ASIO Journal of Medical & Health Sciences Research (ASIO

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ASIO Journal of Medical & Health Sciences Research (ASIO-JMHSR)

Volume 2, Issue 1; 2017: 25-32

Doi: 10.2016-74831794; doi link: http://doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2017-64623816/

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HERBAL MEDICINES: A REVIEW

Mugdha Kesh1†, Saptarshi Das2

1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women’s University, Jaipur, Rajasthan,

India. 2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Durgapur, West Bengal, India.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Review Article History

Article Received: 18/05/2017 Article Published: 07/08/2017

Corresponding Author:

† Mugdha Kesh

Email: [email protected]

†Department of Pharmaceutical

Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical

Sciences, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women’s

University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Herbal plants play an important role in preventing and treating of human diseases. India has a long history and strong base for Ayurveda. Herbal plants are used in preventing and treating of human diseases. People have been using plants as a traditional medicine for thousand years ago. Such forms of medicine as traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, Kampo, traditional Korean medicine, and Unani have been practiced in some areas of the world and have blossomed into orderly-regulated systems of medicine. However, plants are considered as rich sources of phytochemical ingredients which enable to have medicinal value. Medicinal plants are a potential source for the development of new herbal drugs. In the 21st century, the pharmacological effects of medicinal plants have been considered as a promising future drug for the management of health care. Key Points: Medicinal plants, ayurveda, herbal medicine, phytochemicals, traditional uses

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INTRODUCTION Since prehistoric times, humans have used natural products, such as plants, animals, microorganisms, and marine organisms, in medicines to alleviate and treat diseases. According to fossil records, the human use of plants as medicines may be traced back at least 60,000 years. The use of natural products as medicines must, of course, have presented a tremendous challenge to early humans. Primitive man in search of food and to cope successfully with human sufferings began to distinguish those plants suitable for medicinal purpose from others with definitive pharmacological action. It is highly probable that when seeking food, early humans often consumed poisonous plants, which led to vomiting, diarrhea, coma, or other toxic reactions—perhaps even death. However, in this way, early humans were able to develop knowledge about edible materials and natural medicines. The use of plants as medicine predates written human history. The clinical use of plants described in Indian Vedas for curing different diseases. In the present context, the traditional system of medicine is widely accepted and practiced by people worldwide. At this stage, India has a unique position in the world where a number of recognized Traditional system of medicine i.e., Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy, Yoga and Naturopathy. Medicinal plants have been recognized as potential drug candidates because they possess drug like properties [1-8].

Medicinal Plants Plants that possess therapeutic properties or exert beneficial pharmacological effects on the human body are generally designated as medicinal plants [2-5, 9-18]. Medicinal plants naturally synthesize and accumulate some secondary metabolites, like alkaloids, sterols, terpenes, flavonoids, saponins, cyanogenics, tannins, resins, lactones, quinines, volatile oils etc. Researchers have found that people in different parts of the world tend to use the same or similar plants for treating the same illness. India has 2.4% of world’s area with 8% of global diversity. It is one of the 12 mega-diversity hot-spot regions of the world. Across the country, the forests of India are estimated to harbor 90% of India’s medicinal plants diversity. Only about 10% of the known medicinal plants of India are restricted to non-forest habitats. The estimated numbers of plant species and those used for medicinal purpose vary [5, 8-19]. According to Schippmann (2002), one fifth of all the plants found in India are used for medicinal purpose. The world average stands at 12.5% while India has 20% plant species of medicinal value.But according to Hamilton (2003), India has about 44% of flora, which is used medicinally. Although it is difficult to estimate the number of medicinal plants present worldwide, the fact remains true that India with its rich biodiversity ranks first [18-23].

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The existence of traditional medicine, depends on plant species diversity and the related knowledge of their use as herbal medicine. Both plant species and traditional knowledge are important to the herbal medicine trade and the pharmaceutical industry where plants provide raw materials and the traditional prerequisite information [5-8, 17-21].

There are estimated to be around 25,000 effective plant-based formulations, are used in folk medicine and are known to rural communities in India. There are over 1.5 million practitioners of traditional medicinal system using medicinal plants in preventive, promotional and curative applications. It is estimated that there are over 78000 medicinal drug-manufacturing units in India, which consume about 2000 tons of herbs annually [20-21].

