Assessment by: BirdLife International · The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22692046A93334893 Scope: Global Language: English Balearica

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ISSN 2307-8235 (online)IUCN 2008: T22692046A93334893Scope: GlobalLanguage: English

Balearica regulorum, Grey Crowned-crane

Assessment by: BirdLife International

View on www.iucnredlist.org

Citation: BirdLife International. 2016. Balearica regulorum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species2016: e.T22692046A93334893. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692046A93334893.en

Copyright: © 2016 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior writtenpermission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.

Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior writtenpermission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use.

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCNSpecies Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona StateUniversity; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe;Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.

If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us withfeedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™

http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22692046/0

http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692046A93334893.en


http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/terms-of-use

http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/

http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/who_we_are/about_the_species_survival_commission_/


http://www.iucnredlist.org/partners/partners

http://www.asu.edu/

http://www.asu.edu/

http://www.birdlife.org/

http://www.bgci.org/

http://www.conservation.org/

http://www.natureserve.org/

http://www.kew.org/

http://www.uniroma1.it/

http://www.tamu.edu/

http://www.zsl.org/

mailto:[email protected]?Subject=IUCN Red List PDF - 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692046A93334893.en&body=Please start your message below:%0D

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Animalia Chordata Aves Gruiformes Gruidae

Taxon Name: Balearica regulorum (Bennett, 1834)

Common Name(s):

• English: Grey Crowned-crane, Grey Crowned Crane, Grey Crowned-Crane, Southern CrownedCrane

• French: Grue royale

Taxonomic Source(s):

del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife

International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International,

Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Assessment Information

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered A2acd+4acd ver 3.1

Year Published: 2016

Date Assessed: October 1, 2016

Justification:

This species has been uplisted to Endangered because threats such as habitat loss and the illegal

removal of birds and eggs from the wild have driven very rapid declines during the past three

generations (45 years).

Previously Published Red List Assessments

2013 – Endangered (EN) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T22692046A48105682.en

2012 – Endangered (EN)

2009 – Vulnerable (VU)

2008 – Least Concern (LC)

2004 – Least Concern (LC)

2000 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)



Geographic Range

Range Description:

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Balearica regulorum – published in 2016.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692046A93334893.en

1

http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/categories-and-criteria

Balearica regulorum occurs in eastern and southern Africa, with B. r. gibbericeps occurring from the

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Uganda and Kenya south through Tanzania to

Mozambique, and nominate race B. r. regulorum found from Mozambique south through Zimbabwe to

South Africa and west in small numbers to Namibia and Angola. Populations in many areas including

Kenya, Uganda, Zimbabwe and Namibia have experienced very rapid declines (Beilfuss et al. 2007, K.

Morrison in litt. 2011, O. Mabhachi in litt. 2012, A. Scott em style="">in litt. 2012, National Biodiversity

Data Bank in prep.)strong style="">, although the South African population appears to be stable or

increasing (Beilfuss em style="">et al. 2007)strong style="">. The largest remaining populations are

believed to be in Kenya (10,000-12,500 individuals in 2014), Uganda (500-8,000 individuals), Zambia

(2,000-2,500 individuals), and South Africa (6,500 birds) (Morrison in press)strong style="">.

Country Occurrence:

Native: Angola (Angola); Botswana; Burundi; Congo, The Democratic Republic of the; Kenya; Malawi;Mozambique; Namibia; Rwanda; South Africa; Tanzania, United Republic of; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe

Vagrant: Lesotho; Swaziland


2

Distribution MapBalearica regulorum


3

PopulationThe current population size has recently been estimated at 26,500-33,500 (Morrison in press) and is

placed in the 20,00-49,999 range. This roughly equates to 17,700-22,300 mature individuals

Trend Justification

Overall estimates suggest that the species’s global population has declined from over 100,000

individuals in 1985 to 50,000-64,000 individuals in 2004 (Beilfuss et al. 2007). This implies that the

species may have declined by over 50% in 19 years, and when these data are extrapolated to a period

of 45 years in the past (1967-2012) or past and future (1985-2030), assuming an exponential trend, the

calculated rate of decline is c.65-79% (Beilfuss em style="background-color: white;">et al. 2007,

Morrison em style="background-color: white;">et al. 2007, K. Morrison em style="background-color:

white;">in litt. 2011, National Biodiversity Data Bank in prep.). Declines are attributed primarily to

habitat loss and fragmentation and illegal removal of birds and eggs from the wild for food, traditional

use, domestication and the international illegal trade market.

