Upload
frozenraj
View
319
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Assembling & Cabling• Upon completion of this part, you will be able
to perform the following tasks:– Identify and connect the necessary components to enable
connectivity between routers or switches.
– Identify and connect the necessary components to enable WAN connectivity over serial or ISDN BRI connections.
– Set up console connections among routers, switches, and a terminal.
– Document the physical topology, including cable types and cable locations, of each internetworking device.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Cabling The Campus
core_sw_a
ISDN Cloud Leased Line/Frame Relay
LegendFast Ethernet/
EthernetISDNDedicated
Core Server
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Physical Layer Implementation Of LAN
Physical
Data-Link(MAC Layer)
• Physical layer implementations vary.
• Some implementations support multiple physical media.
Eth
ern
et
100 b
ase T
X
10B
aseT
802.3
10B
ase5
10B
ase2
100 b
ase F
X
802.3 Specifications for 10-Mbps Ethernet
802.3u Specifications for 100-Mbps (Fast)
Ethernet
100b
aseT
4
10B
aseF
DIX Standard
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Usage Of Different Cable types
Access Layer
Distribution Layer
Core Layer
Ethernet 10BaseT Position
Fast Ethernet Position
Access Layer
Distribution Layer
Core Layer
Provides connectivity between the end-user device and the access switch.
Not typically used at this layer.
Gives high-performance PC and workstations 100-Mbps access to the server.
Provides connectivity between access and distribution layers. Provides connectivity from the distribution to core layer. Provides connectivity from the server block to the core layer.
Provides inter-switch connectivity.Not typically used at this layer.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Comparing Different Media Requirements
10Base5 100BaseTX10BaseT 100BaseFX
Media
Maximum Segment Length
Topology
Connector
50-ohm coax (thick)
500 meters
Bus
100 meters
Star Star Point-to-point
EIA/TIA Cat3, 4, 5 UTP
2 pair
EIA/TIA Cat5 UTP2 pair
62.5/125-micron multi-
mode fiber
AUIISO 8877 (RJ-45)
Duplex media interface connector (MIC) ST
ISO 8877 (RJ-45)
400 meters100 meters
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Different Connection Types
AUI connectors are DB-15.
ISO 8877 (RJ-45) connectors and jacks
are slightly larger than RJ-11 phone
connectors and jacks.
Fiber Connector Port
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
The UTP RJ-45 Connector
The RJ-45 Connector
1
8
8 Pair 4 R4
1
2
34
5
6
7
Wire Pair:T is TipR is Ring
Pair 3 T2
Pair 3 R2
Pair 2 T3
Pair 1 R1
Pair 1 T1
Pair 2 R3
Pair 4 T4
Pin
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Straight Through Connection
Wires on cable ends are in same order.
Pin Label1 RD+2 RD-3 TD+4 NC5 NC6 TD-7 NC8 NC
Cable 10BaseT/100BaseTX Straight-Through
Pin Label1 TD+2 TD-3 RD+4 NC5 NC6 RD-7 NC8 NC
Server/Router
8 1
wg
g bwo
wb
o brwbr
1
8
Straight-Through Cable
8
1Hub/Switch
8 1
wg
g bwo
wb
o brwbr
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Crossover Connection
Some wires on cable ends are crossed.
8 1
wo
ob wg
wb
gbr wbr
Cable 10BaseT/100BaseT Crossover
Pin Label1 RD+2 RD-3 TD+4 NC5 NC6 TD-7 NC8 NC
Pin Label1 RD+2 RD-3 TD+4 NC5 NC6 TD-7 NC8 NC
Crossover Cable
1
8 1
8
8 1
wg
gwb
wo
b obr wbr
Hub/Switch Hub/Switch
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Where To Use What
• Use a crossover cable when BOTH ports are designated with an “x” or neither port is designated with an “x.”
• Use straight-through when only one port is designated with an “x.”
1x 2x 3x 4x
1x 2x 3x 4x 1x
2x 3x 4x
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Cabling The Campus– Determine the physical media used: 10-Mbps or
100-Mbps.• Indicates what category of cable is required
– Locating interfaces on the chassis, determine if one or both ports have an “x.”
• Indicates if you need crossover or straight-through cable
100-MbpsCat 5
Crossover
10-MbpsCat 3, 4, 5Crossover
10-MbpsCat 3, 4, 5
Straight-Through10-Mbps
Cat 3, 4, 5Straight-Through
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Cabling The WAN
Core Server
core_sw_a
ISDN Cloud
LegendFast Ethernet/
EthernetISDNDedicated
core_sw_b core_sw_b
ISL
Leased Line/Frame Relay
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Physical Layer Implementation In WAN
• Physical layer implementations vary.
• Cable specifications define speed of link.P
PP
Fra
me
Rel
ay
EIA/TIA-232EIA/TIA-449
X.21 V.24 V.35HSSI
ISDN BRI (with PPP)
RJ-45NOTE: Pinouts are
different from RJ-45 used in campus.
HD
LC
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Different Type Of A WAN Connectors
Router Connections
EIA/TIA-232 EIA/TIA-449 EIA-530V.35 X.21
CSU/DSU
End-User Device
DTE
DCE
Service Provider
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
What is DTE & DCE
Data Terminal Equipment:• End of the user’s device
on the WAN link.
