Assessment Repair International Code Council 2014media.iccsafe.org/docs/Sinkholes_Assessment_and_Repair_Handout.… · threats to safety or prevent fire ... 506.2 Repairs to damaged

Sinkholes: Assessment & Repair International Code Council 2014

Bracken Engineering, Inc.Copyright 2014 1

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The webinar is intended to introduce sinkholes to code professionals. The presentation begins with a global discussion of the types, causes and investigation of sinkholes found throughout the US. It will also focus on their impact on buildings, the various methods of remediation and permitting considerations.

William C. Bracken PE, SI, StS2, F. SEI, F. NAFE, F. ASCE

President & Principal Engineer of Bracken Engineering

Vice-Chair of the Florida Board of Professional Engineers

Senior Instructor for ICC (International Code Council)

Drew Glasbrenner, PG

Vice-President of Production, Bracken Engineering



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The facilitator\speaker will respond to your questions at the end of the webinar.

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Polling questions

Sinkholes:Investigations & Repairs



Sinkholes:

Investigatio

ns &

Rep

airs

• Sinkholes

• Investigation (Geological)

• Repair (Geotechnical)

• Investigation (Structural)

• Repair (Structural)

Outline

Sinkholes:

Investigatio

ns &

Rep

airs

Sinkholes

There are two primary causes of Sinkholes;

• Geologic

• Manmade

Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Rep

airs

Causes of Sinkholes

Geologic Sinkholes

Occurring in carbonates (limestone

and dolomite), evaporites (gypsum,

halite), or volcanics (lava tubes).

Landform type referred to as “karst”



Sinkholes:

Investigatio

ns &

Rep

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Geologic Sinkholes

Most occur over water-soluble rocks like limestone

Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Geologic Sinkholes

There are three primary types of Geologic Sinkholes; • Dissolution

• Cover-subsidence

• Cover-collapse

Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Rep

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Geologic Sinkholes:Dissolution



Sinkholes:

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Geologic Sinkholes:Cover‐subsidence

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Sinkholes:

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Geologic Sinkholes:Cover‐collapse

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2

Sinkholes:

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Geologic Sinkholes:Cover‐collapse



Sinkholes:

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Causes of Sinkholes

Manmade Sinkholes

Resulting from failed pipes, mines,

tunnels or other buried infrastructure

or constructs

Sinkholes:

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Rep

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Manmade Sinkholes:Failed Pipes

Sinkholes:

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Rep

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Sinkholes:

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Sinkholes:

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Manmade Sinkholes:Failed Tunnels

Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Types of Sinkholes

Manmade Sinkholes

Other man-made and natural

phenomena may also be labeled as

“sinkhole”



Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Manmade Sinkholes:Failed Retaining Wall

Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Rep

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• Sinkholes





Outline

Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Geological Investigation

The three primary steps consist of; • Research

• Geophysical Survey

• Direct Investigation



Sinkholes:

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Geological Investigation:Research

Geologic Maps (Is this “karst” terrain?)

Sinkholes:

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Rep

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Topographic Maps

Sinkholes:

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Historical Aerial Photography



Sinkholes:

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Sinkholes:

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Geophysical Survey– Purpose of the geophysical survey

is to map the site in order to target the direct investigation phase

– Different methods are suited for different environments, best decided by a geologist or geophysicist



Sinkholes:

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Geological Investigation:Geophysical Survey

Ground Penetrating Radar

Sinkholes:

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Resistivity

Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Seismic (Surface Wave)



Sinkholes:

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Mapping Findings

Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Identify Anomalies

Sinkholes:

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Geotechnical Investigation

Section 1803 Geotechnical Investigations

1803.1 General. Geotechnical investigations shall be conducted in accordance with Section 1803.2 and reported in accordance with Section 1803.6.