Current Population Trend: Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)

Behaviour This species is not migratory although it may make variable local and seasonal movements

depending on the abundance and distribution of food, nest-sites and rainfall (del Hoyo et al. 1996). The

timing of breeding varies in relation to the rains, with the breeding of East African populations peaking

during dry periods, but with the breeding of populations in the drier parts of southern Africa peaking

during wet periods (del Hoyo et al. 1996). The species nests in solitary territorial pairs (Urban et al.

1986, Hockey et al. 2005) but often flocks together (del Hoyo et al. 1996) and roosts communally at

night (Hockey et al. 2005) in groups of up to 20-200 individuals (Urban et al. 1986) during dry periods in

the drier part of its range (e.g. Namibia and South Africa) (del Hoyo et al. 1996). The abundance and

distribution of food and suitable nesting sites are the key ecological factors determining the size of the

home range of this species and the extent of local and seasonal population movements (Meine and

Archibald 1996). Habitat The species inhabits wetlands such as marshes, pans and dams with tall

emergent vegetation (Hockey et al. 2005), riverbanks (Meine and Archibald 1996), open riverine

woodland, shallowly flooded plains (Urban et al. 1986) and temporary pools (del Hoyo et al. 1996) with

adjacent grasslands, open savannas, croplands (del Hoyo et al. 1996) (del Hoyo et al. 1996, Meine and

Archibald 1996), pastures, fallow fields and irrigated areas (del Hoyo et al. 1996). It shows a preference

for short to medium height open grasslands adjacent to wetlands for foraging (Meine and Archibald

1996), and breeds within or at the edges of wetlands (Meine and Archibald 1996) especially in marshes

with water 1 m deep and with emergent vegetation 1 m above the water (Urban et al. 1986). It roosts in

water along rivers or in marshes, or perches on nearby trees (Urban et al. 1986, Meine and Archibald

1996). A Maxent-modelling study showed that while wetlands are important for the species in Uganda,

temperature seasonality can also be important (Stabach et al. 2009). Diet The species is a generalist, its

diet consisting of seed heads (e.g. of sedges Cyperus spp.), new tips of grasses (del Hoyo et al. 1996),

agricultural pulses, nuts and grain (Meine and Archibald 1996), insects (Orthoptera, larval Lepidoptera),

frogs, lizards and crabs Potamon spp. (del Hoyo et al. 1996). Breeding site The nest is a circular platform

of uprooted grasses and sedges (del Hoyo et al. 1996) concealed in tall emergent vegetation (greater

than 1 m in height) (Urban et al. 1986, Meine and Archibald 1996) in or along the margins of wetlands

such as marshes (del Hoyo et al. 1996) with water c.1 m deep (Urban et al. 1986). The species may also


4

rarely nest in trees (del Hoyo et al. 1996).

Systems: Terrestrial, Freshwater

Threats (see Appendix for additional information)

The species is threatened by the loss and degradation of wetland breeding areas through drought-

related changes in land-use (such as for cultivation [T. Fakarayi in litt. 2016]), drainage and overgrazing

(del Hoyo et al. 1996) (e.g. uncontrolled cattle grazing [Kampamba and Pope 1996]), as well as through

the heavy use of agricultural pesticides (del Hoyo et al. 1996, Meine and Archibald 1996), declines in

fallowing practices, high sedimentation rates (del Hoyo et al. 1996) (due to deforestation [Meine and

Archibald 1996]), uncontrolled grass and deep litter fires in the breeding season (Kampamba and Pope

1996), dam construction (del Hoyo et al. 1996, Meine and Archibald 1996) (for hydroelectric power

generation [Kampamba and Pope 1996]) and groundwater extraction, leading to changes in hydrological

regimes (del Hoyo et al. 1996, Meine and Archibald 1996) (e.g. unseasonal flooding [Kampamba and

