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Assessment of calcined clays as SCMs
Prof. Adrian Alujas DíazUniversidad Central de las Villas. Cuba
[email protected]@gmail.com
Doctoral School, Laboratory of Construction Materials
EPFL, June 26 – July 01, 2015
Studies
• 2001: Bachelor in Chemistry, UCLV, Cuba• 2010: PhD, UCLV, Cuba “Pozzolanic reactivity of low grade
clays”• 2011-2012: Swiss Government Research Scholarship, EPFL
“Rapid pozzolanic reactivity test”• 2013-now: Associate Professor, Centro de Estudios de
Química Aplicada, UCLV, Cuba
Research
• 2005-2008: Ecomaterials for Low Cost Housing• 2009-2012: Production of activated clays for low cost
building materials in developing countries“• 2014-now: LC3 / R&D of cementitious materials with a high
level of clinker replacement, based on the use of calcined clays and limestone
Adrian Alujas DiazAssociate Professor, Centro de Estudios de Quimica Aplicada,
Universidad Central de Las Villas, Cuba
Founded in1952 ~7000 students ~1200 docents 12 faculties 37 careers The largest university
campus in Cuba…
Group of ModelingModeling of cement hydration
Fac. of Mathematics, Physics and Computation
Group of MaterialsCementitious materialsRecycled aggregatesRheologyWalls and Red Ceramic
Group of StructuresConcrete fissurationStructural solutions
Group of ArchitectureMonitoring of impacts Environmental studiesArchitectonic and urban design
CIDEM – Faculty of ConstructionGroup of Inorg. Chem.
Hydration of cementitiousmaterialsDevelopment of pozzolanic materials Characterization of materials
Group of Org. Chem.Development of plasticizers Inhibitors of corrosion
Faculty of Chemistry
Group of CooperativesAlternatives for cooperatives at the housing sector
Group of EconomyEconomic and environmental feasibility studies
Faculty of EconomyGroup of CommunicationDevelopment of strategies for social and scientific communication
Group of CommunitiesCapacitation in actions at the scale of rural community
Fac. of Social Sciences
COLLABORATIVE NETWORK WITHIN THE UNIVERSITY
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION
Science & Innovation with a direct orientation topractice, through concrete, grassroots orientedprojects…
OUTLINE
• Brief introduction to clay and clay minerals• Selection and sampling of clay deposits• Characterization of raw clays• Assessment of calcined clays as SCMs
WHY CLAYS?
F.5 What does the way forward look like? Two options among many:Business as usual or aggressive mitigation
World Development Report 2010
Source: Clarke and others, forthcoming.
Note: The top band shows the range of estimates across models (GTEM, IMAGE, MESSAGE, MiniCAM) for emissions under a business-as-usual scenario. The lower band shows a trajectory that could yield a concentration of 450 ppm of CO2e (with a 50 percent chance of limiting warming to less than 2°C). Greenhouse gas emissions include CO2, CH4, and N2O. Negative emissions (eventually required by the 2°C path) imply that the annual rate of emissions is lower than the rate of uptake and storage of carbon through natural processes (for example, plant growth) and engineered processes (for example, growing biofuels and when burning them, sequestering the CO2 underground). GTEM, IMAGE, MESSAGE, and MiniCAM are the integrated assessment models of the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis, and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Sustainable Development
9
“is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Bruntlandt)
There is a need to reconcile environmental, social equity and economic demands
Social
Environment Economic
EquitableBearable
Viable
Sustainable
Material Per year A = % of a CO2e / yr B = % of b
Concrete 17.1 GT 50.2% 2.6 GT 8.5%
Steel* 0.74 GT 2.4% 2.3 GT 8.1%
Timber 2.2 GT 6.5% 5.1 GT** 17%**
Figures for 2005 assembled by Dr Phil Purnell, U. Leeds, UK
Increase in clinker substitution!!!
