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COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF CIVICS AND ETHICAL STUDIES

Assessment on the Challenges of Urban Governance

in Land Administration in South Wollo

Administrative Zone: The Case of wogide Town.

Prepared by: Asnake Zebene Gedamu Id: No PGK /117/07

Submitted to: Endale Haile (PhD)

August 2018, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia

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Assessment on the Challenges of Urban Governance in

Land Administration in South Wollo Administrative

Zone: The Case of wogide Town.

A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate of Studies,

in the Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Masters in the College of Social Science and

Humanities in the Department of Civics and Ethical

Studies.

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Debre Berhan University

School of Graduate studies

College of Social Science and Humanities

Department of Civics and Ethical Studies

This is to Certify that, the Thesis prepared by Asnake Zebene, entitled: Assessment of the

Challenges of Urban Governance in the Land Administration in South Wollo Administrative

Zone: The Case of Wogide Town and submitted to in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the Degree of Master of arts in Civics and Ethical Studies with the regulation of the

university and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality..

Approved by Board of Examiners:

Name Signature Date

Advisor: Dr. Endale Haile ------------------ -----------------------------

Internal Examiner: --------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------

External Examiner: ----------------- --- -------------------- ----------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------

Chairman of Department of Graduate Program Coordinator

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STATEMENT OF DECLARATION

I, the under designed, declare that, this thesis is my original work and has not been presented

for a degree in any other university, and that all the sources of materials used for the thesis

has been duly acknowledged.

Declared by:

Name: Asnake Zebene

Date: September, 2018

Signature--------------------

Confirmed by Advisor:

Name: Endale Haile (PhD)

Date: September, 2018

Signature-------------------------

I

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

Acknowledgement is to the almighty God without his assistance is impossible. with great

pleasure and a deep sense of indebtedness, I would like to express my heart full gratitude and

respect goes to my research advisor Endale Haile (PhD),for his genuine advices for my

Master Thesis by giving a helpful comments ,encouragements as well as constructive advises

with kindness and friendly approach.

I am happy to thank Wogide town land administration manager and Employees for their

assistance in providing me the necessary Data and Information for the study. I thanks also for

Wogide Woreda culture and Tourism Office and Government Communication Office for

their assistance by giving me information about the general back ground of Wogide Woreda

and its Town .Last but not least I shall remain great full thanks to my mother Zenebech

Motima who offered me the opportunity of education from child up to young stage, which is

the basis for present higher level of education. I also thanks to my wife Seble Dereje for her

encouragement and moral support .Had it not been for these all people‘s support, my stay in

this school could not have been in this stage.

II

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ANRS Amhara National Regional States

APRM African Peer Review Mechanism

BSECS Black Sea Economic Cooperation States

FDGs Focused Group Discussion

FDRE Federal democratic Republic of Ethiopia

IMF International Monetary Fund

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

MOFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

NEPAD New Partnership for African Development

SNNP South Nations Nationalities and Peoples

TGE Transitional Government of Ethiopia

UNDP United Nation Development Program

UNHDR United Nation Human Development Report

WB World Bank

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ABSTRACT

The concept of good governance has gained significant attention in developing countries and

Ethiopia is no exception. Hence, in this paper the eight elements of good governance applied

to assess the urban land administration of the office. The study was conducted in Wogide

Town Administration, South Wollo Zone. There are no studies conducted about the

challenges of Urban Governance in Land Administration in Wogide Town .The main

objective of the study is to assess the challenges of urban governance in Wogide Town

Administration. All the necessary data required for this study were gathered from both

primary and secondary sources of data. For this study the sample were selected by using

simple random sampling method. In the study area, 118 respondents were included in this

study .In addition, a researcher gathered information by using Interview and Focused Group

Discussion. To analyses the collected data, a combination of both Quantitative and

Qualitative analysis methods together with descriptive and inferential statistics were

employed. Quantitative data which were generated from sample survey were analysed by

using Frequency, Percentages, Mean, Standard Deviation and Tables. Qualitative data that

were collected from key informants, interview, FGDs and personal observation were

analysed through descriptive methods. The result of the study revealed that, the major

challenges of Urban Governance in Land Administration in Wogide Town were lack of

transparency and accountability, absence of service delivery, lack of check and balance

mechanism, Corruption and rent seeking activities, inaccessibility of computerized systems

in the offices, lack of qualified man power, absence of public participation in decision

making and partiality in the town administration.

Key concepts: Land administration, Good governance, Good Governance principles.

IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Pages

AKNOWLWDGEMENT--------------------------------------------------------------------------------I

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATION---------------------------------------------------------------II

ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------III

TABLE OF CONTENTS------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV

LIST OF TABLES-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VII

LIST OF FIGURES------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VII

CHAPTER ONE--------------------------------------------------------------------.--------------------1

1. INTRODUCTION------------------------------------------------------------------.-----------------1

1.1 Back Ground of the Study---------------------------------------------------------------------------1

1.2 Statement of the Problem---------------------------------------------------------------------------7

1.3 Research Question----------------------------------------------------------------------------------9

1.4 Objective of the Study-----------------------------------------------------------------------------10

1.4.1 General Objective------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------10

1.4.2 Specific Objectives----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------10

1.5 Significance of the Study----------------------------------------------------- --------------------10

1.6 Delimitation of the Study---------------------------------------------------- ---------------------11

1.7 Limitation of the Study---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------11

1.8 Organization of the Thesis ------------------------------------------------------------------------11

1.9 Conceptual Frame Works--------------------------------------------------------------------------12

CHAPTER TWO--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURES----------------------------------------------------------------- -14

2.1 The Concepts of Governance----------------------------------------------------------------- ----14

2.2 The Concepts of Good Governance--------------------------------------------------------------15

2.3 Preconditions for Good Governance-------------------------------------------------------------19

2.3.1 Security-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19

2.3.2 Recognition of Diversity-----------------------------------------------------------------19

2.3.3 The Capacity to Improve Local Governance------------------------------------------19

2.3.4 Decentralization of Good Governance-------------------------------------------------19

V

2.4 The Urban Land Governance---------------------------------------------------------------------19

2.5 Good Governance in Land Administration------------------------------------------------------20

2.6 Characteristics or Dimensions of Good Governance------------------------------------------21

2.6.1 Participation------------------------------------------------------------------------------21

2.6.2 Rule of Law--------------------------------------------------------------------------------21

2.6.3 Transparency-------------------------------------------------------------------------------22

2.6.4 Responsiveness---------------------------------------------------------------------------22

2.6.5 Consensus Oriented----------------------------------------------------------------------22

2.6.6 Equity--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24

2.6.7 Effectiveness and Efficiency------------------------------------------------------------23

2.6.8 Accountability--------------------------------------------------------------------------23

2.7 Public Sector Governance-------------------------------------------------------------------------24

2.7.1 Transparency-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24

2.7.2 Integrity----------------------------------------------------------------------------------25

2.7.3 Stewardship------------------------------------------------------------------------------25

2.7.4 Efficiency--------------------------------------------------------------------------------26

2.7.5 Leadership-------------------------------------------------------------------------------26

2.7.6 Accountability---------------------------------------------------------------------------26

2.8 Governance in Ethiopia---------------------------------------------------------------------------26

2.9 General Overview of Governance in Ethiopia------------------------------------------- ------26

2.10 Local Governance---------------------------------------------------------------------------------28

CHAPTERTHREE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------29

RESEARCH METHDOLOGY AND DESIGN--------------------------------------------------29

3.1 INTRODUCTION-------------------------------------- -------------------------------------29

3 2 Research Methodology-------------------------------------------------------------------------29

3.3 Research Design and Procedures--------------------------------------------------------------29

3.4 Research Method---------------------------------------------------------------------------------30

3.5 Source of Data and Instruments Used to Collect Data--------------------------------------31

3.5.1 Primary Source of Data--------------------------------------------------------------------31

3.5.2 Secondary Sources of Data----------------------------------------------------------------31

3.6 The Study Population and Sample Size---------------------------------------------------------31

VI

3.7 Methods of Data Analysis and Presentations----------------------------- ---------------------33

3.7.1 Descriptive Statistics--------------------------------------------------------------------------33

3.7.2 Inferential Statistics-----------------------------------------------------------------34

3.7.2.1 Chi square Test of Association-------------------------------------------------- -------34

3.7.2.2 Binary Logistic Regression Model-----------------------------------------------------34

3.7.2.3 Testing the overall Model adequacy----------------------------------------------------35

3.7.2.4 The Hosmer- Leme show Test----------------------------------------------------------35

3.8 Pilot Test---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36

3.9 Validity and Reliability of Data Collection Instruments--------------------------------------36

3.9.1Validty----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36

3.9.2 Reliability-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------36

3.10 Ethical Consideration-----------------------------------------------------------------------------37

CHAPTER FOUR-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38

4. DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION------------------------------------------------ -38

4.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents------------------------------------------38

4.1.1 Sex of Respondents------------------------------------------------------------------------------38

4.1.2 Age of respondents-------------------------------------------------------------------------------39

4.1.3 Occupation of Respondents-------------------------------------------------------------------39

4.1.4 Family size of respondents-------------------------------------------------------------------40

4.1.5 Language of Respondents-----------------------------------------------------------------------41

4.1.6 Educational Status of Respondents------------------------------------------------------------41

4.1.7 Marital Status of Respondents-----------------------------------------------------------------42

4.2 Data Obtained From Elements of Good Governance------------------------------------------42

4.2.1 Participation--------------------------------------------------------------------------------42

4.2.2 Effectiveness and Efficiency------------------------------------------------------------46

4.2.3 Equity --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49

4.2.4 Accountability-----------------------------------------------------------------------------51

4.2.5 Rule of Law-------------------------------------------------------------------------------53

4.2.6 Transparency------------------------------------------------------------------------------57

4.2.7 Responsiveness---------------------------------------------------------------------------61

4.2.8 Consensus Oriented----------------------------------------------------------------------64

VII

4.3 Inferential Statistics--------------------------------------------------------------------------------66

4.3.1Chisquare Test of Association-------------------------------------------------------------66

4.3.2 Binary Logistic Regression---------------------------------------------------------------66

4.3.3 Testing Model Adequacy------------------------------------------------------------------68

4.3.4 Model summary-----------------------------------------------------------------------------69

4.3.5 Hosmer and Lemshow Test-----------------------------------------------------------------69

CHAPTER FIVE--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------70

5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION------------------------------70

5.1 SUMMARY----------------------------------------------------------------------------------70

5.2. CONCLUSION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------73

5.3. RECOMMENDATION---------------------------------------------------------------------76

REFERENES---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------79

APPENDICES I-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------82

APPENDICES II------------------------------------------------------------------------------------87

APPENDICES III-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------88

VIII

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Pages

Table 1 Sampling Frame of Respondents----------------------------------------------------------- 37

Table 2 Case processing Summary-------------------------------------------------------------------41

Table 3 Reliability Statistics--------------------------------------------------------------------------41

Table 4 Sex Distribution of Respondents------------------------------------------------------------42

Table 5 Ages Distribution of Respondents----------------------------------------------------------43

Table 6 Occupations Distribution of Respondent---------------------------------------------------43

Table 7 Family Size Distribution of Respondents--------------------------------------------------44

Tables 8 Languages Distribution of Respondents--------------------------------------------------45

Tables 9 Educational Status of Respondent---------------------------------------------------------45

Tables 10 Marital Status of Respondents------------------------------------------------------------46

Table 11 Descriptive Statistics on Participation----------------------------------------------------47

Table 12 Descriptive Statistics on Effectiveness and Efficiency---------------------------------50

Table 13 Descriptive Statistics on Equity------------------------------------------------------------53

Table 14 Descriptive Statistics on Accountability--------------------------------------------------55

Table 15 Descriptive Statistics on Rule of Law-----------------------------------------------------57

Table 16 Descriptive Statistics on Transparency---------------------------------------------------61

Table 17 Descriptive Statistics on Responsiveness-------------------------------------------------64

Table 18 Descriptive Statistics on Consensus Oriented--------------------------------------------67

Table 19 Bivariate Association of Good Governance and the Set of Predictor Variable------69

Table 20 Binary Logistic regression Result of Good Governance and Set of Predictor----70

Table 21 Model Summary----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71

Table 22 Hosmer and Leme show Test---------------------------------------------------------------72

IX

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figures Pages

Figure 1 Map of South Wollo---------------------------------------------------------------------------6

Figures 2 Elements of Good Governance------------------------------------------------------------13

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Back ground of the Study

The performance of good governance at all tiers of government and the various institutions

that remained unsatisfactory (MOFED, 2010). Without the existence and practical

applicability of the indicator of good governance, it is difficult to think effective management

of a country‘s social and economic resource, in a transparent and accountable manner. Good

governance in one of the targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and poverty

reduction until 2015. In order to achieve economic and social development, good governance

plays a great role to use human and capital resources. Today, the government of Ethiopia, to

eradicate poverty, is announcing the strategy of Growth and Transformation plan (GTP I and

II). But the government is still facing many problems. It is important to a major investment in

the human capital development; education plays a critical role in long –term productivity and

growth at micro and macro levels.

In the world, land is the basic economic resource for any country. Land governance means

the policies, process and institutions in which land, property and natural resources are

administrated. This encompasses decisions on access to land, right of land, land use and land

development.

World Bank (2009) stated land governance is basically about determining land

implementing, sustainable land policies and establishing a strong relationship between people

and land. Weak land governance causes insecurity of tenures, high transaction costs, informal

land transaction or an informal property market, reduced private sector investment, illegal

transfer of state land, limited local revenues, land conflicts, landlessness and inequitable land

distribution, social instability, social exclusion and political instability, erosion of ethics and

strands of unsustainable natural resource management.

The 1995 FDRE Constitution, in article 40(3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) stated on the right to property on

urban and rural land as follows:

3. The right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as of all natural resources, is

exclusively vested in state and in the people of Ethiopia .Land is a common property of the

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Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia and shall not be subject to sale or to other

means of exchange.

4. Ethiopian peasants have the right to obtain land without payment and the protection

against eviction from their possessions.

5. Ethiopian pastoralists have the right to free land for grazing and cultivation as well as the

right not to be displaced from their own lands .The implementation shall be specified law.

6. Without prejudice the right of Ethiopian Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples to the

ownership of land, government shall ensure the right of private investors to the use of land on

the basis of payment arrangements established by law.

7. Every Ethiopian shall have full right to the immovable property he builds and to the

permanent improvements he brings about on the land by his labour or capital. This right shall

include the right to alienate, to bequeath, and where the right of use expires to remove his

property, transfer his tittle, or claim compensation for it.

In Ethiopia, under the FDRE Government, urban land is administer by the lease hold law

which is amended three times since 1991.These are, the first urban land lease hold law with

the proclamation Number of 80/1993 by the transitional government of Ethiopia (TGE),the

second proclamation on urban land lease hold law with the proclamation number of

272/2002a by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) that issued without

underlying urban land policy and the third urban lease hold law with the proclamation

number of 721/2011b that was issued following the acceptance of the first urban land

management policy by FDRE constitution.

FDRE Government, proclamationNo.721/2011, stated on how to provide for Lease holding

of urban lands. In this proclamation in article 5(1-3) stated that the prohibition of land

possession and permission other than Lease holding.

1. Without prejudice to the provision, no person may acquire urban land and other than the

lease holding system provided under this proclamation.

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2. No person may close and use any plot of land adjacent to his lawful possession without the

permission of the appropriate body.

3. No region or city administration may permit or transfer urban land in a manner contrary to

the provision of this proclamation.

The Revised Constitution of Amhara National Regional States Approval Proclamation

No.59/2001, in article 40(3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) stated also on the right to property on urban and

rural land as follows:

3. The right to ownership of rural and urban land, as well as of all natural resources, is

exclusively vested in state and in the people as a whole .Land is a common property of the

Peoples of the regional states and hence shall not be subject to sale or to other means of

exchange.

4. The peasants of regional states have the right to obtain land without payment and the

protection against eviction from their possessions thereof. Its implementation shall be

determined by law.

5. The cattle raisers or pastoralists residing in the regional states have the right to obtain, free

from charge, land for grazing and cultivation as well as the right to use and not to be

displaced from their own land holdings .Its implementation shall be determined by law.

6. Without prejudice to the people‘s right to the ownership of land, the regional states shall

ensure the right of private proprietors to the use of land on the basis of payment arrangements

established by law. Particulars shall be determined by law.

7. Any Ethiopian residing inside or outside regional states shall have full right to the

immovable property he builds and to the permanent improvements he brings about on the

land by his labour or capital. This right shall include the right to alienate, to bequeath, and

where the right of use expires to remove his property, transfer his tittle, or claim

compensation for it. Particulars shall be determined by law.

Good governance promotes transparency, accountability, participation, efficiency and

effectiveness, rule of law, responsiveness, equality and inclusiveness and consensus oriented

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in public institutions all levels. In good governance, there are clear decision making

procedures at the level of public authorities, civil society participation in decision making

process and the ability to enforce rights and obligations through legal mechanisms (Berhanu,

2003).

According to S. Ladi (2008), bad governance acts as a barrier to economic, social and

political development and this leads to the collapse of a nation state. Sustainable

development, social cohesion and environmental management are dependent on good

governance and sufficient public sector management. Therefore, good governance is

representative of successful public sector reform programs that promotes equity and

sustainable development (Mezgebe, 2007).