Pope 1996]). The species is also threatened by live-trapping (for trade), egg-collecting and hunting

(Meine and Archibald 1996, Kampamba and Pope 1996, Olupot et al. 2009), and by indirect disturbance

from the hunting of large mammals or ducks in wetlands and the activities of fisheries (Kampamba and

Pope 1996)strong style="">. Preliminary studies of information from Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, South

Africa, Zimbabwe, Rwanda and Namibia have shown that that the illegal captive trade is particularly

significant from Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda (Morrison 2008, 2009), with the demand being

domestic (South Africa and Rwanda) and from the Middle/Far East, and specifically relating to the pet

trade, captive facilities and informal zoos (K. Morrison in litt. 2011). Due to human population pressure,

the cranes are increasingly living in closer proximity to people, exposing them to disturbance and

making them more vulnerable to hunting (W. Olupot in litt. 2011, O. Mabhachi in litt. 2012). It is also

persecuted in some areas (e.g. southern Africa) due to its use of agricultural land for foraging, as it will

destroy maize crops at their early stage of germination (Hockey et al. 2005, T. Fakarayi in litt. 2016).

Research has found that large numbers of Grey Crowned-cranes are killed annually by poisoning in

Kenya, mainly as retaliation or to prevent of crop damage (Morrison 2008, 2009). In South Africa in

particular, an increase of coal mining is threatening much of the grassland/wetland habitat where the

species breeds (K. Morrison in litt. 2011). Mortality of birds due to electrocution and collision with

overhead power lines is a serious threat in Uganda, South Africa and Tanzania and is likely to increase

significantly in the future, across its entire range (K. Morrison in litt. 2011, J. Harris in litt. 2012).

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)

Conservation Actions Underway

CITES Appendix II. Community-based wetland conservation projects have been undertaken in Kenya,

with some captive breeding populations established (ARKive, Morrison 2014). The current single species

action plan is undergoing revision by Wetlands International / IUCN Crane Specialist Group, and a new

plan was endorsed at the AEWA MoP in November 2015 (Morrsion in press). Monitoring occurs in at

least parts of its range by the International Waterbird Census (>10 records received in >50% of the years

that the census has been running in the relevant region); in Botswana by BirdLife Botswana; in South

Africa, Grey Crowned Cranes are monitored through the Avifaunal Road Counts coordinated by the

Animal Demographic Unit at the University of Cape Town and through annual aerial surveys conducted

by the EWT and Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife over the range of the species in KwaZulu-Natal, and in

Zambia regular surveys for cranes are conducted in Lochinvar, Blue Lagoon, Kafue, South Luangwa,


5

Chikuni, Nsumbu and Liuwa National Parks (K. Morrison in litt. 2016). In Zimbabwe Local Community

Conservation Groups/Site Support Groups in Driefontein Grasslands are actively involved in raising the

awareness of this species (T. Fakarayi in litt. 2016), and in Rwanda conservation efforts of the

International Crane Foundation have started around Rugezi Marsh (Beilfuss and Morrison 2012). This

species is listed as Endangered in South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, and Uganda, and Critically

Endangered in Namibia (Morrison and Smith 2015, Simmons 2015, WCS 2016).

Conservation Actions Proposed

Conduct standardised and coordinated surveys to assess the species's total population size. Monitor

population trends through regular standardised surveys and extend captive breeding efforts. Monitor

rates of habitat loss and degradation, and attempt to restore the habitat. Raise awareness of this species

and land use practices that would be more beneficial for this species. Monitor levels of hunting

pressure. Discourage hunting and irresponsible pesticide use through awareness campaigns. Improve

species protection and increase enforcement of hunting legislation.

Credits

Assessor(s): BirdLife International

Reviewer(s): Butchart, S. & Symes, A.

Contributor(s): Coetzee, R., Deliry, C., Dodman, T., Harris, J., Jordan, M., Mabhachi, O., Morrison,K., Nsabagasani, C., Olupot, W., Plumptre, A., Scott, A., Scott, M., Westphal, K.,Willems, F. & Fakarayi, T.

Facilitators(s) andCompiler(s):

Butchart, S., Derhé, M., Ekstrom, J., Khwaja, N., Malpas, L., Symes, A., Westrip, J.


