Assessing the Economic Justification for Government Involvement in Sports

7/30/2019 Assessing the Economic Justification for Government Involvement in Sports

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ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION FORGOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN SPORTS

FACILITIES AND EVENTS IN NEW ZEALAND

Samuel Andrew Richardson

2010


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ABSTRACT


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DEDICATION


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT............................................. .................................................................................ii

DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................ iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................ .........................................................iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................................... v

TABLES...................................................................................................................................ix

FIGURES .................................................................................................................................xi

1 THESIS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................1

1.2.1. Internationally Oriented Events Hosted in New Zealand ..............................2

1.2.2. The Major Events Development Fund....................................................................3

1.2.3. Facility Construction in New Zealand...................................................................5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................. 11

2.2.1. Income Generation ....... ........ ...... ....... ........ ........ ........ ...... ...... ......... ........ ...... ...... ........ 14


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2.2.2. Job Creation ....... ......... ........ ......... ...... ...... ........ ......... ...... ...... ....... ......... ...... ...... ........ .... 16

2.2.3. Earnings...... ........ ......... ......... ...... ....... ...... ......... ...... ...... ........ ......... ...... ...... ....... ........ ..... 18

2.2.5. Real Estate Values ...... ......... ........ ......... ...... ...... ........ ......... ...... ...... ....... ......... ...... ...... . 18

2.2.6. Mega events ...... ......... ........ ......... ...... ....... ....... ......... ...... ....... ...... ......... ...... ....... ....... .... 19

2.2.7. Intangibles ....... ........ ......... ......... ...... ...... ........ ......... ...... ...... ....... ......... ...... ...... ........ ...... 22

2.3.1. Economic Impact Analy sis ....... ....... ........ ...... ...... ........ ......... ......... ...... ....... ....... ...... 25

2.3.2. Computable General Equilibrium Analysis....... ....... ......... ....... ....... ...... ........ .... 30

2.3.3. Ex Post Econometric Analysis ....... ......... ........ ...... ...... ........ ......... ......... ...... ....... .... 30

3 METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................ 39

3.3.1. Ex Post Analysis of Economic Impacts ............................................................... 43

3.3.2. Modelling the Strategic Nature of Facility and Event Subsidisation .....45

3.3.3. Measuring the Consumers Surplus Benefits of Provincial Rugby

Attendance ...... ........ ........ ....... ...... ........ ........ ....... ...... ....... ........ ...... ...... ......... ........ ...... ...... ....... . 45

4 WESTPAC STADIUM: THE IMPACT ON THE WELLINGTON REGIONAL

ECONOMY ............................................................................................................................ 47

4.2.1. United States................................................................................................................48

4.2.2. Europe ............................................................................................................................504.2.3. Australia ........................................................................................................................ 51

4.3.1. The First Five Years: An Evaluation....................................................................57

4.4.1. Employment Models .................................................................................................. 60


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4.4.2 Data .................................................................................................................................. 63

4.5.1. Facility Construction Effects..................................................................................67

4.5.2. Post Construction Stadium Activity: The First Five Years ..........................70

5 FACILITY CONSTRUCTION AND THE HOSTING OF INTERNATIONAL EVENTS

IN NEW ZEALAND: EX POST IMPACTS ON LOCAL ECONOMIES .......................... 75

5.4.1. Facility Construction Models ................................................................................. 86

5.4.2. Event Models ................................................................................................................89

5.4.3. Data.................................................................................................................................98

5.5.1. The Effect of Facility Construction on Local Economies .......................... 101

5.5.2. The Effect of International Events on Local Economies........................... 112

5.5.3. Events, Facilities and Local Economies: Does Location Matter? .......... 118

6 THE SUBSIDISATION OF EVENTS AND FACILITIES: A GAME THEORY

APPROACH ............................................. ........................................................................... 129

6.5.1. Identical Cities.......................................................................................................... 137

6.5.2. Large City versus Small City................................................................................ 142

7 INTANGIBLE BENEFITS AND THEIR ROLE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT

FUNDING OF SPORTS FACILITIES: A CASE STUDY OF WANGANUI RUGBY ....149


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7.5.1. Data.............................................................................................................................. 159

8 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................179

8.2.1. Major Findings of the Research ......................................................................... 179

8.2.2. The Sequential Development of Sports Facilities: How the Research

Informs the Framework.................................................................................................... 182