In Africa, the New Partners for African Development (NEPAD), was introduced as an

approach to change bad governance and to create a favourable governance environment. The

African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM), is often described as Africans unique and

innovative approach to good governance with the objective of improving governance

dynamics at the local, national and continental levels (O deh and Mail , 2013).

Ethiopia being a member of NEPAD has being striving for alleviating bad governance at all

levels of government since 1980.The installation of decentralization of governance in

Ethiopia since 1990 indicates one of the initial step in the history of nation, as it has shifted a

highly centralized authority to regional and local units to promote good governance

challenges in the effort to put principle of good governance. Therefore, encouraging good

governance with democratic system are important ways for social and economic

development (MOFED, 2010).

Good governance has got the interest of public administrator, economists, political scientists,

lawyers, politicians, national institutions and World Bank and International Monetary Fund

(Karl , 2011).Good governance also taken as the efficient and effective management of

public resource and problems in dealing with the critical needs of a society.

Good governance and sound sector management constitute the major mechanisms for

societal transformation and the corner stone of successful economic policy (Demeke,

2000).Good governance in land administration has not improved; poor urban land

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administration is still on going. This is true at Wogide town. In our country, many people are

poor and they depend on mostly on the land resources. In this case, urban land is very

sensitive areas and it needs careful services delivery to the residents of the town by the town

managers and administrators. This area has different challenges and constraints that lead to

lack of good Governance on the town residents by the town administrators. Therefore, this

area is highly susceptible and exposed to bad governance. This study is highly focus on town

municipality that is one of decisive area that needs to the realization and of practical good

governance.

Concerning on the description of the study area, Wogide Woreda, it is one of the 23 rural

woreda‘s in South Wollo administrative Zone with 35 rural kebelles and 6 town cluster

kebelles and with the total of 40 kebelles. The number of population of the town is 6064, and

the rural population accounts 145,193 with the total number of population are 151,257.

Wogide woreda is also found in 181 KMs distance from Dessie(zone capital), 660 KMs from

Bahir Dar (Rgion capital),581 KMs from Addis Ababa ,( capital of Ethiopia) .The relative

location of Wogide woreda is Legambo Woreda in the North, East Gojjam in the South,

Borena Woreda in the West, Kellela Woreda in the East and North Shoa in the South East.

The area of the land is laid down in 112,188 KM2. From this ,50% of the area covered by

plateau, 27%, kolla, 12% mountainous, and 11% Valley. From the total area of the land,

30,248 hectare is used for production or farm land .Wogide Woreda is surrounded by river

Abay from East Gojjame, Yesshum from Borena Woreda, and Taket from North Shoa.

The land mass of Wogide Woreda is categorized in to, Kolla (40%), WoinaDega (59.5%),

and Dega (0.5%). The Weather condition of the area is very comfortable for humans and

Animals living. The Agricultural productions such as Teff, Wheat, Sorghum, Maize, Barley,

and Chek Peas and others are highly produced.

The area is also the site of different monasteries and mosques with Christian and Muslim

followers. The monasteries that are found in Wogide Woreda includes Aba Gebre

Endrias,Abune Gebre Menfes Kidus,Aba Yaeokob, and Aba Tsege Denagil and Mosque like

Dare Selame.

Source: Wogide Woreda government communication

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Figure 1 Map of South Wollo

Source: Wogide Culture and Tourism Office

Wogide Town

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1.2 Statement of the problem

In Ethiopia, today, urban land is administering by the urban land lease hold law which

amended 3 times starting from its making in 1993 with proclamation (No 80/1993, 272/2002

and 721/2011).Land administration and land governance are generally weak and surrounded

by a growing number of weakness and threats (Z. Bergen, 2015).

Land right registration in the Amhara region has its own advantages for the peoples because

it creating the opportunity for the ownership rights ,the right to legal uses land and even

transfer of urban lands to once own families and parents. But during service delivery the

town administrators finding the monetary cost of the land right registration in urban areas

includes informal transaction costs, like official costs, such as surveyors costs, transport and

material costs, photocopies and other costs extremely affects the poor peoples. In Ethiopia

and most developing countries shows low practice of transparency, responsiveness and

participation to implement policies are the big problems to provide good services delivery

and the implementation of development policies.

Transparency, responsiveness and participation are at the hub of governance and

development process as the citizens have the right to know what decisions have been taken

on their behalf, and they should have the means to possible actions when government fails to

discharge its responsibilities (Kenedy, 2005).The low capacity and commitment of public

servants, corruption and rent seeking are among the challenges towards ensuring good

governance in local government.

The practice of good governance at grass root level is not determined by the theoretical

existence principles, but strong capacity and commitment of leadership that fights corruption

and rent seeking activities (Daniel, 2007).

Good governance, in the country, is assumed to play a key role in increasing public trust and

allocation of public resource in an efficient and effective manner for the development of the

country. There are varied constraints in the process of putting the indicators of good

governance in to practice particularly at the level of local government and their town

municipality. Due to this case, the growing threats in delivery of efficient and effective

public services to the community and in ensuring sustainable development.

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In the case of Wogide town, the present good governance on land administration is

inadequate .Because in the town, there are a large number of illegal houses that building still

today .People did not gained appropriate services without giving incentives for the town

administrators. There is no check and balance mechanisms to control on those town

administrators who take bribe from the town residents.

The challenges in realizing the principle of good governance in the town administration are

the existence of rent seeking in the service delivery, discriminatory application of rules, laws,

regulations and policies in the process of the town administration service delivery and less

commitment of the managers and employees. Not only this, but also lack qualification of

man powers in the respective occupations.

Moreover, lack of budget to provide training services on good governance and rent seeking

attitudes of the town administrators are the challenges in town administration. The main

motives to study this research in this selected town is to assess how to handle any kinds of

questions those raised by the town residents on the town administration on the urban lands.

In the town, there are 525 illegal living houses those constructed without the legal permission

and plan of the town administration. The town administration did not stop the illegal house

constructor‘s at the time. The owner of the illegal houses also presents complain for different

concerned bodies from woreda to zonal level.

But still there is no solution or positive responses for the illegal settlers, rather the town

administrators said; illegally constructed houses should be removed from the area. But the

Illegal settlers are not interesting to remove their illegal houses due to economic and social

crisis on themselves and their families.

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1.3. Research questions

1. How do the principles of good governance practices manifest in urban land

administration in the study area?

2. What are the challenges of good governance in line with land administration in the study

area?

3. What are the actions that can be taken by the urban land Administrators to solve the

problems of Good Governance related to land Administration?

4. What are the prospects of good urban governance in land administration in Wogide town?

5. What are the solutions on the challenges of good urban governance in land administration

in the study area?

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1.4 Objective of the Study

1.4.1 General Objective

The general objective of the study was an assessment of the challenges of good urban

governance in land administration in the case of wogide town, South wollo administrative

zone.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

This study has the following specific objectives:

To analyse the application of good governance principles in the urban land

administration in the town.

To examine the extent of the elements of good governance applied in urban land

administration in the study area.

To examine the main challenges of good urban governance in land administration in

Wogide town.

To identify the solutions for the challenges of good urban governance inland

administration in the town.

To evaluate the prospects of good urban governance in land administration in the

town.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The significance of the study is to give solution for the challenges of good urban governance

in land administration for the study area and other parts of the country like:

To identify the main challenges and prospects of good urban governance in land

administration in the study area.

To give important information for areas who faced the challenges of good urban

governance in land administration in the town.

To provide hints for the managers and employees of the town for their action and

decision to solve their problems on good urban governance in land administration.

To use as a reference for other researchers to do similar topics and decision makers.

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To provides an image for the level of good urban governance in land administration

in the town and its role on the local development of the people.

To give better understanding about good urban governance in land administration in

the town and its significance.

1.6. Delimitation of the Study

This study conducted in wogide town, South Wollo administrative zone. For the purpose

of its manageability of the study, it is limited to Wogide town urban land administration

.This intention that their experiences provide good representation of the whole situation

in the town. Besides, the study focused on the assessment of the challenges of good urban

governance in land administration in the town. The study also focused on the action and

decision of the employees and the managers of the town administration. The

methodology of the study includes both mixed research (qualitative and quantitative)

with descriptive and explanatory research design .The research methods consists of

simple random sampling ,primary and secondary sources of data collection tools and the

data analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistical tools.

1.7 Limitation of the Study

The study confined or limited to Wogide town land administration. The final finding is

specifically limited to good urban governance in the town land administration. When doing

this research, a researcher faced certain constraints. Among these, government officials are

busy to get in office due to work loads, field works, Lengthy appointments for interview,

Involuntary of respondents for Interview and questionnaires, giving wrong responses and

time constraint.

1.8 Organization of the Study

This study is organized in five chapters .The first chapter deals with back ground of the

study, statement of the problems, objective of the study, scope of the study, significance of

the study and delimitation of the study .The second chapter included Literature Review

.Chapter Three focused on methodology and research design .The fourth chapter deals with

data presentation and discussion of the findings .Finally the Fifth chapter presents the

conclusion and recommendation.

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1.9 Conceptual Frame Work

Proper practice of good governance enhances effective urban land administration and leads

to sustainable urban development. Urban land administration in Ethiopia is one of the

commonly blamed areas for lack of good governance. There are no sufficient literatures

written and research works conducted on the topic under the study particularly in town land

and its administration. Because of these, a researcher believed that it is an appropriate and

priority issues to assess the challenges of good urban governance in the town land

administration. Generally, the conceptual frame of the study are participation ,Rule of law,

Transparency, Responsiveness, consensus oriented, Equity and inclusiveness, Effectiveness

and Efficiency, and accountability.

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Source:-My own design Figure: 2 Elements of Good Governance

Good

Governa

nce

Cons

ensus

orien

ted

Rule of

Law

Respon

sivenes

s

Equity

Account

ability Effectiv

eness

and

efficien

cy

Transp

arency

Particip

ation

14

CHAPTER TWO

2. REVIEW OF LITRATURES

This chapter deals with theoretical frame work, nature, concepts and characteristics of good

governance with reference to the challenges of good urban governance in Land

administration in South Wollo Administrative Zone, the case of Wogide Town.

2.1 The Concepts of Governance

―Governance‖ is a catch-all word that entered common usage during the 1990s. The term was

first coined in the 1989 World Development Report where it referred mainly to financial

accountability of governments. The meaning of this term was later re-conceptualized by

UNDP (2001) defining ―governance‖ as the exercise of political, economic and

administrative authority to manage a country‘s affairs and an important objective of

governing institutions. It promotes constructive interaction between the state, the private

sector and civil society. For advancing a new agenda of development assistance, the

perception being that financial or technical assistance would not be put to good use until such

concepts as transparency and accountability, due process, probity and efficiency were

institutionalized in the systems of government of recipient countries. As indicated in the

world development report, the definition of governance was narrow focusing financial

accountability. However, according to UNDP it includes economic, political authorities.

Governance is the process of decision making and decisions are implemented or not

implemented in the authority of the management in country affairs of all levels.

Governance models tend to focus more on incorporating and including citizens in all their

stakeholder roles rather than simply satisfying customers, a theme that echoes the notion of

―creating public value‖ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affair-World

Public Sector Report (2005).

However, due to the inherent diversity in national traditions and public cultures as well as

because of its broad and complex nature diverse institutions and individuals define

governance in different ways from different perspectives. Some define governance broadly to

cover a wide array of issues and still another defines it in a more narrowed manner but it does

15

not mean that narrow definitions are necessarily more precise; broad definitions can be

precise, and narrow definitions can be vague. For this case it is better to treat the definition of

governance in light of the leading regional and international organizations UNDP-Oslo

Centre, (2009).

UNDP in its strategy note on governance for human development broadly describes

governance as the system of values, policies and institutions by which a society manages its

economic, political and social affairs through interactions within and among the state, civil

society and private sector. It is the way a society organizes itself to make and implement

decisions— achieving mutual understanding, agreement and action. It comprises the

mechanisms and processes for citizens and groups to articulate their interests mediate their

differences and exercise their legal rights and obligations. It is the rules, institutions and

practices that set limits and provide incentives for individuals, organizations and firms.

Governance, including its social, political and economic dimensions, operates at every level

of human enterprise, be it the household, village, municipality, nation, region or globe UNDP

Oslo Centre (2007).

World Bank describes governance as the manner in which power is exercised in the

management of a country‘s economic and social resources. The Bank identified three discrete

aspects of governance. These are (i) the form of political regime; (ii) the process through

which authority is practiced in the management of a country‘s economic and social resources

for development; (ii) the capacity of governments to design, formulate, and implement

policies and discharge functions World Bank (1997).

2.2 The Concepts of Good Governance

Good governance is defined as the rule of the rulers typically within a given set of rules.

Good governance is the process and institution produces results that meet the need of the

society, while making the best use of resources at their disposal. It is among other thing

participatory, transparent and accountable. It is also effective and equitable role that

promotes rule of law (UNDP). Governance is the process of decision making and the process

by which decisions are implemented or not implemented or administrative authority in the

management of countries affairs at all level.

Governance comprises the complex mechanisms, process and institutions through which

citizens and groups articulate their interests, mediate their difference and exercise their legal

16

rights and obligations. Governance is nothing else than the conduct of the government.

Governance has become a concept that includes more and more phenomena related to the

steering of societal development. Governance is a process of decision making or the process

in which decisions are implemented or not implemented (Swaranojothi, 2009). Governance

is the decision making process related to policy formulation and the way policies are

implemented to insure effective and ethical management (Anello, 2008). According to this

study, good governance is related to the decision making process that the implementation of

policies and decisions and allocation of resources at Woreda level.

According to UNHDR, 2001 cited in Andhra Pradesh, Human Development Report (2007)

noticed good governance is part of sustainable development that secures human wellbeing

and sustainable development.

The United Nation Development Program (UNDP), defined as the exercise of economic,

political, and administrative authority to manage a country‘s affairs at all level comprises

mechanisms, process and institution through which citizens and groups articulate their

interest, exercises their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences.

Sakiko et, al (2008).As Gebre selassie Kiros cited in 20011, according to World Bank,

governance is the manner in which power is exercised in the management of the country‘s

economic development and societal resource for the development. On this meaning, the

notion of governance is concerned directly with the administration of the resource of

development (Adel, 2003).

According to Maya (2004), the term governance is not just on government but also private

sector and civil societies. Governance is more about the process through which a decision is

made ,rather than the substance of the decision itself (Welsey,2008).Good governance is the

necessary word because it is bring better economic achievement acceptability of political

system ,and quality of life (Dinissa,2008).

Good governance is a means to bring a secure development and to alleviate the object

poverty has been gained a wide acceptance from different organization (Imran, 2009).

The absence of good governance acts as a formidable barriers to the achievement of good

governance (Kanak, 2007).On the course of development the main disparity between

17

developing and developed countries is not are source base rather the governance challenges

(Werline, 2003).

Better governance is recognized as one of the targets of the millennium development goals,

an agenda for alleviating poverty and bringing sustainable development that world leaders

agreed on at the Millennium Summit in September 2000 (Okasama, 2008.Most African

country leaders capitalize governance agenda to emancipate their society from poverty.

According to Maya (2004) Good governance has been recognized as the crucial prerequisite

for effective development and the concern of good governance especially in local level has

been increased since the wave of decentralization has pound some developing countries.

Good governance is among other things participatory, transparency and accountability,

effective and equitable, and it promotes the rule of law .Good governance basically refers to

the competent management of a country‘s resources and affaires in a manner that is open,

accountable, equitable and responsive to people‘s needs. It generally implies the ability to

perform efficiently, effectively, and responsibly guided by principles that are feasible and

desirable at all levels of the society, not just at the political one. King Baudouin Foundation

(2007).

Good governance as a basic development agenda has got significant momentum in the world

especially in the last decade and has become the issue that attracts the attentions of different

economists, political scientists, lawyers, Politian, international, regional and national

organizations and various donor agencies. The notion of good governance is relatively new.

It surfaced in 1989 in the World Bank‘s report on Sub-Saharan Africa, which characterized

the crisis in the region as a ―crisis of governance‖ World Bank (1989). It then represented an

important departure from previous policy, largely prompted by the experience in Africa. The

main thrust behind its introduction in the Bank‘s corporate policies resides in the continuing

lack of effectiveness of aid, the feeble commitment to reform of recipient governments and

the persistence of endemic corruption in developing countries.

However, there is no single and exhaustive definition of ―Good governance,‖ nor is there a

delimitation of its scope, that commands universal acceptance. The term is used with great

flexibility; this is an advantage, but also a source of some difficulty at the operational level.

18

Depending on the context and the overriding objective sought, good governance has been

said at various times to encompass: full respect of human rights, the rule of law, effective

participation, multi-actor partnerships, political pluralism, transparent and accountable

processes and institutions, an efficient and effective public sector, legitimacy, access to

knowledge, information and education, political empowerment of people, equity,

sustainability, and attitudes and values that foster responsibility, solidarity and tolerance.

The concept, good governance emerged mainly because of practices of bad governance

characterized by corruption, unaccountable governments and lack of respect for human

rights.

