.

- Floor structure formed by linear elements; joists, prefabricated plaques or plates.

- System which distributes the loads in two or more directions.

- Floor structure formed by plates (solid slab), by linear elements (waffle slabs) or spherical elements (bubble deck).


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ESTRUCTURA DIFOSA

REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMED STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION: REINFORCED CONCRETE

Reinforced concrete is a structural material. The two main materials that compose the reinforced concrete are CONCRETE and STEEL reinforcing bars (rebars).

The materials that compose the concrete are: CEMENT, AGGREGATES, WATER, ADMIXTURES and additions.

Reinforced concrete is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength is counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength. The reinforced concrete works by combining the concrete’s compressive strength (between 25-40 N/mm2) and the reinforcement’s tensile or compressive strength (between 300-600 N/mm2). The reinforcement is usually steel bars which are embedded in the interior of the concrete before the concrete sets.

Concrete is a composite material obtained by a chemical reaction (irreversible) between cement and water, that changes the plasticity of the concrete until it turns into an artificial stone.


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ADVANTAGES

-Universality in the components

-Economic

-Monolithic

-Liberty in creating any type of form

- Good compression resistance

- Compatibility concrete / steel:

- Good bonding, - Thermal compatibility (thermal expansion coefficient) ,- PH that protects steel rebars,- Good resistance against fire that protects steel rebars

DISADVANTATGES

- Unfavorable relationship between weight and strength(structural efficiency concept)

-Lack of isotropy (low tensile strength)

- Volumetric instability (expansion, retraction, and fissures)

- Chemical instability (carbonization and others)

- Embodied Energy (1500ºC in order to obtain clinker)

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES as a STRUCTURAL MATERIAL



INTRODUCTION: REINFORCED CONCRETE

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ESTRUCTURA DIFOSA

DEFINITION


Reinforced concrete is a conformable material that changes its state due to a chemical reaction (irreversible). This helps when trying to achieve stabilitythrough the addition of the rigidities of the connections of all the structural members (rigid connections), the pillars with the ground, and involving the secondary structure when talking about stability.

Maillart, Robert. Catalan gas and electricity building (Barcelona, 1916-1917)


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SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS:

Resistance : In order to maintain its properties while it’s subjected to certain

(strenght) actions (σadm Vs stress).

Stability: In order to avoid tipping caused by horizontal forces (wind,

seismic…). Different strategies are possible according to the

structural system. (See lecture notes 1st year).

Compatibility: Deformations, dimensional and chemical variation of building

elements and materials must be compatible, for the

expected use and during the expected working life of the building.

Durability: To withstand maintaining its shape and strength, for the

duration of its designed service life, the forces of the

environment, the physical, chemical and biological conditions to

which it is exposed, and which could cause it to deteriorate.

Fire Resistance: The structure must maintain its fire resistance and properties

for the time laid down in the corresponding specific regulations

(R,E). If necessary, it can also act as a barrier to heat transfer (I).


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aSUPPORT REQUIREMENT: STRENGTH AND STABILITY

PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS FOR THE MATERIALS EHE-08 Structural Analysis.

SAFETY FACTOR FOR THE ACTIONS EHE-08 Article 12Design values of actions (safety factors that can increase the value F)

Strength Reduction Factors(Fck, Fyd)

Characteristic Strength for concrete (Fck)Common values: 25-30N/mm2, normaluntil 40N/mm2 (high strength concrete isalso possible)

Tensile Yield Strength (Fyd) for steel forpassive reinforcement: 400-500N/mm2.(Also for active reinforcements)

EHE-08 Article 1515.2 Design values The design values of the properties of the materials shall be obtained from the characteristic values divided by a partial safety factor.

Where:

Fd Design value of the action F.

Partial safety factor for the considered action (values 1-1,5)

Factor not commonly used in buildings (as dynamic actions, accidents considerations)


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a PIN JOINT CONNECTIONS:

(Usually prefabricated structures)

Bending moment is NOT transferred

Stabilization strategies

-By rigid plane (bracing). Cross bracing. X bracing: (two diagonals, one in each direction. They can have a small section if they only work on tensile.

-Rigid core

-By mass

RIGID CONNECTIONS:

(The site-cast and in some cases pre-cast structures)

Bending moment IS transferred.

Columns with a bigger section are required.

More resistant joints are required.

Bigger foundations are required.

