Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summarymoh.gov.eg/pdf/esiaf_exscutivesummary_assuotsohag_english.pdf · includes a review of environmental and social international standards

Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summary

ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain E-1

Executive Summary

The World Bank (WB) supports the sanitation sector in Egypt as part of its diversified

portfolio for Egypt to achieve social development, economic growth and

environmental protection. Among these positive interventions, the WB the new

Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project (ISSIP 2). The main

objectives of this project is to provide the targeted population in four Governorates,

two is Upper Egypt (Assiut and Sohag) and two in Lower Egypt (Menofeya and

Sharkeya) with sanitation services and facilities.

In this regard The Holding Company for Water & Wastewater (HCWW) affiliated to

the Egyptian Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development (MHUUD)

launched two tenders in September, 2010 to qualified consultancy firms, each of these

two tenders concern two sets of governorates, one set for Assiut and Sohag

Governorates and the other set for Menofeya and Sharkeya Governorate. These

tenders concern the preparation of, an Environmental & Social Impact Assessment

Framework Study (ESIAF) and a Feasibility Study (FS) for these Governorates.

In October, 2010, the Consortium of ALDAR, Consulting Engineers / CH2M HILL,

Spain led by ALDAR, Consulting Engineers were awarded the contract for preparing

the ESAF study for Assiut and Sohag Governorates, which is the subject of this

report.

The goal of this study in to prepare an environmental and social impact assessment

framework on the sanitation sector at both Assiut and Sohag Governorates to cater for

the implementation of this sanitation developmental project in an environmentally and

socially friendly manner. Accordingly this ESIAF study includes chapters on

legislation framework, project description, environmental and social baseline,

description of methodology and identification of impacts, impact assessment and

mitigation measures proposed, Environmental and Social Management and

Monitoring Framework, Analysis of Alternatives, public hearings activities and

conclusion.

Chapter 1, of this report gives a general background and describes the components of

this study.

Chapter 2, presents a review of the Egyptian legislation and standards governing

wastewater collection, transportation, treatment and final disposal and reuse. It also

includes a review of environmental and social international standards and guidelines

that are recommended to be followed and/or used as reference in all phases of the

project lifecycle.

the Contractor/s who will be awarded the ISSIP 2 project in both Assiut and Sohag

Governorates ESIA approval process will be obliged to prepare a full ESIA that

complies to the terms of Law 4/1994 and its Executive regulations 338/1995 and to

specific Egyptian prevailing environmental laws which are:



General laws:

- Law 4/1994 concerning the environment that covers all aspects of land, water

and soil protection and it’s Executive Regulations (ERs) No. 338/1995. Some

articles of Law 4/1994 have been recently updated through Law 9/2009 issued

in March, 2009.The Executive Regulations No. 338/1995 have been updated

by the Prime Minister's Decree No. 1741/2005 issued in October, 2005.

Water quality laws:

- Egyptian Code 501/2005 for reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture.

- Ministry of Health & Population Decree No. 458/2007 concerning the quality

of drinking water.

- Law 93/1962 concerning disposal of wastewater into sewer systems, Articles

7, 8, 9, 14 and 18.Executive regulations for Law 93/1962 amended by

Ministerial Decree 44/2000 concerning the criteria for treated wastewater

licensed to be reused for agricultural purposes and Decree 171/2005.

- Law 48/1982 concerning the protection of water bodies from pollution.

- Ministerial Decree No. 8/1983 - on Law 48/1984 - concerning the protection

of water bodies from pollution.

- Law 12/1984 concerning the protection of groundwater.

Air quality laws:

- Article 34 and Annex 5 of the ERs 385/1995 provide the maximum allowable

limits for ambient air pollutants.

- Article 36 and Annex 6 of the ERs 385/1995 provide the maximum allowable

limits from exhaust gases from different industries.

- Annex 9 of the ERs 385/1995 provides the air temperature limits in

workplaces.

- Article 40 of Law 4/1994 and Article 42 of its ERs provide the maximum

allowable limits for the concentrations of pollutants resulting from fuel

burning.

- Articles 34, 35 and 36 of Law 4/1994 cover the air emissions from different

establishments.

- Article 45 of Law 4/1994 and Annex 8 of the ERs 385/1995 provide the

maximum limits for the atmospheric pollutants in workplaces.

- Decree No. 470/1971 concerning norms of atmospheric pollutants.

Noise pollution laws:

- Law 4/1994, Article 42 obliges individuals and entities to comply with the

ERs 385/1995 limits for sound intensities.

- ERs 385/1995, Article 44 and Annex 7 provide the maximum allowable limits

for sound intensity and related permissible periods of exposure in hours per

day.

Solid and hazardous waste laws:



- ERs 385/1995, Articles 25, 28, 31 and 33 concern handling of hazardous

wastes.

- ERs 385/1995, Article 38 concerns handling of both domestic and hazardous

wastes.

- ERs 385/1995, Article 39 and 41 are related to domestic and construction

wastes.

- Law 4/1994, Articles 29, 30 and 37(2). These articles concern handling of

hazardous wastes.

- Law 31/1976 amending Law 38/1967. This law concerns municipal solid

wastes.

- Law 38/1967 concerning solid waste management. This law concerns

municipal solid wastes.

Protected areas laws:

- Law 102/1983 concerning protected areas.

Urban development laws:

- Law 19/2008 governs all urban development and building works in urban

areas, and pertains to planning and urban development, craft and industrial

zones.

- The Executive Regulations of Law #119 of 2008 issued by the Minister of

Housing, Utilities and Urban Development, by Decree No. 144 of 2009 and

are set to control urban development and industrial areas within urban

cordons.

- Law 17/1983 concerning the protection of cultural heritage.

- The Unified Building Law No. 119 / 2008 and its Executive Regulations

No.144/2009, which is issued by a decree of the Minister of Housing, Utilities

and Urban Development. This law is issued to control all works related to

urban development, organization of construction works and conservation of

real estate.

Energy aspects laws:

- Ministry of Electricity Decree no. 325/2007 governs electromagnetic

compatibility with respect to the placing of equipment and fixed installations

on the market and putting them into service.

Social aspects laws:

- Labor Law No. 12 of the year 2003. This law comprises 257 articles that

address all the legal aspects regulating the Egyptian labor market. The new

law aims at increasing the private sector involvement and at the same time

striking a balance between employees' and employers' rights.