8.2.3. Policy Implications ................................................................................................. 184

REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................190


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TABLES


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FIGURES


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1THESIS INTRODUCTION1.1. INTRODUCTION

1.2. THE NEW ZEALAND SPORTING LANDSCAPE


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1.2.1. Internationally Oriented Events Hosted in New Zealand


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1.2.2. The Major Events Development Fund


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Figure 1.1: Criteria for Major Events Development Fund Applications

One Off Benefits

Legacy Benefits

Event Capability Benefits


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1.2.3. Facility Construction in New Zealand

1.3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND QUESTIONS


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1.4. WESTPAC STADIUM: THE IMPACT ON THE WELLINGTON REGIONAL ECONOMY


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1.5. FACILITYCONSTRUCTION AND THE HOSTING OF INTERNATIONAL EVENTS IN NEW

ZEALAND: EX POST IMPACTS ON LOCAL ECONOMIES

1.6. THE SUBSIDISATION OF EVENTS AND FACILITIES: A GAME THEORYAPPROACH


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1.7. INTANGIBLE BENEFITS AND THEIR ROLE IN GOVERNMENT FUNDING OF SPORTS

FACILITIES: A CASE STUDY OF WANGANUI RUGBY

1.8. THE ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS


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2LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. INTRODUCTION


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2.2. INDEPENDENT RESEARCHINTO ECONOMIC OUTCOMES OF SPORTS FACILITIES AND

EVENTS


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2.2.1. Income Generation


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2.2.2. Job Creation


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2.2.3. Earnings

2.2.5. Real Estate Values


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2.2.6. Mega events


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2.2.7. Intangibles


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2.3. EX ANTE VERSUS EX POSTANALYSIS OF SPORTS FACILITIES AND EVENTS

2.3.1. Economic Impact Analysis


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2.3.2. Computable General Equilibrium Analysis

2.3.3. Ex Post Econometric Analysis


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2.4. THE ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION FOR GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN SPORTS FACILITIES

AND EVENTS: WHAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED?


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Figure 2.1: The Psychic Income Paradigm


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2.5. SUMMARY


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3METHODOLOGY

3.1. INTRODUCTION

3.2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK


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Figure 3.1: A Conceptual Framework for Facility Development

Catalyst forChange

ConstructionStage

Event(s)Stage

Legacy Stage


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3.3. METHODSADOPTED: A BRIEF SUMMARY

3.3.1. Ex Post Analysis of Economic Impacts

i t


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3.3.2. Modelling the Strategic Nature of Facility and Event Subsidisation

3.3.3. Measuring the Consumers Surplus Benefits of Provincial Rugby

Attendance


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4WESTPAC STADIUM:

THE IMPACT ON THE WELLINGTON

REGIONAL ECONOMY

4.1. INTRODUCTION


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4.2. FACILITIES: THE INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE

4.2.1. United States


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4.2.2. Europe


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4.2.3. Australia


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4.3. WESTPAC STADIUM: THE CATALYST FOR CHANGE


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Table 4.1: Allocation of Components Contracts for Regional Stadium (December

1998)

Local Area Value of contract work


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Table 4.2: Annual Attendance at Westpac Stadium, 2000 2009

Year Attendance

Figure 4.1: Net Operating Surpluses ($m): Westpac Stadium, 2000 2009

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009


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4.3.1. The First Five Years: An Evaluation

Table 4.3: Predicted Ex Ante Impacts Versus Estimated Ex Post Impacts

1996 estimate

(annual)

2000 2004

(average)

Difference


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Table 4.4: Estimated Employment Effects on Wellington Region, 2000 2004

Year Estimated Total

Employment Effect

FTE (December

quarter)