SUPPORT REQUIREMENT: STABILITY

STABILITY: Horizontal Loads


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“Structural elements must be designed in a way that, the EXPELLING OF THE COVER of the concrete, the fail in the ANCHORAGE or the LOSS OF ROTATIONAL CAPACITY would be less possible than a failure in BENDING, SHEAR STRESS or AXIL FORCES.

Dimensions: PIECE GEOMETRYREINFORCEMENT COVERING (amin equivalent minimum distance to

the axis of the reinforcement)

FIRE RESISTANCE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEEMNTS. EHE-08. Annex 6Example:


SUPPORT REQUIREMENT: FIRE RESISTANCE REINFORCED CONCRETE. CTE DB-SI, EHE-08 Annex 6

Therefore: to decide the

covering of a reinforcement

of a support, we must

check the covering

demanded for durability-

exposure class and the

covering demanded to

satisfy the requirements in

case of fire (Fire resistance

R), and apply safest one.

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aSUPPORT REQUIREMENT: DURABILITY

REINFORCED CONCRETE

The durability of a concrete structure is its capacity to withstand, for the duration of its designed service life, the physical and chemical conditions to which it is exposed, and which could cause it to deteriorate as a result of effects other than the loads and stresses considered in its structural analysis.

A durable structure shall be created using a strategy which is able to take account of all the possible deterioration factors and consequently take place during each of the design, construction and use phases of the structure. A structure may have various structural elements submitted to different types of environment.

-Concrete’s physical degradation: (fissures, cracks, abrasion, processes).

-Concrete’s chemical degradation: (chemical reactions due to atmospheric components or environmental causes where the structure is placed).

-Corrosion processes of the reinforcements: (chloride and oxygen reactions with humidity and temperature that cause the gradual and expansive destruction of the steel).

Strategies for the durability of reinforced concrete structures:

- Concrete mix proportioning according to the environment where it is placed.

- Coverings of reinforcements according to the environment and its useful life.

- High control during the installation

- Others: protective cover layers, waterproofing, alternatives to steel reinforcing, etc.


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aGeneral exposure classes. Table 8.2.2 EHE-08


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aSpecific exposure classes. Table 8.2.3a EHE-08


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Mix proportioning and minimum strength related to environment. Table 37.3.2a and b. EHE-08


Coverings according to the environment:Article 37.2 and Tables 37.2.41, b and c indicating minimums. EHE-08

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aMURS de TAPIA

In lecture 01 (Walls) we calculated the emissions of a masonry wall. Doing the same for a reinforced concrete wall: 1m³ of the masonry wall is responsible for the emission of 258,76 KgCO2

1m³ of a reinforced concrete wall is responsible for the emission of 765,02 kg CO2

1m³ reinforced concrete emits 3 times more Kg of CO2 than 1m³ masonry wall.

However, the reinforced concrete wall is able to support flexural stresses. The masonry

wall has a strength of 6N/mm² and the reinforced concrete a strength of 25 N/mm²

Source: ITEC_Bedec

http://www.itec.cat/noubedec.c/bedec.aspx

ENVIROMENTAL REQUIREMENTS : ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: CO2 emissions


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Prefabricated reinforced concrete pillar 0,35x0,35x 4 m emits: 637,13KgCO2.

This building element is not easy to compare with the other pillar. Prefabricated concrete has

more strength (40-45). To be able to compare it is necessary to take into account the whole

structure.

Font: ITEC_Bedec



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aMURS de TAPIA

If we compare the data of a concrete column:

1/m³ of reinforced concrete for a column is responsible for the emission of 716,21KgCO2. A

column of 0,25*0,4*3,5 m (0,35m³) is responsible for the emission of 250,7KgCO2. Almost

the same as the 2*3,5*0,14 masonry wall.

Nevertheless, the masonry wall has a much lower weight than the concrete wall (even the

concrete column). It has lower strength and is not able to resist bending.

Font: ITEC_Bedec



ENVIROMENTAL REQUIREMENTS : ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: CO2 emissions

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aSTRUCTURAL SYSTEM. FRAMED STRUCTURES

TYPOLOGIES.ACCORDING TO DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS

ONE-WAY TWO-WAY

-System which distributes the loads in one direction.

- Floor structure formed by linear elements; joists, prefabricated plaques or plates.

- System which distributes the loads in two or more directions.

- Floor structure formed by plates (solid slab), by linear elements (waffle slabs) or spherical elements (bubble deck).


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a Amorphous: IN SITU Components: PREFABRICATED

PIECES – the pieces are manufactured ata concrete plant with a high resistanceconcrete (HP45,...) and active or passivereinforcements are used (whether thereinforcements are pre-stressed or not (B-500 SD).