Cement Production vs. Availability SCMs
Gobal cement production (109/yr)
Clinker factor, global average (%)
Global SCM volume (109/yr)
2006 2.6 79 0.5
2050 (CSI) 4.4 73 1.2
OUTLINE
• Brief introduction to clay and clay minerals• Selection and sampling of clay deposits• Characterization of raw clays• Assessment of calcined clays as SCMs
CLAY AND CLAY MINERALS
Clay is a fine-grained natural rock or soil material(ISO 14688 Ø≤2 µm) that combines one or moreclay minerals with traces of other minerals (oftenpredominantly clay minerals, but also fine-grainedquartz, feldspars) and organic matter. Clays areplastic at appropriate water content and becomehard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or firing
Clay minerals are hydrated phyllosilicates minerals,typically smaller than 2 μm, mostly displaying foil-like morphology, which impart plasticity to clay andwhich harden upon drying or firing
STRUCTURE OF 1:1 CLAY MINERALSTetrahedral sheet
+
Octahedral sheet
Dioctahedral (gibbsite-like Al(OH)3)
Trioctahedral (brucite-like Mg(OH)2)
T
O
T
O
T
O
1:1 layer type: kaolinite (dioctahedral): Al2Si2O5(OH)4
STRUCTURE OF 2:1 CLAY MINERALSTetrahedral sheet
+
Octahedral sheet
Dioctahedral (gibbsite-like Al(OH)3)
Trioctahedral (brucite-like Mg(OH)2)
T
O
T
T
O
T
T
O
T
2:1 layer type: muscovite (dioctahedral): KAl2(AlSi3)O10(OH)2
STRUCTURE OF 2:1 CLAY MINERALSTetrahedral sheet
+
Octahedral sheet
Dioctahedral (gibbsite-like Al(OH)3)
Trioctahedral (brucite-like Mg(OH)2)
2:1 layer type: chlorite (trioctahedral): Mg5Al(AlSi3)O10(OH)8
Phyllosilicates – layer stacking• Imperfect fit between sheets results in structural
distortions and adjustments
STRUCTURE OF CLAY MINERALS
STRUCTURE OF CLAY MINERALS
CLASSIFICATION OF CLAY MINERALS - STRUCTURE
Division: Layer type (1:1, 2:1,…)Group: Charge per formula unit (z)Subgroup: di- or trioctahedral
Montmorillonite
[(Mx,·nH2O)(Al2-y,Mgy)Si4O10(OH)2]
2:1, smectite (z=0.2-0.6), dioctahedral
OUTLINE
• Brief introduction to clay and clay minerals• Selection and sampling of clay deposits• Characterization of raw clays• Assessment of calcined clays as SCMs
ORIGIN OF CLAY DEPOSITS
More than 90% on the crust is composed of silicate minerals. Only 8% of the crust is composed of non-silicates
39%
12%12%
11%
5%
5%
5%
3%
ORIGIN AND CLASSIFICATION OF CLAY DEPOSITS
Clay minerals get formed by transformation/neoformationof pre-existing rock-forming aluminosilicates minerals
CaAl2Si2O8 + H2O + 2H+ → Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + Ca2+
Primary deposits:In situ alteration of
aluminosilicates
Secondary deposits:Eroded, transported and
deposited sediments
Type of clays formed depends on (T,P, %RH, pH) and chemistry of the primary minerals
Kaolinite and smectite are most common in lower latitudes. Illite and chlorite dominate at higher latitudes
ORIGIN OF CLAY DEPOSITS - WEATHERING
Type of clays formed depends on (T,P, %RH, pH) and chemistry of the primary minerals
ORIGIN OF CLAY DEPOSITS - WEATHERING
Type of clays formed depends on (T,P, %RH, pH) and chemistry of the primary minerals
ORIGIN OF CLAY DEPOSITS - HYDROTHERMAL
In situ alteration of aluminosilicates
Hydrothermal alteration offeldspathic rocks
Heat source (magmatic,…) +acid fluids + fracture system
SAMPLING OF CLAY DEPOSITS
Representative sampling both in terms of surface and in terms of depth
Field recognition
Colour (off-white to reddish-pinkishdepending on impurities)
Slightly sticky feeling to the tongue; plasticity
SAMPLING OF CLAY DEPOSITS
Characterization at the laboratory
Chemical and mineralogical composition, particle size
Always save some samples!!!
SAMPLING OF CLAY DEPOSITS
CLASSIFICATION OF CLAY DEPOSITS BY ITS INDUSTRIAL USE
Industrial kaolins: contain relatively high amounts of kaolinite. The worldproduction of processed kaolins is about 20 million tons/year.