Table 1: Number of Plant species used medicinally worldwide

COUNTRY PLANT SPECIES

China 4,941

India 3,000

Indonesia 1,000

Malaysia 1,200

Nepal 700

Pakistan 300

Philippines 850

Sri Lanka 550

Thailand 1,800

USA 2,564

Vietnam 1,800

TOTAL 52,885

Table 2: Some common medicinal plants having pharmaceutical potential and their primary use in traditional medicine [5-8, 9-17]

COMMON

NAME

BOTANICAL

NAME

PARTS

USED

ACTIVE

CONSTITUENT

MEDICINAL USES

Amla Emblica

officinalis

Fruit Emblicanin A,

Emblicanin B,

Punigluconin,

Pedunculagin

Vitamin - C, Cough, Diabetes, Cold,

Laxative, Hyper acidity.

Ashok Saraca asoca Bark

Flower

Tannin, Catechol,

Sterol, and Organic

calcium

compounds

Menstrual Pain, Uterine, disorder,

Diabetes.

Aswagandha Withania

somnifera

Root, Leaf Steroidal lactones,

Withanolides

Restorative Tonic, Stress, Nerves

disorder, Aphrodisiac.

Black cumin Nigella sativa Seed Thymoquinone Antidiabetic, Anticancer,

Antimicrobial, Hepatorenal

protective.





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Chirayita Swertia chirata Whole

Plant

Ophelic acid,

Sawertiamarine,

Mangeferin,

Marogenitine

Skin disease, Burning sensation,

Fever.

Guggul Commiphora

wightii

Gum resin Sterols, Ferulates,

Flavones,

Guggulsterone and

Gugulipid,

Rheumatised, Arthritis, paralysis,

Laxative.

Gheekumari Aloe

barbadensis

Latex of

leaf

Aloin,Emodin,

Campesterol,

βsisosterol

Healing properties, Antiviral,

Antitumor activity Antidiabetic,

Hepatoprotective, Antiseptic

effect.

Ginger Zinziber

officinalis

Rhizome Sesquiterpenoid,

Zingerone,

Gingerols

Anti-cancerous, Antioxidant,

Hepatoprotective,

hypercholesterolemic,

Anti-atherosclerotic

Haritaki Terminalia

chebula

Fruit Tannins, Shikimic

acid compounds,

Triterpenoids,

Ellagic acid

Purgative, Expectorant, tonic,

Antimutagenic activity.

Kalmegh Andrographis

paniculata

Whole

Plant

Andrographolide,

Diterpenoid

lactone and

Kalmeghin

Fever, Weakness, Release of gas.

Jatamansi Nardostachys

jatamansi

Rhizome Acaciin, Ursolie

acid, Octacosanol,

Kanshone A,

Nardosinonediol

Sedative, Diuretic, Anti-

spasmodic, Emmunagogue,

Stomachic, Stimulant, Epilepsy

Kali mirch Piper nigrum Fruit Piperidine,

Dehydropipernona

line

Anti-carcinogenic,

Anti-hyperlipidaemic, Epilepsy

Lahsun Allium sativum Bulbs Allicin Cardioprotective, Anti-

inflammatory, Carminative

Mayapple Podophyllum

peltatum

Rhizome,

Root

Alkaloid

(Etoposide and

Teniposide)

Anticancer agent, Purgative,

Cathartic

Neem Azadirachta

indica

Aerial

Parts

Limonoids

(nimbidinin), Di-

and Tri-

terpenoids,

Inhibitor of carcinoma,

Chemopreventive, Inhibit colon

cancer, Antiallergic, Blood purifier

Pasanavheda Bergenia ciliata Flower IS-01246 Anti-arthritis, Treat coughs and

colds, Haemorrhoids, Asthma and

Urinary problems

Quina Cinchona

robusta

Bark Quinine Antimalerial, Antiparasitic effect



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octacosanol



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Rose Rosa alba Hips,

Flower

petal,

Bark,

Leave

Nicotinamide,

Organic acids,

Tannin, Pectin

Anticancer, Antidepressant,

Stomachic, Aromatic, Sedative,

Refrigerant

Sadabahar Catharanthus

roseus

Entire

plant

Alkaloid

(Vinblastine and

Vincristine)

Anticancer

Tulsi Ocimum

sanctum

Leaf Apigenin, Taxol,

Ursolic acid, Citral

Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective,

Anti-bacterial, Antifungal, Anti-

pyretic and Anti-cancer

properties

Herbal Medicines: Herb has various meanings, but in simplest form, it refers to “crude drugs of vegetable origin utilized for the treatment of diseases, often of a chronic nature, or to attain or maintain a condition of improved health”. Herbal medicines, sometimes referred to as Herbalism or Botanical Medicine, is the use of herbs for the therapeutic or medicinal value. A herb is a plant or plant part valued for its medicinal, aromatic or savory qualities. Herbs plants produce and contain a variety of chemical substances that act upon the body. Herbal preparations called “Phytopharmaceuticals”, “Phytomedicinal” or “Phytomedicine”, are preparations made from different parts of herbs or plants. They come in different formulations and dosage forms including tablets, capsules, elixirs, powder, extract, tincture, cream and parenteral preparations [25-30]. Plants have secondary metabolites called phytochemicals. These compounds protect plants against microbial