2009 IBC



Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Direct Investigation

Groundtruth anomalies by direct

investigation, geophysics should not

be the sole investigative tool used

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Investigatio

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airs



Sample the soil and/or rock in the

area of concern and surrounding

area for density, soil and rock type,

and groundwater conditions

Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Geological Investigation:Direct Investigation

Hand Auger Sampling



Sinkholes:

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Standard Penetration Test (SPT) boringsMaps

Sinkholes:

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Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) Soundings

Sinkholes:

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Used to diagnose the cause of

damage, and in the design of the

repair



Sinkholes:

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• Sinkholes





Outline

Sinkholes:

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Geotechnical Repair

The Repair / Remediation is to be engineered and depends upon whether the issue is; • Open to the Surface

• At Depth

• Near Surface

Sinkholes:

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Geotechnical Repair

Open to the Surface

Typically occurs after some type of

covered collapse and can be filled

from above



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Backfill

Geotechnical Repair:Open to the Surface

Sinkholes:

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Flowable Fill


Sinkholes:

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Dry Portland / Aggregate Mix



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Geotechnical Repair

At Depth

A void has occurred well below the

surface and is raveling upward

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Geotechnical Repair

At Depth

Where cover soils exists, seal

surface of rock and densify overlying

soils with cement grout

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Geotechnical Repair:At Depth

Cement Grouting



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Geotechnical Repair

Near Surface

A void has occurred well below the

surface and is raveling upward

depressing

surface

soils

Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Foundation Influence Zone

Geotechnical Repair:Near Surface

This is the zone of

soil beneath the

footing that

supports or settles

the structure

Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Rep

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Geotechnical Repair

Near Surface

At the near surface pressure

grouting is not often possible or

practical so chemical grout is used

in lieu of cement grout



Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Geotechnical Repair:Near Surface

Chemical Grouting

Sinkholes:

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Questions and Answers

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Sinkholes:

Investigatio

ns &

Rep

airs

Building Departments issue construction permits based on

plans

not reports

Geotechnical Repair



Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Geotechnical Repair

Section 1803 Geotechnical Investigations

1803.1 General. Where required by the building official or where geotechnical investigations involve in-situ testing, laboratory testing or engineering calculations, such investigations shall be conducted by a registered design professional.

2009 IBC

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Geotechnical Repair:Permitting

Grouting Plans

• Cover Sheet / Project Notes• Cover Sheet / Project Notes

Sinkholes:

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Geotechnical Repair :Permitting

Grouting Plans

• Cover Sheet / Project Notes• Cover Sheet / Project Notes• Cover Sheet / Project Notes

• Dimensioned Deep Grout Plan

• Cover Sheet / Project Notes




Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Geotechnical Repair :Permitting

Compliant Plans

• Cover Sheet / Project Notes• Cover Sheet / Project Notes• Cover Sheet / Project Notes




Sinkholes:

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• Sinkholes





Outline

Sinkholes:

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Structural Investigation

Section 116 Unsafe Structures And Equipment

116.1 Conditions. Structures or existing equipment that are or hereafter become unsafe, insanitary or deficient because of inadequate means of egress facilities … or are otherwise dangerous to human life or the public welfare … shall be deemed an unsafe condition.

2009 IBC



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Section 116 Unsafe Structures And Equipment

116.1 Conditions. Unsafe structures shall be taken down and removed or made safe, as the building official deems necessary and as provided for in this section.

2009 IBC

Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Evaluation techniques include; • Visual Assessment

• Crack Mapping

• Floor Survey

• Numeric Analysis

Sinkholes:

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Visual Assessment & Crack Mapping

Structural Investigation:Evaluation Techniques



Sinkholes:

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Floor Survey


Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Numeric Analysis

Conducted to determine if the

component (wall, column,

foundation, etc.) has the ability to

resist the loads and forces it was

originally designed to resist

Sinkholes:

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The three primary items to evaluate include; • Exterior Damage

• Interior Damage

• Safety & Egress



Sinkholes:

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Exterior Damage

Examine the primary loadbearing

systems and components

Sinkholes:

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Exterior Damage

Structural Investigation:Evaluation

Sinkholes:

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Exterior Damage




Sinkholes:

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Floor Survey


Sinkholes:

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Interior Damage

Examine any interior loadbearing

systems and components

Sinkholes:

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Interior Damage




Sinkholes:

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Interior Damage


Sinkholes:

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Floor Survey


Sinkholes:

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Safety & Egress

Identify any damages that create

threats to safety or prevent fire

egress



Sinkholes:

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Safety & Egress


Sinkholes:

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• Sinkholes





Outline

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Structural Repairs

506.2 Repairs to damaged buildings

506.2.2.1 Evaluation. The building shall be evaluated by a registered design professional, and the evaluation findings shall be submitted to the code official. The evaluation shall establish whether the damaged building, if repaired to its predamaged state, would comply with the provisions of the IBC …

2009 IEBC



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Structural Repair

Structural Repairs are to be engineered and include; • Underpinning

• Wall Reinforcement

• Partial Replacement

Sinkholes:

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Exterior Underpinning

Structural Repair:Underpinning

Sinkholes:

Investigatio

ns &

Rep

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Interior Underpinning

Structural Repair:Underpinning



Sinkholes:

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Wall Reinforcement

Structural Repair:Strengthening

Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Rep

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Partial Replacement

Structural Repair:Strengthening

Sinkholes:

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Building Departments issue construction permits based on

plans

not sketches

Structural Repair



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Structural Repair

107.2.1 Information On Construction Documents

Construction documents shall be of sufficient clarity to indicate the location, nature and extent of the work proposed and show in detail that it will conform to the provisions of this code and relevant laws, ordinances, rules and regulations, as determined by the building official.

2009 IBC

Sinkholes:

Investigatio

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Structural Repair:Permitting

Underpinning Plans


• Structural Notes



Sinkholes:

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Underpinning Plans







• Dimensioned Pin Layout






Sinkholes:

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Underpinning Plans











Sinkholes:

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Plans Review Checklists

Sinkholes:

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Compliant Plans (?)



Sinkholes:

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Compliant Affidavit (?)

Sinkholes:

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Compliant Affidavit (?)

Summary



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The facilitator and/or the speaker will now respond to your questions.

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To request a certificate please email:

[email protected]

William Bracken [email protected]

Drew [email protected]

(800) 971-7252



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Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of

the speaker is prohibited.

© International Code Council 2014

Underpin Plan Review Checklist Per 2010 Florida Building Code

Requested by: Phone/ Fax #:

Block/Lot: Community:

Address: City:

Inspection Step Compliant Yes No

Comments Code

Reference

1.) General Plan Requirements: 1603

1.1) Structural Design 1603.1

1.1.1) Floor Live and Dead Load 1603.1.1

1.1.2) Roof Live and Dead Load 1603.1.2

1.1.3) Wind Design Data Indicated 1603.1.4

1.1.3.1) Basic Wind Speed (mph) 1603.1.4

1.1.3.2) Wind Importance Factor, Iw 1603.1.4

1.1.3.3) Wind Exposure 1603.1.4.3

1.1.3.4) Internal Pressure Coefficient 1603.1.4.4

1.1.3.5) Component and Cladding 1603.1.4.5

1.1.4) Construction Materials Strength and Properties Indicated 1604.1

1.1.5) Reinforced Concrete 1604.3.2

1.1.6) Structural Steel 1604.3.3

1.1.7) Concrete Masonry and/or Masonry (as applicable) 1604.3.4

1.1.8) Steel Pipe Pile Specifications 1810.3.2.3

1.1.9) Steel Reinforcement 1810.3.10.3

1.2) Name and Sealed Signature of the Responsible Person(s) for the Design Indicated

107.3.4

2.) Floor Plan Requirements

2.1) Exterior Underpin Locations with Dimensions Indicated 107.2.1

2.2) Interior Underpin Locations with Dimensions Indicated (if applicable) 107.2.1

2.3) Legend with Underpin Symbols Indicated 107.2.1

2.4) All Underpins Numbered 107.2.1

2.5) Any and All Other Structural Repairs and/or Modifications Indicated 107.2.1

2.6) Indicate Scope of Plans (Stabilitive, Restorative, Preventative) 101.2

Underpin Plan Review Checklist Per 2010 Florida Building Code


Comments Code

Reference

3.) Plan & Specification Requirements

3.1) Underpin Service and Ultimate Loads by Pin Location Indicated 1810.4.3

3.2) Design Criteria for Underpins indicated 1803.5.5

3.2.1) Recommended Pier or Pile Types 1803.5.5.1

3.2.2) Recommended Center to Center Spacing 1803.5.5.2

3.2.3) Designation of Bearing Stratum 1803.5.5.8

4.) Detail and Wall Section Requirements

4.1) Details and Specifications of the Underpin System with its Method of Attachment to the Foundation