Bentonites: High montmorillonite (smectite) content. The worldproduction of bentonites is around 13 million tons/year
Palygorskite-sepiolite clays: Specifically used because of their surfaceproperties. The world production is around 2 million tons/year.
Common clays: contain mixtures of different clay and associated minerals,and enjoy the largest usage worldwide. The amount of common claysused worldwide it´s likely to exceed many hundreds of millions tons/year
www.LC3.ch
31
CLAYS Widely available all over the world
Proven pozzolanic properties when calcined under specific conditions (1:1 > 2:1)
High grade clay deposits
Cement industry + (Paper industry,
ceramics…)
MKHigh grade kaolinitic clays
Poor availability for raw materials and high demand from other industries
limit its massive use as SCMs
Multicomponent claydeposits (common clays)
Low grade kaolinitic clays ?
Widely available, specially in tropical and subtropical regions (developing
countries)
Poorly studied as a source of SCMs!!!
COMMON CLAYS VS HIGH GRADE CLAYS
OUTLINE
• Brief introduction to clay and clay minerals• Selection and sampling of clay deposits• Characterization of raw clays• Assessment of calcined clays as SCMs
CHARACTERIZATION OF RAW CLAYS
Separation of the clay fraction (optional)
Pour enough sample into the centrifuge tubes to fill the roundedpart of the bottom of the centrifuge tubes.
Add a small amount (about 0.25 g) of dispersant to thecentrifuge tubes.
Add distilled water to the bottom edge of the labeling tape. Placea cap on the centrifuge tube and shake the tube to homogenizethe suspension.
Disperse the sample for 15-20 seconds with the ultrasonic probe.
Check the water temperature and find centrifugation times inminutes and seconds from the prepared table.
Place the tubes in the centrifuge. Be sure that the centrifuge isbalanced by having opposite tubes filled equally.
Remove tubes from the centrifuge and pour the supernatantliquid into the plastic beakers. If the silt and clay fractions are tobe completely separated, repeat the centrifugation procedureuntil the supernatant is reasonably clear (4-5 times).
CHARACTERIZATION OF RAW CLAYS - XRD
Quantitative analysis requires an extensive sample preparation an careful data analysis, because preferred orientation is inevitable and stacking layer defaults in the structure
are difficult to predict from model structures
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF RAW CLAYS
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 K2O MnO Na2O Others LOIClay 57.74 18.71 7.07 1.85 1.80 0.02 0.65 0.12 2.68 0.76 8.57
Clay fraction 43.89 24.73 11.13 1.38 2.63 0.08 1.10 0.14 1.99 3.11 9.81
% SiO2 %Al2O3 % OHFeldspar <69,00 <19,00Clay 2:1 <67,00 <28,00 <5,00Clay 1:1 <46,55 <39,50 <13,95
Clays are alumina rich minerals…but are not the only
ones…or the richest ones!!!
Bauxite: an aluminium ore, which consists mostly of the minerals gibbsite Al(OH)3, boehmite γ-AlO(OH) and diaspore α-AlO(OH), mixed with the iron oxides goethite and haematite, and the clay mineral kaolinite
TG
A
Wei
ght
(%)
Temperature (°C) D
TG
dm
/dT
(m
gs-1
)
Dehydrationrelease of free water
Dehydroxylationrelease of chemically bounded water
Decomposition Decarbonation
Sample heated in an oven at an specific heat rate, up to a defined temperatureand under a defined atmosphere
Measured the change in mass of the sample during heating∆m is plotted against temperature and/or time
Derivative DTG = dm(T)/dt is then calculated
TGA - BASICS
Microbalance surronded by a furnace
TGA - EQUIPMENT
• Furnace atmosphere• Reactive vs. inert atmosphere
• Sample grain size and packing density• Small grain sizes (<1μm)
→ lower peak temperatures• Increase in packing density
→ leads to sharper peaks
• Heating rate dT/dt• Peaks become larger, loss in resulution• Shift to higher temperatures if dT/dt increases
• Sample mass• Higher sample amount increases peak temperatures,
high temperature gradient inside the sample
Peaks are function of equipment, condition, reaction
TGA – EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
TGA – DTG MEASUREMENTS
Resolution of the complex TG curves can be improved by plotting the derivative curves
(DTG) or second derivative curves (DDTG). Derivatives are taken as a function of time, not
temperature.