The geometry of the pieces is conditionedby the type of joint between the differentpieces of the structure and the links withthe enclosure.

ELEMENTS - created in a concrete constructionwork and depending on the project, active orpassive reinforcements are used.

The formwork resolves the geometry of the pieces.


TYPOLOGIES ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

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Site-cast Pre-cast

Durability using a covering for reinforcements, concrete’s porosity, environment

Protection against fire Covering for reinforcement and geometry

Adaptation to other uses Yes, according to design Yes, according to design

Yes: Rehabilitations -reinforcements NO

Recycling Aggregate Less monolithic, more deconstruction

Aggregate

Quicker execution NO YES : an efficient and controlled organization

at work ; higher product quality

Strength/volume Bigger sections Optimization of the sections and materials

relationship Durability: concretes and high resistance steels.

Maintenance Low Even lower

CARBON FOOTPRINT High in terms of durability Similar but more efficient

Time and material optimization: for those that

affect directly to the work’s economy (and the

energy used) .


TYPOLOGIES. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Site-cast / Prefabricated

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Concretes shall be identified in accordance with the following format (which shall be shown in the drawings and the structure’s Project Technical Specifications):

In which:

T Symbol which will be HM in the case of a mass concrete, HA in the case of a reinforced concrete, and HP in the case of a pre-stressed concrete.

R Specified characteristic strength (fck), in N/mm2. C Initial letter showing the type of consistencyTM Maximum aggregate size in millimeters A Designation of the environment

T – R / C / TM / A

HA-25/P/20/IIa

4.1 CONCRETE


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CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH (fck). (R) EHE-08 Art 92

The design characteristic strength, fck, is the value adopted in the design forcompressive strength, as the basis for calculations. It is also called the specified characteristic strength or design strength.

It is recommended that the following series is used for the specified characteristic strength: 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100

In which the figures indicate the specified characteristic compression strength of the concrete at 28 days, expressed in N/mm2. The strength of 20 N/mm2 is limited to mass concretes:

-Mass concretes: bigger or equal to 20 N/mm2.

- Reinforced and pre-stressed concretes: bigger or equal to 25 N/mm2. (30,35,40,...)

CONCRETE


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aCONSISTENCY. (C) EHE-08 Art 31Consistency and concrete workability A concrete’s workability shall be sufficient to ensure, if the methods set out for its incorporation and compacting are used, that it surrounds the reinforcement without any continuity defects and fully fills formwork without leaving any cavities.

The workability and plasticity of a concrete shall be calculated by determining its consistency.Concrete consistency is measured on the basis of its slump in an Abrams cone, expressed as a whole number of centimeters.

The various consistencies and the limits for the corresponding slump values in the Abrams cone shall be as follows:

Type of consistency Slump in cm Dry (S) (cat. Seca) 0 - 2 Plastic (P) (cat. Plàstica) 3 - 5 Soft (B) (cat. Tova) 6 - 9 Fluid (F) (cat. Fluida) 10 -15 Liquid (L) (cat. Liquida) 16 - 20

In usual concretes: Dry, Plastic, Soft, and FluidWe can surpass 15 if we use admixtures which make concrete more fluid.

CONCRETE


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a EHE-08 Art.29

Admixtures shall be understood to mean those substances or products which, onceincorporated into concrete prior to or during mixing or additional mixing in individualproportions not exceeding 5% of the weight of the cement (275Kg/m3 >>>> 13,75Kg),ensure the desired alteration, in the fresh or hardened state, in any of the concrete’scharacteristics, usual properties or performance.

These admixtures help improve some of the concrete’s characteristics such as: facilitatethe installation, help standardize the hardening process, increase durability, etc. Theseadmixtures are known as the fourth component. Quality certified products should be used.

As well as the principal or specific changes, the admixtures can cause others secondaryeffects, which are favorable or unfavorable. If we use a different cement from CEM I,previous tests should be realized.

Admixtures can improve some of the concrete’s properties, but a BAD CONCRETE CANNOT BE CORRECTED or repaired with admixtures.