- Law No 94 of 2003 on establishing the National Council for Human Rights.

The National Council of Human Rights was established on June 19, 2003 by

law no.94 for the year 2003. The first article of the law states the

establishment of a council called The National Council of Human Rights



subsidiary to the Shoura Council aiming at promoting and developing human

rights, consolidating their values, spreading awareness of these rights and

ensuring their practice.

- Law No. 84 of the year 2002 on Non-Governmental Organizations. This law

allows greater recognition of civil society than any previous law.

- Ministerial (Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs) Decree No. 10 of

2002 on Establishing a Gender Unit in EEAA. The Decree was issued on

establishing Gender Unit in EEAA targeting raising the environmental

awareness of females and enforcing their role (through NGOs, etc.) in the

society for supporting environmental protection issues.

- Presidential Decree No. 90 of year 2000 on Establishing the National Council

for Women. The decree was issued on the establishment of the National

Council for Women. The Council establishes 11 committees in order to carry

out its functions as stipulated in Article Three. Among those is the

Environment Committee (Article 5). The committee is aiming at increasing the

role of women, especially young women and girls in the protection of

environment. Also, strengthening and enhance the role of women in support of

sustainable .development.

- Law No. 137 of the year 1981 on labor. This law, issued by the Ministry of

Manpower and Immigration, controls work place safety and environment.

- Egyptian Constitution and its amendment of year 1980. The constitution is a

set of principles that governs the states’ authorities, sets out the rights of both

the governors and the governed, acts as a summary of the external and internal

operations and affairs in the State.

Among the various WB environmental and social policy safeguards, there are three

safeguards are relevant the Project which are:

- OP 4.01: Environmental Assessment

This Project has been classifies under category B in accordance with the WB

Operational Policy on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). This ESIAF

Study considers all the requirements of OP 4.01 for preparing the related

Environmental & Social Management & Monitoring plan (ESMMP).

- OP 4.11: Physical Cultural Resources

All cultural and archaeological considerations is tackled in this ESIAF study.

However another detailed ESIA is recommended to be conducted in a later

stage to ensure the utmost protection of current and future archaeological sites

when choosing the exact locations of the Project facilities.

- OP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement

The issues of involuntary resettlement will be covered in the ESIAF study in

the attached Resettlement Policy Framework (RFP).

Other international regulations that can be used as useful guidelines and reference

material during the construction and operation phases of the Project are:



- United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (UNFAO) recommended

irrigation guidelines: "Water quality for agriculture, R.S. Ayers and D.W.

Westcot, 29 Rev. 1, Reprinted 1989, 1994" (revision of 1976 paper). This

paper provides guidance to farm and project managers, consultants and

engineers in evaluating and identifying potential problems related to water

quality. It discusses possible restrictions on the use of the water and presents

management options which may assist in farm or project management,

planning and operation.

- World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for ambient air quality: “Air

Quality Guidelines Global Update, 2005”. These WHO air quality guidelines

are designed to offer guidance in reducing the health impacts of air pollution.

First produced in 1987 and updated in 1997, these guidelines are based on

expert evaluation of current scientific evidence. The new information included

in this latest update of the air quality guidelines of 2005 relate to four common

air pollutants: particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

and sulphur dioxide (SO2). The scope of this review reflects the availability of

new evidence on the health effects of these pollutants and their relative

importance with regard to current and future health effects of air pollution in

each of the WHO regions.

- World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater,

Excreta and Grey Water, Volume 2, Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture, 2006.

These guidelines provide information on the assessment and management of

risks associated with microbial hazards and toxic chemicals. They explain

requirements to promote the safe use of wastewater in agriculture, including

minimum procedures and specific health-based targets, how those

requirements are intended to be used and how to ensure microbial safety.

- Transposing Directive no. 2004/108/EC of the European Parliament and of the

Council of 15 December, on the approximation of the laws of the Member

States relating to electromagnetic compatibility and repealing Directive

89/336/CEE, into national legislations.

Chapter 3, gives a detailed description of the existing status of the sanitation sector at

both Governorates, project components and budget with an explanation of project

phases and details.

The ISSIP-2 deal with two governorates which are Assiut and Sohag. The project area

include five clusters covering a total of twenty four villages in the Assiut governorate

and six clusters covering a total of twenty three villages in the Sohag governorate.

The following table shows the clusters and districts that will be served by the ISSIP-2

project and therefore are part of the “Project Area”.

Table 1: Summary of the clusters and districts



Governorate Districts Clusters Villages

Assiut

Sadfa

AS-SA

Al Shnaysha, El Barba, Koum Asfaht, Koum Abu

Hager, El Dowayer, El Etefi

Dieroot AS-DI

El Hawta Elsharkyia, Msarah, Koum Boha Bahary,

Kasr Hedar, Nazlet Belal, Al Mandarah Bahary,

Ezbet El Magarbah and Mazyanah

Al Qousia AS-QO Hasan Abdel Rehiem, Nagaa Mehanaa Gomaa, Der

El Quoser and Nagaa Khedr

El Ghnayem AS-GH El Azaizah, Awlad Mohammed and El Amry

El Badary AS-BA Wadi El Sheik, El Nawawrah and El Atamnah

Sohag

Gerga SO-GE

El Mahsnah, Bet Khallaf, Bet El khrebi, Bet

Dawoud, Bani Aiesh, Nagea El Ghoubashi, El

Awamer Bahari, El Awamer Qebli, El Khalayfa and

El Quraan.

El Belina SO-BE El Halafy, El Ghenemia and El Samata

Sohag SO-SO Damno , El Mazalwa and El Mahamda El Baharia

Tama SO-TAM El Qaria Beldower, Oum Dohma and El Halafi

Tahta SO –TAH El Safiha, El Sheik Rahouma, Nazlet Omarah and

Hager Mashta

Assiut governorate has a total gross area of 25,926 km², Minya governorate is located

north to it, and to the east lies Red Sea governorate, and to the west lies New Valley

governorate and to the south Sohag governorate.

The Sohag governorate has a total gross area of 11,022 km², Assiut governorate lies

north of it, and to the east lies Red Sea governorate, and to the west lies New Valley

governorate and to the south lies Qena governorate.

The existing sanitation system in all villages in both governorates; Assiut and Sohag

relies on cesspools (Tranches) for households and septic tanks for governmental

buildings, which evacuated by tankers and disposed to any nearby drains. The

disposed wastewater may be discharge to the desert in case of nearby villages.

Another practice is to be discharged to existing nearby sewerage network.

The construction of cesspools allows infiltration of wastewater to the surrounding to

minimize the high cost of evacuation produce, this practice increases the underground

water table level and cause direct pollution to it. The main source of drinking water in

villages that make part of the ISSIP-2 project is groundwater wells in houses, the

depth of wells ranges between 10-15 meter and in underground water plants ranges



between 55-110 meter, in which may cause mixing between drinking water and

wastewater especially in case of existing house well and pump.

In Sohag governorate, surface water treatment plants cover the water demand of most

inhabitants through the governorate. However, in the case of the villages that make

part of the ISSIP-2 project, drinking water is mainly supplied by underground water

plants due to the high cost of transmission lines and connection to the surface water

treatment plants.

In Assiut governorate the villages that make part of the ISSIP-2 project, drinking

water is mainly supplied by underground water plants due to the high cost of

construction of surface water treatment plants, and the phases of budget and

constructions will take long time.

Few of Assiut and Sohag villages within the study is served by a full sewerage system

comprises network, pump station and force main to the existing wastewater treatment

plants. The treated wastewater is discharged to a drain or in wooden forest.

Five wastewater treatment plants are within the five studied districts of the

governorate of Sohag. Two of them under preliminary hand over in districts; El Belina

and Tama and the others are operational.

There are four existing wastewater treatment plants within the studied districts of the

governorate of Assiut. The one located in the district of Al Qousia is the only

operational and the others are still under construction.

The main objective of the project is to develop the sanitation sector at both Assiut and

Sohag Governorates. The current lack of adequate sanitation facilities and solid waste

management tools has been the cause of pollution problems as polluting agricultural

canals and drains in addition to deterioration of qualify of life due to polluting land

and health hazards from waterborne diseases and others. Therefore, Holding

Company for Water and Wastewater identified the areas in which the project should

be implemented for several reasons among which are:

- Providing adequate measures for sanitation in villages that a re not

i nc luded in current national plans for this purpose.

- Enhancing water quality in water canals and drains that were

identified as hot spots according to previous analysis of water quality

in these streams.

The outcomes of this project will be measured, through the reduction in pollution

loads to the receiving water bodies (indicators are ambient faecal coliform and BOD

in addition to dissolved oxygen and ammonia in selected canals) and improvement in

environmental health and hygiene conditions in villages (indicators are reduced

sewage ponds and hygiene evaluation procedures). In accordance to the requirements

of the Egyptian Code, the permissible limits to be maintained are as defined by the

Egyptian low 48/1982 that concerns discharging to water bodies.



The villages studied were selected according to their population density and the

possible high ground water level and its pollution. Also, location with respect to

watercourse, were identified to test pollution loadings. Beneficiaries of the project at

target year are expected to be 1.1 million for both governorates.

Applied types of sanitation systems can be identified as centralized systems,

decentralized systems and Community Based Approach (CBA). The centralized

systems shall serve a group of villages in a cluster. Villages isolated within urban

boundaries shall be served by decentralized systems.

The CBA has an additional limitation such as the population limit of not exceeding

5000 capita also, villages must maintain a probable working Community

Development Association (CDA), and people to donate land for wastewater treatment

plant and pump stations.

Two villages in Assiut governorate will applying decentralized systems and the other

shall be served by centralized systems.

The project component comprises house connections, sewerage network and pump

stations which convey the sewage flow to the wastewater treatment plant.

First concept of the Project to be undertaken into consideration, is that a total of about

75 million US dollars are the upper limit of costs of each governorate in two stages,

where, the first stage is only 20% of the total budget allocated (about 15 million US$).

In priority ranking of these villages, certain criteria will be applied:

- Not to exceed the above budget limit in both stages in each governorates.

- Serve as maximum number of villages as possible to increase number of

people served of the project.

- Village with higher pollution threat is highly ranked mainly; higher

underground water table, highly dense population…etc.

- Maximize usage of existing facilities such as treatment plants, pumping

stations and networks to minimize overall cost and increase served population.

- Focusing as villages up streams of existing potable water treatment plants, to

secure more unpolluted areas.

- Increase opportunities of lifting drain and canal water quality.

The following two tables (2 & 3) illustrate the phasing 1 and 2 of the projects as

identified by the technical feasibility study.



Table 2: Interventions for project phasing 1 for both Sohag and Assiut Governorates

Total Assiut Sohag Command Area

409,863 218,534 191,329 Population 2030

605,517 323,199 282,318 Population 2050

582,557 300,239 282,318 Population covered by centralized system

22,960 22,960 ----- Population covered by decentralized system

86507 46173 40334 No. of connections

366 194.5 171 Length Of Gravity Network (Km)

31 15 16 No. Of PS

114 57.5 56 Length Of Transmission Lines (Km)

5 4 1 No. Of WWTP

64297 34340 29957 Total Capacity Of Discharge 2050 (m³/d)

Table 3: Interventions for project phasing 2 for both Sohag and Assiut Governorates

Total Assiut Sohag Command Area

304,136 134,876 169,260 Population 2030

448,633 199,049 249,584 Population 2050

448,633 199,049 249,584 Population covered by centralized system

------ ------ ------ Population covered by decentralized system

64,098 28437 35661 No. of connections

253 117.3 136 Length Of Gravity Network (Km)

25 12 13 No. Of PS

82 31 51.15 Length Of Transmission Lines (Km)

1 1 0 No. Of WWTP

47,585 21135 26450 Total Capacity Of Discharge 2050 (m³/d)

The total cost of facilities provided by ISSIP-2 for the two governorates; Sohag and

Assiut is estimated to be about 290,139,052 US $, divided as 104,582,586 US $ for

Sohag governorate and 185,556,466 US $ for Assiut governorate. However, the yearly

cost for Operation and Maintenance (O&M) is estimated as 5,826,414 US $ for Sohag

governorate and as 5,720,690 US $ for Assiut governorate.

Chapter 3 also includes a description of the construction phase of the project in view

of centralized systems that concerns the construction of house connections, collection



systems, pumping stations, force mains, crossing works and so the construction of the

wastewater treatment plants.

This chapter also describes the construction phase of the project in terms of

decentralized systems as, collection systems, pumping stations and rising mains, and

of the wastewater treatment plants.

Another description is made to the operation phase of the project in view of operation

of centralized systems concerning the collection systems and rising mains, pumping

stations, and so the operation of the wastewater treatment plants.

Chapter 4, covers the description of the environmental and social baseline, that

includes: the physical environment (geology and geomorphology, hydrogeology and

hydrology, air quality profile, acoustic environment), ecological environment

(terrestrial ecology, aquatic ecology), an urban perspective, a social perspective

(population, migration, labor force and unemployment, education, health, social

affairs, agriculture, housing, access to electricity, Access to potable water, access to

sanitation, social concerns, and so Sensitivity of environmental parameters.

Both Assiut and Sohag governorates have a dry weather in winter and a hot dry

weather in summer, with very low probability of rain except for few storms in winter

which happens rarely.

Both Governorates are served by a network of canals and drains that are connected to

the River Nile, which passes through Assiut and Sohag Governorates for hundreds of

kilometers heading north to other governorates and eventually to the Mediterranean

Sea. The groundwater aquifers in the Project area are Elrobaay and Eocene aquifers

which are used mainly to irrigate new reclaimed lands at these Governorates.

Canals and drains in Assiut and Sohag are contaminated with pollutants from direct

disposal of untreated sewage in some areas, agricultural drainage waters that contain

massive concentrations of pesticides and fertilizers, in addition to industrial effluents

that contains organic, non organic and heavy metals in addition to dead animals,

garbage and domestic wastewater.

Groundwater is considered a major source for potable water at the two Governorates,

and it is controlled following the standards established by the Ministerial Decree No.

458/2007 of the Ministry of Health (MoH). In most cases groundwater is not

chlorinated except when proven partially contaminated by the routine inspections of

the MoH inspectors. Groundwater at both Governorates suffer from high

concentrations of Phosphate, Ammonia in addition to heavy metals as iron,

manganese, copper, zinc and other pollutants from fertilizers and pesticides which

find its way to groundwater as well as to surface water bodies in violation to Law

48/1982.

Bacteriological contamination is witnessed, in surface waters as well as groundwater

mainly from using raw sludge as fertilizer and disposal of raw sewage into water

bodies.



However, in the other hand both Governorates enjoy the clean air environment of

rural agricultural area in Egypt except for seasons of incinerating farm waste and at

areas close to industrial facilities where there are air emissions degrading air quality.

Main source of emissions in the governorate of Assiut are related to industries like

fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, oil refineries, cement and electricity power plants. In the

case of the Sohag governorate, the main sources of air emissions are petrochemicals,

chemicals, construction materials, paper and spinning industries. Major air pollutants

detected at the industrial areas are smoke, particulates, hydrogen sulphide (H2S),

Sulphur Dioxide SO2, Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), and Carbon Monoxide (CO).

Also urban as well as rural areas in both Governorates enjoy low levels of noise

background. This mainly due to low population intensities which limits

anthropological sources of noise pollution, limited number of cars and trucks, vast

agricultural plateau and mode and geographic distribution of small, medium and

heavy industries that inhibit high levels of sound intensities.

Concerning the terrestrial ecology, the project area includes a clay agriculture land

with cultivated crops of the typical cash crops grown in the Egyptian agricultural

areas. Cotton, maize, rice, wheat, clover, corn and beans are the common crops grown

at different seasons in the agricultural land close to the project area. The land is fertile

characterized by high yields. The bio-diversity of the plants stems from the different

crops grown during the different agricultural cycles. Three major groups of flora are

found at this kind of land according to their duration (life span) as follows: perennials,

biennials and annuals. No particularly sensitive habitats are known to be present

within the study area. Habitats here are thought to have been previously degraded by

human activities.

Concerning the terrestrial flora and fauna, no species of protected, endangered,

threatened or rare plants or animals are known to inhabit in the project area or its

surroundings were observed from the field visits.

Given thousands of years of intensive human activities, the modern Nile Valley and

Delta are essentially a man-made ecosystem. Animals now inhabiting the region are

those that are able to tolerate human activities or those that can avoid contact with

man. The intensive cultivation and widespread use of agrochemicals have

contaminated the region adversely affecting many of the native animals.

Urban pattern:

Both Assiut and Sohag Governorates are located in the Upper part of Egypt. Assiut is

an agriculture Governorate consists of 11 cities and Marakez (Districts) with 55 local

units (mother villages), 235 satellite villages and 1,072 Izba and Nage (hamlets).

Assiut is covering a total area of 25,926 km2, the inhabited area counts for 1,659.48

km2. The rural inhabited area represents 89.4 % (1,484.2 km2) of the total inhabited

area of the Governorate. The total number of population amounts to 3,876,000 with a

density rate of 2,335 inhabitant /km2 (Assiut Governorate Information Center,

Directorate of Health, 2010)



Sohag Governorate is an agriculture Governorate consists of 11 Cities and Marakez

(Districts) with 51 local units (mother villages), 270 satellite villages and 1,574 Izba

and Nage (hamlets). Sohag is covering a total area of 11,022 km2, the inhabited area

counts for 1,593,9 km2 which represents 14.5 % of the total area. The estimated

population in January 2010 was 4,019,603 with a density rate of 2,524 inhabitants

/km2 (Sohag Governorate Information Center).

Population:

In 2010, Assiut total population is estimated at 3,876,000. Population in rural areas

represents 72.8 % (AIC-CAPMAS).

Males have increased at 51.4%; and females at 48.6%. Meanwhile, the average

number of family members is 4.18.

Sohag's total population is estimated at 4,019,603 (CAPMAS 2010) with a total

number of 865,138 households, and a family size of 4,64. Males represent 51%; and

females at 49% of the total population. 79% of the population is living in rural areas.

Labor force and unemployment:

In 2007, Assiut labor force (15+) was estimated at 28.3% of the population with

unemployment rate of 8.3%. Meanwhile, Sohag labor force (15+) was estimated at

27.6% of the population with unemployment rate of 9.4% (Egypt Human

Development Report 2010). In both Governorates, the unemployment rates in urban

areas are higher than in rural areas.

More than one thirds of the population of the two governorates is involved in

agricultural activities. In Assiut 39% of labor force are working on agriculture sector,

while in Sohag 42.1% of the labor force are working for the same sector.