300 400 500 600 700 800 900
80
82
84
86
88
90
TGA
W
eight
(%)
Temperature (°C)
%Calcite
%Portlandite
TGA - MEASUREMENTS
For reactions with high stoichiometric factors, the small mass-change and the eventual measurement errors may reduce considerably the accuracy of the
measurement and in this case all we can obtain is a semi-quantitative estimation (phyllosilicates stoichiometric factors 7-20)
THERMAL ACTIVATION OF CLAYS
~ 5 %
~ 5 %
~ 14 %
TGA OF CLAYS – ADSORBED WATER
The binding energy of water on the external surfacesof clay minerals about 1.5±1 kJ/mol.
The binding energy of water in the interlayer space is afunction of the charge of the silicate and octahedrallayer and the size and charge of the interlayer cation(ion-water electrostatic interaction)
Montmorillonite (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Nontronite Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Saponite Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
K - Montmorillonite Na - Montmorillonite
Chakchouk, A., B. Samet, and T. Mnif, Study onthe potential use of Tunisian clays as pozzolanicmaterial. Applied Clay Science, 2006. 33(2): p.79-88.
Samples which are rich inkaolinite present the bestpozzolanic activity.
KAOLINITIC CLAYS vs COMMON CLAYS
Habert, G., et al., Clay content of argillites: Influence on cement based mortars. Applied Clay Science, 2009. 43(3-4): p. 322-330.
Total clay content 29 45 28 73
Pozzolanic activity seemsto be more dependenton the clay mineralcontent rather than onthe clay mineral type (?)
KAOLINITIC CLAYS vs COMMON CLAYS
4
6
8
10
12
14
10 16 22 28 34 40
% Δ
m (O
H-)
% Al2O3
Pontezuela (PZ) Cayo Guam (CG) Castaño (CT)Kaolinite (KW) Carranchola (CM)
X ≥ 40% Kaolinite
Increasing % of potentially reactive Al2O3
Incr
easi
ng st
ruct
ural
dis
orde
r by
dehy
drox
ylat
ion
28d Comp Strengthrelative to OPC (%)
113.65
98.52
104.90114.07
CG PZ CM KWAl2O3 24.32 25.09 24.73 36.40
Al2O3 / SiO2 0.61 0.61 0.56 0.76Δm (OH-) 8.08 8.32 8.08 12.12
ASSESSMENT OF COMMON CLAYS AS A SOURCE OF SCM
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40OH-
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
SiO2
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
Al2O3
CG
LL
LS
PZ
BE
SJ
SV
TQ
ZM
ZH
100% K
40% K + Q
ASSESSMENT OF COMMON CLAYS AS A SOURCE OF SCM
OUTLINE
• Brief introduction to clay and clay minerals• Selection and sampling of clay deposits• Characterization of raw clays• Assessment of calcined clays as SCMs
POZZOLANIC REACTIVITY OF CALCINED CLAYS
AS2 + 6CH + 9H → C4AH13 + 2CSH AS2 + 5CH + 3H → C3AH6 + 2CSH AS2 + 3CH + 6H → C2ASH8 + CSH
Al2O3 + SiO2 + Fe2O3 ≥ 70%High specific
surface
Glasser, D. et al, 1982; Baronio, B. et al; 1997
High degree of structural disorder
Through-solution process, involving dissolution of reactants, transport of dissolved reactants and nucleation and growth of reaction products
THERMAL ACTIVATION OF CLAYS
Dehydroxylation:Loss of structural OH-
Fernandez, R. et al; 2011
Increase of structural disorder
Pozzolanic reactivity of calcined clays is associated (but not only) with structuraldisorder caused by loss of structural hydroxyls during thermal activation
27Al NMR
THERMAL ACTIVATION OF CLAYS
~ 5 %
~ 5 %
~ 14 %
Pozzolanic reactivity
+++
+
++
THERMAL ACTIVATION OF CLAYS
TOH: Fe-OH < Al-OH < Mg-OH
• Diffusion of hydroxyls controls the rate of transformation
• Diffusion is favorable along defects created by stacking faults
• T of dehydroxylation (and reactivity) depends on structural disorder
THERMAL ACTIVATION OF CLAYS
-1.0x10-4
-8.0x10-5
-6.0x10-5
-4.0x10-5
-2.0x10-5
0.0
1/s
Temperature (°C)
DTG
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
mW/mgDTA
recrystallisation(exothermal)kaolinite
dehydroxilation
Optimum calcinationtemperature depends onclay mineral content and
structural features
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-9.0x10-5
-6.0x10-5
-3.0x10-5
0.0
25°C500°C550°C600°C650°C700°C750°C800°C1000°C
1/s
Temperatura (°C)
THERMAL ACTIVATION OF CLAYS
TECHNOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVES FOR THERMAL ACTIVATION
Flash Calciner
Rotatory kiln calcination
Flash calcination
PortlanditeM+; OH- ; SO4
2-Pozzolanic Material
Hydration Products
Direct MethodsConsumption of Portlandite
TGA, XRD, Conductivity, Wet Chemistry
Indirect MethodsCompressive strength
Released heatQuantification of hydration
productsChanges in volumeChanges in porosity
Mechanical tests, Isothermal Calorimetry, Chemical
Shrinkage, MIP, NMR, SEM-BSE
ASSESSMENT OF POZZOLANIC REACTIVITY OF CALCINED CLAYS
FILLER EFFECT
Direct methods may be disturbed when high cation exchange capacity clays, not properly calcined, are present in the sample
Fernández R. et al, C. 2009
ASSESSMENT OF POZZOLANIC REACTIVITY OF CALCINED CLAYS
100%OPC 100%
OPC - X
X% Pozzolan
Mechanical tests correlate well with the performance on realconditions but offers few insights about the nature of thepozzolanic reactivity
Results dependent of the OPC phase composition, degree ofreaction and level of substitution (Filler effect)
Long testing times are required
ASSESSMENT OF POZZOLANIC REACTIVITY OF CALCINED CLAYS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100
Re
sist
en
cia
a la
Co
mp
resi
ón
(M
Pa)
Tiempo (días)
00-N4-3 66-N4-3 86-N4-3 96-N4-3 MK-N4-3 F-N4-3
POZZOLANIC REACTIVITY - PERFORMANCE
INFLUENCE OF CALCINED CLAYS ON OPC HYDRATION
0 5 10 15 20 25 300
100
200
300
400
500
OPC Filler Cu8 MK
J / g
of c
emen
t
time (days)
Pozzolanic ReactionFiller Effect
(Cyr, Lawrence et al., 2005)
Clinker hydration is enhanced due to the filler effect
INFLUENCE OF CALCINED CLAYS ON OPC HYDRATION
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
MK Cu8 OPC Filler
mW
/ g
of c
emen
t
time (hours)
Aluminate rich pozzolanic materials may cause sulphate depletion and affectnormal hydration of OPC
INFLUENCE OF CALCINED CLAYS ON HYDRATION PRODUCTS
Aft - AfmEttringite forms early on in blended cementsTransforms into AFm phases depending on
SO42- and CO3
2- activity27Al NMR
INFLUENCE OF CALCINED CLAYS ON HYDRATION PRODUCTS
C-(A)-S-HC-S-H of low Ca:Si typically foundDecrease of Ca/(Si+Al) leads to
chain polymerization(Richardson, 2004)
29Si NMR
Q0 Cement
Q1
Q2
Calcium Silicate Hydrates
Q4Quartz
Q3
Rapid methods
Pozzolan
CH
Testing times could be greatly accelerated
Availability of CH and other chemical species is independent of the degree of hydration of OPC
Simplification of the chemical environment compared to OPC-Pozzolan pastes
Pure pozzolanic reaction approach, suitable to characterize pure pozzolanic reactivity
Experimental conditions are usually far from real conditions, but could be customized
ASSESSMENT OF POZZOLANIC REACTIVITY OF CALCINED CLAYS
Choosing the experimental parameters!!!
Proper Alkalinity
Room Temperature
Modified Chemical
EnvironmentCa2+; OH-; M+; SO4
2-
Decreasing testing time High Alkalinity
High Temperature
Simplified Chemical
EnvironmentCa2+; OH-
Closer to real conditions
Easier to analyze
Closer to real conditions
ASSESSMENT OF POZZOLANIC REACTIVITY OF CALCINED CLAYS
ASSESSMENT OF POZZOLANIC REACTIVITY OF CALCINED CLAYS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100
Re
sist
en
cia
a l
a C
om
pre
sió
n (
MP
a)
Tiempo (días)
00-N4-3 66-N4-3 86-N4-3 96-N4-3 MK-N4-3 F-N4-3
% d
Gd
d H
idió
l
28
dí
Isothermal Calorimetry60% Calcined Clay / 40% Ca(OH)2
w / s = 0.8 c(NaOH ) = 0.5 mol / L
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1
SO3
/ Po
zzol
an
c (KOH) (mol/l)
Degree of pozzolanic reaction
Cumulative heatα
R3 POZZOLANIC REACTIVITY TEST
R3 POZZOLANIC REACTIVITY TEST
Calcined Clay (g) CH (g) K2SO4 (g) KOH (g) H2O (g)
12.50 37.50 1.47 0.32 60
Avet, F. ; 2014-2015
POZZOLANIC REACTIVITY OF CALCINED CLAYS
AS2 + 6CH + 9H → C4AH13 + 2CSH AS2 + 5CH + 3H → C3AH6 + 2CSH AS2 + 3CH + 6H → C2ASH8 + CSH
Al2O3 + SiO2 + Fe2O3 ≥ 70%High specific
surface
Glasser, D. et al, 1982; Baronio, B. et al; 1997
High degree of structural disorder
Through-solution process, involving dissolution of reactants, transport of dissolved reactants and nucleation and growth of reaction products
• Active silica and alumina: dissolution treatment of pozzolansMethod Dissolution procedure ReferenceHNO3/KOH 1. HNO3 concentrated
2. 10% KOH (12h)Rivot, 1862
HCl/KOH 1. 20% HCl (cold)2. 20% KOH (cold, 20h)3. 20% KOH (50-65 °C, 4h)
Baire, 1930
HCl/NaOH 1. 50% HCl (hot)2. NaOH (hot)
Malquori, 1935
NaOH/HCl 1. NaOH (1 N, hot, 0.5h)2. 50% HCl (hot) (2x)
ASTM C379-56T
HCl/Na2CO3 1. HCl (conc., heated)2. Na2CO3 +NaCl (hot, 15 min)
AFNOR P 15-301
Na2CO3 + NaOH 3.6% Na2CO3 + 1% NaOH (5 min, repeated X times)
Steopoe, 1956
Salicylic acid + methanol
Salicylic acid (25 g) in 300 ml methanol Takashima, 1958
HF + HNO3 2 M HF + 0.6 M HNO3 (1h)Heat evolution measured by calorimetry
Jambor, 1962
HF 1 M HF (10 min, 300 K)Solution conductivity measured
Rhaask and Bhaskar, 1975
ALKALI SOLUBILITY TEST
ALKALI SOLUBILITY TEST
He, C., Osbæck, B., Makovicky, E., 1995b. Pozzolanic reactivitys of six principal clay minerals: activation, reactivity assessments and technological properties. Cem. Concr. Res. 25 8.,1691–1702.
Alkaline solubility of calcined clays (0.5 mol/l NaOH, TPEA)
ALKALI SOLUBILITY TEST
Alkaline solubility of calcined clays (0.5 mol/l NaOH, 50°C)
0
50
100
150
200
250
MK CG 850 LS 850 PZ 850 LL 850 LL2 850
ppm
Alkali Solubility ppm (Al)
ppm (Si)
ALKALI SOLUBILITY TEST VS R3 TEST
R² = 0.9549
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Solu
ble
Al (p
pm)
J / g Pozz
R3 vs. Soluble Al MK
CG 850
LS 850
PZ 850
LL 850
LL2 850
YG2 850
YG1 850
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Solu
ble
Si (p
pm)
J / g Pozz
R3 vs. Soluble Si MK
CG 850
LS 850
PZ 850
LL 850
LL2 850
YG2 850
YG1 850
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
LLLS
CG
% Al2O3
0
50
100
150
200
250
CG 850 LS 850 LL 850
c(Al
) ppm
Alkali Solubility Test (Al)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
CG 850 LS 850 LL 850J /
g P
ozz
R3 Pozzolanic Test
0
10
20
30
40
50
OPC LC3 CG LC3 LS LC3 LL
Com
pres
sive
Str
engt
h (M
pa)
3 days 7 days 28 days
ALKALI SOLUBILITY TEST – R3 TEST – COMPRESSICE STRENGTH
www.LC3.ch
74
MUCHAS GRACIAS!!!