6

BibliographyARKive. 2010. Grey crowned-crane (Balearica regulorum). web page. Available at:http://www.arkive.org/grey-crowned-crane/balearica-regulorum/. (Accessed: 05/08/2013).

Beilfuss, R.; Dodman, T.; Urban, E. K. 2007. The status of cranes in Africa in 2005. Ostrich 78(2): 175-184.

Beilfuss, R.; Morrsion, K. 2012. A new dawn in Rwanda. ICF Bugle 38(3): 1-3.

Collar, N. J.; Butchart, S. H. M. 2013. Conservation breeding and avian diversity: chances and challenges.International Zoo Yearbook 48(1): 7-28.

del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., and Sargatal, J. 1996. Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 3: Hoatzin to Auks.Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

Hockey, P.A.R., Dean, W.R.J. and Ryan, P.G. 2005. Roberts birds of southern Africa. Trustees of the JohnVoelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town, South Africa.

IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org.(Accessed: 07 December 2016).

Kampamba, G.; Pope, A. J. 1996. The conservation management of cranes in Zambia. In: Beilfuss, R. D.;Tarboton, W. R.; Gichuki, N. N. (ed.), Proceedings 1993 African crane and wetland training workshop 8-15 August 1993, Wildlife Training Institute, Maun, Botswana., pp. 249-250. International CraneFoundation, Baraboo, Wisconsin.

Meine, C. D. and Archibald, G. W. 1996. The cranes - status survey and conservation action plan.International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland, andCambridge, U.K.

Morrison, K. 2008. African Crane Trade Project – Mitigation Planning Workshop. In: Morrison, K. (ed.),African Cranes, Wetlands & Communities. Newsletter 2. International Crane Foundation/ EndangeredWildlife Trust Partnership.

Morrison, K. 2009. Trade in Grey (Balearica regulorum) and Black Crowned (Balearica pavonina) Cranes.Report to CITES Animals Committee meeting 20 – 24 April 2009.

Morrison, K. 2014. Securing Grey Crowned Cranes in Africa. ICF Bugle 40(1): 1-3.

Morrison, K. In press. International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Grey CrownedCrane Balearica regulorum. AEWA Technical Series No. XX.

Morrison, K. L.; Smith, T. 2015. Grey Crowned Crane Balearica regulorum. In: Taylor, M. R.; Peacock, F.;Wanless, R. M. (ed.), The 2015 Eskom Red Data Book of Birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, pp.110-112. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Simmons, R. E. 2015. Grey Crowned Crane Balearica regulorum. In: Simmons, R. E.; Brown, C. J.; Kemper,J. (ed.), Birds to watch in Namibia: red, rare and endemic species, pp. 58-59. Ministry of Environmentand Tourism, Namibia Nature Foundation.

Stabach, J. A.; Laporte, N.; Olupot, W. 2009. Modeling habitat suitability for Grey Crowned-cranes(Balearica regulorum gibbericeps) throughout Uganda. Int. J. Biodiv. Conserv. 1: 177-186.

Urban, E.K., Fry, C.H. and Keith, S. 1986. The Birds of Africa, Volume II. Academic Press, London.

WCS. 2016. Nationally Threatened Species for Uganda.


7

http://www.arkive.org/grey-crowned-crane/balearica-regulorum/

www.iucnredlist.org

CitationBirdLife International. 2016. Balearica regulorum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:e.T22692046A93334893. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692046A93334893.en

DisclaimerTo make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.

External ResourcesFor Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.


8


http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/terms-of-use

http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/links/22692046/0

Appendix

Habitats(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Habitat Season SuitabilityMajorImportance?