The services sector is the main labor sector in both Governorates. In Assiut, 48.3% of

the labor force is working in the services sector against 43.1% in Sohag Governorate

(Egypt Human Development Report 2010).

Income:

Attempts to obtain detailed income data through the families interviewed were

partially successful. When asked to estimate their annual income, the respondents

reported an average family income of L.E. 12,000-17,000 ($ 2,000-2,500), with lower

incomes in the rural areas.

Education:

In Assiut Governorate, In 2007/08, the literacy rate reached 60.9%, the gross primary

enrolment ratio estimated at (100.9). The preparatory enrolment ratio estimated at

82.8, while the secondary enrolment ratio estimated at 61.7. These ratios can be

applied to the project area (Egypt Human Development Report 2010).

In Sohag Governorate, according to 2006 census, the number of illiterates (15+)

amounted to 1,091,676 thousands (704,367 females and 387,309 males) with illiteracy

rate of 38.5% (Sohag Governorate Information Center- CAPMAS). These figures can

be applied to the project area. In 2007/08, the literacy rate reached 61.5%, the gross

primary enrolment ratio estimated at (103.7). The preparatory enrolment ratio



estimated at 86.8, while the secondary enrolment ratio estimated at 81. These ratios

can be applied to the project area (Egypt Human Development Report 2010).

Health:

Data collected through in-depth interviews and focus groups discussions in the project

areas revealed that the most common diseases are those related to the digestive

system; in addition to skin conditions and skin and eye allergies. When asked about

hepatitis, interviewers of in-depth interviews stated that there are a number of cases

especially in adults in rural areas. But non of the Focused Group Discussions “FGDs”

participants mentioned cases of hepatitis in their areas.

It was highlighted by the interviews that in Sohag project area' villages there is a big

number of inhabitants suffer from kidney problems including kidney failure.

Participants refer this to the poor quality of drinking water people.

Health burdens are heavy in the project areas. The participants of the in depth

interviews, and community FGDs in the project areas assure that at least one member

of each family is suffering from chronic serious illness.

Agriculture:

In Assiut, the total cultivated area amounts to 348,137 feddans (Egyptian acre). The

main crops are cotton, wheat and maize and horticulture production. Agricultural

services are provided through 239 cooperatives associations.

In Sohag, the total cultivated area amounts to 319,283 feddan out of which 38033 are

reclaimed lands. The main crops are cotton, wheat and maize. Agricultural services

are provided through 310 agricultural associations.

Housing:

The inhibited area in Assiut Governorate is 1,660 km2 with a population density of

2,335 persons/km2 and in Sohag Governorate this area is 1,594 km2 with a population

intensity of 2,524 persons/km2. Most residents in the project areas in both

governorates live in big house which include more than one family, with an average

of 6 rooms per house. Most dwellings are privately owned by the residents and well

served by electricity, potable water but not served by sanitation facilities.

Access to electricity:

In both Governorates, Assiut and Sohag, access to electricity in the project area is

high with a rate of 99% (EHDR, 2010). This is primarily due to the government's

efforts to improve the living conditions of the public. Even rural areas have access to

electricity regardless of their formality and legality.

In Assiut, the total electricity production amounts to 1,724 million kwh (Assiut

Governorate achievements book, 2006-08). In average, the individual share of the

produced electricity reached 720 kwh in 2010.

Access to potable water:

In both Assiut and Sohag governorates, in 2008, the households with access to piped

water in urban areas stood at 100%, while in the rural areas, the percentage stood at

95.1% (EHDR, 2010).



In Assiut, in 2007, the total produced potable water amounted to 453,173 m3/day, and

the total number of subscribers reached 514,718, with 125 liter/day of individual share

in produced water (Assiut Governorate achievements book, 2006-08).

In Sohag, the total produced potable water amounts to 767,980 m3/day, with 191

liter/day of individual share in produced water (Annual statistics book, IDSC, Sohag,

2010).

According to Field visits and transect walks revealed that access to potable drinking

water is considerably high in the project area.

Access to sanitation:

Sanitation infrastructure, especially in rural areas, is poor and requires substantial

upgrading at both the community and household levels. Improvements are needed in

sanitation facilities in schools, health centers, mosques, and household latrines. The

most common form of sanitation used by population in the project' area, is the unlined

pit latrine located inside the house.

In Upper Egypt, in 2008, the households with access to sanitation in urban areas stood

at 76.5%, while in the rural areas, the percentage stood at 13.5% (EHDR, 2010).

Data collected on sanitation from both governorates, revealed that all households in

the project area are served through trenches. These trenches are financially considered

a burden to the public to empty them.

Through the field visits to both governorates, people were given the chance to rank

the issues of sanitation among their environmental concerns. More than 95% of the

met community members are dissatisfied with the way sanitation is managed in their

areas.

With regards to the stakeholders view for the impacts of the sanitation' existing

situation on community livelihoods, through the focus groups held, communities in

the visited villages assessed the impacts of dissatisfactory sanitation on their different

assets. The several mentioned negative impacts were grouped into the following:

o Environmental impacts (pollution, bad smell mosquitoes and flies,

Nile/ canals pollution),

o Social impacts (disputes among neighbors, disputes between husbands

and wives),

o Human impacts including health impacts (frequent diseases

occurrence), physical impacts (physical risk on children), psychic

impacts (Nervous and bad mood),

o Financial impact (cost of emptying the trenches, cost of medical check

and medicines, cost of flies killers, cost of rewashing clothes)

It has been discovered through the field investigations that there is an important

informal group working in the area of sewage disposal. They are involved in

emptying the trenches and the collected sewage disposal, which is usually done under

the least hygienic conditions. This group lives in very poor conditions in regard to

hygiene, education, nutrition, and health. They are usually imposed to many physical

and health hazards due to their direct contact with sewage.



Although sanitation did not emerge as their major problem, there was a consensus

among households participated in both GDFs and in-depth interviews and the

participants of the public hearings expressed their willingness to to pay for the

improvement of sanitation.. As it stands, people already pay high prices for emptying

their trenches sewage disposal services provided by trenches evacuation workers from

the private sector. In rural poor areas, it was found that all participants want house

connection but they do not have the affordability to pay for the installation fees as a

onetime fee. They suggested a down payment of L.E. 100-200 with additional

instalments of L.E. 15. In addition, they are ready to pay for the consumption fees.

Community participation:

It was found that community members in all visited villages in the project area are

ready to participate in the project through expressing their willingness to pay for the

installation and consumption fees.