Data Communications Equipment:• End of the WAN provider’s
side of the communication facility.• Responsible for clocking.
DCEDTE
ModemCSU/DSU
SS SS
SSSSSS
SS
DTE DTEDCE DCE
• DTE/DCE—The point where responsibility passes
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Interfaces
2500 Router—Rear View
• Serial WAN ports can be fixed.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Modular Interfaces
Console
Cisco 1603 Router—Rear View
Ethernet AUIEthernet 10BaseT ISDN BRI S/T
• Serial WAN ports can be modular.
Module
WAN Interface
Card
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
ISDN Routers• Determine if you need a BRI S/T or U Interface.
– Routers have one or both types of port.
Note port label.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Point To Note For ISDN Routers
!!!WARNING!!!Do not connect a cable to an ISDN port unless it is
from an ISDN switch or ISDN wall jack.If you connect a cable from any other device to the BRI
port, you will ruin the non-ISDN device.
Cisco Router
ISDN BRI Port
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Setting Up A Console Connection
– PCs require an RJ-45-to-DB-9 or RJ-45-to-DB-25 adapter.
– COM port settings are 9600 bps, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no flow control.
– This provides out-of-band console access.
– AUX switch port may be used for a modem-connected console.
Device with Console
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Summary
•After completing this chapter, you should be able to perform the following tasks: • Identify and connect the necessary components to enable connectivity between switches and routers.
• Identify and connect the necessary components to enable WAN connectivity over serial or ISDN BRI connections.
• Set up console connections on routers and switches.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Operations And Configuring Cisco IOS
• Upon completion of this part, you will be able to perform the following tasks:– Start up the Catalyst® switch and Cisco
router and observe the bootup processes.
– Provide an initial configuration for the switch and perform the router’s initial setup configuration.
– Enable and identify the command modes in each network device.
– Use the various help and command-line-editing features of each device’s user interface.
– Show and recognize fundamental technical details about each network device.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
What Is The IOS Software
• Cisco IOS software delivers network services and enables networked applications.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Network Device Configuration– Configuration sets up the device with:
• Network policy of the functions required.
• Protocol addressing and parameter settings.
• Options for administration and management.
– Catalyst switch memory has initial configuration with default settings.
– Cisco router will prompt for initial configuration if there is no configuration in memory.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
What Happens When A Cisco Device Startup
• Find and check device hardware.
• Find and load Cisco IOS software image.
• Find and apply device configurations.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
How To Configure
• Configurations can come from many sources.
• Configurations will act in device memory.
Console Port
Auxiliary Port
Interfaces
PC or UNIX Server
Web or Network ManagementServer
Virtual Terminal
Telnet
TFTP
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
User Interface Fundamentals
– A command line interface is used to enter commands.
– Operations vary on different internetworking devices.
– Users type or paste entries in the console command modes.
– Enter key instructs device to parse and execute the command.
– Two primary EXEC modes are user mode and privileged mode.
– Command modes have distinctive prompts.
CiscoIOS
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
IOS Software EXEC Mode
User Mode
• Limited examination of switch or router
• Command prompt: hostname>
• There are two main EXEC modes for entering commands.
First Mode:
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
EXEC Mode (cont.)
Privileged (or Enabled) Mode
• Detailed examination of switch or router
• Enables configuration and debugging
• Prerequisite for other configuration modes
• Command prompt: hostname#
Second Mode (and Most Commonly Used):
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Initial Startup Of Catalyst Switch
– System startup routines initiate switch software.– Initial startup uses default configuration parameters.
1. Before you start the switch, verify the cabling and console connection.
2. Attach the power cable plug to the switch power supply socket.
3. Observe the boot sequence:
– LEDs on the switch chassis.
–Cisco IOS software output text.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
LED Indicators
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Port Led
1. At the start, all port LEDs are green.
2. Each LED turns off after its test completes.
3. If a test fails, its LED turns amber.
4. System LED turns amber if any test fails.
5. If no test fails, POST completes.
6. On POST completion, LEDs blink, then turn off.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Initial Bootup Output
ConsoleConnection
Catalyst 1900 Management ConsoleCopyright (c) Cisco Systems, Inc. 1993-1998All rights reserved.Enterprise Edition SoftwareEthernet Address: 00-50-BD-73-E2-C0
PCA Number: 73-3121-01PCA Serial Number: FAA0252A0QXModel Number: WS-C1924-ENSystem Serial Number: FAA0304S0U3Power Supply S/N: PHI025101F3-------------------------------------------------
1 user(s) now active on Management Console.
User Interface Menu
[M] Menus [K] Command Line [I] IP Configuration
Enter Selection:
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Logging & Enabling Passwords
Console
>> enableEnter password:## disable
User-Mode Prompt User-Mode Prompt
Privileged-Mode Prompt Privileged-Mode Prompt
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Help Facilities For Commands
Context-Sensitive Help Console Error Messages
Identify problems with any switch commands that are incorrectly entered so that you can alter or correct them
Allows recall of long or complex commands or entries for reentry, review, or correction
Command History Buffer
Provides a list of commands and the arguments associated with a specific command
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Basic Show Commands
Switch#show interfacesSwitch#show interfaces
Switch#show versionSwitch#show version
Switch#show running-configuration
– Displays operational status of switch components
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Show Version Commandwg_sw_c#show version
Cisco Catalyst 1900/2820 Enterprise Edition SoftwareVersion V8.01.01 written from 171.068.229.225Copyright (c) Cisco Systems, Inc. 1993-1998wg_sw_c uptime is 15day(s) 21hour(s) 53minute(s) 11second(s) cisco Catalyst 1900 (486sxl) processor with 2048K/1024K bytes of memoryHardware board revision is 5Upgrade Status: No upgrade currently in progress. Config File Status: No configuration upload/download is in progress 27 Fixed Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)Base Ethernet Address: 00-50-BD-73-E2-C0
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Show Running ConfigCatalyst 1924 Switch
wg_sw_c#show run
Building configuration...Current configuration:!hostname "wg_sw_c"!ip address 10.1.1.33 255.255.255.0ip default-gateway 10.3.3.3!interface Ethernet 0/1<text omitted>interface Ethernet 0/24!Interface Ethernet 0/25!interface FastEthernet 0/26!interface FastEthernet 0/27
wg_sw_c#show run
Building configuration...Current configuration:!hostname "wg_sw_c"!ip address 10.1.1.33 255.255.255.0ip default-gateway 10.3.3.3!interface Ethernet 0/1<text omitted>interface Ethernet 0/24!Interface Ethernet 0/25!interface FastEthernet 0/26!interface FastEthernet 0/27
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Show Interface
wg_sw_c#show interfaces ethernet 0/1
Ethernet 0/1 is Enabled Hardware is Built-in 10Base-TAddress is 0050.BD73.E2C1MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbits802.1d STP State: Forwarding Forward Transitions: 1Port monitoring: DisabledUnknown unicast flooding: Enabled Unregistered multicast flooding: Enabled Description: Duplex setting: Half duplex Back pressure: Disabled--More--
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Switch IP Address
wg_sw_a#show ip IP Address: 10.5.5.11Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0Default Gateway: 10.5.5.3Management VLAN: 1Domain name: Name server 1: 0.0.0.0Name server 2: 0.0.0.0HTTP server : EnabledHTTP port : 80RIP : Enabledwg_sw_a#
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Configuring The Switch
• Configuration Modes:– Global configuration mode
– wg_sw_a# conf term– wg_sw_a(config)#
– Interface configuration mode– wg_sw_a(config)# interface e0/1– wg_sw_a(config-if)#
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Switch Identification
– Sets the local identity for the switch
Switch Name
(config)#hostname wg_sw_cwg_sw_c(config)#
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Configuring Switch IP
wg_sw_a(config)#ip address {ip address} {mask}
Example:
wg_sw_a(config)#ip address 10.5.5.11 255.255.255.0
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Initial Router Startup– System startup routines initiate router software.– Router falls back to startup alternatives if needed.
Check hardware
Find and load Cisco IOSsoftware image
Find and apply routerconfiguration information
Load Bootstrap
1. Before you start the router, verify the power, cabling, and console connection.
2. Push the power switch to “on.”
3. Observe the boot sequence:
– Cisco IOS software output text appears on the console.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Initial Bootup
Unconfigured Versus Configured Router
--- System Configuration Dialog ---
Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]:yes At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help.Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.Default settings are in square brackets '[ ]'.
Setup ModeSetup Mode
wg_ro_c con0 is now available
Press RETURN to get started.
User-Mode Prompt
User-Mode Prompt
wg_ro_c>
Console
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Setup OR Initial ConfigurationRouter#setup
--- System Configuration Dialog ---
Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: y
At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help.Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.Default settings are in square brackets '[]'.
Basic management setup configures only enough connectivityfor management of the system, extended setup will ask youto configure each interface on the system
Would you like to enter basic management setup? [yes/no]: n
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Interface Summary
First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [yes]:
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
BRI0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
BRI0:1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
BRI0:2 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Ethernet0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Serial0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [yes]:
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
BRI0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
BRI0:1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
BRI0:2 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Ethernet0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Serial0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
Interfaces Found During Startup
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Setup Global Parameters
Initial Global Parameters
Configuring global parameters:
Enter host name [Router]:wg_ro_c
The enable secret is a password used to protect access to privileged EXEC and configuration modes. This password, after entered, becomes encrypted in the configuration. Enter enable secret: cisco
The enable password is used when you do not specify an enable secret password, with some older software versions, and some boot images. Enter enable password: sanfran
The virtual terminal password is used to protect access to the router over a network interface. Enter virtual terminal password: sanjose Configure SNMP Network Management? [no]:
Configuring global parameters:
Enter host name [Router]:wg_ro_c
The enable secret is a password used to protect access to privileged EXEC and configuration modes. This password, after entered, becomes encrypted in the configuration. Enter enable secret: cisco
The enable password is used when you do not specify an enable secret password, with some older software versions, and some boot images. Enter enable password: sanfran
The virtual terminal password is used to protect access to the router over a network interface. Enter virtual terminal password: sanjose Configure SNMP Network Management? [no]:
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Global Parameters (cont.)