1810.3

4.2) Details and Specifications of Underpin System with appropriate call-outs 1810.3

4.3) Details and Specifications of Interior Brackets (if applicable) 1810.3

4.3) Repair Details for Slab Cracks and Slab Cores Indicated 107.3.5.8

4.4) Details for All Other Structural repairs and/or Modifications required. These are to include but are not limited to the following:

107.3.5.8

4.4.1) Wall Reinforcement (if applicable) 107.3.5.8

4.4.2) Wall Removal and Replacement (if applicable) 107.3.5.8

4.4.1) Slab Removal and Replacement (if applicable) 107.3.5.8

4.4.1) Supplemental Reinforcement (if applicable) 107.3.5.8

Notes:

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

Reviewed By: Date:

Underpin Plan Review Checklist Per 2009 International Building Code

Requested by: Phone/ Fax #:

Block/Lot: Community:

Address: City:


Comments Code

Reference

1.) General Plan Requirements: 1603

1.1) Structural Design 1603.1

1.1.1) Floor Live and Dead Load 1603.1.1

1.1.2) Roof Live and Dead Load 1603.1.2

1.1.3) Wind Design Data Indicated 1603.1.4

1.1.3.1) Basic Wind Speed (mph) 1603.1.4.1

1.1.3.2) Wind Importance Factor, Iw 1603.1.4.2

1.1.3.3) Wind Exposure 1603.1.4.3

1.1.3.4) Internal Pressure Coefficient 1603.1.4.4

1.1.3.5) Component and Cladding 1603.1.4.5

1.1.4) Construction Materials Strength and Properties Indicated 1604.1

1.1.5) Reinforced Concrete 1604.3.2

1.1.6) Structural Steel 1604.3.3

1.1.7) Concrete Masonry and/or Masonry (as applicable) 1604.3.4

1.1.8) Steel Pipe Pile Specifications 1810.3.2.3

1.1.9) Steel Reinforcement 1810.3.10.3

1.2) Name and Sealed Signature of the Responsible Person(s) for the Design Indicated

107.3.4

2.) Floor Plan Requirements

2.1) Exterior Underpin Locations with Dimensions Indicated 107.2.1

2.2) Interior Underpin Locations with Dimensions Indicated (if applicable) 107.2.1

2.3) Legend with Underpin Symbols Indicated 107.2.1

2.4) All Underpins Numbered 107.2.1

2.5) Any and All Other Structural Repairs and/or Modifications Indicated 107.2.1

2.6) Indicate Scope of Plans (Stabilitive, Restorative, Preventative) 101.2

Underpin Plan Review Checklist Per 2009 International Building Code


Comments Code

Reference

3.) Plan & Specification Requirements

3.1) Underpin Service and Ultimate Loads by Pin Location Indicated 1810.4.3

3.2) Design Criteria for Underpins indicated 1803.5.5

3.2.1) Recommended Pier or Pile Types 1803.5.5.1

3.2.2) Recommended Center to Center Spacing 1803.5.5.2

3.2.3) Designation of Bearing Stratum 1803.5.5.8

4.) Detail and Wall Section Requirements

4.1) Details and Specifications of the Underpin System with its Method of Attachment to the Foundation

1810.3

4.2) Details and Specifications of Underpin System with appropriate call-outs 1810.3

4.3) Details and Specifications of Interior Brackets (if applicable) 1810.3

4.3) Repair Details for Slab Cracks and Slab Cores Indicated 107.2

4.4) Details for All Other Structural repairs and/or Modifications required. These are to include but are not limited to the following:

107.2

4.4.1) Wall Reinforcement (if applicable) 107.2

4.4.2) Wall Removal and Replacement (if applicable) 107.2

4.4.1) Slab Removal and Replacement (if applicable) 107.2

4.4.1) Supplemental Reinforcement (if applicable) 107.2

Notes:

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

Reviewed By: Date: