Assessment Schedule – 2005 History: Examine the

NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 1 of 23

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Assessment Schedule – 2005 History: Examine the perspectives of people in an historical setting (90212) Topic One: Social Welfare: Social Welfare in the Māori World 1918–1998

• What do you believe the government should have done to promote the social welfare of Māori people between 1918 and 1930?

• Why do you think this should have happened? • What is one particular action you have taken between 1918 and now (1930) to support your beliefs about the

government’s role in promoting the social welfare of Māori people? • Why did you take this particular action? Judgement Statement (Topic One)

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence

Two correct perspectives on the role of government in promoting the social welfare of Māori people are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described.

Two correct perspectives on the role of government in promoting the social welfare of Māori people are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described. AND A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is correctly described for EACH person.

Two correct perspectives on the role of government in promoting the social welfare of Māori people are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described. AND A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is comprehensively (with detail) described for EACH person.

Evidence may include: MAUI POMARE Opinions and reasons COULD include: • As Minister of Health he had a fundamental role in supporting Māori welfare. • After becoming an MP in 1905, his work amongst Māori provided him with evidence showing that Mäori health

would not improve without state support. • The tension between private control of Health services by health professionals (principally Doctors) and the role

of the state did not favour Māori, as Māori could not afford to pay for private facilities. • Māori health and land loss were linked – Pomare was empathetic to Māori who were aggrieved by land

confiscation. Actions and reasons COULD include: • He promoted a campaign in 1924 for safe maternity, directing attention towards antenatal care, asepsis,

appropriate hospital policy, and improved midwifery training. His officials devised sterilisers that were considerably cheaper and more efficient, and provided a standard asepsis technique for labour and confinement.

• At the same time, Pomare sought to increase the number of public maternity hospitals or maternity wards attached to public hospitals. Puerperal sepsis, which had been one of the prime causes of the deaths of young mothers, fell dramatically after 1927.

• Pomare, in collaboration with Ngata, advocated the establishment of the Royal Commission into land confiscation. He had long promised to pursue this grievance. He organised a fighting fund to which people from all over the North Island were encouraged to contribute. In Taranaki, he asked all Māori farmers to contribute from their dairy cheques, and arranged with the dairy companies to have the amount forwarded to an account that he had set up in Wellington. Prime Minister Gordon Coates agreed to set up a royal commission in October 1926, for which Pomare prepared thoroughly. The commission found that some confiscations had been excessive and recommended compensation.


Taken from Graham Butterworth, 'Pomare, Maui Wiremu Piti Naera 1875/1876? – 1930'. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 16 December 2003. URL: http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/

TE PUEA HERANGI

Opinions and reasons COULD include: • In the early years of the period, Te Puea resented state involvement in the welfare of her people and had earlier

campaigned against Waikato participation in WWI because of the mass confiscation of Waikato Māori land. • Māori self-determination, through adherence to Mana Māori Motuhake and Mäori spiritual belief such as Pai

Marire, was her preferred position throughout the period. • Māori methods of welfare such as whāngai and close kinship bonding through domicile at the marae were

important. • After 1929 her new friendship with Ngata led her to encourage Waikato Māori to participate in Māori land

development schemes. • She gradually warmed to state involvement in Māori affairs, but retained her strong belief in the autonomy of

Waikato and the quest for justice. Actions and reasons COULD include: Belief in Māori self-determination was shown through: • Te Puea’s work to rebuild a centre for the Kingitanga at Ngaruawahia. She was dissatisfied with the swampy

conditions at Mangatawhiri and wished to make a new start following the influenza epidemic of late 1918, which had struck the settlement leaving a quarter of the people dead. Te Puea gathered up 100 orphaned children from lower Waikato and placed them in the care of the remaining families. But she needed a better home for them. In 1920 Waikato leaders were able to buy 10 acres of confiscated land on the bank of the Waikato River opposite the township and by 1921 Te Puea was ready to begin moving the people from Mangatawhiri to build a new marae, to be called Turangawaewae. Years of hard work followed, draining and filling swampy scrub-covered land, and raising funds for the building of a sleeping house for visitors and, later, a large carved house intended as a hospital. They had also to overcome the attitudes of the Päkehä citizens of Ngaruawahia, who initially tried to have them removed.

• Te Puea welded together a community under her own leadership. In the evenings an expert in haka taught the young people, and Te Puea formed a group named Te Pou o Mangatawhiri. Te Pou o Mangatawhiri raised the hundreds of pounds needed for the carved house by performing in halls throughout the North Island. Te Puea kept morale high on the tours, gathering the young people together to tell them stories and share her hopes with them, joking, jumping to her feet to show them how to improve their haka, how to pukana. In 1927 they toured the East Coast, where Āpirana Ngata gave strong support to the building of the carved house.

• Te Puea turned her attention to building an economic base for the people, dependent until now on seasonal wage-labour, and already feeling the impact of the depression. Ngata became Native Minister at the end of 1928, and his legislation providing for state loans to Māori farmers put land development within the reach of Waikato. The development schemes began on small pockets of land. Te Puea became the supervisor of the schemes and travelled constantly among them, taking families from Ngaruawahia to help with the work. She shared Ngata's vision of land development and dairy farming as the basis of strong communities; and as the farms were subdivided and homes and milking sheds built, she established or extended marae throughout Waikato. Sometimes she chose the place herself, as at Mangatangi and Rakaumanga, supervising all the arrangements from cutting the trees to plastering the walls with cement over soaked, cleaned sacks.

Taken from Ann Parsonson, 'Herangi, Te Kirihaehae Te Puea 1883 – 1952'. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 16 December 2003. URL: http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/ ÄPIRANA NGATA Opinions and reasons COULD include: • Strongly believed the state had a major role to play in supporting the welfare of Māori people. He dedicated his

life to this belief because he believed in the Treaty of Waitangi and the democracy of New Zealand. • By becoming an MP, he used his skill and talent to uphold his belief in the role of the state in Māori welfare. • At the same time he strongly believed in Māori self-determination and that the solution for Māori lay in the

effective utilisation of their land. He did not believe in handouts for Māori such as the unemployment benefit. The involvement of the state for Ngata meant supporting Māori to use their land economically.

NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 3 of 23 Actions and reasons COULD include: • After WWI he reminded Pākehā New Zealand of the debt the country owed to Māori who had served or died in

the empire's foreign war. Working with Pomare, Ngata obtained inquiries into many Māori land grievances, most notably the 1927 Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Confiscation of Māori lands following the war with the Pākehā in the 1860s.

• Ngata encouraged Māori sport through various inter-tribal competitions, and the performing arts, through tribal competitions in haka and poi, and also encouraged the decorative arts, especially carving and tukutuku. He was instrumental in the establishment of a Māori school of arts at Rotorua in 1927 and the construction of decorated meeting houses around the country.

• Ngata remained preoccupied with land reform. At home he arranged a subdivision of Ngāti Porou consolidated holdings in the Waiapu valley so that his people could move into dairying. As ever, Ngata had larger aims in mind: to encourage other Māori communities to follow Ngāti Porou's lead, and to persuade the government to support Māori land development. His first success with other tribes came in 1922 when he persuaded Tūhoe to consolidate their titles. Others soon followed suit, as, on Ngata’s initiative, teams of consolidators took up the work. But consolidation of titles was only a beginning; it was necessary to break in the land on a large scale in development schemes, as they were called, prior to the establishment of pastoral or dairy farms.

• So far Ngata had relied on Māori resources, both labour and capital, but he needed government aid if the snowballing developments were to succeed. In 1926 he invited Native Minister Coates to the East Coast to open a church at Tikitiki, a memorial to Ngāti Porou troops who died in the war, and to show off the new dairy farms in the Waiapu valley. Coates was so impressed that he promised government funds for Māori land development.

• In 1928 Ngata himself became Native Minister. • Ngata pressed ahead with land development schemes, using state funds, shifting his consolidators straight on

to development work, and initiating schemes all over the country – wherever he could find underdeveloped Māori land and local communities willing to work it. The new schemes provided work for unemployed or under-employed men, women and children, who worked as communal groups as of old. The land was cleared of bush or scrub, ploughed, grassed, fenced and stocked. Ngata even shifted Māori from one tribe onto the land of others, using them as ginger groups; his use of Ngāti Kahungunu at Horohoro and Ngāti Porou at Tikitere in Te Arawa territory was, for Māori, very controversial.

• Ngata persuaded tribes who had previously been uncooperative, because of the confiscation of their land, to embark on land development – for example with supporters of the King movement in Waikato; Ngata persuaded Te Puea to take the lead in developing the few pieces of land remaining in their ownership.

• He believed in the need to work through traditional chiefly organisation and turn old tribal jealousies into friendly rivalries in land development, as in education, arts and crafts, and sport. He saw these forms of competition as a means of reviving tribal pride and culture, and the new development schemes as providing an opportunity to revive old marae or build new ones.

M. P. K. Sorrenson, 'Ngata, Āpirana Turupa 1874 – 1950', Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 16 December 2003. URL: http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/ Evidence Summary (Topic One)


The answer reflects some applicable features of a response given to a researcher in 1930.

The answer reflects consistent features of responses given to a researcher in 1930.

The answer is consistent and authentic to responses given to a researcher in 1930.

Features that make the responses authentic could include: use of the first person use of te reo some informal language repetition for emphasis convincing, certain language present tense.

NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 4 of 23 Topic Two: Race Relations: New Zealand, Māori and Pākehā 1912–1980

• What do you believe should happen to improve the current situation of Māori? • Why do you think this should happen? • What is one particular action you have taken between 1915 and now (1930) to support your beliefs about

improving the situation of Māori? • Why did you take this particular action? Judgement Statement (Topic Two)


Two correct perspectives on the situation of Māori in 1930 are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described.

Two correct perspectives on the situation of Māori in 1930 are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described. AND A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is correctly described for EACH person.

Two correct perspectives on the situation of Māori in 1930 are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described. AND A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is comprehensively (with detail) described for EACH person.

Evidence may include: RUA KENANA Opinions and reasons COULD include: Māori should develop separately from Pākehā because: • Māori ways will be lost otherwise • that way they will maintain Māori mana • they have the means to take control of their own lives Māori should be treated the same under the law as Pākehā because: • Māori had been promised equality under the Treaty of Waitangi Māori should passively resist Pākehā because: • violence is not the way of the prophets, especially not of earlier leaders like Te Kooti and Te Whiti • they will end up assimilated into Pākehā culture if they do not resist Actions and reasons COULD include: Claimed to be the Messiah (mihaia) whose arrival was predicted by Te Kooti / claimed that he was the

successor to Te Kooti. Reasons: – he said he had a vision from Archangel Gabriel on Maungapohatu, a sacred Tūhoe mountain where he met

Whaitiri, the Tūhoe ancestress Established a religious community at Maungapohatu. Reasons:

– to carry out the vision and mission he believed he had received, including faith healing and religious practices – to enable his people to combine the best aspects of the Pākehā lifestyle – including modern farming practices

– with traditional Māori ways

Opposed Mäori involvement in WWI. Reasons: believed the British would be defeated by Germany and the Kaiser would make him king of New Zealand

Began selling alcohol (‘sly-grogging’) at Maungapohatu despite it being illegal. Reasons: – believed that Pākehā were undermining his community by sly-grogging, and that he was losing control and

income

NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 5 of 23 ĀPIRANA NGATA Opinions and reasons COULD include: Māori should adopt modern Pākehā ways (eg education) to move ahead because: they would otherwise fall behind and remain poor the way forward was to combine traditional Māori ways with Pākehā ways separatism would not work Māori should prove their loyalty to the government because: they would not be able to make ground in the modern Pākehā world without it Māori should develop their Māoritanga (eg arts and crafts) because: it develops Māori mana and identity it was an essential part of Māori heritage The development of Māori land is essential for Māori survival because: it is the basis of Māori heritage and culture Actions and reasons COULD include: Supported and actively encouraged the conscription of Māori in WWI, and formation of the Pioneer Battalion.

Reasons: – to prove their loyalty and so gain advantages for Māori – to enable Māori to gain redress for grievances / the same rewards as Pākehā after the war – to overcome Pākehā prejudice

Set up land development schemes (and dairy development) for Māori (consolidation and incorporation). Reasons: – to enable Māori to access credit (traditional Māori land ownership was not recognised) – to enable the productive development of Māori land – to enable Māori communal ownership to be retained but used in the Pākehā way to generate wealth

Helped build new wharepuni / meeting houses. Reasons:

– a symbol of Māori identity and mana Established the School of Māori Arts in Rotorua. Reasons:

to promote Māori carving and other arts and crafts skills before they are lost WIREMU TAHUPOTIKI RATANA Opinions and reasons COULD include: Māori need to turn away from tribalism and traditional Māori practices such as tapu, mākutu and ‘tohungaism’ because: too many mōrehu were suffering and did not benefit from these old ways God had given him a new vision, a new way forward for the Māori people The Treaty of Waitangi should be ratified because: it was the only way Māori could claim redress for the grievances suffered under Pākehā since 1840 it was the means by which Māori lands could be returned Actions and reasons COULD include: claimed he was the ‘māngai’, the mouthpiece of God, to unite Māori and lead them to God. Reasons:

– in 1919, he received a vision from God confirming this – the effectiveness of his healing ministry testified to it

Worked as a faith healer during the influenza epidemic and after. Reasons:

– God had given him spiritual powers and goals (ture wairua) – thousands claimed to be healed by him – the mōrehu needed that encouragement

In 1925, set up his own church – the Ratana church – and community at Ratana pa. Reasons:

– lack of encouragement / hostility from other Christian churches – the need to have a specifically Māori church for his movement


Organised a petition of 30 000 signatures seeking ratification of the Treaty of Waitangi. Reasons: – (see above)

Travelled to London to meet the King in 1924. Reasons:

– to seek ratification of the Treaty of Waitangi, which had been signed on behalf of the King’s ancestor Announced he would seek political means to achieve his goals (ture tangata) by aiming to win the four Māori

seats (accept also: won the four Māori seats). Reasons: – political leverage in Parliament would be a means to gain better conditions for Māori – his spiritual mission was completed

Evidence Summary (Topic Two)





Features that make the responses authentic could include: use of the first person some informal language repetition for emphasis convincing, certain language present tense.

NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 7 of 23 Topic Three: Race Relations: South Africa 1938–1976

• What is your opinion about race relations in South Africa? • Why do you think this? • What is one particular action you, or the organisation you represent, have taken between 1938 and now (1950)

to support your beliefs about race relations in South Africa? • Why did you take this particular action? Judgement Statement (Topic Three)


Two correct perspectives on race relations in South Africa in 1950 are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described.

Two correct perspectives on race relations in South Africa in 1950 are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described. AND A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is correctly described for EACH person.

Two correct perspectives on race relations in South Africa in 1950 are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described. AND A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is comprehensively (with detail) described for EACH person.

Evidence may include: JAN SMUTS Note: Due to an error in the exam question caption, which suggests that Smuts was Prime Minister in 1950, students may mistakenly write about Smuts as though he introduced apartheid. Students should not be penalised for this if it is evident that they have responded as though the person they were writing on is “the Prime Minister of South Africa in 1950”.

Opinions and reasons COULD include: Opposed total segregation of the races (apartheid) because: • it would cost too much to implement • it would require much more ‘native reserve land’ • it would restrict the labour market – white farmers, miners, and industrialists needed black labour • the Fagan Report (1948) had stated that total segregation was impractical

Opposes the Broederbond because: it was powerful and could work against the interests of the government it opposed Smuts’ United Party and had thrown its support behind Malan’s National Party feared Afrikaner extremism

Supported the status quo – some segregation because: believed blacks and whites should remain separate but should still be able to work together when necessary

Actions and reasons COULD include: encouraged migration of English speaking whites after the war. Reasons:

– to reinforce links with the British Empire – to import the skills South Africa needed to rebuild

DANIEL MALAN

Opinions and reasons COULD include: Supported the total segregation of the races (apartheid) because: • of the growing ‘black peril’ (‘swart gevaar’) – and resulting ‘national suicide’ for Afrikanerdom • it was necessary for safeguarding the white race • of his belief in baaskapism – white domination • it would allow each race to develop according to its own ways, values and traditions • thought any alternative would ultimately lead to black rule • blacks were taking white jobs, especially in the cities. In 1946, the urban black population exceeded the urban

white population for the first time • it was recommended by the Sauer Report (1947)

NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 8 of 23 Supported and worked closely with the Broederbond because: it promoted Afrikaner domination of South Africa generally Afrikaners were in a lower socio-economic position than English-speaking whites in South African

society Actions and reasons COULD include: Developed the policy of apartheid. Reasons:

– it forced the races to stay separate – it offered the white (especially Afrikaner) electorate a solution to the ‘native question’. – because the United Party’s seeming inaction on race policy had enabled the National Party to turn it into a

vote winner Formed an agreement with the Afrikaner Party for the 1948 election. Reasons:

– to unite Afrikaner interests to defeat the United Party – to avoid vote-splitting by those supporting Afrikaner nationalism

Opposed Ossewa-Brandwag members standing for the National Party in the election. Reasons:

– they were divisive – their actions supporting the Nazis during the war, and promoting republicanism, alienated moderate support

that the Nationalists needed to gain Stopped immigration from Britain after 1948. Reasons:

– to ensure that the balance between English-speaking whites and Afrikaners did not change in favour of the former

Appointed Afrikaners to government positions and positions of influence after the 1948 election victory.

Reasons: – to promote Afrikaners over English-speaking whites

Passed Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949) and Immorality Act (1950). Reasons:

– to preserve the separate identities of the races Passed the Population Registration Act (1950). Reasons:

– needed to categorise / classify the races accurately to implement apartheid policy Passed the Group Areas Act (1950). Reasons:

– required residential segregation for blacks, whites, coloureds, and Asians – made possible the full implementation of apartheid

Passed the Suppression of Communism Act (1950). Reasons:

– included in the definition of ‘communist’ anyone who opposed apartheid. Introduced Act to minimise resistance and opposition to apartheid

Promoted Afrikaner language after 1948. Reasons:

– to strengthen Afrikaner culture A MEMBER OF THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (ANC) Opinions and reasons COULD include: Wanted racial equality because: • it was a matter of justice and equality • blacks were worse off in all social and economic indicators • the migration of blacks to the cities in the 1930s and 1940s had brought the races closer together, so they

needed to be able to co-exist • did not believe in discrimination based on colour • the ANC had supported the war effort

NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 9 of 23 Actions and reasons COULD include: Took part in protest actions (some detail of what / how is required), such as gathering signatures for the ‘one

million signature’ petition Reasons: – to send a strong message of unity to the government and/or gain media coverage

Lobbied both the United and National governments. Reasons:

– thought that change could only come through negotiation Drew up a South African Bill of Rights in 1943. Reasons:

– to provide the basis for racial equality – because of the rhetoric of freedom and self-determination used by Allied leaders later in the war

Established a Youth League in 1943. Reasons:

– to promote black nationalism, and provide a vent for young leaders like Tambo, Sisulu and Mandela Supported the African Mine Workers Union strike in Witwatersrand in 1946. Reasons:

– the wages and conditions for black mine workers were far inferior to those of whites, despite the rising prosperity of the mining industry

Evidence Summary (Topic Three)






NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 10 of 23 Topic Four: International Relations: Origins Of World War II 1919–1941

• What do you believe should happen about the situation in Manchuria? • Why do you think this should happen? • What is one particular action you, or the group you represent, have taken between 1930 and now (1933) to

support your beliefs about the Manchurian situation? • Why did you, or your group, take this particular action?

Judgement Statement (Topic Four)


Two correct perspectives on the Manchurian crisis are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described.

Two correct perspectives on the Manchurian crisis are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described. AND A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is correctly described for EACH person.

Two correct perspectives on the Manchurian crisis are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described. AND A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is comprehensively (with detail) described for EACH person.

Evidence may include: PRESIDENT OF CHINA Opinions and reasons COULD include: The Japanese should withdraw because: • the Japanese invasion was unprovoked • the Japanese had blown up their own South Manchurian railway to provide a pretext for war • it was a challenge to Chinese authority / sovereignty • the Chinese government had been attempting to free China from foreign influence and control over the previous

ten years • it was an economically rich area of China The League should take severe action against Japan because: • it was a clear breach of the League Covenant • China is too weak militarily to resist Japan (due to its own internal troubles) Actions and reasons COULD include: Appealed to the League of Nations for support. Reasons:

– the League was set up to stop clear acts of aggressions such as the Japanese invasion – Article XI of the League Covenant had pledged nations to work together to prevent such aggression

(collective security) A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT Opinions and reasons COULD include: The Japanese should stay because: it is right for Japan to respond to the Chinese aggression of blowing up the Manchurian railway the Chinese were preventing Japanese businesses from developing in northern China to withdraw would represent a loss of face other countries (including the League of Nations) have no right to meddle in this situation – they do not

understand the issues between the two countries

NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 11 of 23 Actions and reasons COULD include: Supported the establishment of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo in Manchuria. Reasons:

– Japanese economic interests would be protected by this – it would give Japan the ability to seize Manchurian assets for their own struggling industries – it would be a step towards growing Japan as an imperialist power – reassert historical Japanese influence in the area

Ignored League requests to withdraw and accept mediation. Reasons:

– they did not recognise the League’s right, through the Lytton Commission, to interfere in this conflict Withdrew from the League in March 1933. Reasons:

– they resented the League’s interference in the issue – they saw the League as an obstacle to Japan’s imperialist ambitions

A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS Opinions and reasons COULD include: The Japanese should withdraw from Manchuria because: it was an unjustified act of aggression against another League member the findings of the Lytton Commission stated that Japan was in the wrong Actions and reasons COULD include: Sent the Lytton Commission to investigate the situation in Manchuria. Reasons:

– to provide information on what happened and why – League members needed more information before they could decide whether the League covenant had been

breached, and, if it had, decide the appropriate course of action – precipitate action would be unwise and could inflame the situation

Condemned the invasion following the Lytton Commission report. Reasons:

– the Lytton Commission found Japan in the wrong Set up opportunities to mediate between the two sides. Reasons:

– there may be a way that the differences could be resolved through mediation (Japan refused to attend) Decided against sanctions or military action. Reasons:

– by late 1932, when the Lytton Commission reported back, Japanese control was well-established and it would have required a major military initiative to move them. League members were unwilling to commit themselves to that. Britain and France were unwilling to commit themselves to war in Asia

– the League’s moral condemnation should provide enough pressure on Japan to withdraw – Japan does not have further military intentions – and it was a very supportive member of the League during

the 1920s Evidence Summary (Topic Four)






NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 12 of 23 Topic Five: Social Change: Women’s Impact On New Zealand Society: Health 1915–1985

• What is your opinion about an important health issue you have been involved with? • Why do you believe this is an important issue? • What is one particular action you have taken between 1915 and now (1963) to support your views about the

health issue? • Why did you take this particular action? Judgement Statement (Topic Five)


Two correct perspectives on important health issues the person was involved with are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described.

Two correct perspectives on important health issues the person was involved with are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described. AND A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is correctly described for EACH person.

Two correct perspectives on important health issues the person was involved with are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described. AND A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is comprehensively (with detail) described for EACH person.

Evidence may include: DR ELIZABETH GUNN Opinions and reasons COULD include: Concern about malnourished and unhealthy children (that she saw when working for the School Medical Service) because: • of poverty and economic hardship • lack of knowledge and understanding about good nutrition • lack of sunshine and physical activity Actions and reasons COULD include: Gained government and community support to fund the establishment of children’s health camps (first

temporary camp in Turakina in 1919, the first permanent camp in Otaki in 1932). Reasons: – a period of wholesome food, sunshine, and physical activity would be provided to make up for what the

children did not receive at home – children who left the health camps had invariably put on weight and were healthier

WHINA COOPER Opinions and reasons COULD include: Māori families had inadequate access to health care because: health institutions were Pākehā orientated and Māori women did not feel comfortable there many Māori in the cities and in rural areas did not know how to access health institutions Actions and reasons COULD include: Accepted the presidency of the Māori Women’s Welfare League (MWWL) in 1951. Reasons:

– this new organisation was run by Māori women and had a chance of making a difference for Māori families, who struggled to access good quality health care and information

– to encourage Māori women to self-help medical access

NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 13 of 23 Organised the Auckland housing survey in the 1950s. Reasons:

– highlighted the health issues resulting from overcrowding in Auckland as it affected recent Māori migrants from the countryside

– provided data to lobby government for more support Introduced health education programmes through the MWWL to Māori women. Reasons:

– encouraged self-help and a blend of Pākehā and Māori ways to meet health needs DR ALICE BUSH Opinions and reasons COULD include: Challenged prevailing conservative attitudes about access to contraception and family planning information because: married women had a right to understand and safely control their fertility unwanted pregnancies caused social and economic distress she wanted to support the social structure of the family. She believed that planned families were happier and

more stable, and her own family was also very important to her Actions and reasons COULD include: Campaigned for improved women’s and children’s health. Reasons:

– the medical establishment was very male-dominated and often women and family concerns were overlooked or were considered low-status

– she believed that medical women had an important role to play in promoting the health of women and children

Was president of the NZ Family Planning Association from 1960–1974. Reasons:

– in the 1960s it was the only group providing information to women about sex, contraception, etc. – she used her position to gain the NZ British Medical Association’s approval for doctors to work in FPA clinics

in 1961, and played a major part in the expansion of the services in the 1960s – she used her position to improve the Department of Health’s and doctors’ perceptions of the FPA and what it

was trying to achieve Worked to improve child health services and promoted the establishment of a children’s hospital. Reasons:

– to raise the status of paediatrics – to improve health care and medical treatment for sick children

Evidence Summary (Topic Five)






NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 14 of 23 Topic Six: Social Change: Black Civil Rights in the USA 1954–1970

• What do you believe should happen about segregation on buses in Montgomery? • Why do you think this should happen? • What is one particular action you, or the organisation you represent, have taken between December 1955 and

now (1956) to support your beliefs about segregation on buses in Montgomery? • Why did you, or your organisation, take this particular action? Judgement Statement (Topic Six)


Two correct perspectives on segregation on buses in Montgomery are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described.

Two correct perspectives on segregation on buses in Montgomery are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described. AND A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is correctly described for EACH person.

Two correct perspectives on segregation on buses in Montgomery are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described. AND A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is comprehensively (with detail) described for EACH person.

Evidence may include: ROSA PARKS Opinions and reasons COULD include: Opposes segregation on buses because: • it is demeaning to blacks • it is unfair Actions and reasons COULD include: Refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger when asked. Reasons:

– she had had enough of the segregationist practice and was not prepared to tolerate more of it – she was very tired and did not think it fair that she should have to stand up

Reported the incident to local civil rights leaders. Reasons:

– she was hoping they might use it to take some sort of protest action – she needed help to get the bail money

Refused to travel on Montgomery’s buses after the boycott began. Reasons:

– she hoped this would force the authorities to change the law – she wanted to support the campaign launched by Dr King and the Montgomery Improvement

Association (MIA) Assisted the NAACP / Women’s Political Council in their Federal Court case against segregation. Reasons:

– felt that supporting the legal approach might be an effective means of forcing change

NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 15 of 23 MARTIN LUTHER KING

Opinions and reasons COULD include: Opposes segregation on buses because: • it is demeaning to blacks • it is unfair • it is against Christian principles • there was not equality and freedom yet for America’s blacks Actions and reasons COULD include: Key role in organising the Montgomery bus boycott. Reasons:

– he believed in non-violent protest strategies – thought it would generate media publicity, which would put pressure on officials and politicians – thought the targeted nature of the action would affect the bus companies where it hurt most – their profits – the boycott was a means to unite and mobilise Montgomery’s black community against oppressive

segregation laws Accepted leadership of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). Reasons:

– asked to by local leaders – believed he had a contribution to make, perhaps because he was a new face in Montgomery

A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MONTGOMERY CITY COUNCIL Opinions and reasons COULD include: Supported segregation on buses because: • it was the ‘Southern way’ • believed whites were superior to blacks • did not believe in integration, because it was best that blacks and whites be mostly separated Actions and reasons COULD include: Refused to compromise with the MIA leaders. Reasons:

– believed King and other black leaders were deliberately stirring or seeking to upset the Southern way of life – the laws must be followed

Ordered / supported police harassment of walkers / car poolers. Ordered that King and 89 other activists be arrested for breaking an old anti-boycott law. Reasons:

– frustrated at the impact the boycott was having on the bus companies and the city generally – did not want to be seen as being soft on the protesters

Took the city’s right to enforce its own transport laws to the Supreme Court. Reasons:

– because a federal court ruled in favour of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) who had claimed transport segregation was unconstitutional

– believed that it was the state’s right – as expressed in the Constitution – to have full control over its transport laws

Evidence Summary (Topic Six)






NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 16 of 23 Topic Seven: Conflict: Ireland 1909–1922

• What do you believe should happen about Home Rule in Ireland? • Why do you believe this should happen? • What is one particular action you, or your organisation, have taken between 1909 and now (mid-1914) in

relation to Home Rule? • Why did you, or your organisation, take this particular action? Judgement Statement (Topic Seven)


Two correct perspectives about Home Rule in Ireland are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described.

Two correct perspectives about Home Rule in Ireland are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described. AND A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is correctly described for EACH person.

Two correct perspectives about Home Rule in Ireland are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described. AND A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is comprehensively (with detail) described for EACH person.

Evidence may include: JOHN REDMOND, LEADER OF THE IRISH PARLIAMENTARY (NATIONALIST) PARTY Opinions and reasons COULD include: Supported Home Rule involving a united Irish nation running its own internal affairs while remaining loyal to the British Crown because: • since being conquered in the 17th century, the Gaelic Irish had suffered persecution and exploitation by the

English: – political (since 1800 Ireland had been ruled directly from England) – religious (English Protestant and Catholic Irish) – economic (Irish tended to be landless and poor, England controlled Irish trade, memories of potato famine,

paid high rents to – often absentee – English landlords) – human rights (Irish had fewer legal rights than English, and opposition to English Crown and rule was

forbidden and strongly crushed) • the Irish made up the majority of the population (approximately 80%) and so should be able to rule themselves Home Rule should come through constitutional processes, not open rebellion because: • Redmond had established good relationships with Liberal MPs in the British Parliament and gained their support

for the Third Home Rule Bill Partition of Ulster is acceptable to achieve Home Rule for most of Ireland (from early 1914) because: • Redmond realised that this concession was necessary in order to maintain the support of Prime Minister Asquith

and the King – both were putting him under immense pressure • initially only accepted partition for 10 years and only for Ulster counties voluntarily opting out of Home Rule. But,

following a conference convened by the King in the middle of the year, he accepted partition could be permanent in order to get Home Rule now

• from 30 July, he accepted the compromise, including postponing the implementation of the Home Rule Act in the interests of national unity because of the looming war

Irish should support Britain’s war effort (Irish Volunteers should join the British Army) because: • this would prove Irish loyalty and guarantee the implementation of the Home Rule Act after the war • Redmond still wanted a self-governing Ireland to be part of the British Empire

NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 17 of 23 Actions and reasons COULD include: Used influence in Westminster to ensure introduction of the Third Home Rule Bill and/or supported a bill to

reduce the House of Lords power of veto Reasons: – this was the cost of supporting Liberal Prime Minister Asquith, and thereby ensuring Asquith’s majority in the

British parliament. In 1914 changed his mind and accepted removal of Ulster from Third Home Rule Bill. Reasons: (see above) EDWARD CARSON, LEADER OF ULSTER UNIONIST PARTY Opinions and reasons COULD include: Opposed Third Home Rule Bill because: most Unionists were Protestants and descendants of English and Scottish settlers. They wanted to remain part

of Britain because they felt they had more in common with the British than with the Gaelic Catholic Irish in the South

they did not want the Catholic Church to control their affairs, which they feared would happen under Home Rule. ‘Home Rule means Rome Rule’

Home Rule would threaten Ulster’s stronger economic position and standard of living believed Home Rule would result in disorder and lawlessness. The Irish would not be capable of running strong

government without Britain, so Ireland would be weakened and face ongoing civil conflict and war Accepted Home Rule in return for partition of Ulster because: knew he wouldn’t be able to stop Home Rule altogether would enable Protestants to maintain political and economic power in the north Actions and reasons COULD include: Worked closely with the English Conservative Party. Reasons:

– the Conservatives were a major party in the British parliament and opposed Home Rule. Gave the Ulster Unionist Party greater influence in the parliament

The Unionists organised the Solemn League and Covenant in 1912. This affirmed that Unionists refused to

accept Home Rule, were loyal to the Crown and would actively resist it. Reasons: – to register opposition to the Third Home Rule Bill introduced to Parliament earlier in the year – huge symbolic and ceremonial significance attached to it – eg on 28 September, shipyards and factories in

Belfast were closed to enable it to be signed in a formal ceremony Unionists set up a private army to resist Home Rule known as the Ulster Volunteers. They undertook training

exercises and smuggled arms. Reasons: – to oppose the introduction of Home Rule by force

Unionists fully supported the war effort (forming the 36th (Ulster) Division) and actively encouraged enlistment.

Reasons: – to prove their loyalty to Britain and make it awkward for a British government after the war to cut them off from

Britain EION MACNEILL, LEADER OF THE IRISH VOLUNTEERS Opinions and reasons COULD include: Supported Home Rule because: • since being conquered in the 17th century the Gaelic Irish had suffered persecution and exploitation by the

English: – political (since 1800 Ireland had been ruled directly from England) – religious (English Protestant and Catholic Irish) – economic (Irish tended to be landless and poor, England controlled Irish trade, memories of potato famine,

paid high rents to – often absentee – English landlords) – human rights (Irish had fewer legal rights than English, and opposition to English Crown and rule was

forbidden and strongly crushed) • the Irish made up the majority of the population (approximately 80%) and so should be able to rule themselves

NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 18 of 23 Believed that the Ulster Volunteers should be countered because: the Ulster Volunteers were gaining in influence and threatening the implementation of Home Rule the Ulster Volunteers were threatening to take up arms to prevent Home Rule Opposed Irish supporting the British war effort because: the priority for Ireland was immediate Home Rule the war had nothing to do with Ireland Actions and reasons COULD include: Formed the Irish Volunteers (later led by Redmond). Reasons:

– to counter the influence of the Ulster Volunteers fighting Home Rule – to have a group ready to take action should the Ulster Volunteers resort to armed resistance to block Home

Rule – to provide ‘defence not defiance’ – to ensure the Home Rule Bill became law

Promoted the illegal smuggling of arms along the Irish coast (eg Howth). Reasons:

– the Ulster Volunteers were doing the same and the Irish Volunteers needed to respond to that threat Broke away from the Irish Volunteers led by Redmond (now known as the National Volunteers) to form a new

group retaining the name Irish Volunteers. Reasons: – thought Redmond’s group had become a mouthpiece for British government policy – thought an armed pro-Home Rule group was necessary to ensure Britain carried out Home Rule after the war

Evidence Statement (Topic Seven)






NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 19 of 23 Topic Eight: Conflict: Palestine–Israel 1935–1967 • What do you believe should happen about the Palestinian refugee problem? • Why do you think this should happen? • What is one particular action you, or your organisation, have taken between 1950 and now (1967) in relation to

the Palestinian refugee problem? • Why did you, or your organisation, take this particular action? Judgement Statement (Topic Eight)


Two correct perspectives on the Palestinian refugee problem are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described.

Two correct perspectives on the Palestinian refugee problem are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described. AND A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is correctly described for EACH person.

Two correct perspectives on the Palestinian refugee problem are correctly described. AND Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described. AND A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is comprehensively (with detail) described for EACH person.

Evidence may include: MEMBER OF AL-FATAH (PALESTINIAN NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENT) Opinions and reasons COULD include: The refugees should be allowed to return to their homes and paid compensation / not be resettled into Arab states because: • the Palestinian refugees have been wrongly removed and prevented from returning to their homeland in

Palestine–Israel since 1948 • United Nations Resolution 194 of December 1948 called for the return of Palestinian refugees to their homes

and compensation for those choosing not to return to live in the new state of Israel • they did not recognise the state of Israel as having a right to exist • if absorbed into Arab states it would weaken their claim for a right of return • resettlement into Arab states would release Israel from its responsibility to allow the refugees to return to their

homes (United Nations Resolution 194) Actions and reasons COULD include: Worked / lobbied / educated Palestinians within the camp. Reasons:

– develop Palestinian nationalist feeling – to give a sense of hope to the refugees / to keep the dream of returning home alive – to build a Palestinian resistance movement – avoid being lead and driven by the interests of Arab states such

as Egypt Trained guerrillas to launch border raids on Israel. Reasons:

– frustration at poor conditions in camps, which are the fault of Israel – to continue to reinforce the idea that Palestine will be reclaimed, by armed force if necessary – to prepare for war with Israel – to continue to wear down Israel – to raise Fatah prestige in the Arab world and the refugee camps – it was receiving practical support from Syria

NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 20 of 23 REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ISRAELI GOVERNMENT Opinions and reasons COULD include: The Arab states can solve the problem of the Palestinian refugees – it is not Israel’s problem because: the land was needed for Israeli settlement and economic survival (50% of Israeli territory in 1949 was

abandoned Palestinian land) Israel cannot afford to provide for the hundreds of thousands of poor, un- or low-skilled Palestinian refugees

within its own borders the Palestinians represented a security threat to Israel as long as the neighbouring Arab states were pledged to

annihilate Israel the Arab leaders, not the new Israeli government, encouraged the Palestinians to flee in 1948; therefore, it is an

Arab problem, not an Israeli one Israel has managed to solve its refugee problem since 1967, so why should the Arabs not be able to sort out

theirs Actions and reasons COULD include: Refused Palestinian refugees permission to return to their homeland. Reasons:

– (see above) Insisted camps were well away from Israel’s borders. Reasons:

– Palestinians represented a security risk to Israel Retaliatory raids following Fatah raids on Israel. Reasons:

– to deter continuing raids – to reassure Israeli people that the military can defend its people – revenge attacks – to undermine Arab confidence in their own armed forces

A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND WORKS ADMINISTRATION (UNRWA) Opinions and reasons COULD include: The Palestinian refugees need the support of the international community / needed to be helped to resettle in Arab states because: many refugees were struggling to survive and had miserable lives in the camps they had little prospect of advancement in the camps and countries they were located in there has been another huge increase in the number of Palestinian refugees since the Six Days’ War earlier in

the year when Israel claimed the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank, and the Golan Heights. (note that the UNRWA is forbidden by its charter to become politically involved in the conflict) Actions and reasons COULD include: Provided food, shelter and medical aid to Palestinian refugees. Later extended to education, training, irrigation

and land development projects etc. Reasons: – many refugees were struggling to survive – the United Nations recognised that it was in part responsible for the refugee problem, so felt an obligation to

provide practical material support for refugees in the camps – other countries (excluding Jordan) refused to absorb the Palestinians, and many Palestinians refused to

become citizens of the state where they lived, as that would imply that the state of Israel was permanent – there had been a huge increase in refugees since the Six Days’ War

Evidence Statement (Topic Eight)


The answer reflects some applicable features of a response given to a researcher in late 1967.

The answer reflects consistent features of responses given to a researcher in late 1967.

The answer is consistent and authentic to responses given to a researcher in late 1967.


NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 21 of 23 Topic Nine: Tangata and Whenua: Effect of Population Movement on Māori Society 1946–1998

• What effect do you believe the movement of Māori people from rural to urban areas since 1946 has had on Māori language and culture?

• Why do you believe this? • What is one particular action you have taken in relation to the teaching of the Māori language and culture? • Why did you take this particular action? Judgement Statement (Topic Nine)


Two correct perspectives on the effect the move of Māori people from rural areas to urban areas since 1946 had on the Māori language and culture are correctly described.