Initial Protocol Configurations
Configure LAT? [yes]: n Configure AppleTalk? [no]: Configure DECnet? [no]: Configure IP? [yes]: Configure IGRP routing? [yes]: n Configure RIP routing? [no]: Configure CLNS? [no]: Configure IPX? [no]: Configure Vines? [no]: Configure XNS? [no]: Configure Apollo? [no]:
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Setup Interface ParametersBRI interface needs isdn switch-type to be configured Valid switch types are : [0] none..........Only if you don't want to configure BRI. [1] basic-1tr6....1TR6 switch type for Germany [2] basic-5ess....AT&T 5ESS switch type for the US/Canada [3] basic-dms100..Northern DMS-100 switch type for US/Canada [4] basic-net3....NET3 switch type for UK and Europe [5] basic-ni......National ISDN switch type [6] basic-ts013...TS013 switch type for Australia [7] ntt...........NTT switch type for Japan [8] vn3...........VN3 and VN4 switch types for France Choose ISDN BRI Switch Type [2]:
Configuring interface parameters:
Do you want to configure BRI0 (BRI d-channel) interface? [no]:
Do you want to configure Ethernet0 interface? [no]: y Configure IP on this interface? [no]: y IP address for this interface: 10.1.1.33 Subnet mask for this interface [255.0.0.0] : 255.255.255.0 Class A network is 10.0.0.0, 24 subnet bits; mask is /24
Do you want to configure Serial0 interface? [no]:
BRI interface needs isdn switch-type to be configured Valid switch types are : [0] none..........Only if you don't want to configure BRI. [1] basic-1tr6....1TR6 switch type for Germany [2] basic-5ess....AT&T 5ESS switch type for the US/Canada [3] basic-dms100..Northern DMS-100 switch type for US/Canada [4] basic-net3....NET3 switch type for UK and Europe [5] basic-ni......National ISDN switch type [6] basic-ts013...TS013 switch type for Australia [7] ntt...........NTT switch type for Japan [8] vn3...........VN3 and VN4 switch types for France Choose ISDN BRI Switch Type [2]:
Configuring interface parameters:
Do you want to configure BRI0 (BRI d-channel) interface? [no]:
Do you want to configure Ethernet0 interface? [no]: y Configure IP on this interface? [no]: y IP address for this interface: 10.1.1.33 Subnet mask for this interface [255.0.0.0] : 255.255.255.0 Class A network is 10.0.0.0, 24 subnet bits; mask is /24
Do you want to configure Serial0 interface? [no]:
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Setup Script & UseThe following configuration command script was created:
hostname Routerenable secret 5 $1$/CCk$4r7zDwDNeqkxFO.kJxC3G0enable password sanfranline vty 0 4password sanjoseno snmp-server!no appletalk routingno decnet routingip routingno clns routingno ipx routingno vines routingno xns routingno apollo routingisdn switch-type basic-5ess
interface BRI0shutdownno ip address!interface Ethernet0no shutdownip address 10.1.1.31 255.255.255.0no mop enabled!interface Serial0shutdownno ip address<text omitted>end
[0] Go to the IOS command prompt without saving this config.[1] Return back to the setup without saving this config.[2] Save this configuration to nvram and exit.
Enter your selection [2]:
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Logging In To The Router
Console
wg_ro_c>wg_ro_c>enablewg_ro_c#wg_ro_c#disablewg_ro_c>wg_ro_c>logout
wg_ro_c con0 is now availablePress RETURN to get started.
User-Mode PromptUser-Mode Prompt
Privileged-Mode PromptPrivileged-Mode Prompt
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
User Mode Commands
– You can abbreviate a command to the fewest characters that make a unique character string.
wg_ro_c>?Exec commands: access-enable Create a temporary Access-List entry atmsig Execute Atm Signalling Commands cd Change current device clear Reset functions connect Open a terminal connection dir List files on given device disable Turn off privileged commands disconnect Disconnect an existing network connection enable Turn on privileged commands exit Exit from the EXEC help Description of the interactive help system lat Open a lat connection lock Lock the terminal login Log in as a particular user logout Exit from the EXEC-- More --
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Privileged Mode Commandswg_ro_c#?Exec commands: access-enable Create a temporary Access-List entry access-profile Apply user-profile to interface access-template Create a temporary Access-List entry bfe For manual emergency modes setting cd Change current directory clear Reset functions clock Manage the system clock configure Enter configuration mode connect Open a terminal connection copy Copy from one file to another debug Debugging functions (see also 'undebug') delete Delete a file dir List files on a filesystem disable Turn off privileged commands disconnect Disconnect an existing network connection enable Turn on privileged commands erase Erase a filesystem exit Exit from the EXEC help Description of the interactive help system-- More --
– You can complete a command string by entering the unique character string, then pressing the Tab key.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Command Line Help
Context-Sensitive Help Console Error Messages
Identify problems with router commands that are incorrectly entered so that you can alter or correct them
Allows recall of long or complex commands or entries for reentry, review, or correction
Command History Buffer
Provides a list of commands and the arguments associated with a specific command
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Context Sensitive HelpRouter# clok
Translating "CLOK"
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
Router# cl?
clear clock
Router# clock
% Incomplete command.
Router# clock ?
set Set the time and date
Router# clock set
% Incomplete command.