infections or infestations by pests. Phytochemicals are active ingredients which possess therapeutic properties that are considered as a medicine or drug. Phytochemicals can be classified on the basis of their chemical composition [26-32]. Plantmetabolites are organic compounds which can be classified into primary metabolites and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites are organic compounds include glucose, starch, polysaccharide, protein, lipids and nucleic acid which are beneficial for growth and development of the human body. Plants synthesize secondary metabolites which include alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, tannins, volatile oils etc., The therapeutic efficacy of plants is because of these secondary metabolites for curing many diseases. Phytochemicals are pharmacologically active compounds [24-29].

Table 3: Classification of Phytochemicals [30-42]

PHYTOCHEMICALS CHEMICAL STRUCTURE EXAMPLES

Alkaloids

Caffeine

Morphine, Caffeine,

Berberin, Codeine

Glycosides

Amygdalin

Amygdalin,

Gentiopicrin, Polygalin,

Cinnamyl acetate





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Polyphenols

Quercetin

Quercetin, Caffeic acid,

Flavones, Rutin

Saponins

Hecogenin

Diosgenin, Hecogenin,

Glycyrrhizin,

Soyasapogenol

Terpenes

Lutein

Artemisinin, α-

carotene, β-carotene,

Lutein

Anthraquinones

Rhein

Rhein, Salinos

poramide, Luteolin

Medicinal Plants as Source of New Drug Compounds: Medicinal plants have played a key role in pharma research, as many medicines are either natural products or their derivatives. Indeed, it is estimated that about 40% of all medicines is either natural products or their semi- synthetic derivatives. Clinical, pharmacological, and chemical studies of these traditional medicines, which were derived predominantly from plants, were the basis of most early medicines such as aspirin, digitoxin, morphine, quinine, and pilocarpine. Despite competition from other drug discovery methods, medicinal plants are still providing their fair share of new drugs. These compounds were still a significant source of new drugs, especially in the anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-infective, immuno- suppression, and neurological disease therapeutic areas, and some of them have since progressed further into clinical trials or onto the market. Therefore, in addition to being a proven and important source of drug leads, natural

products derived drugs also contribute significantly to the profitability of many companies [40-45]. Natural products research continues to explore a variety of lead structures, which may be used as templates for the development of new drugs by the pharmaceutical industry. These approved substances, representative of very wide chemical diversity, continue to demonstrate the importance of compounds from natural sources in modern drug discovery efforts. In addition, natural products may avoid the side effect of synthetic drugs, because they must accumulate within living cells. Semi-synthetic procedures can sometimes get round these problems. This often involves harvesting a biosynthetic intermediate from the natural source, rather than the final (lead) compound itself. The intermediate could then be converted to the final product by conventional synthesis. This approach can have two advantages. First, the intermediate may be more easily extracted in higher yield than the final product itself. Second, it may allow the possibility of synthesizing



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycyrrhizin



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analogues of the final product. The semi-synthetic penicillin are an illustration of this approach [4-8, 15-18]. Drug discovery from natural products has reclaimed the attention of the Pharma industry and is on the verge of a comeback due to new technological inputs that promise better returns on investment. Natural products, particularly, microbial and plant products in their native form have been associated with mankind since ancient times. These have played a vital role in the discovery of new chemical entities for drug discovery. Drugs derived from natural sources also served as drug leads suitable for optimization by synthetic means. For certain therapy areas, such as antimicrobials, anticancer antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory drugs, the number was even higher the most of all approved small molecule new chemical entities were derived from nature. The latter is also recognized as important source of biodiversity. In medical science, the loss of species could reduce the opportunity for treatment of diseases through the loss of medical models and new medicines as a result of reduction of the availability of natural products which have potential medicinal properties [40-44]. The Challenges in Herbal Medicines: A key challenge is to objectively assess conflicting toxicological, epidemiological, and other data and the verification of herbal materials used [44-48]. The following key issues remain-

1. Management within ranges of risk 2. Communication of uncertainty 3. Pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical

documentation 4. Pharmacovigilance 5. Understanding why addition of harmful additives

works 6. Evaluating “drug” interactions 7. Constraints with clinical trials and people available 8. Standardization 9. Safety, and efficacy assessment

Evaluation of New Herbal Products [44-47]: Consists of six steps- 1. Characteristics of new substances 2. History and pattern of use 3. Any adverse reaction 4. Biological action 5. Toxicity and carcinogenicity 6. Clinical trial data

The Constraints in Herbal Medicines:

Constraints associated with the handing of medicinal plants [47-50]-

1. Indiscriminate harvesting and poor post-harvest treatment practices.

2. Lack of research on the development of high-yielding varieties, domestication etc.

3. Poor agriculture and propagation methods. 4. Inefficient processing techniques leading to low

yields and poor quality products. 5. Poor quality control procedures.