And this had become increasingly dangerous, the need to intervene in such cases had become

urgent, and thus, the issue has become essential ingredient in any socio-political agenda and

development discourse throughout the world (ibid). According to UNDP (1997) good

governance is defined as the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to

manage a country‘s affairs through participatory, transparent, accountable, effective and

equitable manner which promotes the rule of law, ensures that social, political and economic

priorities are based on broad consensus in society and that voices of the poor and the most

vulnerable are heard in decision making over the allocation of development resources.

USAID (2005) refers good governance as the ability of government to develop an efficient,

effective and accountable public management process. It is characterized by transparent,

pluralistic, citizens involvement in decision making, representation and accountability by

focusing the areas of legislative strengthening, decentralization and democratic governance,

anti-corruption, civil-military relations, and improving policy implementation. Good

governance is also described as how the institutions, rules, and systems of the state- the

executive, legislative, judiciary and military operate at central and local level by providing

opportunities for all people to influence government policy and practice, macroeconomic

stability to promote the growth necessary to reduce poverty; implement pro-poor policy that

guarantees equitable and universal provision of effective basic services; ensure personal

safety and security and manage national security arrangements accountably by developing

honest and accountable government DIFD(2001).

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2.3 Preconditions for Good Governance

Good Governance the process and institution produce results that meet the need of the

society, while making the best uses of resources at their disposal.

According to Ethno cultural Diversity Resource Centre and the King Baudouin Foundation

(2007) for the concept of good governance is to be practically established especially in a

multi-ethnic country like Ethiopia the following necessary conditions have first put in to

practice.

2.3.1 Security: As it is understood in terms of chances of survival, chances of self-

affirmation, and chances of participation, talking about practices of good governance without

security is superfluous, as the fundamental right to life is not ensured.

2.3.2 Recognition of Diversity: As recognition of diversity is the first step in ensuring

access to resources, participation in decision-making processes, representation in local public

institutions, and policies addressing the needs of the minorities, Good governance in multi-

ethnic communities requires, as well, recognition of the ethno-cultural diversity.

2.3.3 Capacity to Improve Local Governance: Local government is one of the subsidiaries

of the national government that plays crucial role in implementing the legal instruments and

mechanisms to solve the relevant issues at the local level. Thus, in order to make the local

public administration more effective and politically willing to implement policies and

programs, the process of improving local governance should deserve important attentions.

2.3.4 Decentralization: Centralization, or insufficient decentralization, is yet another barrier

to ensuring good governance at the local level. Lack of decision-making power, insufficient

human and financial resources, overlapping competences between the local and the central

levels, or overruling power of the central level over local decisions, are all aspects that

impede good operation at the local level, and therefore any form of good governance. Thus,

delegation of decision-making responsibilities from the central to the regional and the local

levels is another precondition of good governance.

2.4. The Urban Land Governance

Urbanization makes the demand of land to become increases. The interests and uses of land

is more in urban areas than rural areas. This makes stress and challenges on urban land which

needs well organized decision to harmonize these diverse interests (Almeie, 2015).

20

According to him applying good governance in urban land administration has the exact

causes of the urban people to urban land problems such as urban land access and urban land

uses at local level.

2.5 Good Governance in Land Administration

Good governance in land administration focused to protect the property right of individual

and enterprises of state by introducing principles like transparency, effective and efficiencies

in land administration (Burn, 2008).Governance in land administration is becoming an

important issues in many countries, where corruption and rent seeking grows increasingly.

Corruption and rent seeking are much linked to bad governance in developing countries

because control over land is a means of accumulating of capital through patronage, nepotism

and corruption (FAO, 2007).

This means that poor land administration is also related to growing insecurity in property

rights and a high level of bribery and corruption in land administration activities, especially

in developing countries. The overlapping land regulation, weak institutions, limited

accountability, and incomplete property registration systems create a fertile environment for

petty corruption and grand misuses of pubic scarce resources (Burn, 2008). Weak land

governance provides the political elites and government officials to seek illegal gratification

in return for their services like land leasing to investors (Burn, 2008). Lease is a contract or

agreement by which one person agrees to allow another to use land or a building for a certain

period of time, usually in return for a money payment called rent , the right given under such

a contract, as to take a house or farm on a lease of a piece of land .

Land administration is perceived as one of the most corrupt sectors in public administration.

Land itself, is primary source of wealth, trading medium, and motivation for political,

economic and power gains. The consequence of poor governance in land administration has

direct and indirect impacts on towns, like unplanned urbanization, land speculation,

inequitable land distribution and bribery in land allocation and development. The growing

interests in governance administration in other sector as spread to land administration. Any

land system needs the feature of good land governance.

21

2.6 Characteristics or Dimension of Good Governance

According to UNDP cited in Adel (2003) acknowledge the following characteristics of good

governance.

2.6.1. Participation: Participation which refers to the process by which all men and women

have a voice in decision making either directly or through legitimate intermediate institutions

that represent their interests. The course of such broad participation is based up on freedom

of association and speech, as well as capacities to participate constructively.

Participation is the act of engagement of stake holders at various levels in decision making

and implementation in regarding to land issues that affect their interests ( Takele , 2014).

The indicators of participation are involvement of community members in land delivery

process and public decision making and implementation of law.

Good governance also requires that civil society has the opportunity to participate during the

formulation of development strategies and that directly affected communities and groups

should be able to participate in the design and implementation of programmers and projects.

Even where projects have a secondary impact on particular localities or population groups,

there should be a consultation process that takes their views into account. This aspect of

governance is an essential element in securing commitment and support for projects and

enhancing the quality of their implementation (IFAD, 1999).

It is the participation of stake holders and citizens at large in the making, monitoring,

reviewing and terminating of policies and decisions that affect their lives,

It is the creation and sustenance of mechanisms by which individuals, the private sectors and

civil society can participate on their own governance (CCD, 2001).

2.6.2. Rule of Law: It refers to the effective function of institution such as formally

independent and impartial Judiciary, Legislatives, Police and prosecutors that directed

connection to the law. Good governance requires fair legal frame works that are enforced

impartiality. Legal frame works should be fair and enforced impartially, particularly the laws

on human rights. Rule of law where every activity, conflicts and exercise of power respects

the provision of accepted law (Adel, 2003).Rule of law, the legal frame works should be fair

and enforced impartially particularly the laws on human rights. A fair, predictable and stable

22

legal framework is essential so that businesses and individuals may assess economic

opportunities and act on them without fear of arbitrary interference or expropriation. This

requires that the rules be known in advance, that they be actually in force and applied

consistently and fairly, that conflicts be resolvable by an independent judicial system, and

that procedures for amending and repealing the rules exist and are publicly known (ibid).

2.6.3. Transparency: It means that information is freely available and directly accessible to

those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement. Information provided in

easily understandable forms and media .Government must provide transparency about its

action, procedures, mechanism and activities in order to get compliance for its policies,

strategies and program from the people (Liyang,2014,p.28-29). Transparency allows

government to encourage the free flow of information to the public and the active

engagement of the people to provide the necessary feed back to the government to address

the common good of the society.

Transparency has to be built on the free flow of information. In transparency processes,

institutions and information are directly accessible to the concerned bodies so as to

understand and monitor them. As private-sector investment decisions depend on public

knowledge of the government‘s policies and confidence in its intentions, as well as in the

information provided by the government on economic and market conditions, transparency of

decision-making, particularly in budget, regulatory and procurements, is critical to the

effectiveness of resource use and the reduction of corruption and waste.

2.6.4. Responsiveness: Responsiveness denotes the ways in which decision makers, public

or private identifies the requirement and replies to the demands on certain groups, such as

the poor. Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all

stakeholders within a responsible time frame (SiriGllopen, 2000).

2.6.5. Consensus Oriented: Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in

society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interests of the whole

community and how this can be achieved. Good governance reconciles different conflicting

interests to bring a common agreement on policies, procedures and mechanisms that are

taking place within environment (Adel, 2003).Consensus oriented urges good governance to

23

mediate differing interests to arrive at broad consensus on what is the best interest of the

group, and where possible, on policies and procedures.

2.6.6. Equity: Equity is a way of providing equal opportunity for all to access land and land

information without legal implements and procedural difficulties .The indicators of the

quality includes equitable access to land and land information and fair compensation (Takele,

2014).

A society well-being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it

and do not feel exclusively and from the main stream of society.

Equity and equality, good governance has to promote to all men and women to advance or

sustain their wellbeing. According to UN-Habitat the sharing of power leads to equity in the

access to and use of resources. Women and men must participate as equals in all urban

decision- making, priority-setting and resource allocation processes. Inclusive cities provide

everyone – be it the poor, the young or older persons, religious or ethnic minorities or the

handicapped – with equitable access to nutrition, education, employment and livelihood,

health care, shelter, safe drinking water, sanitation and other basic services(Linkola,2002).

2.6.7. Effectiveness and Efficiency: Effectiveness and Efficiency implies that the quality of

process of managing land while making the best use of it to meet user needs wit out wastage

.It is reflected by customer satisfaction, risk of bribery, land registration system, and

affordable service cost (Liyang, 2014) .The process and institutions produce results that meet

the needs of the society while making the best use of resources at their disposal.

The concept of good governance should ensure efficiency and effectiveness in the use of

resources of a nation having not compromise the crucial needs of citizens. It is the extent to

which limited human and financial resources are applied without unnecessary, waste, delay

or corruption. Urban areas must be financially sound and cost- effective in their management

of revenue sources and expenditures, the administration and delivery of services, and in the

enablement, based on comparative advantage, of government, the private sector and

communities to contribute formally or informally to the urban economy. A key element in

achieving efficiency is to recognize and enable the specific contribution of women to the

urban economy (ibid). It also refers the quality of public services, the quality of the civil

service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy

24

formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government‘s commitment to such

policies (M.A. Thomas).

2.6.8. Accountability: It is answerability, responsibility, liability to the service users who

have influenced by their decision and activity. The responsibility of the land officials has to

be clearly defined and has to answerable to its decision and activities.

The indicators are mechanisms of reporting, mechanisms of declarations of financial

statements, mechanism of questioning and appeal mechanism for conflict resolution.

An organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions

or actions. Accountability is significant to make government officials responsible for their

behaviours and deeds to the society from which their authority (Maya, 2004).

Accountability is a process in which government officials are accountable or responsible for

their actions and decisions .Accountability is the process of holding someone answerable for

performance (Liyang, 2014).It is a clearly identified employee obligation for the conduct of

specific task or duty where performance is evaluated through the applications of specific

criteria. Accountability is ensured by check and balance mechanisms, mechanisms of

reporting and mechanisms of questioning and financial statements and also applying rules

and regulation with in each institution. Rules and regulations are specific laws that enacted

by executive bodies of a given institutions.

Generally, good governance has a vital role in ensuring that to solve the problems created

in urban land administration between residents and town municipality. In case of this the

presence of good governance facilitates resident people to show positive attitude towards

the government and stands to develop their country especially their town and local area.

2.7 Public Sector Governance

Public sector governance also called corporate governance has many different definitions.

Accordingly, Australian National Auditing Agency ANOA (2003) broadly defines public

sector (corporate) governance as the processes by which organizations are directed,

controlled and held to account. It encompasses authority, accountability, stewardship,

leadership, direction and control exercised in the organization. The Commonwealth of

Australia (2003) describes public governance has ―a very broad coverage, including how an

organization is managed, its corporate and other structures, its culture, its policies and

strategies and the way it deals with its various stakeholders. In its part Australian National

25

Audit Service (2003) describes public sector governance as a very broad covering including

how an organization is managed, its corporate and other structures, its policies and strategies

and the way it deals its various stakeholders.

The concept encompasses the manner in which public sector organizations acquit their

responsibilities of stewardship by being open, accountable and prudent in decision making, in

providing policy advice, and in managing and delivering programs.‖ Public sector

governance encompasses the policies and procedures used to direct an organization‘s

activities to provide reasonable assurance that objectives are met and that operations are

carried out in an ethical and accountable manner. In the public sector, governance relates to

the means by which goals are established and accomplished. It also includes activities that

ensure a government‘s credibility, establish equitable provision of services, and assure

appropriate behaviour of government officials reducing the risk of public corruption.

Unique governance principles arise from the unique nature of government, and are especially

important in government. For instance, unique to the public sector is the importance of

political forces, the not-for-profit nature, and the ultimate objective of public service for

many governmental activities. Moreover, good public governance requires fair and

impartially enforced legal frameworks. The absence of good governance structures and lack

of adherence to basic governance principles increases the risk of public corruption, which is

defined as the misuse of entrusted power for private gain.

Thus, according to the Institute of Internal Auditor (2006) there are governance principles

critical for good public sector governance in addition to the basic governance principles

described in the previous sections. These governance principles, critical for good public

sector governance, are the principles of accountability, transparency, probity, and equity. The

Institute of Internal Auditor (2006)

Generally accepted principles of good public sector governance are:

2.7.1 Transparency: clear roles and responsibilities and clear procedures for decision-

making and exercise of power.

2.7.2 Integrity: acting impartially, ethically and in the interests of the organization, and non-

misusing information acquired through a position of trust.

2.7.3 Stewardship: using every opportunity to enhance the value of the public assets and

institutions they have been entrusted to care.

26

2.7.4 Efficiency: the best use of resources to further the aims of the organization with

commitment evidence based strategies for improvement; and

2.7.5 Leadership: leadership from the top is critical to achieving an organization wide

commitment to good governance.

2.7.6 Accountability: being answerable for decisions and having meaningful mechanisms to

ensure ones action and decision.

2.8. Governance in Ethiopia

2.9. General Over View of Governance in Ethiopia

For many years Ethiopia was remained unitary state under the philosophies of unitary

governments. It was in 1991 that the country has departed from the old historical system of

governance when the government existing by now organized the country in to decentralized

federal government system. Since then that the devolved form of governance has become in

place replacing the country old aged unitary forms of government philosophies.

Based on the 1995 constitution of the country article 50(2) (3) the country is organized in to

federal and regional states. And each of the states has the legislative, executive and judiciary

functions similar to the federal government. Accordingly based on the 2001-revised

constitution of Amhara Regional State‘s Constitution article 45(1) the regional state divided

in to Woredas and Kebelles. In this way the government and governance system which is

quite different from the traditional system of governance established in the country.

The adoption of federal system of Government in Ethiopia resulted in open, transparent, and

democratic governance that respects the right of all citizens, the adoption of the

decentralization process, which gave power to regional governments to implement

development policies and strategies and provided the opportunity for local residents to

participate in development programs. This is further strengthened by According to PASDEP

Volume I, the following results achieved in democratic governance reform.

Study for enhancing the public consultation mechanism through TV and radio in

order to reach out the wider public has been completed and report produced.

The training for improved administration and operation of law enforcement organs is

underway;

27

A human rights Commission and Ombudsmen‘s office have been established,

Commissioner and Ombudsmen appointed as well Efforts will continue to strengthen

the institutions with the establishment of working systems and procedures;

National and regional elections have been held in 2005, Over 25 million citizens

Participated.

Names and qualifications of approved judges have been publicly announced for

reasons of transparency and judicial independence.

The Government consulted with different groups in society and held public debates

over policies to an extent which had not taken place in Ethiopia before; and

The National Action Plan (NAP) on gender has been formulated. The Government

has also taken steps to improve the condition of women, including passing laws to

protect women's right.

According to Asima (2005) better Governance consists of participation, Transparency,

Accountability and human rights. It is a basic requirement for the success of

development, especially for least developed nation.

Prior to1973 (emperor Rules) and throughout the military regime from 1974 to 1991

Governance in Ethiopia was highly centralized authority and administration (David, et al,

2008).

In the early 1990 ,Ethiopia launched the decentralization process that marks one of the most

significant change in the history the nation, as it has devolved power from central govern to

lower tiers in anon-centralized system of governance. Then the Federal and Regional

constitution states that the duties of regional and local governments in Ethiopia.

The constitution of region s has granted power and duties to plan and implemented their

development.

The 1995 FDRE constitution an obligation was imposed on the regional states to establish

provide adequate power.

28

2.10 Locale Governance

As Anwar with Shah locale Governance provides both a variety of local services and

safeguarding the life and freedom of residents ,creating good condition for democratic

participation and civil discussion ,supporting market friendly and sustainable local

development and generating results that the quality of life of the people.

According to John (2003) in a number of African countries local governance is given a

focuses since it is widely accepted as it creates a favourable environment through which

people from the grass root level can directly participate in fighting against impoverishment at

a close range and encourage a various stake holders and other actors to be established to meet

the needs and goals of responsible locale governance.

UNPOG (2008) Locale Governance is a means, process, and institution, through which

citizens and groups articulate their interests, experience their legal rights and obligation and

mediates their difference at local level.

The federal and regional Governments in Ethiopia has improved local governance and the

mission noted improvement in the awareness of better governance at all level, and local

governance and structures and mechanisms are being developed to transform the principles

and standard in the ground.

29

CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN

3.1. INTRODUCTION

In this chapter the methods and procedures were explained to conduct a thesis report. These

include research methodology, research design, sampling techniques, types of data and

sources, data collection instruments and data processing methods. The aim of this chapter

was to give the research methods and to present responses for different questions or to

describes the process of data gathering and data analysis methods.

3.2 Research Methodology

Research methodology is an approach that used as a path to answer research questions. It is

the philosophy of research process. This thesis employed mixed research (both quantitative

and qualitative) research approach. The reason to employed quantitative research approach

was to gather data or information from the informants and to analyse data in statistical

methods, to use percentage and tables to calculate number of questions with number of

responses informant‘s (Creswell, 2009). On the other hand, qualitative approach is used to

gather non-numerical data and related ways of analysis and emphasis on qualitative results.

