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Arcg= h||tv=##`b"znent`lnk"crj#znen#Kvvkpi| 

Kvvkpi|Nb ikz) kvvkpi| nv k frng` zhnfh nbqciq`v fkpvnbj k qnf|ng |c kttr`h`bl qnci`bf`" \h` |`rg nv ca|`b

fcbapv`l zn|h ok||`r~) zhnfh nbqciq`v th~vnfki fcb|kf|" \h` vt`fnanf g`kbnbj ca kvvkpi| qkrn`v o`|z``b

fcpb|rn`v) op| fkb r`a`r |c kb kf| |hk| fkpv`v kbc|h`r |c kttr`h`bl ngg`lnk|` kbl t`rvcbki qnci`bf`) cr nb |h` gcr` ingn|`l v`bv` ca k |hr`k| ca qnci`bf` fkpv`l o~ kb ngg`lnk|` vhcz ca acrf`" U;WU?W Kvvkpi| nb

vcg` PV mprnvlnf|ncbvUzhnfh3W nv l`anb`l gcr` orckli~ v|nii kv kb~ nb|`b|ncbki th~vnfki fcb|kf| zn|h

kbc|h`r t`rvcb zn|hcp| |h`nr fcbv`b|5 op| nb |h` gkmcrn|~ ca |h` Pbn|`l V|k|`v) kbl nb @bjikbl kblZki`v kbl kii c|h`r fcggcb ikz mprnvlnf|ncbv nb |h` zcril) |hnv nv l`anb`l nbv|`kl kv  ok||`r~" Vcg`

 mprnvlnf|ncbv hkq` nbfcrtcrk|`l |h` l`anbn|ncb ca fnqni kvvkpi| nb|c |h` l`anbn|ncb ca |h` frng` gkenbj n| k

frngnbki kvvkpi| |c nb|`b|ncbkii~ fkpv` kbc|h`r t`rvcb |c kttr`h`bl k hkrgapi cr caa`bvnq` fcb|kf|"

L`anbn|ncb

U`ln|W Ok||`r~

Nb fcggcb ikz) frngnbki kvvkpi| ca|`b kffcgtkbn`l ok||`r~" V`` fcggcb kvvkpi|" \h` `i`g`b|v ca  ok||`r~ kr` (;. k qcin|ncbki kf|U6W (?. lcb` acr |h` tprtcv` ca fkpvnbj k hkrgapi cr caa`bvnq` fcb|kf|

zn|h kbc|h`r t`rvcb cr pbl`r fnrfpgv|kbf`v |hk| gke` vpfh fcb|kf| vpov|kb|nkii~ f`r|knb |c cffpr kbl

(6. zhnfh fkpv`v vpfh fcb|kf|"U<W \hpv |hrcznbj k rcfe k| vcg`cb` acr |h` tprtcv` ca hn||nbj hng nv k ok||`r~ na |h` rcfe nb akf| v|rne`v |h` t`rvcb kbl nv kb kvvkpi| na |h` rcfe gnvv`v" \h` akf| |hk| |h` t`rvcb

gk~ hkq` o``b pbkzkr` |hk| |h` rcfe hkl o``b |hrczb k| hng nv nrr`i`qkb| pbl`r |hnv l`anbn|ncb ca 

kvvkpi|"

U`ln|W Kjjrkqk|`l kvvkpi|

Kjjrkqk|`l kvvkpi| nv) nb vcg` mprnvlnf|ncbv) k v|rcbj`r acrg ca kvvkpi|) pvpkii~ pvnbj k l`kli~ z`ktcb"

U0W K t`rvcb hkv fcggn||`l kb kjjrkqk|`l kvvkpi| zh`b |hk| t`rvcb=

  k||`gt|v |c fkpv` v`rncpv oclni~ nbmpr~ |c kbc|h`r t`rvcb vpfh kv nb |h` fkv` ca enlbkttnbj

  k||`gt|v |c hkq` v`xpki kf|nqn|~ zn|h kbc|h`r t`rvcb pbl`r |h` kj` ca fcbv`b|

  k||`gt|v cr fkpv`v oclni~ nbmpr~ |c kbc|h`r t`rvcb zn|h k l`kli~ z`ktcb"

Kjjrkqk|`l kvvkpi| fkb kivc o` fhkrj`l nb fkv`v ca k||`gt|`l hkrg kjknbv| tcinf` caanf`rv cr c|h`r 

 tpoinf v`rqkb|v) cr acr oclni~ hkrg v|`ggnbj arcg |h` r`fei`vv ct`rk|ncb ca k gc|cr q`hnfi`" \h` ik||`r nv ca|`b r`a`rr`l |c kv `n|h`r q`hnfpikr kvvkpi| cr kjjrkqk|`l kvvkpi| zn|h k gc|cr q`hnfi`"

_`a`r`bf`v

;" R Krekbvkv Fcl`) \n|i` 0) Fhkt|`r ;6) Vpofhkt|`r ?) ª ?40‖?4:

?" R Fkinacrbnk T`bki Fcl`) Tkr| ;) Fhkt|`r >) ª ?<4

8/2/2019 Assault as a Crime, And as a Tort

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Arcg= h||tv=##`b"znent`lnk"crj#znen#Kvvkpi|S%?8|cr|%?>