6. Lack of current good manufacturing practices. 7. Lack of R & D on product and process development. 8. Difficulties in marketing. 9. Lack of trained personnel and equipment. 10. Lack of facilities to fabricate equipment locally. 11. Lack of access to latest technological and market

information. Herbal Medicine Practiced Today Herbal medicine [12-23] is practiced today in countries around the world. Each government determines the extent to which practitioners may distribute their herbal remedies. In Europe, for example, if a medical consultation is given, the herbs are considered drugs. If the herbs are purchased over the counter, they are considered herbal supplements. In the United States, herbalists cannot prescribe drugs legally, unless they also happen to be medical doctors. Herbs can only be sold as herbal supplements. These supplements can be found in stores locally and online. The FDA does not approve most of these herbs because they are not considered medications. An exception to the drug prescription rule is the Shaman who practices on Indian Reservations. The reservations are sovereign nations and U.S. law does not apply there. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 80% of people worldwide rely on herbal medicines partially for their primary health care. In Germany, about 600-700 plant based medicines are available and are prescribed by some 70% of German physicians. In the last 20 years in the United States, public dissatisfaction with the cost of prescription medications, combined with an interest in returning to natural or organic remedies, has led to an increase in herbal medicine use. During the past three decades, the demand and utilization of medicinal plants has increased globally. There is now a consensus regarding the importance of medicinal plants and traditional health systems in solving the health care problems, efficacy and safety of medicinal plants in curing various diseases. Because of this growing awareness, the international trade in plants of medicinal importance is growing phenomenally, often to the development of natural habitats and mother populations in the countries origin. As per the records of the National Medicinal Plant Board (NMPB), the Indian herbal industry may like to increase in order of Rs. 80 to 90 billion by 2020. However, India is moving forward in popularizing of the Traditional Medical System of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy) in health care sector through global networks. In spite to advance in the modern medical system, there are many new diseases are emerging in few decades. Looking to the emerging challenges in healthcare system, there is needed to integrate the Ayurveda in medical system for the management and treatment of lifestyle-related diseases. Ayurveda can offer drug free society for curing the diseases and management of quality of life. In order to augment the traditional system of India, Government of India has set up a National Level Policy for growth, promote and development of the Traditional System of Indian Medicine. The Ministry of AYUSH has created the separate Departments for Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy collectively known as AYUSH.





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The Opportunities in Herbal Medicines [24-28, 44-49]: 1. Medicinal plants cultivation. 2. Medicinal plants Exports. 3. In Drug Manufacturing Companies. 4. Teaching profession - Herbal medicine is being taught

more in medical schools and pharmacy schools. 5. In the field of Plant monographs 6. Drug inspectors in ISM. 7. Medical taxonomist. 8. Pharmacognosist. 9. Herbalist & Chiropractors 10. AYUSH practitioners , Doctors 11. SRF & JRF in Clinical trials. 12. Clinical and Research opportunities- Without doubt,

the therapeutic potential of many herbs is yet to be fully discovered. Example, Recent discovery of ‘artemisinin’, new class of anti-malarial drugs, in Chinese herbs supports this assertion.

13. Carrier options in the various newer fields. E.g. Molecular biology, Nano technology etc.

CONCLUSION Plants, herbs, and ethno botanicals have been used since the early days of humankind and are still used throughout the world for health promotion and treatment of disease. Plants and natural sources form the basis of today’s modern medicine and contribute largely to the commercial drug preparations manufactured today. About 25% of drugs prescribed worldwide are derived from plants. In the next few decades, herbal medicine may become a new era of medical system for the management of human diseases. Currently, there is an ongoing dispute between certified medical professionals and herbalists. Some people believe that herbal medicine is outdated and those who practice it should be shut down. Other people believe that perhaps a return to more natural products may be healthier than synthetic drugs. In either case, there are people trying to meet the two camps in the middle - the doctors of naturopathy. Hopefully there will be a meeting of the minds on the usefulness of herbs in the treatment program of patients who don't respond well to traditional medical procedures. After all, many drugs used by respected members of the medical community are created from plants. Herbal manufacturers and Prescribers together could bring a new sphere incredible revolution by reforming reshaping the herbal medicines to challenges of the 21st century by an equivalent effective, economical and safe treatment by utilizing mostly our own resources.

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