Percentage of

employment


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4.4. MODELS AND DATA


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4.4.1. Employment Models

ttttt

ttt

eTIMEQTEPAPASTADINT

RAWELFNZFTEFTE

7654

3210 _

tt

tttt

ttt

eTIMEQ

TEPAPAPOSTSTADSTADINT

RAWELFNZFTEFTE

7

654

3210 _

FTEt t

FTE_NZt

LFt

RAWEt

INTt

STADt

TEPAPAt

Qt

POSTSTADt

TIME

et


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POSTSTADt

FIRST_FIVE_YEARS


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STADt

POSTSTADt

FTE_NZ RAWE LF

FTE_NZ RAWE

GFTE_NZ GRAWE LF DLF

FTE

INT

FTE, GFTE_NZ, GRAWE

d99Q3

t

tttt

ttt

eQd

TIMEQTEPAPASTADINT

DLFGRAWENZGFTEFTE

399

_

8

7654

3210

tt

tttt

ttt

eQdTIMEQTEPAPAPOSTSTADSTADINT

DLFGRAWENZGFTEFTE

399

_

87

654

3210


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4.4.2 Data


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Table4.5:Varia

bleDefinitionsandSummaryS

tatistics

Variable

Defin

ition

Info

share(StatisticsNew

Zealand)sourcecategory:

Mean

Standard

Deviation

Minimum

Maximum


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Table 4.6: Unit Root Tests for Stationarity

Variable Trend and

intercept

p value

4.5. RESULTS


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4.5.1. Facility Construction Effects


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Table 4.7: Stadium Construction and Employment Estimated Parameters

Variable Coefficient Prob. Coefficient Prob.


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4.5.2. Post Construction Stadium Activity: The First Five Years

POSTSTADt

FIRST_FIVE_YEARS

YEAR_1, YEAR_2, YEAR_3,

YEAR_4 YEAR_5

GRAWE

POSTSTADt FIRST_FIVE_YEARS

STADt

STAD FIRST_FIVE_YEARS


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Table 4.8: Post Construction Activity and Employment Estimated Parameters

Variable Coefficient Prob. Coefficient Prob.


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YEAR_1 YEAR_5YEAR_1 YEAR_2 YEAR_3

YEAR_4 YEAR_5

YEAR_5 YEAR_4

YEAR_4

STAD

YEAR

STAD YEAR


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4.6. CONCLUSIONS


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5FACILITY CONSTRUCTION AND THE HOSTING OF

INTERNATIONAL EVENTS IN NEW ZEALAND:

EX POST IMPACTS ON LOCAL ECONOMIES

5.1. INTRODUCTION


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5.2. FACILITYDEVELOPMENTS IN NEW ZEALAND


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Table5.1:StadiumConstructio

nDetailsintheNorthIsland,N

ewZealand,19972009.

City

Stadium

TypeofConstruction

Construction

period

Valueofconstruction

work

Publicfu

ndingdetails


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Table5.2:StadiumConstructio

nDetailsintheSouthIsland,N

ewZealand19972009.

City

Stadium

TypeofConstru

ction

Year

opened/upgraded

Val

ueofconstruction

work

Publicfu

ndingdetails


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5.3. THE EVENTS


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Table 5.3: Sporting Mega Events hosted in New Zealand, 1997 2009

Event Date(s) of Event Host City


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Table 5.4: Host cities for 1999 FIFA U 17 Soccer World Championships (Men)

City Games Hosted

Table 5.5: Host cities for 2005 British and Irish Lions Tour

City Games Hosted

Table 5.6: Host cities for 2008 FIFA U 17 Soccer World Championships (Women)

City Games Hosted


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Table 5.7: Economic Impacts of Selected Major New Zealand Sports Events

Year Event Economic Impact

(NZ$ million)

Real GDP

(production,

NZ$ million)

Percent

of GDP


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5.4. MODELS AND DATA


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5.4.1. Facility Construction Models


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i t

i t

t

t

t

t

t

t

i t


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SHARE_AFF SHARE_MANUF

SHARE_TTS SHARE_SERV

NM

LQ_EMP_CONST

i

LD_RRET_SALES


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FCON_TOTAL

STAD ARENA MOTOR VELO

5.4.2. Event Models

i t


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Table5.8:Locationspecificdependentandindependentvariables(

)

Variable

Description

Infometrics

Industry

category

Mean

Standard

Deviation

Minimum

M

aximum

t


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Table5.9:Facility

constructionspecificvariable

s(

)

Variable

Description

Facility

type

Mean

Standard

Deviation

MinimumM

aximum


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i t

i

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

EVENTit


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Table5.10:Locationspe

cificdependentandindepende

ntvariables(

)

Variable

Description

Infometrics

Industry

category

Mean

Standard

Deviation

Minimum

Maximum

t


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Table5.11:Eventspecificvariables(

)

Variable(s)

Description

Mean

Standard

Deviation

Minimum

Maximum


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5.4.3. Data

Table 5.12: Territorial Local Authorities Used in Model Estimation

Facility Construction TLAs Event TLAs


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Table 5.13: Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) Panel Unit Root Tests

Variable Statistic

(Fisher chi square)

Prob. Cross sections Obs.

Null: Unit root (assumes individual unit root process)


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5.5. RESULTS


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5.5.1. The Effect of Facility Construction on Local Economies


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Table 5.14: Construction Sector E mployment Results Parameter Estimates

(FCON)

Equation 5.1: Pooled OLS690 observations

15 cross sectional unitsTime series length = 46

Dependent variable: EMP_CONST

Equation 5.1: Panel Least Squares,Cross section and period fixed

effects690 observations


Dependent variable: EMP_CONSTWhite diagonal standard errors

Variable Coefficient p value Coefficient p value

Test Test statistic P value F Test statistic P value


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(Facility Types)




Equation 5.1:Panel Least Squares,Cross section and period fixed







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(Individual Facilities)










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Table 5.17: Real GDP results Parameter Estimates (FCON)



Dependent variable: GDP




Dependent variable: GDPWhite diagonal standard errors




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Table 5.18: Real GDP Results Parameter Estimates (Facility Types)




Equation 2: Panel Least Squares,Cross section and period fixed






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Table 5.19: Real GDP Results Parameter Estimates (Individual Facilities)










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5.5.2. The Effect of International Events on Local Economies

Table 5.20: Accommodation, Cafs and Restaurants Employment Results

Parameter Estimates (Events)



Dependent variable: EMP_ACR







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Table 5.21: GDP Results Parameter Estimates (Events)











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5.5.3. Events, Facilities and Local Economies: Does Location Matter?

j i t

X_DIST

X


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Parameter Estimates (Distance Decay)


16 cross sectional unitsTime series length = 46Dependent variable: EMP_ACR

Equation 5.6: Panel Least Squares,Cross section & period fixed

effects736 observations16 cross sectional unitsTime series length = 46





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Table 5.23: GDP results Parameter Estimates (Distance Decay)











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X_CAP

X_DIST*CAP


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Parameter Estimates (Amended Distance Decay)











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Table 5.25: GDP Results Parameter Estimates (Amended Distance Decay)











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Table 5.26: Effective Distance Parameter Estimates and Critical Capacities

Model Event Effective Distance Coefficient Cr itical Facilit y Capacity

(positive economic impact)


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5.6. CONCLUSIONS


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6THE SUBSIDISATION OF EVENTS AND FACILITIES:

A GAME THEORY APPROACH

6.1. INTRODUCTION


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6.2. BACKGROUND


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6.3. LITERATURE REVIEW


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6.4THEORETICAL MODEL

x y

E

x

),( , xyxxx AEEBB

Ex Ey x y Ax x

Ex Ax

x Ey

),(),,(xxxxyxxx

AEIBAEETBB

TB

IB


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x

Cx y x Sx

x

Cx

)(),( xxxxxx ESAECC

Cx Sx.

)](),([),(),,( xxxxxxxxxyxxx ESEACAEIBAEETBNB

)]()([),(),,( yyyyyyyyyxyyy ESEACAEIBAEETBNB


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Figure 6.1: Net Benefits of Event Hosting

y

x x: IBx Sx, y: IBy Sy x: TBy + IBx Sx, y: TBy

x: TBx, y: TBx + IBy Sy x y

Ex Ey

y

x

x


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x

y

6.5. ESTABLISHING THRESHOLDS FOR SUBSIDISATION


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x y Ax Ay x y Ax

Ay

6.5.1. Identical Cities

Lets call them Auckland

and Wellington)

without a Wellington

race

meaning that the resulting effect on Wellington is a

loss of $10m in tangible benefits without an

Auckland race

with the resulting effect on

Auckland being a loss of $10m in tangible benefits Up to this point, we can think

of this example as a zero sum game


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which implies that there is a negative net benefit associated with not hosting

the event of 20% of the citys tangible benefits

that is, $10m $8m

Figure 6.2: Net Benefits without a Subsidy (Lallys Example)


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Figure 6.3: Net Benefits with a $6m Subsidy (Lallys Example)

Figure 6.4: Net Benefits with an $11m Subsidy (Lallys Example)


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Figure 6.5: Net Benefits with a $13m Subsidy (Lallys Example)

awAA w a

aw TBTB

0aw IBIB

a w


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aw TBS 1)(a

wwa NBSTB 1)(a

ww NBS 0)(a

aa TBS 1)(w

aaa NBSTB 1)(w

aa NBS 0)(w


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6.5.2. Large City versus Small City


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Figure 6.6: Net benefits without a Subsidy (Large (A) vs Small (W) city)

Figure 6.7: Net Benefits with an $8m Subsidy (Large [A] vs Small [W] City)


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Figure 6.8: Net Benefits with a $15m Subsidy (Large [A] vs Small [W] City)

Figure 6.9: Net Benefits with a $25m Subsidy (Large [A] vs Small [W] City)

awAA

awTBTB 0

awIBIB

SSS aw

wTBS0 1)(,1)( wa

aw NBSTB 1)(,1)( wa

aa TBSNB 1)(,1)( wa

wa NBSTB 1)(,0)( wa

wNBS 0)(,0)( wa


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6.5. CONCLUSIONS


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7INTANGIBLE BENEFITS AND THEIR ROLE INLOCAL GOVERNMENT FUNDING OF SPORTS

FACILITIES: A CASE STUDY OF WANGANUI RUGBY

7.1. INTRODUCTION


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7.3. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL PROVINCIAL CHAMPIONSHIP


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7.4. LITERATURE REVIEW


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7.5. MODEL AND DATA

it

CSC

itit

CP

iti

E

itiit eXXXATT

itATT i t


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Figure 7.1: Average Attendance at Games in Wanganui, 1972 1994

E

itX REAL_PRICE

DIST_HRS

WMRU SKY

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994


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WMRU

SKY

CP

itX

ATTi 1,t

CSC

itX

TARA

DIV2NI DIV2 DIV3 INT_T1 DIV3SF

DIV3F PROMPY RELPY

PRENPC NPC1 NPC2 NPC3 NPC4

i t

i t


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TARA

Figure 7.2: Attendance at Wanganui vs Taranaki (Queens Birthday) Games

DIV2NI, DIV2 DIV3

PROMPY RELPY

DIV3SF DIV3F

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Jun

72

Jun

75

Jun

78

Jun

81

Jun

84

Jun

87

Jun

90

Jun

93


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INT_T1

PRENPC NPC1 NPC2 NPC3 NPC4

PRENPC NPC

TIME

GAME

MWK

itttttt

tttttit

itititititit

tiitititit

eMWKGAMETIMESKYNPC

NPCNPCPRENPCRELPYPROMPYFDIV

SFDIVTINTDIVDIVNIDIVTARA

ATTWMRUHRSDISTPRICEREALATT

1716151413

121110987

654321

1,13210

4

313

31_322

__

NPC2


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7.5.1. Data


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Table7.1:Variables

,Definitions,SourceandSumm

aryStatistics

Variable

Definition

DataSource

Mean

Standard

Deviation

Minim

um

Maximum

ATT

REAL_PRICE

DIST

_HRS

WMRU

TARA

INT_T1

PRENPC

NPC1

REAL_PRICE


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NPC2

NPC3

NPC4

DIV2NI

DIV2

DIV3

DIV3SF

DIV3F

PROMPY

RELPY

SKY

MWK


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Table 7.2: Unit Root Tests of Time Series Variables

Variable H0: Constant, Trend

Test Statistic

p value

ATT

REAL_PRICE

DIST_HRS

WMRU

D_WMRU

.

ATT REAL_PRICE DIST_HRS WMRU

WMRU

D_WMRU


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7.6. RESULTS


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Table7.3:ModelEstimation:Attendanc

e

Model7.1(Linear):

DependentVariable:ATT

Method:LeastSquares

Includedobservations:169

afteradjustments

(WhiteHeteroskedasticity

ConsistentStandardErrors

&Covariance)

Model7.2(LinLog):

De

pendentVariable:ATT

M

ethod:LeastSquares


afteradjustments

(WhiteHeteroskedasticity

Con

sistentStandardErrors

&Covariance)

Model7.3(SemiLog):

DependentVariable:

LOG_A

TT

Method:LeastSquares

Included

observations:169

afteradjustments

(WhiteH

eteroskedasticity

ConsistentStandardErrors

&Covariance)

Model7.4(LogLog):

DependentVariable:

LOG_ATT

Method:LtSquares


afteradju

stments

(WhiteHetero

skedasticity

ConsistentSta

ndardErrors

&Covar

iance)

Variable

Coefficient

pvalue

Coefficient

pvalue

Coefficient

pvalue

Coefficient

pvalue


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178/216

Test

Test

statistic

Pvalue

Test

statistic

Pvalue

Test

statistic

Pvalue

Test

statistic

Pvalue


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Table 7.4: Estimated Price Elasticities of Demand31

Model 7.1(Linear)

Model 7.2(Lin Log)

Model 7.3(Semi Log)

Model 7.4(Log Log)

(REAL_PRICE)/ATT /ATT (REAL_PRICE)


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PRENPC

NPC1 PRENPC

NPC3

NPC4

DIV2NI

DIV2

DIV3

DIV2


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7.7. MEASUREMENT OF CONSUMER SURPLUS AS ECONOMIC BENEFITS

1

2

2

ATTCS

linear

))(_(

))(max()_max(

1

1log

ATTPRICEREAL

ATTPRICEREALCSlin

1

log

ATTCSsemi

)]_(

))(max()_[(max(1

1

1

loglog

ATTPRICEREAL

ATTPRICEREALCS11

1

)_(

1

loglog

ATTPRICEREALCS 11

1REAL_PRICE


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Table 7.5: Estimates of Consumer Surplus Benefits Generated by Wanganui

Representative Rugby (in 1999 dollars)

Season

Model 7.1

(Linear)

($)

Model 7.2

(Lin Log)

($)

Model 7.3

(Semi Log)

($)

Model 7.4

(Log Log)

($)


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Table 7.6: Present Values of Consumer Surplus Benefits Generated by Wanganui

Representative Rugby (Average Season Estimates, in 1999 dollars)

Time (years)

Discount Rate (%) 20 30

2

4

6

10

15

20


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7.8. CONCLUSIONS


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8CONCLUSION8.1. INTRODUCTION

8.2. MAJOR FINDINGS AND POLICYIMPLICATIONS OF THE RESEARCH

8.2.1. Major Findings of the Research


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8.2.2. The Sequential Development of Sports Facilities: How the Research

Informs the Framework


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8.2.3. Policy Implications


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8.3. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE RESEARCH


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8.4. LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH


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8.5. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH


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REFERENCES

The Southland Times

American Journal of AgriculturalEconomics, 71

BTR Occasional Paper No. 28, Valuing Tourism:

Methods and Techniques

. Waikato Times

. The Dominion

Journal of Urban Economics, 48

The Regional Impact of the Westpac

Stadium The First Five Years

. The

Southland Times

Press Release: Council's total investment in Vector Arena

Journal of Urban Affairs, 24

The

Heartland Institute, Policy Study No. 13


Journal of Sports Economics, 9

Southern Economic

Journal, 74


203/216

Annals of Regional Science, 22

Economic Development Quarterly, 2

Growth & Change, 21

High Octane? Grading the Economic Impact of the

Daytona 500.


Working Papers University

of Michigan Department of Economics

Regional Studies, 38

Sports, jobs, and taxes: The economic

impact of sports teams and stadiums

Sports, jobs, and taxes: The economic impact of sportsteams and stadiums

The sports stadium as a municipal investment

Applied Economics Letters, 2

Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 43

Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Economic

Impact Study

TEST,

16

Inter State Bidding Wars: Calling a Truce (Speech to the Committee for

Economic Development of Australia)


204/216


205/216

Benefit cost analysis : financial and economic

appraisal using spreadsheets


Applied Economics Letters, 6

. North Shore Times

The Press


Press Release: Sports events boost region, 3 June


New Zealand Treasury, Working Paper 02/13

Contemporary Economic Policy, 25

Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 18

Southern Economic Journal, 67


Regional Science and

Urban Economics, 33



206/216

Econ Journal Watch, 5


Wanganui Chronicle

The Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, 73

Should Governments Subsidise Stadiums and Events?

Journal of Sport Management, 9


Journal of Travel Research, 45


Journal of Travel Research, 40

. The Evening Post

New Zealand Racer Magazine

Area, 37

Critical Sociology, 29

. Northern

Advocate

The Sunday Star Times,

Athletic Park : a lost football ground


207/216

City: analysis of urban trends, culture,

theory, policy, action, 6

Sports economics: theory, evidence and

policy

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Business in Tourism

Tourism Management, 25

Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 26

The Press

NOAA Technical Report NMFS 94: An Economics Guide to Allocation of

Fish Stocks between Commercial and Recreational Fisheries


Annals of Tourism

Research, 16

Managerial & Decision Economics, 25

Principles of microeconomics

Fields of glory : 21 NPC years, 1976 1996


208/216

Festival Management and

Event Tourism, 4

Journal of Cultural Economics, 21

Annals of Tourism Research,

30

. Waikato Times

BTR Occasional Paper No. 28, Valuing Tourism:

Methods and Techniques

Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 7

The Growing Business of Sport and

Leisure: The Impact of The Physical Leisure Industry in New Zealand An Update to

the 1998 Report

The Nelson Mail

The Nelson Mail

Land Economics, 66

Eastern Economic Journal, 30

Applied Economics, 41

Sports, jobs and taxes: the economic impact ofsports teams and

stadiums

Press Release: City delivers on V8 resource consent

Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 14

Dynamic Econometrics


209/216

The Independent

Financial Review

The Independent

Financial Review

Undergraduate econometrics

Australian Economic Review, 39

Leisure Studies, 26

Hamilton 400 V8 Supercars Event 2008 Economic Impact Analysis


TEST, 16


Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 25

BTR Occasional Paper

No. 28, Valuing Tourism: Methods and Techniques

Public finance: a contemporary application of theory to policy

. The New

Zealand Herald,

Public

Finance Quarterly, 25

. The Dominion Post

. The Evening Post

. The Dominion Post

. The Dominion Post



210/216

Journal of Sports

Economics, 2




Educational Researcher, 33

Report to business: "Winners and losers": Auckland's

America's Cup 2000.

Blue and Black: Bruised but Unbowed 100 years of Wanganui

Rugby

International Journal of Tourism Research, 3

European Planning Studies, 10

Applied Economics, 32

Economics Letters, 65

International Journal of Tourism Research, 5

Political Analysis, 14

European Sport Management Quarterly, 5

Western

Journal of Agricultural Economics, 14


211/216

NPC the heart of rugby : 25 years of the National Provincial Championship

Australian Economic Papers, 42

. Sunday Star Times

Handbook of

Sports Studies


Input output economics

Journal of Sports Economics,

8

.

The National Business Review

Submission on Proposal that Wellington City Council

Subsidise the V8 Supercar Championship Series

Urban fortunes : the political economy of place

. The Dominion Post

Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11

Public Finance & Management, 6

The

Daily News


212/216

The Economic Impact of the 2003 Americas Cup Defence

. Wanganui Chronicle

Economic Development

Quarterly, 20

. The Evening Post

The Economic Impact of the

America's Cup Regatta Auckland 1999 2000

The Professional Geographer, 51

. The Southland

Times

Journalof Urban Affairs, 24



BTR Occasional Paper No. 28, Valuing Tourism: Methods and Techniques


Public Works

Management & Policy, 7

Press Release: Helen Clark: Opening Stadium Southland

Extensions, 28 May

Press Release: Government support for world netball

champs, 23 April


213/216

European Planning Studies, 10

Sports, jobs, and taxes: The economic impact of sports teams and

stadiums

Sports, jobs, and taxes: The economic impact of

sports teams and stadiums

Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1

Weekly

Soccer Observer

Public Finance & Management,

6

Journal

of Sports Economics, 5

Economic Papers, 23

Real Estate Issues, 22

C.D. Howe Institute Commentary 161

Report to Council: Auckland V8 International Street Race

. The Press


214/216

. Waikato

Times

. Sunday Star Times

Economic Record, 78

. The New Zealand

Herald

Sports Economics: Current

Research

EViews 5.1 User's Guide

Pay Dirt: The Business of Professional Team Sports

Economic Review (Kansas City), 86

Policy Studies Review,

15

. Sunday Star Times

The Judas game : the betrayal of New Zealand rugby

The infrastructure of play: building the tourist

city



. The Evening Post

Public Budgeting and Finance,

27

European Planning Studies,

10


215/216


216/216

Residents Opinion Poll Wellington Regional Stadium

Annual Report 2003

. The Dominion Post

Documents

Assessing the Economic Justification for Government Involvement in Sports