Kvvkpi| (|cr|.Nb fcggcb ikz) kvvkpi| nv |h` |cr| ca kf|nbj nb|`b|ncbkii~) |hk| nv zn|h `n|h`r j`b`rki cr vt`fnanf nb|`b|)

fkpvnbj |h` r`kvcbkoi` kttr`h`bvncb ca kb ngg`lnk|` hkrgapi cr caa`bvnq` fcb|kf|" O`fkpv` kvvkpi|

r`{pnr`v nb|`b|) n| nv fcbvnl`r`l kb nb|`b|ncbki |cr|) kv cttcv`l |c k |cr| ca b`jinj`bf`" Kf|pki konin|~ |cfkrr~ cp| |h` kttr`h`bl`l fcb|kf| nv bc| b`f`vvkr~"

Kv lnv|nbjpnvh`l arcg ok||`r~) kvvkpi| b``l bc| nbqciq` kf|pki fcb|kf|“n| cbi~ b``lv nb|`b| kbl |h`

r`vpi|nbj kttr`h`bvncb" Hcz`q`r) kvvkpi| r`{pnr`v gcr` |hkb zcrlv kicb`" Acr `xkgti`) zn`ilnbj k

ebna` zhni` vhcp|nbj |hr`k|v fcpil o` fcbv|rp`l kv kvvkpi| na kb kttr`h`bvncb zkv fr`k|`l" K ok||`r~ fkbcffpr zn|hcp| k tr`f`lnbj kvvkpi|) vpfh kv na k t`rvcb nv v|rpfe nb |h` okfe ca |h` h`kl" A`kr nv bc|

r`{pnr`l) cbi~ kb|nfntk|ncb ca vpov`{p`b| ok||`r~"

\hr`` `i`g`b|v gpv| o` `v|koinvh`l nb crl`r |c `v|koinvh |cr|ncpv kvvkpi|= (;." |h` tiknb|naa kttr`h`bl`l

ngg`lnk|` th~vnfki fcb|kf|) (?." |h` tiknb|naa hkl r`kvcbkoi` kttr`h`bvncb (|h` r`{pnvn|` v|k|` ca gnbl.kbl (6." |h` l`a`blkb|*v kf| ca nb|`ra`r`bf` zkv nb|`b|ncbki (|h` l`a`blkb| nb|`bl`l |h` r`vpi|nbj

kttr`h`bvncb." Op| nb|`b| acr tprtcv`v ca fnqni kvvkpi| fkb o` `n|h`r j`b`rki cr vt`fnanf" Vt`fnanf nb|`b|g`kbv |hk| zh`b |h` l`a`blkb| kf|`l) h` cr vh` nb|`bl`l |c fkpv` kttr`h`bvncb ca k hkrgapi cr pbzkb|`l fcb|kf|" J`b`rki nb|`b| g`kbv |hk| |h` l`a`blkb| eb`z zn|h vpov|kb|nki f`r|knb|~ |hk| |h`

kf|ncb zcpil tp| vcg`cb` nb kttr`h`bvncb ca k hkrgapi cr pbzkb|`l fcb|kf|"

Zhni` |h` ikz qkrn`v o~ mprnvlnf|ncb) fcb|kf| nv ca|`b l`anb`l kv /hkrgapi/ na n| com`f|nq`i~ nb|`blv |cnbmpr`) lnvanjpr`) ngtknr) cr fkpv` tknb" \h` kf| nv l``g`l /caa`bvnq`/ na n| zcpil caa`bl k r`kvcbkoi`

 t`rvcb„v v`bv` ca t`rvcbki lnjbn|~" Zhni` /nggnb`bf`/ nv mplj`l com`f|nq`i~ kbl qkrn`v znl`i~ cb |h`

akf|v) n| j`b`rkii~ vpjj`v|v |h`r` nv in||i` |c bc cttcr|pbn|~ acr nb|`rq`bnbj kf|v" Ikv|i~) |h` v|k|` ca /kttr`h`bvncb/ vhcpil o` lnaa`r`b|nk|`l arcg |h` j`b`rki v|k|` ca  a`kr ) kv kttr`h`bvncb r`{pnr`v cbi~

|hk| |h` t`rvcb o` kzkr` ca |h` nggnb`bf` ca |h` hkrgapi cr caa`bvnq` kf|"

Kvvkpi| fkb o` mpv|nan`l nb vn|pk|ncbv ca v`ia'l`a`bf` cr l`a`bf` ca k |hnrl tkr|~ zh`r` |h` kf| zkv

l``g`l r`kvcbkoi`" N| fkb kivc o` mpv|nan`l nb |h` fcb|`x| ca k vtcr| zh`r` fcbv`b| fkb ca|`b o` ngtin`l"

Nb Frngnbki Ikz kb kvvkpi| nv l`anb`l kv kb k||`gt| |c fcggn| ok||`r~) r`{pnrnbj |h` vt`fnanf nb|`b| |cfkpv` th~vnfki nbmpr~"U;W

U`ln|W _`a`r`bf`v

;" R Jkrb`r Oikfe*v Ikz Lnf|ncbkr~ t" ;??