CONCRETE

ADMIXTURES


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Concrete mix ratios can be determined by:

- The mechanical strength of the concrete or- Concrete’s quantity (kg) of cement every m3 (always taking into consideration the concept ofdurability)

Equation of the mixture: in order to obtain one m3 of concrete (the fresh concrete’s contraction isevaluated in a 2.5%)

W + C / p + G1 / p1 + G2 / p2 = 1.025 L to obtain 1m3 of concrete

W: water – units: liters L for every m3 of concreteC, G1 and G2: quantities of cement, sand, and gravel – units: kg/m3p, p1 and p2: specific masses (real densities) – units: kg/dm3

(G1+G2≈ 60-75%)

CONCRETE MIX RATIOS


CONCRETE

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aCHARACTERISTICS AND REQUIREMENTS:

The components of steel used as reinforcement is an alloy between iron and carbon.This reinforcing element is a corrugated (ribbed) steel bar in order to reinforce thestructural concrete.(In previous times, the bars were originally smooth, but nowadays they are normallycorrugated).

4.2 STEEL FOR REINFORCEMENT


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a HOT ROLLED STEEL REINFORCEMENT IDENTIFICATION:

B-400-S; B-400-SDB-500-S; B-500-SDB (bar); 400 o 500 (Yield Strength Fyk); S (weldable); D (Special ductility characteristics)

4.2 REINFORCING STEEL

UNE 36065 y UNE 36068


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aCHARACTERISTICS AND REQUIREMENTS:

The reinforced structural reinforcements will be assembled on site free from paint, grease or any otherharmful substance that might have an effect on the steel or concrete or on the bonding between the two.A thin layer of surface oxide is not considered harmful for the bonding conditions (adherence).

If the steel for the reinforcements has an excessive level of oxidation that might affect its bondingconditions, it will be verified that these have not been significantly altered. With this in mind, brushing willtake place involving a wire-pronged brush, and it will be verified that the reinforcement’s loss ofweight does not exceed 1% and that the bonding conditions (dimension of ribs) are within the limitscertified by Supplier.

The reinforcements will, within the formwork or moulds, be secured against any type ofdisplacement and their position be checked before the concreting is carried out.

Two types of reinforcements:

PASSIVE REINFORMCENT: The one that starts working once the structural element enters in a loadingsituation due to the concreting of site-cast elements.

ACTIVE REINFORCEMENT: Under tension before concreting takes place. Precast elements (pre-stressed), or site-cast elements (post-stressed)

STEEL FOR REINFORCEMENT


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aQUALITY:

Weldable (S): Characteristic that provides the steel the ability to be welding withoutmodifying the material’s own properties.

Ductility (D): Ability of being stretched without breaking (DIEC). Capable to have a plasticdeformation before breaking. (contrary to fragile)

Steel’s nominal diameter (its area is the nominal section):

6 – 8 – 10 – 12 – 14 – 16 – 20 – 25 – 32 – 40

stirrups Reinforcing bars (usual) Significant structures

STEEL FOR REINFORCEMENT


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aSTEEL-CONCRETE BOND (ADHERENCE):

Steel-concrete bond refers to the basic phenomenon of reinforced concrete’s function as astructural material.

The bars are used for the reinforcement of concrete structures. If the mechanism ofbonding didn’t exist, the bars wouldn’t be able to absorb the tensile forces and would slideleaving the concrete alone with its deformations.

Initially, the bars are able to work at the same time as the concrete due to the bondconcrete-steel.

There are two objectives the bond should accomplish:- guarantee the anchorage of the bars- transmit the peripheral tangent stresses which appear in the main reinforcement.

The bond originates due to two natural causes:-physical/chemical-mechanical causes

The mechanism of bonding can be resumed in three words: adhesion, friction (tangentstress to concrete) and mechanic joint (of the ribbed/corrugated surfaces). When the barslides reaching a certain value, the adhesion is cancelled. When the stress reaches acertain value, friction and mechanic joints start working.

4.3 REINFORCED CONCRETE


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aANCHORAGE (cat. ancoratge) OF THE BARS (EHE-08 Art. 69.5.1)

The basic anchorage lengths (lb): Is the length which is necessary for anchorage an Asfyd force for a bar supporting a constant bonding stress.

(The basic anchorage length refers to the extension of the length of the bar beyond thepoint where the steel is required to develop its expected structural service. This lengthmust be enough to guarantee the correct anchorage of the bar with the concrete)

The length of the bar depends on: the diameter (d) of the bar, the concrete’s quality(fck) and the type of steel used.

It depends on, among other factors, the bonding properties of the bars and the position occupied by these in the concrete member.

The bars embedded in the concrete have different conditions depending on its position.Usually the top bars are under worse conditions because the concrete used to surroundthem has less quality. Due to this fact, the EHE-08 sets up two different positions of thebars: positions I and II.

The end bars anchorage must ensure the transmission of the stresses to the concreteavoiding breaking.