It enables to collect data from different sources and to maximize the trust worthiness of

research findings. It also allows the researcher to collect more knowledgeable and

experienced participants purposively .Qualitative research method provides an opportunity to

triangulate the information gathered from different sources and methods (Casley and Kumar,

1992). Generally, both quantitative and qualitative research approaches make a researcher

confidential on the study. The researcher used mixed merits questionnaires (closed- ended

and open- ended questions), Interview (semi-structured) and Focused Group Discussion

(FDGs) questions to gather information for the study.

3.3 Research Design and procedure

The study was employed both descriptive and explanatory research design; which was used

in combination to collect evidences by multiple methods, tools of data collection and analysis

utilized. This is because the design is relatively inexpensive and takes up little time to

30

conduct. Moreover, it is recommended when gathering data about respondents‘ perceptions,

beliefs, opinion, scores and outcomes (Creswell, 2003). The researcher initially collected

data through survey questionnaires, and then used semi-structured interviews to substantiate

the quantitative data.

The research procedures undertaken how the problem seems, what questions the problem

leads and what are the end results. The researcher selected both descriptive and explanatory

research design to describe the collected data reliably. This design is important to analyse the

primary and secondary sources of data in the mixed research approach. Moreover, a

researcher selected this area of investigation, since no this study was conducted before in the

study area and it was entirely about the performance of good urban governance from the

respondent point of view. To collect information from the office employees and managers, a

researcher used semi- structured interview whereas for Illegal settlers and town resident used

mixed items (closed-ended and open- ended) questionnaires. The study used purposive

sampling to select the sampled kebelle blocks within the respected town administration. The

interview questions were distributed for town managers and employees purposefully. They

were aware on the problems. The questionnaires prepared for town residents and Illegal

settlers with simple random sampling and given by translating English language by Amharic

language because of their educational levels faced the problem to understand the ideas of the

questions and to get reliable information from the informants.

3.4 Research Methods

It is a techniques or tools to gather data, organizing and analysing or verifying findings,

Ethical considerations and self-designed questionnaires.

The methods of sampling techniques selected for this study was simple random sampling on

the urban land administration to give equal chance for the town residents.

In order to gather sufficient and relevant information for the study, the town employees,

Town managers, illegal settlers, Focused Group Discussion (FDGs) and Town residents from

the Wogide Town are included.

Therefore, taking in to consideration to the listed reason, the town of Wogide selected

purposefully based on its proximity to the centre, heterogeneity, and the density of the

population of the respected Woreda.

31

When a researcher selecting individuals for the FDGs and interview, educational status, age,

experience and marital status taken in to account to keep the heterogeneity of the study

population.

3.5. Source of Data and Instruments Used to Collect Data

This study was mainly employed questionnaires, interviews, Focused Group Discussions,

Document analysis and Observations.

A researcher used both primary and secondary source of data .In this study, 118 respondents

taken for primary sources of data by using simple random sampling.

3.5.1. Primary Source of Data

In this study, a researcher used semi-structured interview to collect deep information on the

issues related to the study.

A researcher prepared and distributed both open- ended and closed- ended

questionnaires for a total of 118 respondents to get relevant information.

This method is helping to get detailed and different information from the discussion

group or debates on topics under the study.

3.5.2 Secondary Source of Data

This technique of collecting data was done by analysis of documents which are available in

the study area, annual report from the urban land administration, relevant books, and

literature review.

3.6 The Study Population and Sample Size

The study populations for this research were the town employees, town managers, Illegal

settlers, and town residents. A researcher selected Wogide town urban land administration

employees and their managers to do this research, because the absence of good governance is

observed in this sector.

This research is conducted and targeted with the town house hold heads of the town

residents. Due to this, the number of the targeted population of the town administration is

2509 households. From this, Illegal settlers accounts 525 (Male-294, Female-231) and Town

residents are 1984(Male-1097, Female-887). From the total household of the town residents,

118 respondents (Male 90 and Female 28) are selected with simple random sampling for the

32

study of this research. The town administration has one kebelle (01 mahdere Selam) and

divided with six blokcs (1, 2,3,4,5 and 6) for administrative purpose. Kebelle blocks are

established based on demographical and geographical location to address services to the town

residents. In order to distribute questionnaires to the respondents, blocks 2 and 5) are selected

with purposive sampling techniques in considering of the density of the population.

Source: Wogide town municipality office (2010).

This sample was determined by Kothari (2004).It defines research design as the conceptual

structure with in which research is conducted ,consists of the base for collection

,measurement and analysis of data. It is also a strategy of describing procedures about sample

size, data source, means of collection methods, data processing, analysing and presenting

based on a variable time and resources.

Kothari (2004) formula as shown below:

N=

( )

Where

N=sample size

Z=value of standard variant at95% confidence level (1.96)

P=sample proportion

Q=1-p

E=the estimate should be with in3% of the true value

N=total population

n=( ) ( )( )( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) =118

The total sample size of the population was 118 .In addition to this a researcher gathered

information by using interview and Focused Group Discussion (FDGs).

For the interview purpose, 10 key informants (3 town employees from the town municipality

and, 7 town managers are included in the study.

For focused Group discussion a total of 12 participants with two groups were selected. The

first Focused Group Discussion has 6 sampled participants and the second Focused Group

Discussion was also conducted with 6 sampled participants.

33

Table 1 Sampling Frame of Respondents

No

No of

offices

No of respondents

Town

employees

Town

manage

r

Illegal settlers

Town

residents

FGDs

1 7 M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T

2 1 3 5 2 7 21 7 28 68 22 9

0

8 4 12

Source: Field survey (2010)

3.7 Method of Data Analysis and Presentation

The information obtained has been incorporated and presented through narrative description.

The collected data has been coded, tabulated, categorized and organized according to the

nature of the data. Then the data was converted to percentages and tables. Descriptive

analysis is used to look at the data collected and to describe that information .It is used to

describe the demographic factors for more clarifications. Both primary and secondary

sources of data were analysed and presented using statistical tools like tables and percentages

to facilitate the presentation of the results. In analysing of the primary source of data, SPSS

version 20 was used for percentages, mean and standard deviation. The qualitative data was

analysed using narration explanations.

3.7.1 Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics is a part of statistics that deal with methods and techniques of

organizing, summarizing, presenting, reporting and arranging the data without making

generalization beyond the data. It summarizes mass of the numerical data in to meaningful

form by using various statistical techniques such as tables, charts, graphs, and so on. The

technique most often used for describing the characteristics of the sample and the major

study variables are displayed in the form of frequency distribution, percentage, and

diagrammatic representations. The descriptive analysis is used to look at the data collected

and to describe that information. It is used to describe the demographic factors for more

clarification.

34

3.7.2 Inferential Statistics

Statistical inference which has more recently become and may be defined to be the methods

by which one makes inference / generalization / about Population based on information

obtained from the sample of a population. Inference is the objective of statistics, especially

decision making and Prediction plays a very important role in our individual life. Therefore,

the objective of statistics is to make inference about a population based on information on a

sample.

3.7.2.1 Chi-Square Test of Association

Chi square test of association is very suitable to examine the correlation of categorical data. It

is a preliminary analysis of logistic regression.

The null and alternative hypothesis of chi square test is given by;

Ho: There is no association between dependent and independent (factor) variables.

H1: There is association between dependent and independent (factor) variables.

3.7.2.2 Binary Logistic Regression Model

It is also very suited for categorical response variable and qualitative or quantitative

independent variables. Binary logistic regression is used when we have dichotomous (with

two categories) dependent variable. This model considers the interaction effect of predictor

variables whiles chi square shows the bivariate association of each predictors with the

dependent variables.

The binary logistic regression function is defined as:

( )

................................ ………………………………

Where, = the constant of the equation = the coefficient of the ith

predictor

It is not linear and it can be transformed to linear through logarismic transformation as:

[ ( )] [ ( )

( )] ……………………

35

Where,

( ) is the probability of success (the practice of urban good governance in our case)

Xi is the set of independent (factor) variables.

3.7.2.3 Testing the overall model adequacy

After the model is fitted the next important step is checking the model adequacy. There are

several steps involved in assessing the appropriateness, adequacy and usefulness of the

model. First, the overall goodness of fit of the model is tested. Second, the importance of

each of the explanatory variables is assessed by carry out statistical tests of the significance

of the coefficients. The goodness of fit of a model measures how well the model describes.

The goodness of fit or calibration of a model measures how well the model describes the

response variable. Assessing goodness of fit involves investigating how close values

predicated by the model are to the observed values.

3.7.2.4 The Hosmer–Lemeshow test

The Homers–Lemeshow test is a commonly use test for assessing the goodness of fit of a

model and allows for any number of explanatory variables, which may be continuous or

categorical. The test is similar to a goodness of fit test and has the advantage of partitioning

the observations into groups of approximately equal size, and therefore there are less likely to

be groups with very low observes and expects frequencies.

The hypothesis to be tested

Ho: the model fit the data (the model is adequate)

H1: the model is not adequate

The Test statistics is given by

36

If p-value for the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test is greater than 0.05, we will not

reject the null hypothesis that there is no difference between observe and model predict

values, implying that the model estimates are adequate to fit the data at an acceptable level.

3.8 Pilot Test

Piloting was carried to modify the instrument of data collection to secure comments and to

refine limitations .Before conducting the pilot test, 30 respondents was selected with simple

random sampling from the town resident‘s .The respondents were oriented about the purpose

of the pilot test .After that, 15 draft questions were distributed and filled by them. The

distributed questionnaires were returned and modified on items to remove unclear questions.

Then after ten days, by including the pilot test questions, the final questionnaires distributed

for the respondents to increase the reliability of the gathering information. This had also its

own advantages for the validity of the questionnaires.

3.9 Validity and Reliability of Data Collection Instruments

The validity and reliability of data collection instruments for the study subjects is the

main part for data collection.

3.9.1. Validity

Validity is the extent to which data collection methods accurately measures what we

intended to measure (Colton and Covert, 2007).

Validity is categorized in to two parts. These are internal and external validity.

Internal validity is one part of validity that deals with research tools measures what intended

to measure. The data was collected in the form of questionnaires, interviews and Focused

Group discussion from the informants of Wogide town residents, Illegal settlers, Town

managers and employees. Before the questionnaires, interviews and FDGs questions were

distributed to the informants; it was modified repeatedly and then distributed for the

respondents.

3.9.2 .Reliability

Reliability is the extent to which data collection instruments provide the same result at a

given time.(Colton andCovert,2007). It assures the stability and dependability of data

collection instruments. The measure is reliable when the degree of supplies shows similar

result. The researcher used Cronbach‘s alpha coefficient to measure internal reliability.

According to Garth (2007), the internal reliability was measured by Cronbach‘s alpha

37

coefficient in between 0-1. Therefore, less than 0.5, between 0.5 and 0.6, between 0.6,

greater than 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 are unacceptable, poor, questionable, acceptable, good, and

excellent respectively. 0 is no internal reliability. To confirm the reliability, 118 town

residents responded on 34 questionnaires, 8 unstructured questions were prepared by a

researcher for 7 town managers and 3 town employees for triangulation .In addition to this,

for 12 FDGs, 8 open-ended questions were distributed.

Table 2 Case Processing Summary

cases N %

Valid 118 96.7

excluded a 4 3.3

Total 122 100.0

a. List wise deletion based on all variables in the

procedure.

Source: SPSS output

3.10 Ethical Consideration

All participants in this study were decided their participation willingly and the researcher let

them know the purpose of the study; give them all necessary information on the research of

the study.

The respondents were requested before conducting interview. The study conducted in

consistent with ethical issues that need to be considered in conducting a research .The Letter

was written from Debre berhan University to the concerned bodies.

Table 3 Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha No of Items

0.952 34

38

CHAPTER FOUR

4. DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

This chapter includes two main parts .These are the demographic characteristics of

respondents and the detailed presentation and analysis of data which were collected from the

respondents in the form of questionnaires, interviews and FDGs responses interpreted.

The objective of the study was to assess the challenges of good urban governance in urban

land administration in south wollo administrative zone, the case of Wogide town.

The questionnaires which were mixed items (open ended and closed ended) questions

presented for 118 informants which were town residents and illegal settlers. In addition, 7

town managers and 3 employees were interviewed by a researcher. Both questionnaires and

interviews were properly responded by all informants. Closed ended questionnaires were

analysed by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 software whereas open

ended, interviews and FDGs questions were analysed by a researcher qualitatively depending

on the responses of informants.

4.1 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

The Demographic characteristics of the respondents include sex, Age, Occupation,

Family Size, Language, educational status, and marital status of the respondents. The

relevance of categorizing respondents in their demographical back grounds was to get

different information from various sections of the societies and to address which sections of

the societies were victims by the problems in the study area.

4.1.1 Sex of Respondents

Table 4 Sex Distribution of Respondents

Sex Frequency Percent

Male

90 76.3

Female 28 23.7

Total 118 100.0

Source: Field survey (2010)

As indicated in table 4 above, out of the total 118 sample respondents 90(76.3%) are male

and 28 (23.7%) female. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that majority of the sample

39

respondents are male. This is by chance since the researcher selected the sample respondents

by using simple lottery system.

4.1.2 Age of Respondents

Table 5 Age Distribution of Respondents

Source: field survey (2010)

The age distribution of the respondents as shown in the above table 5, out of the total 118

sample respondents 26(22%) sample respondents are found in the age group from 21- 31,

50(42%) sample respondents are in the group from 32-42 years, 23(22.9 %) are in the age

group of 43-54 years and 15(12.7%) are in the age group of 54-64 years. From this the

researcher conclude that majority of the respondents are adults ranging from the age of 21-53

years .This age group of the population is productive for the country‘s economic

development .

4.1.3 Occupation of Respondents

Table 6 0ccupation Distribution of the Respondents

Source: field survey (2010)

Age Frequency Percent

21-31 years 26 22.0

32-42 years 50 42.4

43-53 years 23 22.9

54-64 years 15 12.7

Total 118 100.0

Occupation Frequency Percent

Government Employees 85 72.03

Merchants 30 25.5

Farmers 3 2.5

Total 118 100.0

40

As shown in the table 6 above, 85 (72.03%) of respondents are government employees who

engaged in office services and depends on monthly salary. This shows that this group people

mostly related with urban land problem. The rest of 30 (25.5%) are merchants and 3(2.5%)

are farmers. Therefore it is possible to conclude that majority of the respondents are

government employees. This group of town residents are land less and they demands urban

land for house construction from the town managers. These groups of town residents are

exposed to illegal construction of living houses.

4.1.4 Family Size of Respondents

Table 7 Family Size Distribution of the Respondents

Source: field survey (2010)

As shown in the table 7 above, 74(62.7%) of the respondents have family size ranging 1-2,

23(19.5%) of respondents ranging from 3-4 and21 (17.8%) of respondents have greater than

6 family size.

Therefore it is possible to conclude that there is large family size in Wogide town.

This shows that large family size needs shelters or living houses. The evidences show that,

most of the respondents are found in youngest ages.

Family size Frequency Percent

1-2 family

74 62.7

3-4family 23 19.5

5 and above family 21 17.8

Total 118 100.0

41

4.1.5 Language of Respondents

Table 8 Language Distribution of the Respondents

Language Frequency Percent

Amharic 114 96.6

A fan Oromo 4 3.39

Total 118 100

Source: field survey (2010)

In the case of language as table 8 indicated that, 114(96.6%) 0f the respondents speak

Amharic language and only 4(3.39%) of the respondents speak A fan Oromo. This shows

that almost all of the respondents can speak and communicate Amharic language and

characterized by homogenous culture. Therefore, the researcher cannot face communication

barriers with the respondents of the study.

4.1.6 Educational Status of Respondents

Table 9 Educational Status Distribution of the Respondents

Educational status Frequency Percent

Grade 1-9 9 7.62

Grade 10-12 38 32.2

Certificate 19 16.10

Diploma 45 38.14

Degree 17 14.4

Total 118 100.0

Source: field survey (2010)

In regarding to educational status in the table 9 shown above, about 9(7.62%) respondents are

Grade 1-9, 38(32.2%) are Grade 10-12, 19(16.1%) are Certificates, 45(38.14%) are Diploma

holders and 17(14.4%) are Degree holders .According to the evidence that shows, most of the

respondents are educated and they can responds proper answers for the questionnaires

reasonably.

42

4.1.7 Marital Status of Respondents

Table 10 Marital Status Distribution of the Respondents

Marital status Frequency Percent

Married 79 69.95

Un married 31

26.28

Divorced 8 6.78

Total

118 100.0

Source: field survey (2010)

In regarding to table 10 shown above, 79(69.95%) of the respondents are married, where as

31(26.28%) of the respondents are unmarried and 8(6.78%) of the respondents are divorced.

This shows that most of the respondents have large family sizes as compared to other

respondents. These respondents needs permanent living in the study area Therefore, the

demand of these town residents on urban lands for house construction becomes more and

more.

4.2 Data Obtained from the Elements of Good Governance

The following tables shows the characteristics or elements of good governance in urban land

administration which was practiced in the town and the response of the respondents towards

each questionnaires in each 8 elements of good governance.