It was noticed that traditional ties between neighbours and extended family members

are strong, as demonstrated by patterns of sharing and mutual assistance, particularly

in rural areas. This tradition will contribute to the provision of labor required for

internal excavation and connection works.

Sensitivity of environmental parameters:

The environmental parameters (land, soil, air) and social parameters are expected to

be affected positively or negatively throughout both construction and operation phases

of the Project. Environmental impact assessment is detailed in Chapter 6. However,

sensitive parameters (vulnerable to positive and negative impacts of the project) are

summarized as follows:

Human health impacted by health hazards during the construction phase,

workers exposure to accidents during the operation phase and possible health

risk in cases of breakdowns and malfunctioning of operation activities.

Archaeological sites that may be badly affected during the construction phase

of the project.

Water bodies pollution (Nile, canals, drains and groundwater) from

construction activities and in case of malfunctioning of the system during the

operation phase.

Deterioration of acoustic and air quality environments in the area in view to

generated activities in the area resulting from construction and operation of the

wastewater facilities (Traffic, noise, air emissions, odors, etc.).

Quality of life within the served Marakez (districts) at both Assiut and Sohag

Governorates will be remarkably improved as a result of implementing the

Project and accordingly the positive subsequent impact on creating an

environment for business development and population satisfaction.

Annex 3, includes maps prepared by the consultancy team on the potential sensitive

archaeological areas. Also Annex 4, includes various photos taking during this study

activities by the consultancy team.



Chapter 5, presents a description of methodology and identification of impacts,

which includes, methodology and overview of environmental components, definition

and identification of potential receptors, definition and identification of project

impacting activities, criteria involved in assessment, and identification of potential

impacts.

The environmental and social assessment carried out in two phases. The first phase

included:

Review the environmental and social policies, legislation and regulations

relevant to the project.

A rapid Assessment of available data and statistics at the governorate, the

Local Governmental Units (LGUs), and the Water and Waste Water

companies in Assiut and Sohag Governorates.

The second phase included:

The identification of the information and key issues which is not covered by

the secondary data.

Key stakeholders were identified and an appropriate framework for their

participation was established. Key stakeholders were identified including:

o WWCs senior officials.

o The LGU representatives including Heads of these Units and their staff

from information centers.

o Local Popular Councils representatives.

o Men and women representing different villages.

o NGOs members

The implementation of the field work

The second phase activities were based on collecting data and information from its

primary sources. The primary data sources included the following:

o Focus Groups Discussions with residents (field work)

o In depth interviews with community members in a number of selected

villages (field work)

o Stakeholders and key informants interviews.

o Transect walks/field observation/ site photography.

o Public hearing sessions

Focus group discussions (FGDs):

Focus groups discussions were carried out as semi-structured group meetings with

project areas' residents. The participants of the FGD were mainly community members

who were given the opportunity to contribute to the discussions and to express their

views regarding the environment, health, and social issues. It also, gave the chance to

learn more on participants’ attitudes, feelings and experiences towards the existing

situation and their future expectations.



In total, 5 FGDs were conducted in different project sites: 3 FGDs were carried out in

Assiut Governorate with a total number of 41 participants (35 males and 6 rural

women), and 3 in Sohag Governorates with a total number of 39 participants (32 males

and 7 rural women). Table 4 below shows the focus groups discussions details.

Table 4: Data on Focus Groups Discussions in Assiut and Sohag Governorates

Governorate District Mother

Village

Satellite

village

Number of Participants

Male Female

Assiut Al-kousia

Mir 17 ----

Mir Hassan

Abdel

Rehim

6

Sedfa Berba Koom

Esfeht

18 -----

Sohag Sohag Demno 17 -------

Demno 7

Tahta Al Sefeha 15 -------

Total 4 4 3 67 13

In depth interviews:

In Assiut, a total number of 11 in-depth interviews were carried out. Out of

these, 5 in- depth interviews were carried out in the project area with key

informants (2 LGU representatives in Mir and Berba LGU, a member of

Shoura Council in Sedfa, community members (2 rural women/housewives),.

In addition, 6 were conducted with WWC staff (Chairman of WWC, personnel

manager, training manager, financial analysis manager, social and

environment members of Rural Sanitation Unit-RSU).

In Sohag, a total number of 13 in-depth interviews were carried out. Out of

these, 8 in- depth interviews were carried out in the project area with key

informants (Omda of Demno village, Head of Al Sefeha LGU), community

members (6 rural women/housewives in Demno). In addition, 5 were

conducted with WWC staff (Head of the Waste Water Sector, who is also the

Head of Rural Sanitation Unit-RSU, personnel manager, training manager,

social and environment members of RSU).

Public hearings:

The public hearing sessions were carried out in the two governorates during the

scoping stage. The methodology applied and results of public hearings are detailed in

Chapter 9.



Constraints

Time constraints:

Time constraints was an important factor that prevents using supportive quantitative

tool for gathering information. As the deep views were strongly recommended,

qualitative information was gathered . This problem was overcome by handling the

gathered information from FGDs and in-depth interviews in a quantitative manner.

Women Participation:

Women participation in public sessions was difficult due to cultural issues in rural

areas of upper Egypt (women cannot travel alone from a district to another or to move

to other places to participate in public events, they are not used to participate in public

activities, lack of interest, it is not accepted for a women to participate in such

activities without having a permission of the head of the house and in his presence,

and lack of awareness of women on their roles in the development process in general).

All of the previously mentioned reasons reduced the participation of women in public

activities especially old women and illiterates. However, to ensure that rural women

and vulnerable peoples voices were heard, FGDs and in-depth interviews with women

were carried out in participants homes in the presence of the head of the house

(husband, brother, or son). When the head of the house was not present it was not easy

to convince women to talk about their problems in relation to sanitation. Although

most of young girls (teen agers) are educated they were shy to talk to a stranger.

For the public hearings activities, no housewives were present. Women participants

were of graduates of high or middle education who are governmental employees from

EEAA, LGUs, WWCs, NGOs members, popular councils members, and university

students.

Presentation of the findings:

The findings of the above mentioned activities are arranged and represented in the

chapters of this report to guarantee the logical flow of information and that all

proposed project environmental and social aspects included and all stakeholders

groups are covered. The report includes also an assessment of the potential positive

and adverse environmental and social impacts proposed project.