AND

Two appropriate actions (one for each of the two people chosen) are correctly described.


AND


AND

A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is correctly described for EACH person.


AND


AND

A reason for BOTH a perspective AND the particular action is comprehensively (with detail) described for EACH person.

Evidence may include: JACK HUNN Opinions and reasons COULD include: • the shift of Māori to use English instead of Māori was understandable and inevitable with urbanisation • the best thing for Māori was to integrate with Pākehā, but integration did not appear to be working for Māori • Māori needed to learn to fit in with ‘European’ society • in order to function in society, Māori needed to be employed – to do this they needed an education that

prepared them for employment because: • statistics showed Māori were in a bad situation (overcrowding, health, education, employment, crime) • Māori had left their ‘rural world’ and moved to the ‘European world’ choosing to abandon their culture and beliefs • Māori were not utilising their land to its full potential and were better off moving to the cities. Actions and reasons COULD include: Wrote a high level government report. Reason:

– Having initially been instructed to provide the Minister of Māori Affairs with a report on the state of Māori resources, he chose to include human resources as well as physical resources in his focus. He did this because he himself did not know much about Māori.

Advised the government to support Māori development through the allocation of resources and provision of special programmes. Reason: – Māori were in a poor state of health and employment. He felt the government should support Māori. He also

believed Māori had a positive contribution to make to society. Helped establish the Māori Education Foundation. Reason:

– He believed a large investment in Māori Education was necessary and that all New Zealanders, including Māori, could contribute to the Foundation.

Helped develop the New Zealand Māori Council. Reason: – He believed that government needed representative advice from Māori. The Māori Women’s’ Welfare League

had been established for 10 years and was predominantly run by women. The New Zealand Māori Council would draw on leading elders and district representation of rural and urban Māori.

NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 22 of 23 IRITANA TÄWHIWHIRANGI Opinions and reasons COULD include: • urbanisation had had a negative effect on the Māori language and culture • the Māori language is the key to Māori identity – urbanisation had facilitated the loss of Māori identity • the Māori language and culture are a key to the future of Māori development • Māori need to harness the language of the surviving native speakers in 1981 because: • statistics relating to the Māori language and culture in 1979 showed the language was in grave danger • statistics relating to Māori were appalling; the Māori situation in 1981 had not improved since the Hunn report in

1961. Actions and reasons COULD include: • Supported the Tū Tangata programme of the late 1970s and early 1980s which set up centres around the

country to focus on the positive aspects of being Māori Reason: – she strongly believed that by assisting alienated and disenfranchised Māori to be linked to their cultural

identity Māori would overcome many of their problems. • She facilitated the exponential growth in kōhanga reo Māori language nests where older native speakers of the

Māori language passed the language on to young children in a total immersion environment. Reason: – international research showed that early immersion of young children in threatened languages could save

dying languages; Māori elders did not want their language to die. 20 YEAR-OLD MĀORI STUDENT By 1992 there were several options available for Māori students. Candidate needs to identify the kind of programme the student was enrolled in. The principal options for schooling in the 1990s were (a) a mainstream education programme or (b) a bilingual education programme with a mix of Māori and English Option (a): Student in a mainstream English language education with minimal exposure to the Māori language and culture: Opinions and reasons COULD include: • urbanisation helped the family to move out of a poor socio-economic environment • urbanisation did not really affect the Māori language and culture because programmes were established to help

Māori learn the language and culture • the role of the Māori language and culture may not be important for him or her so it is not something about

which she/he will have an opinion • it is sad that the Māori language and culture are not taught in all schools • Māori in these kinds of schools are still Māori even if they do not speak the language or know much about the

culture because: • many Māori choose to enrol their children in this kind of programme. They want their children to do well and

believe that learning how to function in the Pākehā world is as important if not more important than the Māori language and culture

• Māori can make choices about the kind of education for their children • there are many aspects to being Māori, and the language and culture are not necessarily as important as

carrying out Māori activities like hāngi making, supporting the marae, being with whānau. Actions: • did the best she/he could at school. If she/he did well would have gone on to pursue higher education. If didn’t

do well would have tried to get a job and do the best she/he could • may have resented being Māori especially in the later 1990s when Māori radicalism became more prominent • may have felt a sense of loss of language and culture as she/he got older and decided that his/her own children

would perhaps attend a different model of education that included more Māori. Reasons: • this student may not identify strongly with the Māori world and is alienated from their Māori heritage • assimilates values of mainstream • this student may be confident in his/her Māori identity and may not view school as the place to nurture his/her

taha Māori • Māori radicals give Māori a bad name • the sense of loss is a prominent feature in ethnic minorities and ethnic people’s lives.

NCEA Level 1 History (90212) 2005 — page 23 of 23 Option (b): Student in a bilingual education programme with a mix of Māori and English: Opinions and reasons COULD include: • very happy to have had access to both Māori and English • higher education and employment are important because: • research shows that cultural identity is a key to self-esteem, which in turn is a key to learning and successful

educational outcomes • improvement shown in Māori education where language and culture are a feature. Actions: • enjoyed school • pursues higher education and employment • extols a positive attitude about Māori. Reasons: • assimilates values of environment • feels connected to both English and Māori. Evidence Summary (Topic Nine)


The answer reflects some applicable features of a response given to a researcher in 1996 exploring the effect that the movement of Māori from rural areas to the cities since 1946 had on the Māori language and culture.

The answer reflects consistent features of responses given to a researcher in 1996 exploring the effect that the movement of Māori from rural areas to the cities since 1946 had on the Māori language and culture.

The answer is consistent and authentic to responses given to a researcher in 1996 exploring the effect that the movement of Māori from rural areas to the cities since 1946 had on the Māori language and culture.


Documents

Assessment Schedule – 2005 History: Examine the