Router# <Ctrl-P>clock set ?
hh:mm:ss Current Time
• Symbolic Translation
• Command Prompting
• Last Command Recall
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Context Sensitive Help (cont.)Router# clok
Translating "CLOK"
% Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
Router#
clear clock
Router#
% Incomplete command.
Router#
set Set the time and date
Router#
% Incomplete command.
Router#
hh:mm:ss Current Time
Router# clock set 19:56:00
% Incomplete command.
Router# clock set 19:56:00 ?
<1-31> Day of the month
MONTH Month of the year
Router# clock set 19:56:00 04 8
^
% Invalid input detected at the '^' marker
Router# clock set 19:56:00 04 August
% Incomplete command.
Router# clock set 19:56:00 04 August ?
<1993-2035> Year
• Command Prompting
• Syntax Checking
• Command Prompting
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Using Enhanced Editing
Router>Shape the future of internetworking by creating unpreced
Shape the future of internetworking by creating unprecedented value for customers, employees, and partners.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Enhanced Editing Commands
(Automatic scrolling of long lines.)
Ctrl-A Move to the beginning of the command line.
Ctrl-E Move to the end of the command line.
Esc-B Move back one word.
Esc-F Move forward one word.
Ctrl-B Move back one character.
Ctrl-F Move forward one character.
Ctrl-D Delete a single character.
Router>$ value for customers, employees, and partners.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Reviewing Previous Commands
Ctrl-P or Up Arrow Last (previous) command recall.
Ctrl-N or Down Arrow More recent command recall.
Router> show history Show command buffer contents.
Router> terminal history size lines Set session command buffer size.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Show Versionwg_ro_a#show versionCisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Mon 08-Feb-99 18:18 by phanguyeImage text-base: 0x03050C84, data-base: 0x00001000
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWAREBOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE(fc1)
wg_ro_a uptime is 20 minutesSystem restarted by reloadSystem image file is "flash:c2500-js-l_120-3.bin"(output omitted)--More--
Configuration register is 0x2102
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Viewing The Configuration
Console
IOS
Setup Utility
showstartup-config
showrunning-config
– Setup saves the configuration to NVRAM.
ConfigurationConfiguration
RAM NVRAM
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Show Running & Startup
wg_ro_c#show startup-configUsing 1359 out of 32762 bytes!version 12.0!
-- More --
wg_ro_c#show running-configBuilding configuration...
Current configuration:!version 12.0!
-- More --
In NVRAMIn RAM
– Displays the current and saved configuration.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Different Router Modes
Router(config)#
Router>enable
Router#config term
Exit
Ctrl-Z (end)• User EXEC Mode
• Privileged EXEC Mode
• Global Configuration Mode
Configuration Mode Prompt
Interface Router(config-if)#Subinterface Router(config-subif)#Controller Router(config-controller)#Line Router(config-line)#Router Router(config-router)#IPX router Router(config-ipx-router)#
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Saving Configurations
wg_ro_c#wg_ro_c#copy running-config startup-configDestination filename [startup-config]?Building configuration…
wg_ro_c#
wg_ro_c#wg_ro_c#copy running-config startup-configDestination filename [startup-config]?Building configuration…
wg_ro_c#
– Copies the current configuration to NVRAM
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Configuring Router Identification
– Sets the local identity or message for the accessed router or interface
Router Name
Router(config)#hostname wg_ro_cwg_ro_c(config)#
Message-of-the-Day Bannerwg_ro_c(config)#banner motd #
Accounting Department You have entered a secured system. Authorized access only! #
Interface Descriptionwg_ro_c(config)#interface ethernet 0wg_ro_c(config-if)#description Engineering LAN, Bldg. 18
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Router Passwords
Router(config)#line console 0Router(config-line)#loginRouter(config-line)#password cisco
Console Password
Virtual Terminal Password
Router(config)#line vty 0 4Router(config-line)#login Router(config-line)#password sanjose
Enable Password
Router(config)#enable password cisco
Secret Password
Router(config)#enable secret sanfran
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Console Line Commands
Router(config)#line console 0Router(config-line)#exec-timeout 0 0
Router(config)#line console 0Router(config-line)#logging synchronous
• Prevents console session timeout
• Redisplays interrupted console input
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Configuring InterfaceRouter(config)#interface type numberRouter(config-if)#
• type includes serial, ethernet, token ring, fddi, hssi, loopback, dialer, null, async, atm, bri, and tunnel
• number is used to identify individual interfaces
Router(config-if)#exit
• Quits from current interface configuration mode
Router(config)#interface type slot/portRouter(config-if)#
• For modular routers
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Configuring Serial Interface
•Enter Global Configuration Mode
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000Router(config-if)#
Router(config)#interface serial 0 Router(config-if)#
Router#configure termRouter(config)#
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64Router(config-if)#exitRouter(config)#exitRouter#
Specify Interface
Set Clock Rate (on DCE Interfaces Only)
Set Bandwidth (Recommended)
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Verifying Your Changes