4.2.1 Participation

Participation is the act of engagement of stake holders at various levels in decision making

and implementation in regarding to land issues that affect their interests.

The collected data from the respondents on the elements of good governance are below

expressed in the table with per cent, frequency, mean and standard deviation. Oxford (1990),

frequency scale, variable scale between 3.5 and 5.0 are regarded as high in frequency and

score between 2.5 and 3.4 are viewed as medium. Those variables that score between 1.0 and

2.4 are considered as low.

43

Table 11 Descriptive Statistics on Participation

Source: field survey (2010)

The indicators of participation are the involvement of the town residents on land delivery

process, town managers election, consulting on land policies, involving in public forums in

the case of disadvantaged groups, opposing the town administrators for their lack of good

governance, and about the feelings and interests of the employees to solve public problems.

No Item Response Response Frequency Percent Mean S D

1

Do you participate in the town

managers election?

Yes 19 16.1

1.84

.369 No 99 83.9

Total 118 100

2 Town residents participation on

the urban land service delivery

processes

Yes 24 20.3

1.80

.404 No 94 79.7

Total 118 100

3 There is public forum for

maintaining good governance in

the disadvantaged groups

Yes 23 19.5

1.64

.483

No 95 80.5

Total 118 100

4 Do you openly oppose the town

managers on their lack of good

governance in the urban land

administration in the town?

Yes 23 19.5

1.81

.398

No 95 80.5

Total 118 100

5

The town administrator make

land policy decision by

consulting the town residents

and incorporating their feed

backs

Yes 32 27.9

1.73

.446 No 86 72.1

Total 118 100

6

Employees are interested in

solving customers problem on

the urban land administration

Yes 22 18.6

1.81

.391 No 96 81.4

Total 118 100 Av 1.78

44

Regarding to table 11 item 1 shown above, on the respondents participation in the town

managers election, 99(83.9%) of the respondents confirmed that, they did not participated in

the election of their town managers.

The respondents stated that, they did not have the chance to elect or give their voice for their

managers by using their democratic rights. The government simply represents or forms the

top managers in town land administration offices by itself or with political representation

without the education quality for the respective offices. From this a researcher understood

that, in the town, the residents have no the power to elect or represent their town managers by

themselves. Therefore, the town managers are not responsible or accountable to the town

residents because they are politically represented.

On the contrary, 19(16.1%) of the respondents confirmed that, the town residents

participating in the town managers election.

Concerning on Table 11(2) shown above, on the town residents participation on the urban

land service delivery process, 94(79.7%) of the informants confirmed that, the town residents

did not participating in service delivery processes. They stated that, the town administrators

are not volunteer to invite the town residents to participate in the urban land service delivery

processes .Because the town administrators want to make hidden their wrong action that done

on the town residents and for the sake of rent seeking activities in the area.

Takele (2014) as indicated similar to this research finding that, the community members

should involve or participated in the land delivery process, decision making and

implementation of laws on land. Most of the interviewee also responded that, the town

residents did not participating in decision making on the urban land administration and

forwarding their ideas on how to administer the land of the town especially on land

distribution and service delivery of the town administrators.

On the other hand, 24(20.3%) of the respondents confirmed that, the town residents

participating in the urban land service delivery processes in the town land administrations.

Concerning on table 11(3) shown above, public forum in the case of the disadvantaged

groups, 95(80.5) of the respondents confirmed that, in the town there is no public forums in

the case of the disadvantaged groups to maintain good governance. The respondents reason

out that, no town administrator who tried to create public forum .Because they fear that, if

45

there are public forums, the town residents expose officials who performed illegal action on

them.

On the other hand, 23(19.5) of the respondents stated that, in the town, there are public

forums that prepared by the town administrators to maintaining good governance for the

disadvantaged groups.

Regarding to table 11 item 4 shown above, on the extent of the opposition of the town

residents on lack of good governance towards the town the managers, 95(80.5%) of

respondents assured that, the town residents did not did not opposing the town administrators

on the lack of good governance in the town. They put their reason is that, fear of revenge by

town managers against them by relating their action with other political interpretation.

Concerning on this idea, a researcher implied that, in the town, opposing the town managers

on their lack of good governance, considered as a criminals. Because they linked with other

political issues in order to redirect their failures on good governance in the urban land

administration.

On the contrary, 23(19.5%) of respondents responded that, the town residents can oppose the

town managers for their lack of good governance without fear of revenge from the urban land

administrators.

Regarding to table 11(5) shown above, whether the town administrators consulting the town

residents on the urban land policy and incorporating their feed backs or not, 86(72.1%) of the

respondents confirmed that, there is no discussion on urban land policy between the town

residents and town administrators and incorporating their feedback to the policy.

The respondents stated that, it is the town administrator‘s lack of voluntarism to participate

the town residents on the issues of the urban land administration. The interview respondents

put their solution for the absence of good governance that, the town administrators should

consult and involve the town residents on the policies and strategies of the urban land

administration.

The interviewee also put other alternative ideas for the prevalence of good governance in the

town are using the prospects or opportunities like distributing reserved residential areas or

settlements for homeless town residents with medium cost. The town administration should

also try to find qualified and competent human resource and administrator for good service

delivery.

46

On the contrary, 32(27.9%) of the respondents stated that, the town administrators consulting

the town residents on the urban land policy and incorporating their feed backs.

Regarding to table 11 (6) shown above, whether the Employees solving customers problems

or not, 96(81.4%) of the respondents confirmed that, employees are not interested in solving

customers problem. They said that, employees are in lines with the ideas of their manager‘s

.Because they are governed by the interest of their leaders.

On the other hand, 22(18.6) of the respondents confirmed that, employees are interested in

solving customer problems in the town administration.

4.2.2 Effectiveness and Efficiency

Effectiveness and Efficiency implies that the quality of the process of managing urban land

while making the best use of it to meet user needs without wastage.

Table 12 Descriptive Statistics on Effectiveness and Efficiency

No

Item Response Response Frequency Percent Mean SD

1 The speedy and effective service

delivery are implementing for the

town residents in the urban land

administration in the town

Yes 20 16.9 1.83

.377

No 98 83.1

Total 118 100

2 Are office location are conducive

to service delivery to the town

residents?

Yes 17 13.7 1.86 .345

No 101 86.3

Total 118 100

3 Do you think that the office at

different level uses new

technology?

Yes 26 22 1.78 .416

No 92 78

Total 118 100

4 The cost of land access is

affordability to most applicant

community members

Yes 13 13.9 1.89 .314

No 105 86.1

Total 118 100

5 Town managers have enough

knowledge to administer urban

land effectively

Yes 34 28.8 1.71 .455

No 84 71.2

Total 118 100 1.81

Source: field survey (2010)

47

The efficiency and effectiveness are reflected by customer satisfaction in service delivery,

the office locations, availability of new technology, cost of urban land and the skills of

managers.

In regarding to table 12 item 1 shown above, on the effective and speedy service delivery for

the town residents, 98(83.1%) of respondents assured that, no effective and speedy service

delivery for town residents .The respondents stated that, the time allotted and posted on the

office doors indicates, every customers have the right to get full service in related to urban

land issues within 30 minutes in each working days by land administrators. But it is not true

and practically implementing in the offices. They also giving services out of professional

ethical standards of work .The town Managers and employees did not treat their customers

properly. They post ponds and delay issue, aggressiveness and showing unethical actions in

the offices of the urban land administration. This is for the sake of getting incentives or

bribes from the town residents. Their performance is low and dissatisfied or disappointed to

many of the urban population. From this a researcher understood that, service delivery in the

urban land administration is quite related to rent seeking activities in the area. Generally, the

commitment of good governance on the urban land administration is talk rather than practice.

The FDGs also confirmed that, in the urban land administration, the town managers and

employees did not effectively give service delivery for the town residents properly.

On the other hand 20(16.9%) of the respondents confirmed that, the town managers and

employees treated town residents in speedy and effective ways with professional ethical

principles of work.

Regarding to table 12 item 2 shown above, whether the offices location conducive to service

delivery for the town residents or not, 101(86.3%) of informants confirmed that, the office

location are not conducive for service delivery and it takes time to get enough services .The

respondents assured that, the distance between offices are far apart and the blocks are below

the standards. No customers who can get services with the same office with different

departments. Therefore, a researcher understood that, the office location of the urban land

administration is not conducive for service delivery and it creates another problem of good

governance. Because it is time consuming.

48

On the contrary, 17(13.7%) of the respondents responded that, the office location of the

urban land administration is conducive to service delivery for the town residents.

Regarding to table12 item 3 shown above, on the applications of new technology in the

offices of urban land administration, 92(78%) of the respondents confirmed that, there is no

enough technological accessibility and application or computerizing systems applying in the

offices. Rather the managers and employees using outdated methods of documenting their

data. The files of the town residents are recorded in the old document. One cannot easily

identify files in related to urban land and some of them are worn out and lost. This hampers

service delivery ineffective and very slow in the urban land administration.

This shows that, in the urban land administration offices, there is a shortage of new

technologies to store different evidences with new technological systems.

On the other hand, 26 (22%) of respondents confirmed that, the office of the urban land

administration applied new technology and the town residents documents kept properly.

Regarding to table 12(4) shown above, on the cost of urban land, 105(86.1) of respondents

confirmed that, the cost of urban land is not considering the incomes of most town residents.

The respondents stated that, the town administrators did not take in to account on the

incomes of majority of the town resident‘s .With in this occasions, the town administrators

doing their own businesses on urban land with some individual land dealers and business

men.

Liyang (2014) indicated similar to this finding that, effectiveness and efficiency are reflected

by customer‘s satisfaction, risk of bribery, land registration and affordable service cost by the

land administrators. But the community complains about the bribery of the land management

process and the cost of the land paid by the residents.

On the contrary, 13(13.9%) of the respondents assured that, the town administrators allotted

the cost of the land in affordable with most applicant income level of the town residents.

Concerning on table 12 item 5 shown above, the knowledge of the managers to administer

urban land is enough or not, 84(71.2%) of the respondents stated that, the town managers

have not enough knowledge to administer the urban land effectively .Because their levels of

education and their field of study is not related to the department of urban land management

or urbanization .Their education level and qualification is not take in to account when they

appointed in the office. They simply proposed by the top government body of the town

49

administration and approved by regional state council in the form of cabinet executive

politically. This means, they have not scientific knowledge and management skill on urban

land administration and related issues. Therefore, urban land administration hindered by lack

of qualified man power.

From the above informant‘s responses, a researcher understood that, one of the problems or

lack of good governance in the urban land administration is the knowledge gap of the town

managers.

As Zemelak(2009) indicated similar to the above idea that, the most difficult problems of the

local government is lack of capacity and shortage of qualified man power in the urban land

administration.

Most of the interviewee and focused group discussion also shows that, the elements of good

governance in the urban land administration are responsiveness, service delivery,

impartiality, accountability, education qualification and avoiding rent seeking activities.

On the other hand, 34(28.8%) of the informants responded that, the town managers have

enough knowledge to administer the urban land in the study area.

4.2.3 Equity

Equity is a way of providing equal opportunity for all to access land and land information

without legal implements and procedural difficulties.

Table 13Descriptive Statistics on Equity

Source: field survey (2010)

No Item Response Response Frequency Percent Mean SD

1

Do you believe that the town

managers and employees

equally treated all town

residents without partiality?

Yes 13 11

1.89

No 105 89 .314

Total 118 1oo

2

All town residents got equal

chance to housing land

distribution in the town

High 21 17.8 2.54

.781

V/ high 12 10.2

Low 85 72

Total 118 100

3

All town residents in the

town have equal access to

land information without

discrimination.

Yes 24 20.3

1.80

.404

No 94 79.7

Total 118 100 Av-

2.08

50

The indicators of the equity include equal treatment of town residents, distribution of

housing land and information for all town residents on urban land administration.

Regarding to table 13 item 1 shown above, in terms of impartial treatment of all town

residents by town managers and employees, 105(89%) of respondents responded that, the

town residents did not impartially treated by employees and managers of the town. The

respondents expressed that, all the town residents did not impartially treating. They reason

out is that, the urban land employees and managers gives a big honours and quick service

delivery for the intimated land dealers only. This is due to their common business linkages on

the urban land secretly. But other majority town residents are abused by town managers and

employees.

The response of the FGDs shows that, in the urban land administration, one of the big

problems of bad governance is in the urban land administration is lack of impartial treatment

of the town residents by the town managers and employees.

A researcher understood that, the town residents are not impartially treated by urban land

administrators. There is a business linkage between town administrators and some individual

land dealer‘s .This leads the problems of good governance in the urban land administration

becomes worse and aggravated.

On the other hand, 13(11%) of respondents confirmed that, the town managers and

employees treating the town residents impartially on the service delivery in the urban land

administration.

Concerning on table 13 item 2 shown above, on the urban housing land distribution for the

town residents, 85(72%) of the respondents responded that ,the urban land administration

managers and employees did not opened equal chance for town residents to compete for

urban housing land distribution .symbolically, the town residents submitting application to

the urban land administration to get urban land, but some intimated town residents with town

managers and employees become owner of the urban land. Not only this but also these town

residents owned two or more urban lands with the name of themselves and their families.

Town administrators by using their power, they sharing the urban land together with other

town land dealers secretly .From this a researcher understood that, in the urban land

administration, all town residents did not get equal chances to win the urban land in a legal

and open ways. This condition also the causes for lack of good governance in the urban land

51

administration. This idea also supported by the FDGs on their discussions on the problems of

good governance.

On the contrary, 33(28) of informants confirmed that, all town residents have equal

opportunities to compete with other town residents on the housing of urban land distribution

in the town.

Regarding to table 13 item 3 indicated above, 94 (79.7%) of the informants assured that, all

town residents did not get equal access to the land information without discrimination. The

respondents stated that, the town managers and employees did not volunteer to announce

information on urban land for all town residents.

As Takle (2014) indicated that, the concept of equity is providing equal opportunity for all to

access land and land information without legal implement and procedural difficulties. There

are land managers that are not ready to disseminate or distribute information on the new

policy and strategy to the community of the town.

On the other hand, 24(20.3%) of respondents responded that, all the town residents got equal

chances on the policy of the urban land information by the town administrators.

4.2.4 Accountability

Accountability is a process in which government officials are accountable or responsible for

their actions and decisions .Accountability is the process in which someone answerable for

one‘s performance .It is a clearly identified employee obligation for the conduct of specific

task or duty where performance is evaluated through the applications of specific criteria.

52

Table 14 Descriptive Statistics on Accountability

No Item responses Responses Frequency Per cent Mean SD

1 There is accountability systems in

the office that makes employees

and managers answerable for their

actions on the urban land

distribution

Yes 25 21.2

1.79

.410

No 93 78.8

Total 118 100

2 Urban land officials are

accountable for their actions and

decisions in the town

Yes 14 11.9

1.88

.325

No 104 88.1

Total 118 100

3 There is mechanisms that enables

the service users to questioning

and controlling of the urban land

officials

Yes 21 17.8

1.82

.384

No 97 82.2

Total 118 100

Av-

1.83

Source: field survey (2010)

The indicators of accountability are systems of accountability to answer by the town

administrators for their actions and decisions, the mechanisms of service users questioning

and controlling mechanisms on the town administrators.

Regarding to table14 item 1 shown above, 93(78.8%) of the respondents confirmed that, the

town administrators are not accountable for their urban land distribution. They stated that,

there are repeated mistakes that are done by the town administrators on the land distribution

for the residents. No one take corrective measures on them. But the town administrators

shifted these workers of the urban land administrators towards other institution. From this, a

researcher concluded that, the customers of the urban land administration did not get

appropriate services from the town administrators on the distribution of the urban land.

On the contrary, 25(21.2%) of the respondent confirmed that, the town administrators

distributing the urban lands for all town residents properly.

53

According to table 14 item 2 indicated above, 104(88.1%) of the respondents indicated that,

there is no accountability on the action and decisions on the urban land officials. The

informants listed out that, the town residents faced problems on good service delivery from

the town administrators on the urban land and related issues like delayed appointments on

service delivery, aggressiveness, and showing intention to receive bribe. Most town residents

complain on the problems of service delivery for the higher body but they didn‘t get solution.

Liyang (2014), accountability is a process in which government officials are accountable or

responsible for their action and decision or answerable for performance. Taking the actions

and decisions is not familiar by most government officials.

On the contrary, 14(11.9%) of the respondents confirmed that, the town managers and

employees are accountable for their actions and decisions.

In table 14 item 3 shown above, 97(82.2%) of the respondents confirmed that, there is no

mechanisms for the service users to questions and controls the town administration officials.

The informants stated that, they heard and observed different town managers and employees

who committed mistakes or corruption different time .But there is no controlling mechanism

by the town residents to regulate the town official‘s wrong actions.

The response that gained from the interviewee on the feedback mechanisms on the service

delivery process is check and balance mechanisms like questions and controlling system. But

most of the respondents forwarding their ideas, no check and balance mechanisms in the

urban land administration.

A researcher concluded that, no one punished even if he or she committed serious crime in

the office of the urban land administration. Some what he or she may be shifted with other

jobs.

On the contrary, 21(17.8%) of the respondents confirmed that, urban land administration

managers and employees governed by rules and regulation of the office. This means town

residents have questioning and controlling mechanisms on the urban land officials.

4.2 .5 Rule of Law

Rule of law is to the effective function of institution such as formally independent and

impartial Judiciary and Legislative organs that are connected to the law. Legal frame works

should be fair and enforced impartially, particularly the laws on human rights. Rule of law

where every activity, conflicts and exercise of power respects the provision of accepted

54

Table 15 Descriptive Statistics on Rule Law

Source: Field Survey (2010)

No

Item Response

Response Frequency Percent

Mean

SD

1

The managers in the urban land

administration respect justice system

to overcome illegal action

Yes 25 21.2

1.79

.410

No 93 78.8

Total 118 100

2 The judiciary organs are free from any

political influence in the urban land

administration

High 21 17.8

2.56

.779

V/ high 10 8.5

Low 87 73.7

Total 118 100

3

Do you obtain the rules and

regulations from the urban land

administration offices?

Yes 30 25.4

1.75

.437

No 88 74.6

Total 118 100

4

The existing rules and regulations of

urban land administration minimize

corruption in the land sector

Agree 14 11.9

1.94

.419

S/agree 7 5.9

D/agree 97 82.7

Total 118 100

5

Public complains on urban land issues

applied by the law in a clear ways

with specific time frame

Agree 17 14.4

1.92

S/agree 7 5.9

D/agree 94 79.7 .445

Total 118 100

6 Check and balance mechanism applied

on the urban land administration

Yes 28 23.7

1.76

.427

No 90 76.3

Total 118 100 Av-

1.95

55

The indicators of rule of law are respecting justice, judicial freedom, accessibility of rules

and regulations for the town residents, corruption minimized by rules and regulations, public

complains solved within specific time frame and check and balance mechanisms.

Regarding table 15 item 1 shown above, whether the town managers respecting justice

system to overcome illegal action in the urban land administration or not, 93(78.8%) of

respondents responded that, justice does not practiced in the urban land administration

properly to overcome illegal actions. The respondents described that, the town managers did

not respecting justice or fairness to avoid illegal action. Because they did not controlling the

town employees who are involving receiving bribe from their customers for the services they

give for them. From this a researcher concluded that, justice did not prevailing in the urban

land administration and illegal actions are not governed by the rules and regulations of the

urban land administration.

Adel (2003) indicated that, rule of law where every activity and exercise of power respecting

the provision of law. Bad governance characterized by corruption, unaccountable of

government and lack of respect for human rights. Corruption and rent seeking are much

elated to bad governance in developing countries because control over land is a means of

accumulating capital through patronage, nepotism and corruption (FAO, 2007).

On the contrary, 25 (21.2%) of respondents responded that, justice are prevailing and the

town managers respecting justice system in order to overcome illegal action in the urban land

administration.

Concerning on judicial freedom in table 15 item 2 indicated above, 87(73.7%) of the

respondents stated that, judicial bodies are not free from political influence from town

managers. The informants expressed that, judicial organs are linked with the town managers

for common benefits that gained from bribes from the town residents. The town managers

ordered the judicial organs to side on the town managers. The town managers also use

telephone justice towards judicial organs on the town residents who opposed them. From this

a researcher understood that, the judiciary bodies are in lines with illegal actions by

cooperating with urban land administrators with in rent seeking activities.

On the other hand, 31(26.5%) of respondents confirmed that, the judicial bodies are free from

political influences from urban land administration managers.

56

In regarding to table 15 item 3 shown above, on the accessibility of town land administration

rules and regulations for others town residents, 88(74.6%) of informants responded that No

.They describe that, no body in the urban land administration volunteer to give rules and

regulations for town residents . Because they fear that if the town residents become informed

on the rules and regulation of urban land administration, the chain of rent seeking

mechanism.

From this a researcher concluded that, the town residents have not getting the chances to

aware themselves on the rules and regulations of urban land administration.

On the contrary, 30(25.4%) of the respondents responded that, the urban land managers and

employees are volunteers to give the rules and regulations for the town residents.

Regarding to table 15 item 4 indicated above, the rules and regulation that minimizes

corruption in urban land administration, 97(82.2%) of respondents responded their

disagreement. They expressed that, the urban land administration managers and employees

committed a lot of mistakes on the urban land administration. They also take bribe from the

town residents before giving service for them. This shows that the rules and regulation of the

town nothing to minimize rent seeking activities. The members of the FDGs also explained

that, in the urban land administration, there are rules and regulation to minimize corruption

on the paper, but it did not applied in practice. The response of interview also shows that,

corruption is a big problem for the challenges of good governance in the urban land

administration.

From this a researcher understood that, the rules and regulations of the town land

administration are paper values because they did not minimize corruption in the urban land

sectors.

On the contrary, 21(17.8%) of the respondents responded that, the rules and regulations of

urban land administration that minimizes corruption in urban land sectors.

In regarding to table 15 item 5 above, on public complains on urban land applied by law with

in a specific time frame or not, 94(79.7%) of the informants confirmed disagree. They stated

that, a number of public complains in the urban land sector in the town. Public complains are

increasing from time to time. Customers complain are not solved within specific time frames.

57

From this, a researcher understood that, public complains in the cases of urban land are not

solving within a specified time frames. This condition creates the problems of good

governance in the urban land administration.

On the other hand, 24(20.34%) of respondents responded that, public complains on the urban

land administration of town are treated in within a specified time frame.

In regarding to table 15 item 6 indicated above, in regarding to check and balance

mechanisms in the urban land administration, 90(76.2%) of the respondents responded that,

there is no check and balance mechanism in the urban land administration. They indicated

that, in the urban land administration, there is no check and balance mechanisms. That means

absence of strong coordination, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. Nobody in the urban

land administration strongly control one over the other. The results of the interviews shows

that, in the urban land administration, check and balance mechanisms is low. From this a

researcher concluded that, in the urban land administration, check and balance mechanisms

are very low.

On the opposite, 28(23.7%) of the respondents stated that, the town managers and employees

applied check and balance mechanism in the urban land administration.

4.2.6 Transparency

Transparency implies that the process of decision making and implementation has to be done

in open manner and the information of decision making and implementation should freely

and reliably accessible and available to those people who directly influenced by those

decision.

58

Table 16 Descriptive Statistics on Transparency

No Item Response Response Frequency Percent Mean SD

1

The actions, decisions and

responsibilities of town employees and

managers are open to all town residents

High 17 14.4 2.65

.721 V/ high 7 5.9

Low 94 79.7

Total 118 100

2 The town managers and employees

created awareness about the rules and

regulation of urban land administration

to the town residents

High 20 16.9 2.81

2.90 V/ high 13 11

Low 84 71.2

Total 118 100

3

The town managers and employees

announce every new policy on urban

land administration to the town

residents

Agree 18 15.3 2.02 .570

S/agree 20 16.9

Disagree 80 67.8

Total 118 100

4

Have you ever discussed on the extent

of good governance on urban land

administration with town managers?

Yes 15 12.7

1.87

.335 No 103 87.3

T0tal 118 100

5 Urban land administration decisions are

based on convincing evidences

Yes 16 13.6 1.86

.344 No 102 86.4

Total 118 100 Av

2.24

Source: field survey(2010)

The indicators of transparency are actions, decisions and responsibilities of the town

administrators open to the town residents, awareness creation on the rules, regulations, new

policy, discussion on the extents of good governance with the town residents and decision

making based on convincing evidences.

In regarding to table 16 item 1 illustrated above, the actions, decisions and responsibilities of

the town managers and employees are open to the people or not, 94(79.7%) of the

respondents confirmed that, the town residents have not clear information about the town

59

managers and employees actions, decisions and responsibilities on urban land administration.

The respondents cleared that, the actions, decisions and responsibilities of the town

administrators are hidden for town residents. This is for the sake of covering their bad

governance and rent seeking activities.

In this case, a researcher understood that, the aim of the town managers and employees

actions, decisions and responsibilities closed to the town residents to keep their wrong action

in a secret way.

As Liyang (2014) stated similar findings to this research that, government must provide

transparency about its actions, procedures, mechanism and activities in order to get

compliance for its policies, strategies and program from the people. Most government did not

disseminate information about their actions, decisions and responsibilities to the peoples.

The response of the FDGs also shows that, the decision making process and results are not

open or clear to the town residents on the urban land administration.

In contrary to this idea, 24(20.34%) of the respondents responded that, the actions, decisions

and responsibilities of the town managers and employees are open to the town residents.

In the table16 item 2 shown above, in the case of the town administrators awareness creation

on the rules and regulations for the town residents, 84(71.2%) of the respondents stated that,

there is no awareness creation for town residents about rules and regulations on urban land

administration.

The informants stated that, the town administrators are not ready to create awareness on the

rules and regulations of the urban land administration due to the fear of the people‘s struggles

against them on their ban governance. This shows that, the town residents have the problems

of awareness gap on rules, regulations, and policies on the urban land administration. This

also shows that, urban land administrators violate the principles of good governance on the

urban land administration.

The respondents of FDGs also indicated that, the urban land administrators did not do what

expected from them for the prevalence of good governance on the issues of awareness

creation on the rules, regulations and policies on the urban land administration.

On the contrary, 34(28.8%) of the respondents responded that, the town managers and

employees created awareness about the rules, regulations and policies for the town residents

about the urban land administration.

60

Regarding to table 16 item 3 shown above, in the announcement of every new policy for

town residents, 80(67.8 %) of respondents responded that, the town administrators did not

volunteers to announce the current policies of the urban land administration to the town

residents.

The informants stated that, the aim of the town administrators becomes hidden to announce

the new policy for the town residents, to reduce the strong pressure from the town residents

on the urban land administration.

The research findings similar to this research indicates that ,there is little current capacity in

Ethiopia for the dissemination of information to the public about land right and land

administration generally since insignificant efforts has been made to inform to public about

land policy ,regulations and land administration system already in place(ARD,2005).

On the contrary, 38(32.2%) of the respondents confirmed that, the town managers and

employees announcing the new policy that designed by the concerned bodies to the town

residents.

As table 16 item 4 indicated above, the respondent‘s discussion on the extent of good

governance on urban land administration with the town managers, 103(87.3%) the

respondents confirmed that, they did not discussed together with the town managers about

the extent of good governance .The respondents stated that, the town managers are not ready

to discuss and create awareness about good governance and its extents in the town. They are

not ready to accept ideas from the town residents. They did not think getting positive and

good ideas from the town residents.

The interviewee also responded that, the meaning of good governance is treating the peoples

equally and impartially, giving service delivery, accountability for ones actions and

decisions, avoiding the corrupt practices, applying rules and regulations in the institutions.

From this idea a researcher concluded that, in the urban land administration offices, most of

the respondents in the questionnaires confirmed, the town administrators do not know the

concept of good governance, but most of the town managers and employees define the

concept of good governance in their interview duration with interviewer in theory.

On the other hand, 15(12.7 %) of the informants confirmed that, the town residents discussed

on the extent of good governance together with the town administrators on the urban land

administration.

61

In table 16 item 5 shown above, concerning decision passed based on convincing evidences

on urban land issues, 102(86.4%) of the respondents confirmed that, in the town, decisions

are not made based on evidence presented rather it depends on intimacy and bribes. The

respondents confirmed that, the town managers and employees sending their long hands to

get incentives from town residents from which they give decision on land issues.

From this idea, a researcher understood that, urban land is the sensitive issues or rent seeking

areas for the town managers and employees to collect incentives.

On the contrary, 16(13.6%) of respondents responded that, in the town, on the issues of urban

land administration decisions are made based on with convincing evidence.

4.2.7 Responsiveness

Responsiveness denotes the ways in which decision makers, public or private identifies the

requirement and replies to the demands on certain groups, such as the poor. Good

governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a

responsible time frame.

Table 17Descriptive Statistics on Responsiveness

No Item responses Responses Frequency Percent Mean SD

62

1 All the urban land

administrators know

their responsibility and

give services in a

responsible manner

Yes 22 18.6

1.81

.391

No 96 81.4

Total 118 100

2 The town administrators

take responsibility for

their failures on the bad

governance on the urban

land administration

Yes 25 21.2

1.79

.410 No 93 78.8

Total 118 100

3

The office of the urban

land administration

providing timely and

lawful responses to the

complains of the town

residents

Satisfactio

n

11 9.3

2.08

.509 S/satisfact

ion

20 16.9

Dissatisfa

ction

87 73.7

Total 118 100 Av-

1.89

Source: Field Survey (2010)

The indicators of responsiveness are the urban land administrators know their responsibility

and services delivery in a responsible manners, responsible for their failures on their bad

governance, and providing timely responses for town residents complains.

Concerning on table 17 item 1 shown above, 96(81.36%) of the respondents responded that,

the town managers and employees does not know their responsibility and their service

delivery for the town residents in a responsible manner. The informants confirmed that, the

service delivery by town managers and employees for the town residents is not in a

responsible manner. Because the urban land administration offices are exposed to corruption.

Because they give delayed service delivery, prolonged appointment and giving prioritising

63

for their intimated town residents and their relatives for service delivery in the town. Most of

the interviewee also responded on the elements of good governance in the urban land

administration are responsiveness, service delivery, impartiality, accountability and avoiding

rent seeking activities.

On the contrary, 22(18.6%) of the respondents responded that, the town managers and

employees know their responsibility and giving services delivery for town residents with

responsible manner

In regarding to table 17 item 2 shown above, 93(78.8%) of the respondents confirmed that,

the town administrators did not take the responsibility for their failures on bad governance.

The informants stated that, the town administrators consider themselves as perfect and

satisfied the town residents by providing good service delivery without failures.

On the contrary, 25(21.2%) of informants stated that, the town managers and employees are

responsible for failures on their bad governance on the town residents.

In regarding to table 17 item 3 shown above, 87(73.7%) of respondents responded that, there

is no public complains getting timely positive responses by the town managers and

employees.

As SiriGllopen (2000) indicates that, the government requires that the institution and its

process try to serve all stake holders with in a specific time frame in a responsible manner.

But urban land is focusing area of the town community and more peoples facing impartial

treatment and absence of service delivery. From this a researcher understood that, in the

urban land administration more public complains observed in day today activities of the

institution.

On the other hand, 31 (28.2%) of the informants confirmed, the town managers and

employees giving solution for public complains for the town residents with in a time.

4.2.8 Consensus Oriented

Consensus oriented urges good governance to mediate differing interests to arrive at broad

consensus on what is the best interest of the group, and where possible, on policies and

procedures

Table 18 Descriptive Statistics on Consensus Oriented

64

No Item response Response Frequency Percent Mean

SD

1 Do you think that all the

town managers and

Employees discus each other

and reach an agreement on

the urban land

administration?

Yes 19 16.1

1.84

.369

No 89 83.9

Total 118 100

2 Do you believe that the town

employees and managers are

respecting each other?

Yes 30 25.4 1.75

.437

No 88 74.6

Total 118 100

3 The Town residents and their

administrators discussing

together on the urban land

administration process and

reaching a common

agreement.

Yes 34 28.8 1.71

.455 No 84 71.2

Total 118 100 Av-

1.77

Source: field survey (2010)

The indicators of consensus oriented are discussing and reaching on the common agreements,

respecting, common decision and agreement between town administrators and town residents

each other.

Regarding to table 18 item 1 shown above, the discussion between town managers and

employees on the urban land administration and reaching an agreement or not, 89(83.9%) of

the respondents responded that, there is no common agreement between town managers and

employees on the discussion concerning the issues of urban land administration. The

informant assured that, they opposed each other and they dig out the faults of one another.

They prepared different meetings and always discussing each other by closing their door, but

they did not reaching in a common consensus. When a researcher observed their minutes in

65

the office, most of the agendas they discussed showed that, the conversation of hard talk by

describing the names of individual person in the offices.

As Adel (2003), good governance reconciles different conflicting interests to the discussion

ring of a common agreement on policies, procedures and mechanisms that are taking place

within the environment .Therefore; the result shows that there was no adequate and open

discussion between the urban land managers and employees on the urban land

administration.

On the contrary, 19 (16.18%) of the respondents confirmed that, the urban land managers and

employees discussing each other and they reaching a common consensus or agreement on

their common issues.

In the table18 item 2 shown above, in the case of resection between town administration

managers and employees, 88(74.6%) of respondents responded that, there is no resection

between town administration managers and employees .The respondents confirmed that,

most of the time they conflicted and insulted each other regardless of their positions and ages

and no urban land administration rules and regulation respected by them in the office.

On the contrary, 30(25.6) of the respondents responded that, the urban land employees and

managers respected each other.

Regarding to table 18 item 3 shown above ,the discussion between the urban land

administrators and their town residents in the issues of the urban land administration

process ,84(71.2) of the respondents responded that ,the urban land administrators and their

town residents does not discussing each other. The respondents explained that, sometimes

there are meetings between the town residents and the town administrators .But they does not

reaching in a common agreement on their stated issues on the urban land administration.

On the other hand, 34(28.8%) of the informants confirmed that, the town administrators and

their town residents discussing each other on the urban land administration process and

reaching in a common agreement on their issues.

4.3 Inferential result of the study

4.3.1 Chi square test of association

66

Table 19 below shows the bivariate association of urban good governance with the set of

predictor variables. The result of chi square test of association shows that all the factors

except consensus oriented have significant association with urban good governance at 5%

level of significance. This is a preliminary analysis of logistic regression analysis. So the

results should be confirmed by the result of logistic regression below.