The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), explained in chapter 7 in

this study, includes potential environmental and social economic positive and negative

impacts, the Project may have on environmental and social components and give

recommendations for mitigation measures to mainstream such impacts.

Annex 3, presents all official letters dealt with during the study. Also Annex 4, shows

study photos that include documentation of part of the individual and focused groups

meetings and site visits.

Overview of environmental components:



The valued environmental components have been used as a tool to highlight important

individuals or groups, which would suffer adverse impacts. The VECs have been

selected following the identification of the pathways linking environmental

components of concern with project activities. In this respect, four main components

of environmental effects on receptors are assessed:

Abiotic (Physical);

Biotic (Biological);

Social; and

Archaeological and cultural.

These 4 components are further subdivided into 13 major specific categories, which

are the valued environmental components or receptors as shown in Table 5 below.

Table 5: Valued Environmental Components or receptors (VECs)

Components or Receptors Valued Environmental Components (VECs)

Abiotic (physical)

Soil

Landscape

Water resources

Ambient air

Acoustic environment

Biotic (biological)

Flora

Fauna

Social Populations

Utilities, infrastructure and transport

Employment

Human health

Political issues

Archaeological & Cultural Archaeological and cultural environment

Source: ALDAR/CH2M HILL, 2010.

The proposed project is expected to have positive, negative, direct, indirect,

reversible, irreversible, temporary and long term impacts on both the environment and

social patterns of the surrounding communities and staff.

Improvement of the quality of effluents that are currently contaminating drains,

canals, soil and the Nile is expected to have an overall significant positive

environmental and social impact. Enhancing the quality of treated wastewater which

is passed to the environment is expected to minimize the current environmental

problems in the project area and surroundings. Also, the new project is expected to

have positive social and economic impacts involving the creation of jobs and an

environment for economic growth since many of the current health hazards will have

been eliminated.



Expected potential impacts of the proposed project on the natural and social

environment will be analyzed within the scope of this ESIAF. The first step in

identifying potential impacts is to recognize and classify the environmental and social

receptors that are exposed to potential impacts throughout the life of the project, and

the main activities that will take place during the course of the project.

Definition and Identification of Potential Receptors:

The following are the environmental and social receptors to be examined in the

ESIAF study:

A) Environmental Receptors: soil, landscape, water resources, ambient air, acoustic

environment, flora and fauna.

B) Social Receptors: nearby population, utilities, infrastructure, transport, health,

employment and political issues.

C) Archaeological and Cultural Receptors: these include local archaeological and

cultural findings in the project area and surroundings.

From preliminary data gathered and meetings conducted by the field team, the

envisaged sensitive receptors (most vulnerable to project activities and therefore more

likely to be impacted) are: Soil, water resources, flora, nearby population, and

employment base.

Definition and Identification of Project Impacting Activities:

ALDAR team studied potential environmental impacts both during the construction

phase and during the operation phase. The elements of those investigations are

outlined below.

During the construction phase, activities that could potentially impact the environment

involve the following:

1) Land Use.

2) Site Preparation.

3) Transportation of vehicles, construction material, personnel and equipment.

4) Storage and handling of materials.

5) Soil excavation and construction work

6) Waste Management – production and management (including storage and

disposal) of solid waste (liquid and solid; hazardous, non-hazardous and

inert)

7) Impact activities related to labor force as recruitment and lay-off of

workforce.

8) Supply and consumption of materials and resources (water use, raw

construction materials extracted from borrow pits, fuel/electricity

consumption, other)



The activities that could potentially impact the environment during the operation of

the wastewater systems are:

1. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) activities

2. Supply and consumption of materials and resources (eg. water use,

material consumption, fuel for pumps and for the operation of the

WWTPs, other).

3. Sludge management

4. Waste Management – production and management (including storage and

disposal) of solid waste (liquid and solid; hazardous, non-hazardous and

inert)

5. Recruitment and lay-off of workforce

Criteria Involved in Assessment:

The following factors are considered to classify each impact of the Project:

1. Reversibility of the impact: Reversible or irreversible impact

2. Type of impact: Direct or indirect impact

3. Extent of the impact: Local or regional impact

4. Duration of the impact: Short-term or long term impact

5. Type of receptor: Impact on humans, animals or plants

The magnitude of each impact will be assessed on a scale from -3 to +3, where -3

indicates the utmost adverse impact on the environment and +3 figure indicates the

utmost positive impact on the environment.

Chapter 6, concerns impact assessment and mitigation measures proposed, that

includes: Assessment of Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project during both the

construction and operation phases regarding the various environmental and social

parameters, which are, soil and topography, water resources, ambient air, acoustic

environment, flora, fauna, population/community, employment, indigenous people

consideration, utilities, infrastructure and roads, human health, political impacts,

archaeological and cultural environment.

It is envisaged that the project will have a positive effect on the community with the

increase of access of targeted population in both Assiut and Sohag governorates to

improved hygiene, public health and sanitation services. Additional positive

implications of the project, is the reduction of current load of pollution on soil, air,

water and socioeconomic parameters of the environment as a result of the

inappropriate management and disposal of sewages in the designated areas.

It is believed that implementation of the proposed project will promote the local

economy, living standard of people, urbanization, and urban ecological environment

protection.

Potential negative impacts associated to both the construction and operation of the

proposed project, are analyzed and assessed in this chapter. This assessment includes

the analysis of potential impacts on valued environmental components (VECs)

associated with:



Land use;

Air emissions;

Noise;

Odor;

Solid wastes;

Wastewater effluents;

Infrastructure;

Traffic;

Employment.

During the construction phase:

A matrix was designed in this chapter to estimate mathematical figures for the project

impact during its construction phase on the environmental parameters. It is concluded

from studying these impacts that the project during its construction phase will have

some adverse impacts on health, flora, soil, population and air environment, to a lower

extent on landscaping, water resources, acoustic environment, and utilities,

infrastructure and roads, and to lesser extent on fauna archaeology. Positive impact is

expected on both employment and political issues. However when applying proper

mitigation measures within an integrated environmental and social management plan,

these impacts will be substantially mitigated.