REINFORCED CONCRETE


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REINFORCED CONCRETE

STEEL-CONCRETE BOND (ADHERENCE). TYPES:


POSITION I: Good bonding, in the case of reinforcements that, during the concreting, form with the horizontal an angle between 45° and 90° or if they form an angle smaller than 45°, are situated in the lower half of the section or at a distance equal to or greater than 30 cm from the upper facing of a concreted layer.

POSITION II: inadequate bonding, in the case of reinforcements that, during theconcreting, do not fall within any of the aforementioned categories. Bars that form asmaller angle than 45°, or are horizontal and located at a distance lower than 30 cm fromthe upper face of the concrete layer.

Guia de aplicación de la instrucción de Hormigón Estructural EHE-08. Comisión Permanente del Hormigón

I (Good bonding)

Bond positions

Angle of the bar with the horizontal between 45°and 90°

Lower half of the piece

Distance to the upper face >30cm

II (Inadequate bonding). All the other situations.

Bonding position Position

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aSPLICING (cat. empalmament) OF PASSIVE BARS (EHE-08 Art. 69.5.2)

•Lap splices (overlapping) : (considers Lb) (Cat. per solapament)

•Welding (Cat. per soldadura)

•Mechanical splices. (Anchor bolts) (Cat. Manguito)

http://aparejador.blogia.com/temas/pilares.php Norma sismoresistente: rd997_2002


REINFORCED CONCRETE

TENSIONED LAP

TENSIONED LAP

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(EHE-08 Art. 37.2.4)

The concrete covering is the distance between the external surface of the reinforcement(including hoops and stirrups) and the nearest concrete surface.The concrete cover’s objective is to protect the reinforcements from corrosion and fire, therefore, the coverings must have a good compacted concrete. A compacted concrete is more important than the covering’s thickness.

The covering distance must be equal to or bigger than the bar’s diameter and than the TMA(Aggregate’s maximum measure).

The covering of the reinforcement’s exterior layer has a maximum allowed value of 5cm. If a special covering is needed, a value bigger than 5 cm can be used; although it is necessary to place in the middle of the covering’s thickness a fine distributing chain (in order to hold the concrete together).

The minimum covering of a passive reinforcement is a covering depth maintained at every pointon the reinforcement. In order to ensure these minimum values, a nominal cover value of rnom,defined as follows shall be set out in the design document and used to define spacers:

rnom = rmin + ∆r

In which:rnom Nominal coverRmin Minimum covering∆r Covering margin, as a function of its execution control level and whose value shall be:

0 mm in pre-cast elements subject to intense execution inspection5 mm in the case of in situ elements subject to intense execution inspection, and10 mm in all other cases


REINFORCED CONCRETECOVERINGS

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ESTRUCTURA DIFOSA

COVERINGS

Graphic representation of nominal cover (rnom and amin)


REINFORCED CONCRETE

d’ corresponds to the distance of the covering that is considered for the protection in front of fire (amin

of Annex 6 EHE-08, is not defined the same way as rnom of chapter 2 of the same EHE -08) .

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The specified position for the passive reinforcements and, especially, the nominal coversshall be guaranteed through the arrangement of the corresponding elements (spacers orwedges).

Spacers are used in order to ensure the reinforcement's covering. These pieces must havean adequate stiffness and there must be a sufficient number of them. These elementsguarantee the distance between the reinforcement and the formwork. The distancebetween the spacers is indicated in this table.(Art 69.8.2 EHE-08)

Arrangement of spacers


REINFORCED CONCRETE

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aSpacers


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aONE-WAY

- Virtual parallel planes

- Columns can move freely inside these planes (as a consequence, the dimensions of the main beams will vary)


4.4 ONE-WAY FRAMED STRUCTURES: order and singular points

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a NTE (Normative used as reference. Earlier than CTE – repealed)

Design tips (for a first project guideline):

ONE-WAY concrete framed structures: - General order of the floor (alignment of main frames and freedom on its perpendicular direction).

- Cantilevers and moment compensation

- Dimension in the frame's face: minimum 25 cm (usually from 30 to 40 cm).

- Relationship beam edge/span = 1/10 and 1/12

- Recommended spans: depending on the 2nd order structure. (joists 5-8 m).

- Thermal expansion joints according to Norms.

ONE-WAY


ONE-WAY FRAMED STRUCTURES

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CRACKING CONTROLS

MINIMUM CONSTRUCTION REINFORCEMENTLongitudinal main reinforcement: minimum each 30cmSecondary: stirrups, skin, assembling, distribution

RIGID JOINTS: CONTINUITY OF REINFORCEMENTS AND MONOLITHISM

Anchorage and splicesSite-cast concrete

Other types of joints: pin joints, level of monolithism (stabilization)

(see also One-Way Floors)

ONE-WAY


ONE-WAY FRAMED STRUCTURES (site-cast or precast)

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HA – SITE-CAST “IN SITU” HP – PRE-CAST (PREFABRICATED)

Beams supported by brackets. Thecolumns are linked by metallicelements that ensure the rightposition.

Columns use screws and boltsthat allow the joint of pillars andthe main beam (this union is acertain rigid joint).

These types of jointspermit a resistance againstbending moments, byconcreting the joint andthe continuity of thereinforcement bars.

joint that hides all linking mechanisms by interlocking the pieces and overlapping the reinforcement.

RIGID JOINT

Pin joint

ONE-WAY

Sliding joint


SINGULAR POINTS. JOINTS

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HA (REINFORCED CONCRETE) - SITE-CAST (“IN SITU”)

ONE-WAY

EHE-08 Maximum separation between longitudinal bars: 30 cm


SINGULAR POINTS. Columns and changes in dimensions

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SITE-CAST CONCRETE (“IN SITU”)

ONE-DIRECTION

LENGTHWISE MAIN BEAM EDGEWISE OR DEEP MAIN BEAM. (HORIZONTALLY-ORIENTED BEAM) (VERTICALLY-ORIENTED BEAM)

EHE 08 Maximum separation between

longitudinal bars: 30 cm

(skin reinforcements for main beams)


SINGULAR POINTS. Beams and reinforcing

ELEVATION

PLAN

special stirrups

PLAN – UPPER REINFORCEMENT

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SINGULAR POINTS. Joints

PRECAST CONCRETE

BEAMS SUPPORT BEAMS SUPPORT BEAMS SUPPORT

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SINGULAR POINTS. Monolithism PRECAST CONCRETE. BEAMS

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SINGULAR POINTS. MonolithismPRECAST CONCRETE. BEAMS AND SLABS

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SINGULAR POINTS. MonolithismPRECAST CONCRETE. BEAMS AND SLABS

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1. Concrete SITE-CAST (“IN SITU”)2. Welded plates 3. Prefabricated three-dimensional joints and plates


SINGULAR POINTS. ConnectionsPRECAST CONCRETE. RIGID JOINTS

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PRECAST CONCRETE: complete construction

ONE-WAY

P.Pérez, A.M. Pàmies, A. Banús . University ineconomic sciences and business (Reus)

Simple-leaf: usually used in industrial building with big prefabricated panels which can or cannot incorporate thermal insulation. These are not load-bearing.


Links between structure and enclosure

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aTWO-WAY


4.5 TWO-WAY FRAMED STRUCTURE: order and singular points

Equivalent frames (cat. pòrtics

virtuals) in both directions.

Columns can move in both directions (small displacements permitted following the recommended tolerances)

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CRACKING CONTROLS

MINIMUM CONSTRUCTION REINFORCEMENTLongitudinal main reinforcement: minimum each 30cmSecondary: stirrups, skin, assembling, distribution

RIGID JOINST: CONTINUITY OF REINFORCEMENTS AND MONOLITHISM

Anchorage and splicesSite-cast concrete

PUNCHING CONTROLPunching devices (shearheads)and reinforcements of capitals.

(See also Two-Way floors)

.

ONE-WAY


TWO-WAY FRAMED STRUCTURES (site-cast)

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a BEHAVIOR as a MESH: � EQUIVALENT FRAME

TWO-WAY

PUNCHING: capitals and abacuses


LOAD PATHS

SUPPORT STRIP

CENTRAL STRIP

CENTRAL STRIP

EXTERIOR STRIP

EQUIVALENT FRAME (X-X)

EQUIVALENT FRAME (Y-Y)

Span b

Span a

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It’s possible to breach the limits of these recommendations; however, the result will imply a bigger structural dimensioning and, therefore, a bigger economic and energetic cost.

TWO-WAY- General order of the spans grid plan, equilibrated (maximum 4/3)- General order of the floor (tolerances in double alignment of pillars, 1/10 of span in whichever dimension)- Dimensions of capitals and abacuses (0.2 of the span)- Try the compensation of bending moments, specially at end stretches (cantilevers)- Beam edge/span relationship is 1/28 for waffle slabs and 1/32 for flat slabs- Waffle slab: axis every 60-70cm and ribs of 10-12cm.- Recommended spans: 5-8 m- Minimum dimensions of columns 30x30cms- Place holes (shape, size, and position) outside the capitals.


DESIGN TIPS (for a first project guideline) :

SUPPORT STRIP SUPPORT STRIPSUPPORT STRIP CENTRAL STRIP CENTRAL STRIP

SUPPORT STRIP

CENTRAL STRIP

SUPPORT STRIP

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INTERIOR PILLAR FACADE PILLAR CORNER PILLAR

ELEVATION

FLOOR

ELEVATION

FLOOR

ELEVATION

FLOOR

SINGULAR POINTS. REINFORCED CONCRETE capital + column

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SINGULAR POINTS. REINFORCED CONCRETE Abacus (drop panel) + column

Reinforcement of abacus (drop panel) with concrete column:

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SINGULAR POINTS. CAPITAL REINFORCING

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SINGULAR POINTS. REINFORCED CONCRETE concrete capital + steel column

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aSINGULAR POINTS: reinforced concrete capital + metallic column

TWO-WAY


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1. Arrangement of materials at the work site

2. Reception control and tolerances at reception

3. Formwork and shores

4. Preparation of the support perimeter

5. Layout (setting-out)

6. Reinforcement’s control

7. Wetting

8. Concrete pouring and compacting

9. Concrete curing

10. Protection of structural floors against any force not foreseen on its calculation

11. Final work documents

5. INSTALLATION: SITE-CAST CONCRETE (“IN SITU”)


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aINSTALLATION

01.- Pouring and placing:

recommendations:- The pouring must not be executed from great heights (maximum one or two meters of freefall), making sure the mass is poured vertically and avoiding horizontal displacements. We must always avoid the heavy impact of the poured concrete against the formwork and reinforcements.- This pouring will be executed forming thin layers or batches in order to obtain a good compacted mass (usually layers of 20-30cm without exceeding 60cm in reinforced concrete). We should always avoid taking too much time from one layer to the next because the mass can start hardening.- Concrete must not be poured by chute in big distances, it must not be distributed with rakes in order to avoid disaggregating the mass, nor make the concrete advance more than a meter inside the formwork.- In order to avoid concrete cavities and lack of bonding in difficult situations or highly reinforced concretes, we will place a concrete layer of 2-3cm (of the same concrete without using aggregates of big measures) and pouring the normal mass concrete continuously.When concreting inclined surfaces, concrete will slide down, especially under the effect of vibration. Therefore, concrete will be placed from down to up, making circles and leaving small empty spaces in between which will be filled in while vibrating the concrete.


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aINSTALLATION

02. – Installation using a pumpPumped concrete requires a cement ratio greater than or equal to 300 kg/m3 and rounded aggregates (not crushed). It requires the usage of plasticizers or fluidizing admixtures and a soft consistency.

Aluminum pipes must not be used because aluminum is a material that reacts with the cement’s alkalis.

We should avoid pouring concrete directly over the reinforcements (because it comes out so strongly that it can move the pieces). We must be aware and take precautions with the security of the workers.

03.-Compaction:In order for concrete to be compacted, we should use the best consolidation means for the concrete’s consistency. This will eliminate holes and avoid the disaggregating of the mass. This process should be done until the liquid paste flows to the surface.

This process becomes more complicated when concrete finds obstacles, that’s why the process should be extended to the formwork’s bottom, vertex and corners. Once the vibration process is done, the air contained in the concrete (around 15-20% of air is reduced to a 2-3%)


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aCONCRETE CURING

This process is probably the most important one among all the actions done to the concrete´s elements.

- During the hardening process, water is lost through the process of evaporation, causing a reduction on the concrete’s strength. The concrete has to be cured with an abundant amount of water in order to compensate this water loss and allow other hydrating processes of the cement to take place.

- Lack of water can cause severe problems in terms of durability, because this lack reduces the outer concrete’s level of impermeability (compactness). Therefore, if a good curing of the concrete is not well executed, the reinforcement’s covering layer can end up being porous and permeable (affecting its durability and attacking its reinforcements).

- Providing water is the best method . The duration and intensity of this process depends on many factors: temperature, environmental humidity, wind action, sun effect, quantity of cement, and W/C (water/cement) ratio.

- In general, using a normal Portland cement and under average conditions, the curing process lasts minimum 7 days. This period of time can be reduced if we are using high resistance cement or increased if using slow setting cement. The time of curing must be increased by 30 % if we are pouring during dry weather or exposed to an aggressive environment.


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a 1. Arrangement of materials on site

2. Control of products supplied to the work-site

3. Assembling with heavy mobile cranes and specialized staff:

- Arrangement and leveling of the pillars

- Main beam placement (depending on the system used)

4. Arrangement of the PRE-CAST SLABS (structural floor) + SETTING-OUT+ REINFORCEMENT’S CONTROL + WATERING

5. Pouring of the concrete (depending on the case)

6. Concrete curing

7. Protection of structural floors against any force not foreseen upon its calculation

8. Final work documents

5. INSTALLATION. PRE-CAST CONCRETE


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CONTROLS


GENERAL:(CTE. Part 1. Article 7)

Controls during the execution of the work:

MATERIAL QUALITY CONTROL

CONTROL DURING EXECUTION

CONTROL OF THE FINALIZED WORK

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CONTROLS

CONTROLS DURING THE CONSTRUCTION WORKS OF REINFORCED CONCRETEEHE-08. Chapter XIV

Control program and plan.

1.- MATERIAL QUALITY ACCEPTANCE: Control of compliance with products supplied to the works

- Documentary control of supplies (Conformity control of manufactured concrete)- Acceptance control by means of quality marks (Certified materials)- Acceptance control by means of testing (Abrams cone and specimens)

2.- CONTROL OF THE EXECUTION OF THE STRUCTURE

3.- CONTROL OF THE FINALIZED STRUCTUREPermitted Tolerances. See EHE-08. Annex 11


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PERMITTED TOLERANCES FOR SITE-CAST STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CONTROLS

EHE-08, Annex 11. Art 5.3


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University in Reus. Perez & Pamies


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Crematori del cementiri de Montjuich. Arq. F Rius Camps


TWO-WAY

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Palestra (Gymnasium). Losone. Livio Vacchini


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aTWO-WAY


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Faculty of Architecture. Sao Paulo. Brazil.. Vilanova Artigas


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CLASS BIBLIOGRAPHY: MANDATORY

CODES:

EHE-08 (English version). SPANISH CODE ON STRUCTURAL CONCRETETITLE 3. TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALSTITLE 4. DURABILITYTITLE 5. DESIGN. Chapter 8; Article 39: Characteristics of concrete TITLE 6. STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

Article 55. Two-way slabs or plates. Article 57. WallsArticle 58. Foundations elementsArticle 59. Structures comprising precast elements.

TITLE 7. CONSTRUCTION

EHE-08 (Spanish version). TÍTULO 3: PROPIEDADES TECNOLÓGICAS DE LOS MATERIALESTÍTULO 4: DURABILIDADTÍTULO 5: CÁLCULO Capítulo 8; Artículo 39: Características del hormigónTÍTULO 6: ELEMENTOS ESTRUCTURALES

Capítulo 55 Placas, losas y forjados bidireccionales, Capítulo 57 muros, Capítulo 58 elementos de cimentación, Capítulo 59 estructuras construidas con elementos prefabricados,

TÍTULO 7: EJECUCIÓN

INFORMATION SOURCES:


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aCOMPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY. RECOMENDED

Title: Desing of reinforced concrete.Authors: Jack C. McCormac, Russell H. Brown

ISBN: 978-84-7853-374-9Títol: La construcció de l'arquitectura I: La composicióAutor/s: I. Paricio AnsuateguiEditorial: ITeC

ISBN: 84-609-9684-0Títol: Puesta en obra del hormigón armadoAutor/s: Eduardo Montero Fernández de BobadillaEditorial: Consejo General de la Arquitectura Técnica de España

MANUALS

- Manuals de diagnosi, patologia i intervenció en SISTEMES ESTRUCTURALS parets de carrega. Col·legi d’Aparelladors i arquitectes tècnics de BarcelonaManuals de diagnosi, patologia i intervenció en SISTEMES ESTRUCTURALS de formigó armat. Col·legi d’Aparelladors i arquitectes tècnics de Barcelona

- Tratado de Construcción. Henrich Schmitt & Andreas Heene. Ed. Gustavo Gili

MAGAZINES

- TECTÓNICA- Núm. 3 HORMIGÓN (I) “in situ”- Núm. 5 HORMIGÓN (II) “prefabricado- Núm. 25 HORMIGÓN (III) “prefabricado- GG: Hormigón. Diseño, construcción, ejemplos – Martin Peck (ed.)


INFORMATION SOURCES:

Documents

Asignatura FRAMED STRUCTURES 1 REINFORCED CONCRETE … · FRAMED STRUCTURES 1 REINFORCED CONCRETE ... Definition l Requeriments l Typologies l Materialization l Installation l Design