Table 19 bivariate association of urban good governance and the set of predictor variables

Independent variable Chi-square test

statistics value

P- value

Participation 12.284 0.011

Effectiveness and efficiency 22.512 0.003

Equity 34.993 0.002

Accountability 45.287 0.000

Rule of law 17.341 0.010

Transparency 30.796 0.030

Responsiveness 7.029 0.022

Consensus oriented 4.816 0.058

Source: spss output

4.3.2 Binary Logistic Regression

It is commonly used inferential statistics for categorical and dichotomous response variable.

The main problem with any univariate approach is that it ignores the possibility that a

collection of variables, each of which is weakly associated with the outcome, can become an

important predictor of the outcome when taken together (Hosmer and Lemeshow, 2000).

Hence, multivariate logistic regression filters the nominated variables for the second time to

identify variables with good potential that have a significant effect on the response variable.

From the result of binary logistic regression it is evident that participation, effectiveness and

efficiency, equity and inclusiveness, accountability, rule of law, transparency and

responsiveness have significant effect on urban good governance at 5% level of significance.

Table 20 binary logistic regression result of good governance and set of predictors

Independent Variables B S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp(B)

67

Participation 1.656 .593 7.801 1 .005 5.238

Effectiveness and efficiency 2.411 .562 18.406 1 .000 11.145

Equity 2.612 0.395 6.596 1 .007 13.626

Accountability 2.236 1.274 3.079 1 .000 9.352

Rule of law 2.969 1.464 4.112 1 .013 19.476

Transparency .794 1.080 .541 1 .001 2.213

Responsiveness 1.174 .572 4.216 1 .040 3.055

Consensus oriented 2.236 1.274 3.079 1 .079 9.352

Source: spss output

Efficiency and effectiveness is highly significant (0.000) to predict the practice of urban good

governance. From the result it is evident that effective and efficient managers are 11.145

times more likely practice good governance than that of ineffective and inefficient managers

and land management workers.

From the table above it is also evident that equity is significant (p = 0.007) to predict the

practice of good governance. The last column of the table shows that land management

workers who practice equity are 13.626 times more likely to practice good governance than

that of workers who have not practiced equity of land users.

Similarly transparency also has significant effect (p = 0.001) on the practice of good

governance. The result shows that land management workers who are transparent are 2.213

times more likely to practice good governance than that of workers who are not transparent

on their work.

Accountability is another determinant good governance; the result shows that accountability

is highly significant (p = 0.000) to predict the practice of good governance. Odd ratio

(exp(B)) result shows that urban land management workers who are accountable are 9.352

times more likely to practice good governance than that of workers who are not accountable.

68

Responsiveness is also another determinant of practice of good governance, the result of

binary logistic regressions shows that responsiveness has a significant effect (0.040) on the

practice of good governance. From the result it is evident that land management workers who

are responsive are 3.055 times more likely to practice good governance than that of workers

who are not responsive for their customers.

Participation is the determinant variable with the significant effect (0.005) on the practice of

good governance. The result of odd ratio above shows that land management workers who

participates their customers are 5.238 times more likely practice good governance than that

of workers who do not participate land users.

Rule of law is the last variables having a significant effect (0.013) on the practice of good

governance. The above result revealed that land management workers who practice rule of

law are 19.476 times more likely to practice urban land management good governance than

that of workers who do not practice rule of law of the country.

4.3.3 Testing Model Adequacy of Logistic Regression

Once the model has been fitted to the data of the study, the adequacy of that model should be

checked. There are deferent method of checking the adequacy of binary logistic regression

hosmer and lemeshow and model summary have been conducted below.

Table 21 Model Summary

-2 Log likelihood Cox & Snell R

Square

Nagelkerke R Square

96.122 .515 .696

Source: Spss output

4.3.4 Model Summary: provides some approximations of R2 statistic in logistic regression.

Cox and Snell‘s R-Square attempts to imitate multiple R-Square based on ‗likelihood‘. In this

study Nagelkesrke R2 is 0.696, Meaning, about 69.6% of the variation in urban good

governance was explained by the explanatory variables.

69

Table 22 Hosmer and Lemeshow Test

Chi-square Degree of freedom p-value

6.869 8 .551

Source: spss output

4.3.5 Hosmer and Lemeshow Test: It is a statistical for goodness of fit logistic

regression model. It is used to test whether the predicted value close to the observed value or

not in the above table. The p-value of Hosmer-Lemeshow test is equal to 0.551 which is

greater than alpha level of significance (α = 0.05), this implies that H0 will not rejected and

conclude that there is no difference between the observed and the fitted model. This shows

that the logistic regression model fits the data well and it is adequate enough.

70

CHAPTER FIVE

5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY

The main purpose of this research was to assess the challenges of Good Urban Governance in

Land Administration in South Wollo Administrative Zone, the Case of Wogide Town. The

research design was descriptive and explanatory. The target populations in the study were

2509 households. From this, 525 illegal settlers and 1984 were town residents. The 118

respondents were selected from the total households with simple random sampling

techniques .In addition to this, 10 respondents were town managers and employee‘s .These

respondents were selected by purposive sampling techniques. The research data were

collected through questionnaires, interview and FDGs .The information collected through

interview and FDGs were in line with the information collected through questionnaire.

Depending on the research questions, data were analysed and interpreted by simple statistical

techniques such as percentages, frequency, mean, standard deviation and table .Then

different findings were identified.

The basic research questions were about the practice of good governance, the main

challenges, the measure taken by the urban land administration, the solutions and the

prospects or opportunities of good governance in the urban land administration in the town of

the study area.

The data analysis of the respondents shows that, the urban land administration managers and

employees were less accountable and transparent to the town residents. They did not gives

appropriate service delivery to the town residents and their actions and decisions are not

open to the town residents .The town administration does not take corrective measures on

the corrupt town administrators or officials.

71

The participation of the town residents on the aspects of good governance in the urban land

administration was not satisfactory. This indicates that, there was not public decision making

on the urban land and related issues. The result of the data analysis also shows that, there was

awareness gap on rules, regulations and policies on the urban land administration to the town

residents.

In regarding to effectiveness and efficiency of good governance, Computerizing of urban

land for recording and documenting of various customers evidences is under developed in the

urban land administration. This shows that, the files of the town residents are recorded in the

old and outdated document. One cannot easily identify files of the customers in the urban

land administration office because the files are torn out and lost. This created challenges for

the employees to provide an effective and speedy service delivery.

The performance of the urban land administration with regard to responsiveness has also

remained unsatisfactory. There is weak coordination among the stake holders, absence of

clear and responsive service delivery and attitudes towards corruption are among the major

problems of responsiveness in ensuring good governance in the urban land administration.

A research founded that, the commitment of the town administrators towards ensuring of

good governance in the urban land administration is talk than practice .The performance of

the town administrators on the issues of urban land administration is low and disappointed to

many of the urban poor community. In the urban land administration public forum and

meetings are also in a lower level.

The prevalence of rule of law in the urban land administration was not properly

implemented. This was due to the absence of check and balance mechanisms between the

town administrators and the absence of judicial freedom.

In regarding to consensus oriented, the town managers and employees discussion on their

common issues was not fruit full due to their disagreement one with the other to reach the

common goals. So, this is another problem of good governance in the urban land

administration.

72

All town residents were not equally treated or respected by the urban land managers and

employees on the distribution of urban land and related services in the town .Some of the

urban land dealers and intimated individuals were treated in a better ways by the town

managers and employees because of their business relationships.

The performance of good governance in the urban land administration is hindered by the lack

of qualified man power or personnel in the town.

As Zemelak (2009) stated that, the most difficult problem of local government is lack of

capacity and shortage of qualified man power in the urban land administrative offices. The

other problems of good governance in urban land administration focused on leader‘s political

commitment rather than their skills and knowledge.

The problems of urban land administration is not only the absence qualified man power but

also, absence of strong monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, weak coordination among

the urban land administrators ,absence of accountability and corrective measures on corrupt

officials and the strong ambition of most town administrators in short cut accumulation of

capital.

To sum up, the challenges of good governance are, lack of responsiveness absence of

qualified man power, lack of public participation, awareness gaps on the rules, regulations

and policies on the town residents, shortage of new technologies, absence of effective and

speedy service delivery, lack of accountability and transparency and the absence of check

and balance mechanisms .This makes the application of good governance in the urban land

administration challenging.

73

5.2 CONCLUSION

The informants were provided their understanding on the challenges of good governance in

the town especially in urban land administration.

The information which is obtained from the questionnaires and interview respondents on the

challenges of good urban governance in the urban land administration attempts to address the

significance of good governance and its application challenges in Wogide town

administration office.

Good Governance is a high standard of behaviour which is maintained by all those who are

in position of responsibility that the view of minorities are taken in to account and the voice

of vulnerable groups in the society is heard in decision making. It is also responsible to the

town residents.

There are different elements of good governance that practicing in the urban land

administration. This includes participation, rule of law, transparency, accountability,

responsiveness, consensus oriented, equity, effectiveness and efficiency and accountability.

In line with the research objectives and research questions of the study, the major findings

obtained, the following conclusions were drawn:

The Wogide town urban land administration managers and employees were less

accountable and transparent for their actions, decisions and responsibilities to the

town residents.

The governance in the study area was not participatory. This did not take the society

or the town residents to participate on decision making on the urban land

administration and related issues.

74

There was an awareness gap on the importance of rules, regulations, and policies of

the governments for the town residents. This makes the application of good

governance challenging.

The prevalence of rule of law in the urban land administration office has great

weakness to minimize corruption and rent seeking practices in the town. The

judicial organs were not free from the political influences of the town

administration. It creates great challenges on implementing of good governance.

There were not check and balance mechanisms in the urban land administration. No

one body controlling, monitoring and evaluating the other.

The urban land administration office has failures on the effectiveness and efficiency

on speedy service delivery to the town residents on urban land and related issues.

The poor capacity and absence of high skilled man power and the lack of

implementing new technological systems for recording and documenting evidences

makes the town residents did not get appropriate services from the town

administrators at time .

In the urban land administration, the town residents were not equally or impartially

treated by the town administrators.

The town administrators were not responsive for their actions; decisions and

responsibilities

The practice of good governance in the urban land administration is low .Because the town

managers and employees did not implementing the principles of good governance in the

urban land administration together with the full participation of the town residents. In the

urban land administration, many problems existed on good governance is strongly related to

the town managers and employees.

The challenges facing the prevalence of good governance:

Absence of check and balance mechanisms

Lack of public participation in decision making

Absence of justice and judicial freedom from political influences

The presence of corruption and rent seeking activities

75

public complains

partiality or un equal treatments of town residents

Lack of qualified man power

Absence of effective and speedy service delivery

Shortage of computerizing systems in the offices and other related issues.

The solutions for the challenges of good governance:

Creating opportunities for the town residents to participating in decision making

Giving effective and speedy service delivery

Implementing modern technological systems in the offices

Updating and upgrading town managers and employees with short and long term

training

Avoiding partiality ,defending corruption and rent seeking activities

Respecting justice and judicial freedoms

Creating awareness on rules, regulations, and policies for town residents

Establishing check and balance mechanisms to control wrong action

The prospect of good governance in the town:

Reserved residential lands in the town

Cooperative settlements project for homeless residents

The government plan for homeless teachers.

76

5.3. RECOMMENDATION

Based on the findings of the study and conclusion reached, the following recommendations

implications are forwarded to different levels of decision makers on the urban land

administration.

1. Addressed for town residents and illegal settlers

The town residents and illegal settlers should Participating in public meetings

democratically and strongly pushing the town administrators to make transparent

and open their actions and decision to the town residents on the urban land

administration.

The town residents and illegal settlers should inform themselves with various

electronic and printing Medias and civics education on the rules, regulations and

policies on the urban land administration.

The town residents and illegal settlers should far themselves from giving bribes

and expose the corrupt town administrators and presenting before the law.

The town residents and illegal settlers should save themselves from building

illegal houses without the legal ground and the map of the town.

The town residents and illegal settlers should invite the higher government

officials to appoint disciplined, committed and qualified town managers together

with the agreement of the town residents.

2. Addressed for Wogide town urban land administration offices:

The town urban land administration should clearly set rules, regulations,

responsibilities and functions to the residents of urban land administration.

77

The urban land administration should use newly technologies or computerizing

system to store the documents of the town residents.

The urban land administration should carry out capacity building on the town

managers and their employees with short and long term training programs. In

addition, the actions, decisions and responsibilities of each town managers and

employees should announce with local Medias, posters, public meeting and

notice boards. The rules, regulations and policies should be also announced for

the town residents.

The urban land administration should teach about the problems of corruption on

the hindrance on good governance in the urban land administration and calling

in front of the peoples on person who is involving in corruption and take

corrective measure by law.

The town urban land administration office should be participatory. All town

residents should participate in decision making .They should give their full

support for town administrative office to implement the government policies

and decisions. Preparing suggestion boxes for the town residents and

implementing the best ideas.

The town managers and employees should be responsible and transparent for

their action and decision on urban land administration.

Bringing of efficient and effective services delivery to satisfied town residents

on urban land administration.

Participating town residents on democratic and participatory decision making to

avoid bureaucracy and rent seeking practices in the urban land administration

and related issues.

Implementing check and balance mechanism in the urban land administration of

the town.

Preparing suggestion box to check whether town residents satisfied by town

administrator or not.

The urban land administration should create freedom for justice and judicial

organs.

78

There should be exist mechanisms that shows to whom the woreda

administrative officers are accountable for their actions and decisions.

3. Addressed for Woreda Administration

Create greater transparency and accountability for politician and public

bodies.

Install sufficient computer facilities which are interconnected with

network.

Qualifying the town managers and employees in education.

Appointing knowledgeable, well trained, professional and disciplined

employees in the urban land administration.

Sharing experiences from those who are well performing on good

governance effectively and efficiently.

The Woreda should continue with civics education campaign on the good

governance agenda to make the town residents to know about their rights

and obligations and elements of good governance even for the town

administrators.

4. Addressed for South Wollo Administrative Zone

The administrative zone should implemented check and balance

mechanisms by and preparing public meetings directly with the town

residents and zone professionals face to face.

The administrative zone should implemented auditing system on the urban

land administration in the study area.

79

The administrative zone should appoint or represent ethical, disciplined,

and qualified and acceptable politicians or professionals by the town

residents.

Finally, the urban land governance needs the application of the principles of urban

land policy, land management and land conflict resolution.

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82

APPENDICES-I

Debre Berhan University

College of social science and humanities

Department of civics and ethical studies (MA) program

QUESTIONNAIRES

These questionnaires are prepared to wogide town administrative residents, town illegal

settler w/c are including women and youth.

The research will be conducted to identify the problems w/c are related to good governance

in urban land administration to recommended d/t alternative solution for the identified

problem.

To this end, your responses for every element in the questionnaires have pivotal role to the

success of study.

The data that you give for researcher are supposed to contribute and achieve the outcome of

the study.

Thank you for your cooperation.

There is no need to write your name.

From item chosen and among suggested alternative check ― ― in the box of your

preference

For this open- ended Question please write short notes as needed to be.

Please do not leave any question un answered

Part I

83

General back ground: - for the following items or Questions fill in the spaces provided

by tick ― ―mark in the box.

I. Demographic and House hold profile

1. Code of respondents----------------------------

2. Sex of respondents- Male female

3. Age of respondents - 2 1-31 32-42 43-53 54-64

4. Occupation of respondents--------------------

5 .Marital status married unmarried Divorced

6. Education status - 1-9 grades 10-12 grades Certificate

Diploma BSC

7. Language spoken- Amharic A fan Oromo Tigrigna Others

8. Family size

Part II

Questions provided for town residents and illegal settlers .

A/Question related to participation

1. Do you participate in town managers elections?

Yes No if you said no write your reasons--------------------------------------

2. Town resident‘s participation on the urban land service delivery process in the town

Yes No if said no write your reasons-----------------------------------------------

3There is public forum for maintaining good governance on the disadvantaged groups

Yes No if you said no write your reasons-------------------------------------------------

4. Do you openly oppose the town managers on their lack of good governance Ton the urban

land administration?

Yes No if you said no write your reasons---------------------------------------

5. The town administrators make land policy decision by consulting the town residents and

incorporating their feed backs

Yes No if your response is no write your reason----------------------------------

6. Employees are interested in solving customer‘s problems on the urban land administration

Yes No if you say no write your reason--------------------------------------------

B. questions related to effectiveness and efficiency.

84

1. The speedy and effective service delivery are implementing for the town residents in the

urban land administration in the town

Yes No if you said no please write your reasons--------------------------------

2. Are the office locations are conducive for service delivery to the to the town residents?

Yes No if you said no write your reason? -------------------------------------------

3. Do you think that the office at different levels uses new technology?

Yes No if your response is no write your reason-------------------------------------

4. The cost of the land access is affordable to most applicant community members

Yes No if you said no write your comment-------------------------------------------

5. The town managers have enough knowledge to administer the urban land effectively

Yes No if you said no write your comment------------------------------------------

C. questions related to equity

1. Do you believe that the town managers & employees equally treated all the town

residents without partiality?

Yes No if you said no writes your reasons---------------------------------------------

2. All the town residents got equal chance to compete for housing land distribution in the

town

High very high Low if you said low writes your reason--------------------

3.The town have equal access to urban land information without discrimination

Yes No if you said no Why? ---------------------------------------------------------

D. Questions related to accountability

1. There is an accountability system in the office that makes employees and managers

answerable for their actions on the urban land administration

Yes No if you said no please write your comment-------------------------------------

2. The urban land officials are accountable to their actions and decision in the town Yes

No if you said no write your reasons--------------------------------------------------------

3. There are mechanisms that enable the service user‘s questioning and controlling of the

urban land offices Yes No if you said no please write your reasons----------------------

E. Questions related to rule of law

1. The managers in the town administration respect justice system to overcome illegal

actions

85

Yes No if said no write your reasons-----------------------------------------------------

2. The judiciary organs are free from any political influence in urban land administration?

High very high Low if low writes your reasons--------------------------------

3. Do you obtain the rules and regulation from the urban land administration offices?

Yes No if you said no write your reason------------------------------------

4. The existing rules and regulations of urban land administration minimize corruption in

the urban land sector?

Agree S /agree disagree if you disagree, write your comments------------

5. Public complains on urban land issues applied by law in a clear ways with specific time

frame. Agree S/agree disagree if you disagree, write your comments-----------------

6. The Check and balance mechanism applied on urban land administration. Yes No

if you said no write your reason--------------------------------------------------------------------------

F. Questions related to transparency

1. The actions, decisions and responsibilities of town employees and managers are open to

all the town residents High Very high Low if you said no write your reasons-

----------------------------------------

2. The town managers and employees created awareness about the rules and regulations on

urban land administration to the town residents? Yes No if you said no write

you reasons--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. All town managers and employees announcing every new policy on urban land

administration for the town residents? Agree S/agree disagree if you said

disagree------------- -----------------------------------------------

4. Have you ever discussed on the extent of good governance on urban land administration

with the town managers? Yes No if you said no write your reason---------------------

5. Urban land administration is free from rent seeking practice. Yes No if you said no

write you comment----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

G. Questions related to responsiveness

1. All the urban land administrators know their responsibility and gives good services

delivery the town residents in a responsible manner? Yes No if you said no write your

reasons-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

86

2. The town administrators take responsibility for their failures on the bad governance on

the urban land administration

Satisfied V/satisfied Unsatisfied if you said unsatisfied, write your reason---------

----------------------------------------------------------------------

2. The office of the urban land administration providing timely and lawful responses to the

complains of the town residents Satisfied V/satisfied Unsatisfied if you said

Unsatisfied write your comment------------------------------ ---------------------------------

H. Question related to consensus oriented

1. Do you think that all the town employees and managers discuss each other and reach an

agreement on the urban land administration?

Yes No if you said no write your reason--------------------------------------------

2. Do you believe that town‘s managers and employees respect each other? Yes

No if you said no write your reason-----------------------------------------

3.The town residents and their administrators discussing together on the urban land

administration process and reaching an agreement

Yes No if you said no write your reason-----------------------------------------

87

APPENDICES-II

Focused Group Discussion Guide lines

Group I and Group II

The Questions presented for the members of Focused Group Discussion .The members of

group I comes from youth association, Illegal settlers and informed town residents and group

II from former managers of the town municipality, office of woreda ombudsman and head of

Woreda land desk.

Good morning/afternoon

Welcome to our group discussion.

I am-------------------------------------I came from---------------------

Today, we are coming here to discuss on good governance in urban land administration and

its impacts on town residents.

Our discussion emphasized on the characteristics of good governance .That is participation

,effectiveness and efficiency, equity , Accountability, Transparency, Responsiveness and

Consensus oriented., Do not bother about your answer is right or wrong .you have expected

to explain as you understand the question .Your positive and negative ideas are useful .We

used your idea for research purpose only. Finally you are free to ask any question and

clarification either the body of the question or other cases.

Group I and II

The same Questions presented for both groups were:

1. What are the main problems for good governance in the urban land administration?

88

2. What are the main causes of the urban land administrators to perform corruption in the

urban land administration?

3. What are the extents of service delivery in the urban land administration in the study area?

4. What expects from the urban land administrators for the prevalence of good governance in

the town?

5. Does the decision making are open to the town residents in the urban land administration?

6. In what condition corruption minimizes in the urban land administration?

7. What are the prospects of good governance in the urban land administration?

8. What are the basic elements of good governance in the urban land administration?

APPENDICES-III

Deberhan University

College of social science and humanities

Department of civics and ethnical studies (MA) program

INTERVIEW

Guide lines for town managers, Employees and other respective administrative organs.

The purpose of this interview is to collect data on challenges of good governance in land

administration in Wogide town.

The data will be used for a study of the challenges of good urban governance in respective

town and to recommended alternative solution for the identified problems. The information

you provide in this interview will be kept confidential and will be utilized only for the

purpose of the study.

Your genuine responses to the interview are highly valuable for achievement of the objective

of this research. Thank you in advance for your cooperation.

Part I

Personal information

1. Name of institution-----------------------

2. Code number of the interview----------------------

3. Date of the interview-------------------------------

4. Sex= A. male…… B. female ……

89

5. Age:- A.21-30 years…. B. 31-40 years------ C. 41-50 D.51-65-------

6. Marital status:- A. Married…. B. un married…… C. divorced….

7. Educational level:- A. Certificate---------B - Diploma------ C. BA/BSC…….. D.. If

other specify…….

8. Total service years:- A. 1-2 years B. 3-6 years C. 7-10 years D. above 10

years-

Part II: Interview questions

1. How do you describe the concept of good governance on your own view?

2. How do you see the town administrator‘s service delivery on the urban land

administration?

3. What are the basic elements of good governance in the urban land administration?

4. What are the main challenges of urban governance in the urban land administrations?

5. What are the feedback mechanisms of the urban land administration to receive

suggestions from the town residents on service delivery?

6. What must be done to improve good governance in the urban land administration?

7. How do check and balance mechanisms applying in the urban land administration?

8. What are the prospects of urban governance in the urban land administration?

90

የዯብረ ብርሀን ዩንቨርስቲ

ማህበራዊና ሰብአዊ ኮላጅ

የስነ ዜጋና ስነምግባር ድፓርትመንት ማስተር ፕሮግራም

መጠይቅ

ውድ ሇዚህ ጥያቄ መሌስ የምትሰጡ ተሳታፊዎች ይህ መጠይቅ የተዘጋጀው ሇጥናትና ምርምር

ጉዳይ ነው፡፡ የጥናትና ምርምሩ ውጠየት በወግዲ ከተማ በመሬት አስተዳዯር ጉዳይ እየተፈጠረ

ያሇውን የመሌካም አስተዳዯር ችግር መቅረፊያ መንገዶችን መፍትሄ ሇማስቀመጥ ነው፡፡ስሇዚህ

ሇዚህ ስራ መሳካት የእናንተን ቀና ተሳትፎ ስሇሚጠይቅ በተገቢው መሌኩ መሌሱን ትሞለሌኝ

ዘንድ በትህትና እጠይቃሇሁኝ፡፡

ውድ ተሳታፊዎች ባዶ ቦተ ካሇ በባዶ ቦታው ሊይየመሚፈሇገውን መሌስ በመጻፍ ምርጫ ከሆነ

ዯግሞ ትክክሇኛ ነው የምትለትን ቦታ ምሌክት በተዘጋጀው ሳጥን ውስጥ በመጻፍ መሌሱን

መሌሱ፡፡

ስሇትብብራችሁ እናመሰግናሇን፡፡

ክፍሌ አንድ

1. የተሳታፊው መሇያ ኮድ ------------------

91

2. ፃታ ወ ሴ

3. ዕድሜ 21-30 32-42 43-53 54-64

4. ስራ---------------------------

5. የጋብቻ ሁኔታ፡- ያገባ(ች) ያሊገባ(ች) የተፋታ(ች)

6. የትምህር ሁኔታ 1-9ክፍሌ 10-12 ክፍሌ ሰርትፊኬት

ድፕልማ ድግሪ

7. ቋንቋ አማርኛ አፋን ኦሮሞ ትግርኛ ላሊ

8. የቤተሰብ ብዛት--------------

ክፍሌ ሁሇት

ሇህገ ወጥ ሰፋሪዎችና የከተማ ነዋሪዎች በመሌካም አስተዳዯር ዙሪያ የተዘጋጁ

ጥያቄዎች

ሀ. ከተሳትፏዊነት አንጻር

1. በከተማ አስተዳዯር መሪዎች ምርጫ ሊይ ተሳትፈሀሌ? አዎ አይዯሇም

አይዯሇም ካሌክ ምክንያትህን ጻፍ--------------------------------------------------

2. ከመሌካም አስተዳዯር አንፃር የህብረተሰቡን ተሳትፎ ሁኔታ መርምረኸዋሌን?

አዎ አይዯሇም አይዯሇም ካሌክ ምክንያትህን ጻፍ------------------------

3. የከተማዋ አስተዳዳሪዎች በሚፈጥሩት የመሌካም ነአስተዳዯር ችግር በግሌፅ

ተቃውመሀሌ? አዎ አይዯሇም አይዯሇም ካሌክ ምክንያትህን ጻፍ------------

ሇ. ከውጤታማነት አንፃር

1 በከተማ አስተዳዯሩ ፈጣንና ቀሌጣፋ አገሌግልት ይሰጣሌ ብሇህ ታስባሇህ?

አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ምክንያትህን ጻፍ----------------------

2 የከተማዋ የከተማ አስተዳዯር የቢሮ አቀማመጥ ምቹ ነው ብሇህ ታስባሇህ?

አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ምክንያትህን ጻፍ------------------------

3 የከተማዋ አስተዳዯር አድስ ቴክኖልጅዎችን ይጠቀማሌ ብሇህ ታስባሇህ?

አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ምክንያትህን ተናገር--------------------------

92

4 የከተማዋ ነዋሪዎች በከተማው በከተማዋ መሬት አስተዳዯራዊ ውሳኔ ሊይ ይሳተፋለ

ብሇህ ታስባሇህ? አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ምክንያትህን ተናገር-------

5 የከተማዋ አስተዳዳሪዎች በእውቀትና በብቃት እያስተዳዯሯችሁ ነው?

አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ሇምን ---------------------------------

6 የከተማዋ የመሬት አስተዳዯር ሁኔታ ሇላልች ከተሞች በሞዯሌነት ይወሰዳሌ ?

አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ምክንያትህን ተናገር---------------------------

ሏ. ፍትሀዊነትንና አካታችነትን በተመሇከተ

1. የከተማዋ አስተዳዳሪዎችና ሰራተኞች ያሇአድሎዊነት ሁለንም ነዋሪዎች እኩሌ

ያስተናግዳለ ብሇህ ታስባሇህ? በጣም ከፍተኛ ከፍተኛ

ዝቅተኛ ዝቅተኛ ከሆነ ምክንያትህን ጻፍ-----------------------------------------

2.በከተማዋ ያለ ነዋሪዎች የከተማዋን መኖሪያ ቦታ ሇማግኘት እኩሌ

የመወዳዯር እድሌ አግኝተዋሌ ብሇህ ታስባሇህ?

አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ምክንያትህን ፃፍ----------------------

2. የከተማዋ አስተዳዳሪዎች የመሌካም አስተዳዯር ባህሪያትን ያውቋቸዋሌ ብሇህ

ታስባሇህ? አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ምክንያትህን ግሇጽ----------------

መ. ከተጠያቂነት አንፃር

1. በከተማዋ አስተዳዳሪዎች በቂና ተመጣጣኝ አገሌግልት አግኝተህ ታውቃሇህ?

አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ምክንያትህን ፃፍ---------------------------------

2.በከተማዋ አስተዳዯር ቢሮ አካባቢ የከተማዋ አስተዳዳሪዎችና ሰራተኞችን ስምና

የሀሊፊነት ድርሻ የሚገሌጽ መረጃ በማስታዎቂያ ሰላዳዎች ሊይበግሌጽተቀምቷሌ

ብሇህ ታስባህ? አዎ አይዯሇም፡፡ ካሌሆነ ምክንያትህን አብራራ------------

3.አስተዳዯርውስጥስህተት የፈፀመና በህግና መመሪያ መሰረት እርማት የተሰጣቸው

የከተማዋ አስተዳዳሪዎች መኖራቸውን መረጃ አሇህ? አዎ

አይዯሇም ከላሇ ምክንያትህን ተናገር-------------------------------------------

ሠ. ከህግ የበሊይነት አንፃ

1. የከተማዋ አስተዳዳሪዎች ህገ ወጥ ተግባራትን ሇማስዎገድ የፍትህ ስረአት

ይጠቀማለን አዎ ካሌሆነ ምክንያትህን አስቀምጥ ----

2.በከተማዋ አስተዳዯር የዳኝነት አካሊት የፖሇቲካ ተጽእኖ የሇባቸውም ብሇህ

ታስባሇህ? በጣም ከፍተኛ ከፍተኛ ዝቅተኛ

ዝቅተኛ ከሆነ ምክንያትህን አብራራ ------------------------------

93

2. ከከተማ መስተዳድሩ የመሬት አስተዳዯር የወጡ ህጎችና ዯንቦች የሙስናን

መስፋፋት እየቀነሱ ነው ብሇህ ታስባሇህ?

አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ምክንያትህን አስቀምጥ -------------------

3. ከከተማ መስተዳድሩ የመሬት አስተዳዯር የወጡ ህጎችና ዯንቦች የሙስናን

መስፋፋት እየቀነሱ ነው ብሇህ ታስባሇህ?

እስማማሇሁ አሌስማማም እርግጠኛ አይዯሇሁም

ካሌተስማማህ ምክንያትህን አስቀምጥ ----------------------------------------------

4. በከተማ መሬት አስተዳዯር እና ተዛማጅ ጉዳዮች የሚነሱ የህዝብ ቅሬታዎች

በተያዘሊቸው የጊዜ ገዯብ እየተፈቱ ነው ብሇህ ታስባሇህ? አዎ

አይዯሇም፡፡ ካሌሆነ ምክንያትህን አስቀምጥ --------------------------------------------

5. በከተማዋ የመሬት አስተዳዯር ዙሪያ የክትትሌና ቁጥጥር ስረአት ተዘርግቷሌ

ብሇህ ታስባሇህ? እስማማሇሁ አሌስማማም ካሌተስማማህ

ምክንያትህን አስቀምጥ -------------------------------------------------------

ረ. ከግሌጽነት አንፃር

1. በከተማዋ አስተዳዳሪች ድርጊቶች ፤ውሳኔችና ሀሊፊነቶች ሇህዝብ ግሌጽ ናቸው?

እስማማሇሁ አሌስማማም:: ካሌተስማማህ ምክንያትህ ምንድን ነው ---

2. 2.አስተዳዳሪዎች በመሬት አስተዳዯር ህጎችና ዯንቦች ዙሪያ ሇነዋሪዎች ግንዛቤ

ፈጥረዋሌ? አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ምክንያትህን አብራራ------

3. ሁለም የከተማ አስተዳዯር ሀሊፊዎችና ሰራተኞች አዳድስ ፖሉሲዎችን ሇህዝብ

አስተዋውቀዋሌ ብሇህ ታስሇህ? አዎ አይዯሇም፡፡ ካሌሆነ

ምክንያትህን ተናገር------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. በከተማዋ በመሬት አስተዳዯር ዙሪያ ስሊሇው የመሌካም አስተዳዯር ሁኔታ

ውይይት አድርገህ ታውቃሇህን? አዎ አይዯሇም፡፡

ምካሌሆነ ምክንያትህን ጥቀስ-------------------------------------------------------------------

በከተማ መሬት አስተዳዯር ዙሪያ የኪራይ ሰብሳቢነት ተግባራት ተስተውሇዋሌ

ብሇህ ታስባሇህ አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ምክንያትህን ጥቀስ --------------

5.የከተማ መሬት አስተዳዯር ቢሮዎች የአስተያየት መስጫ ሳጥን አሊቸው?

አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ምክንያትህን ተናገር--------------------------------

ሰ . ከሀሊፊነት ስሜት አንፃር

94

1. ሁለም የከተማዋ አስተዳዳሪዎች የሚሰጡት አገሌግልት ከሀሊፊነት ስሜት የመነጨ

ነውን አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ሇምን-------------------

2. ሁለም የከተማዋ አስተዳዳሪዎች ሰራተኞች የሚጠበቅባቸው ሀሊፊነቶች

ያውቁታሌ? አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ሇምን--------------- ----------

የከተማዋ ነዋሪዎች በሚሰጣቸው አገሌግልት እርካታ ተሰምቷቸዋሌ?

ረክተዋሌ አሌረኩም ካሌሆነ ሇምን------------------------------------------

3. የከተማዋ አስተዳዳሪዎች በከተማ መሬት አስተዳዯር ዙሪያ ያሇህን መብትና

ግዴታ አሳውቀውሀሌ ? አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ሇምን------

ሸ. የጋራ መግባባት ከመፍጠር አኳያ

1. የከተማዋ አስተዳዳሪዎችና ሰራተኞች ሰራተኞች በጋራ የመወያየትና

መግባባት ሊይ ይገኛለ? አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ሇምን--------------- -

2. የከተማ አስተዳዳሪዎችና ሰራተኞች የሚሰሯቸው ተግባራት ሊይ የመከባባር

ስሜት ፈጥረዋሌን? አዎ አይዯሇም ካሌሆነ ሇምን---------

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