Router#show interface serial 0Serial0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is HD64570 Internet address is 10.140.4.2/24 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 64 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255 Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec) Last input 00:00:09, output 00:00:04, output hang never Last clearing of "show interface" counters never Input queue: 0/75/0 (size/max/drops); Total output drops: 0 Queueing strategy: weighted fair Output queue: 0/1000/64/0 (size/max total/threshold/drops) Conversations 0/1/256 (active/max active/max total) Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated) 5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec(output omitted)
BW 64 Kbit,address is 10.140.4.2/24
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Ethernet Media Type
Router(config)# interface ethernet 2Router(config-if)# media-type 10basetRouter(config)# interface ethernet 2Router(config-if)# media-type 10baset
• Selects the media-type connector for the Ethernet interface
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Disabling Or Enabling An Interface
Router#configure termRouter(config)#interface serial 0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Seria0, changed state to up%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line Protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to up
•Enables an interface that is administratively shut down
Router#configure termRouter(config)#interface serial 0 Router(config-if)#shutdown%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0, changed state to administratively down %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0, changed state to down
• Administratively turns off an interface
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Show Interface
Router#show interfacesEthernet0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is Lance, address is 00e0.1e5d.ae2f (bia 00e0.1e5d.ae2f) Internet address is 10.1.1.11/24 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255 Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec) ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00 Last input 00:00:07, output 00:00:08, output hang never Last clearing of "show interface" counters never Queueing strategy: fifo Output queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops 5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 81833 packets input, 27556491 bytes, 0 no buffer Received 42308 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles 1 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 1 ignored, 0 abort 0 input packets with dribble condition detected 55794 packets output, 3929696 bytes, 0 underruns 0 output errors, 0 collisions, 1 interface resets 0 babbles, 0 late collision, 4 deferred 0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier 0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Interpreting Interface StatusRouter#show interfaces serial 1
Serial1 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is HD64570 Description: 64Kb Line to San Jose :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: ::
Operational..................Connection problem...Interface problem........Disabled ......................
Serial1 is up, line protocol is upSerial1 is up, line protocol is downSerial1 is down, line protocol is downSerial1 is administratively down, line protocol is down
KeepalivesCarrier Detect
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Checking Your Connector type
Router#show controller serial 0HD unit 0, idb = 0x121C04, driver structure at 0x127078buffer size 1524 HD unit 0, V.35 DTE cable
.
.
.
Router#show controller serial 0HD unit 0, idb = 0x121C04, driver structure at 0x127078buffer size 1524 HD unit 0, V.35 DTE cable
.
.
.
• Shows the cable type of serial cables
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Summary
• After completing this chapter, you should be able to complete the following tasks:– Start up the Catalyst switch and Cisco router and observe the bootup processes.
– Provide an initial configuration for the switch and perform the router’s initial setup configuration.
– Enable and identify the command modes in each network device.
– Use the various help and command-line editing features of each device’s user interface.
– Show and recognize fundamental technical details about each network device.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Managing Your Network
• Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to perform the following tasks:– Gather information about neighboring devices.– Gather information about remote devices.– Create a simple network diagram to
document the network.
– Determine the location from which a configuration and Cisco IOS image will be loaded.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Cisco Discovery Protocol
• CDP is a proprietary utility that gives you a summary of directly connected switches, routers, and other Cisco devices.
• CDP discovers neighboring devices regardless of which protocol suite they are running.
• Physical media must support the Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) encapsulation.
Upper-Layer Entry Addresses
Cisco ProprietaryData-Link Protocol
Media Supporting SNAP
TCP/IP Novell IPX
CDP discovers and displays information about directly connected Cisco devices.
ATM OthersLANsFrameRelay
AppleTalk Others
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Discovering Neighbors• CDP runs on routers with Cisco IOS®
software Release 10.3 or later and Cisco switches and hubs software.
• Summary information includes:– Device identifiers.
– Address list.
– Port identifier.
– Capabilities list.– Platform.
CDP
show cdp
CDP
CDP
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Using CDP
SwitchBRouterA RouterBSwitchA
10.3.3.2 10.3.3.1 10.1.1.110.1.1.2
10.2.2.1 10.2.2.2
S0S1
RouterA#sh cdp ? entry Information for specific neighbor entry interface CDP interface status and configuration neighbors CDP neighbors entries traffic CDP statistics <cr>RouterA(config)#no cdp run RouterA(config)#interface serial0 RouterA(config-if)#no cdp enable
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Show cdp Neighbor
SwitchA also provides its MAC address
RouterA#sh cdp neighborsCapability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater
Device ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Capability Platform Port IDRouterB Ser 0 148 R 2522 Ser 1SwitchA0050BD855780 Eth 0 167 T S 1900 2
SwitchBRouterA RouterBSwitchA
10.3.3.2 10.3.3.1 10.1.1.110.1.1.2
10.2.2.1 10.2.2.2
S0S1
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Show CDP entry
RouterA#sh cdp entry *-------------------------Device ID: RouterB Entry address(es): IP address: 10.1.1.2 Platform: cisco 2522, Capabilities: Router Interface: Serial0, Port ID (outgoing port): Serial1Holdtime : 168 sec
Version :Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fci)Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Mon 08-Feb-99 18:18 by phanguye
SwitchBRouterA RouterBSwitchA
10.3.3.2 10.3.3.1 10.1.1.110.1.1.2
10.2.2.1 10.2.2.2
S0S1
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
More CDP commands
RouterA#sh cdp trafficCDP counters :
Packets output: 56, Input: 38Hdr syntax: 0, Chksum error: 0, Encaps failed: 3No memory: 0, Invalid packet: 0, Fragmented: 0
RouterA#sh cdp interface BRI0 is administratively down, line protocol is down Encapsulation HDLC Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds Holdtime is 180 seconds
SwitchBRouterA RouterBSwitchA
10.3.3.2 10.3.3.1 10.1.1.110.1.1.2
10.2.2.1 10.2.2.2
S0S1
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Remote devices
Remote device
SwitchBRouterA RouterBSwitchA
10.3.3.2 10.3.3.1 10.1.1.110.1.1.2
10.2.2.1 10.2.2.2
S0S1
RouterA#telnet 10.2.2.2 Trying 10.2.2.2 ... Open-------------------------------------------------Catalyst 1900 Management ConsoleCopyright (c) Cisco Systems, Inc. 1993-1998All rights reserved.Enterprise Edition SoftwareEthernet Address: 00-90-86-73-33-40PCA Number: 73-2239-06PCA Serial Number: FAA02359H8KModel Number: WS-C1924-ENSystem Serial Number: FAA0237X0FQ..SwitchB>
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Viewing Telnet ConnectionsSwitchBRouterA RouterBSwitchA
10.3.3.2 10.3.3.1 10.1.1.110.1.1.2
10.2.2.1 10.2.2.2
S0S1
RouterA#sh sessionConn Host Address Byte Idle Conn Name 1 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.2 0 1 10.1.1.2* 2 10.3.3.2 10.3.3.2 0 0 10.3.3.2
RouterA#sh user Line User Host(s) Idle Location* 0 con 0 10.1.1.2 3 10.3.3.2 2 11 vty 0 idle 1 10.1.1.2
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Suspending A TelnetSwitchBRouterA RouterBSwitchA
10.3.3.2 10.3.3.1 10.1.1.110.1.1.2
10.2.2.1 10.2.2.2
S0S1
RouterB#<Ctrl-Shift-6>xRouterA#sh sessionConn Host Address Byte Idle Conn Name 1 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.2 0 1 10.1.1.2RouterA#resume 1RouterB#
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Closing A Telnet
RouterA#disconnect Closing connection to 10.3.3.2 [confirm]
RouterA#clear line 11[confirm] [OK]
Closes a session opened by a remote device
Closes the current session opened by you
SwitchBRouterA RouterBSwitchA
10.3.3.2 10.3.3.1 10.1.1.110.1.1.2
10.2.2.1 10.2.2.2
S0S1
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Testing Commands
• Tests the connectivity and path to a remote device
Router##ping 10.1.1.10
Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.1.1.10, timeout is 2 seconds:!!!!!Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 4/4/4 ms
Router#trace 10.1.1.10
Type escape sequence to abort.Tracing the route to 10.1.1.10
1 10.1.1.10 4 msec 4 msec 4 msecRouter#
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Router Power On/Bootup Sequence
• Perform power-on self test (POST).
• Load and run bootstrap code.
• Find the Cisco IOS software.
• Load the Cisco IOS software.
• Find the configuration.
• Load the configuration.
• Run the configured Cisco IOS software.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Internal Components Of A Router
RAM Configuration Register
ROM
Flash
NVRAM
Interfaces
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Functions Of ROM
ROM
• Contains microcode for basic functions
Bootstrap
Mini IOSsoftware
file
ROMMonitor
POST
show version
Console
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Finding The IOS
Flash
showversion
show startup-config
CiscoIOS
Software
Order of search:1. Checks configuration register 2. Parses config in NVRAM3. Defaults to first file in Flash4. Attempts to boot from network server5. RXBOOT6. ROMMON
Console
Configuration Register
NVRAM
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Router Startup Flowchart
Use IOS fromFlash
Attempt to Get
IOS from Network
Use IOS in ROM(rxboot Mode)
Check StartupConfig
Boot Field = 0
0x0
Boot Field = 1
0x1
Boot System
Commands?
Config regbit 13 = 1
?
5 Failures?
Valid IOS inFlash
?
Do WhatThey Say
RunROM
Monitor
START
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
NoYes Success
?
No
Yes
Use File fromNetwork
Load IOSValid Config
?
Config RegBit 6 = 1
?
Yes
No Yes
SETUPDIALOG
NORMAL STARTUP
COMPLETE
No
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Determining Current Configuration Register Value
wg_ro_a#show versionCisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.Compiled Mon 08-Feb-99 18:18 by phanguyeImage text-base: 0x03050C84, data-base: 0x00001000
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWAREBOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
wg_ro_a uptime is 20 minutesSystem restarted by reloadSystem image file is "flash:c2500-js-l_120-3.bin"
--More--
Configuration register is 0x2102
• Configuration register value in show version
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Configuration Register Values
– Configuration register bits 3, 2, 1, and 0 set boot option.
– Check configuration register value with show version.
Configuration Register Boot Field Value
0x0
0x2 to 0xF
0x1
Meaning
Use ROM monitor mode(manually boot using the b command).
Examine NVRAM for boot system commands (0x2 default if router has Flash).
Automatically boot from ROM
(provides Cisco IOS software subset).
Router#configure terminalRouter(config)#config-register 0x2102[Ctrl-Z]Router#reload
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Loading The IOS From Flash
Flash
CiscoIOS
CiscoIOS show flash
• Flash file is decompressed into RAM.
Console
RAM
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Show Flash
wg_ro_a#sh flash
System flash directory:File Length Name/status 1 10084696 c2500-js-l_120-3.bin [10084760 bytes used, 6692456 available, 16777216 total]16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
wg_ro_a#sh flash
System flash directory:File Length Name/status 1 10084696 c2500-js-l_120-3.bin [10084760 bytes used, 6692456 available, 16777216 total]16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Loading The Configuration
Console
CiscoIOS
Setup Utility
showstartup-config
showrunning-config
– Load and execute the configuration from NVRAM.– If no configuration is present in NVRAM, enter setup mode.
ConfigConfig
RAM NVRAM
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Show Running & Startup
wg_ro_c#show startup-configUsing 1359 out of 32762 bytes!version 12.0!
-- More --
wg_ro_c#show running-configBuilding configuration...
Current configuration:!version 12.0!
-- More --
In NVRAMIn RAM
– Displays current and saved configuration
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Source Of Configuration
ConfigurationConfiguration
Console
RAM NVRAM
– NVRAM– Terminal– TFTP server– Erase start
copy running startup
copy startup running (merge)
TFTPServer
Blank000000000000
erasestart
config term
(merge)
copy tftp run
(merge) copy tftp start
copy start tftpcopy run tftp
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Copy Run Tftp & Tftp Run
wg_ro_a#copy running-config tftp Address or name of remote host []? 10.1.1.1 Destination filename [running-config]? wgroa.cfg .!!1684 bytes copied in 13.300 secs (129 bytes/sec) wg_ro_a#copy tftp running-config Address or name of remote host []? 10.1.1.1 Source filename []? wgroa.cfg Destination filename [running-config]? Accessing tftp://10.1.1.1/wgroa.cfg... Loading wgroa.cfg from 10.1.1.1 (via Ethernet0): ![OK - 1684/3072 bytes]
1684 bytes copied in 17.692 secs (99 bytes/sec)
wg_ro_a#copy running-config tftp Address or name of remote host []? 10.1.1.1 Destination filename [running-config]? wgroa.cfg .!!1684 bytes copied in 13.300 secs (129 bytes/sec) wg_ro_a#copy tftp running-config Address or name of remote host []? 10.1.1.1 Source filename []? wgroa.cfg Destination filename [running-config]? Accessing tftp://10.1.1.1/wgroa.cfg... Loading wgroa.cfg from 10.1.1.1 (via Ethernet0): ![OK - 1684/3072 bytes]
1684 bytes copied in 17.692 secs (99 bytes/sec)
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Cisco IOS File Systems & Devices
RAM NVRAM
TFTPServer
Flash
flash:
system: nvram:
tftp:
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Managing Cisco IOS
NetworkServer
FLASHFLASH
Router
c2500-js-l_120-3.bin
NetworkServer
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Preparing For Network Backup
Router
c2500-js-l_120-3.bin
NetworkServer
• Check access to the server.• Check space available on the server.• Check the filename convention.• Create the file on the server, if required.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Verifying Memory
wg_ro_a#show flash
System flash directory:File Length Name/status 1 10084696 c2500-js-l_120-3.bin
[10084760 bytes used, 6692456 available, 16777216 total]16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
– Verify that Flash memory has room for the Cisco IOS image.
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Creating Software Backup
wg_ro_a#copy flash tftpSource filename []? c2500-js-l_120-3.binAddress or name of remote host []? 10.1.1.1Destination filename [c2500-js-l_120-3.bin]? !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!<output omitted>10084696 bytes copied in 709.228 secs (14223 bytes/sec)wg_ro_a#
• Back up current files prior to updating Flash.
NetworkServer
FLASHFLASH
copy flash tftp
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Upgrading The Image From The Network
wg_ro_a#copy tftp flashAddress or name of remote host [10.1.1.1 ]? Source filename []? c2500-js-l_120-3.binDestination filename [c2500-js-l_120-3.bin]? Accessing tftp://10.1.1.1/c2500-js-l_120-3.bin...Erase flash: before copying? [confirm]Erasing the flash filesystem will remove all files! Continue? [confirm]Erasing device... eeeee (output omitted) ...erasedErase of flash: completeLoading c2500-js-l_120-3.bin from 10.1.1.1 (via Ethernet0): !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(output omitted)[OK - 10084696/20168704 bytes]Verifying checksum... OK (0x9AA0)10084696 bytes copied in 309.108 secs (32636 bytes/sec)wg_ro_a#
– Erase Flash occurs before loading new image.– Note the message that the image already exists.
NetworkServer
FLASHFLASH
Mahesh Parmar CCNA MCSE CNE
Summary
• After completing this chapter, you should be able to perform the following tasks:– Use the Cisco Discovery Protocol from a device to get
information about neighboring devices.– Use Telnet to retrieve information about remote
devices.– Determine the load location of the Cisco IOS image.– List the commands to load a Cisco IOS image file.