1. Forest -> 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Resident Suitable Yes

2. Savanna -> 2.1. Savanna - Dry Resident Suitable No

4. Grassland -> 4.4. Grassland - Temperate Resident Suitable No

4. Grassland -> 4.6. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical SeasonallyWet/Flooded

Resident Suitable No

5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.1. Wetlands (inland) - PermanentRivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls)

Resident Suitable Yes

5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.4. Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps,Fens, Peatlands


5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.6. Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/IntermittentFreshwater Lakes (over 8ha)


5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.8. Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/IntermittentFreshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)


14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.1. Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land Resident Suitable No

14. Artificial/Terrestrial -> 14.2. Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland Resident Suitable No

15. Artificial/Aquatic & Marine -> 15.1. Artificial/Aquatic - Water StorageAreas (over 8ha)


15. Artificial/Aquatic & Marine -> 15.7. Artificial/Aquatic - Irrigated Land(includes irrigation channels)


15. Artificial/Aquatic & Marine -> 15.8. Artificial/Aquatic - SeasonallyFlooded Agricultural Land

Resident Suitable No

Threats(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.4. ScaleUnknown/Unrecorded

Ongoing Minority (50%) Slow, significantdeclines

Low impact: 5

Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming& ranching -> 2.3.2. Small-holder grazing, ranching orfarming

Ongoing Majority (50-90%)

Slow, significantdeclines

Mediumimpact: 6

Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation


9

http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes


3. Energy production & mining -> 3.2. Mining &quarrying


Low impact: 5


2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance

4. Transportation & service corridors -> 4.2. Utility &service lines

Ongoing Minority (50%) Rapid declines Mediumimpact: 6

Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality

5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trappingterrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species isthe target)


Low impact: 5


5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trappingterrestrial animals -> 5.1.2. Unintentional effects(species is not the target)


Low impact: 5

Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance

5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trappingterrestrial animals -> 5.1.3. Persecution/control


Low impact: 5


5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & woodharvesting -> 5.3.3. Unintentional effects:(subsistence/small scale) [harvest]


Low impact: 5


5. Biological resource use -> 5.4. Fishing & harvestingaquatic resources -> 5.4.3. Unintentional effects:(subsistence/small scale) [harvest]


Low impact: 5


6. Human intrusions & disturbance -> 6.1.Recreational activities

Ongoing Minority (50%) Negligible declines Low impact: 4


7. Natural system modifications -> 7.1. Fire & firesuppression -> 7.1.1. Increase in firefrequency/intensity


Low impact: 5


2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects ->2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success

7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & watermanagement/use -> 7.2.7. Abstraction of groundwater (agricultural use)


Low impact: 5


7. Natural system modifications -> 7.2. Dams & watermanagement/use -> 7.2.9. Small dams


Low impact: 5

Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion

1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

9. Pollution -> 9.3. Agricultural & forestry effluents ->9.3.3. Herbicides and pesticides

Ongoing Minority (50%) Negligible declines Low impact: 4


2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality


10

Conservation Actions in Place(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions in Place

In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning

Action Recovery plan: Yes

Systematic monitoring scheme: Yes

In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management

Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range

Occur in at least one PA: Yes

Invasive species control or prevention: No

In-Place Species Management

Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No

Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes

In-Place Education

Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: Yes

Included in international legislation: Yes

Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes

Conservation Actions Needed(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions Needed

3. Species management -> 3.4. Ex-situ conservation -> 3.4.1. Captive breeding/artificial propagation

4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications

5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.1. International level

5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.4. Scale unspecified

Research Needed(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Research Needed

1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends

1. Research -> 1.5. Threats


11




Additional Data Fields

Distribution

Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Yes

Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No

Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 6070000

Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown

Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No

Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown

Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No

Lower elevation limit (m): 0

Population

Number of mature individuals: 17700-22300

Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes

Extreme fluctuations: No

Population severely fragmented: No

Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown

Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No

All individuals in one subpopulation: No

Habitats and Ecology

Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes

Generation Length (years): 15.1

Movement patterns: Not a Migrant

Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)


12

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ISSN 2307-8235 (online)IUCN 2008: T22692046A93334893Scope: GlobalLanguage: English

The IUCN Red List Partnership

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species

Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.

The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens

Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew;

Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™


13




http://www.iucnredlist.org/partners/partners

http://www.asu.edu/

http://www.birdlife.org/



http://www.conservation.org/

http://www.natureserve.org/

http://www.kew.org/

http://www.uniroma1.it/

http://www.tamu.edu/

http://www.zsl.org/

Documents

Assessment by: BirdLife International · The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22692046A93334893 Scope: Global Language: English Balearica