During the operation phase:

Another matrix was designed in this chapter to estimate mathematical figures for the

project impact during its operation phase on the environmental parameters. It is

concluded from studying these impacts that the project during its operation phase to

have limited adverse impact on the environment from possible breakdowns,

malfunctioning of parts of the system or excessive emissions concerning water

resources, soil, landscaping, air, flora, population, utilities, infrastructure and roads,

archaeology, health, fauna. However upon applying mitigation measures and a proper

Environmental & Social Management Plan these impacts will be reduced or

transformed into positive impacts.

On the other hand the project will have remarkable positive impacts on political issues

in view of the Project achievements of improving the quality of life and living

conditions of served communities which will contribute to social stability and creation

of a healthy infrastructure for economic development and consequently improving

income for population. The political impact is also positive considering that the

project translates developmental government plans into concrete actions through the

construction of wastewater services that far improve health conditions of people who

have suffered for decades from the absence of proper sanitation services.

Also the Project is expected to have positive impacts on employment at the served

areas in view of temporary jobs that will be generated during the construction phase

and also jobs and business opportunities from feeding industries and services during

both construction phase (short term) and operation phase (long term) as construction

material, transportation, food supplies, etc.



Chapter 7, presents a detailed description of the Environmental and Social

Management and Monitoring Framework (ESMMF) that includes tables of Project

Environmental Management Matrix for Mitigation Measures, Project Environmental

Management Matrix for Monitoring Activities, Required Training Courses for

Institutional strengthening and a Successful Implementation of the ESMMF, and

Estimated Cost for ESMMF Implementation.

Current Institutional Setting at Assiut Governorate for ISSIP 2 Project :

Assiut Water and Wastewater Company (AWWC) was established by the Decree No.

95 of 2008 issued by the Minister of Housing, Public Utilities and Urban

Development. The Company is affiliated to the Holding Water and Wastewater

Company (HWWC). The Company serves 11 districts and 56 local units. There are

4500 employees working for the company of which 3,136 are permanent employees

and the other 1,364 are temporary employees (short- term contracts).

In 2010, the HWWC requested the company management to form a unit to be

responsible for monitoring the implementation of the rural sanitation projects – to be

funded by World Bank and the Egyptian Government in Assiut Governorate. Though

it is not located on the company organizational structure, a “Rural Sanitation Unit –

RSU” was established by an internal Decree No. 154 of the year 2010. This Unit is

structured under the direct supervision of the Chairman's technical office. According

to the Decree terms, the unit is composed of 5 staff members shown in table 6 below.

It is worth mentioning that this staff is already current employees at AWWC.

Table 6: Current RSU staff members in Assiut WWC

Position Title in the RSU Position Title in Assiut WWC

Head of the Unit Head of Technical Office Sector

Technical (Construction Engineer) General manager of Planning Department

Technical (Engineer ) General manager of projects Department

Financial Officer General manager of Economic Analysis

Department

Procurement Officer Purchasing and Procurement Specialist

Source: Assiut WWC, October 2010.

Current Institutional Setting at Sohag Governorate for ISSIP 2 Project:

Sohag Water and Wastewater Company (SWWC) was established by Decree No. 96

of 2008 issued by the Minister of Housing, Public Utilities and Urban Development.

The company is affiliated to the Holding Water and Wastewater Company (HWWC).

It serves 11 districts and 51 local units. Currently, there are 5,207 employees, 3,437

are permanent and 1,770 are temporary employees (short- term contracts). To

establish the RSU, the company issued the internal Decree No. 49 of the year 2010.

According to the Decree terms, the Unit is composed of 6 staff members shown in

table 6 below. It is worth mentioning that this staff is already current employees at

AWWC. This Unit is affiliated to the General Department for Wastewater Technical

Support under the direct supervision of the Head of Wastewater Sector.



Table 7: RSU staff members in Sohag WWC

Position Title in The RSU Position Title in SWWC

Head of the Unit Head of Wastewater Sector

Technical 1 Wastewater Engineer

Technical 2 Construction Engineer

Financial Financial Department

Procurement Officer Purchasing and Procurement Department

Social Officer Public relations Department

Source: Sohag WWC, October 2010.

In order to guarantee a good calibre of staff for the RSUs at both Assiut and Sohag

Wastewater Companies, the selected staff have already acquired, in previous stages,

sufficient training in their field of expertise.

Institutional Environmental and Social Arrangement:

In order to implement the activities of the Environmental and Social Management and

Monitoring Framework (ESMMF) mentioned below, the following entities are to be

established or upgraded at both Assiut and Sohag Governorates:

A) A Project Steering Committee (PSC) to be composed of:

A senior representative from the Holding company for Water and

Wastewater (HCWW).

A senior representative from the Governorate Water and Wastewater

Company (WWC).

A senior representative from the Agricultural Directorate at the

Governorate.

The head of the Rural Sanitation Unit (RSU) at the concerned WWC.

A representative from the concerned Governorate headquarters.

Representatives from the Markaz (District) Council of all Marakez

(Districts) served by the Project in the concerned Governorate.

The mandate of this Committee at both Governorates is to:

Act as an umbrella agency to ensure a proper implementation of the

Project during the construction and commissioning phases.

Ensure smooth cash flow of the Project expenditures and smooth auditing.

Facilitate the implementation of the project activities through coordination

among all stakeholders in and outside the governorate.

Liaison between the World Bank, Water and Wastewater Holding

Company from one side and the Water and Wastewater Company/RSU

from the other side concerning Project monitoring and evaluation

activities.

B) The Rural Sanitation Unit (RSU) at the Governorate.

Mandate of this Unit at both Governorates is as follows:



Ensuring proper implementation, operation and maintenance activities for

the Project activities in compliance with environmental regulations and

standards;

Conducting environmental and social training modules for stakeholders;

Implementation of the necessary environmental and social mitigation

measures;

Use of Monitoring and Performance Indicators;

Preparation of an Environmental Condition Register;

Preparation of environmental monitoring audit statements and evaluation

impact assessment reports.

In order to qualify both existing RSUs at Assiut and Sohag Governorates, it is deemed

necessary to upgrade them to carry the responsibilities for conducting the

aforementioned tasks. The new structure of these RSUs should contain (but not

limited to) the following positions at each Governorate:

1) Environmental Management Coordinator – EMC

2) Environmental Air Quality and Noise Field Supervisor – EFS1

3) Environmental Water Quality and Solid Waste Field Supervisor – EFS2

4) Social Supervisor – EFS3

5) Hotline staff – composed of 2 members

Proposed restructuring of Assiut RSU:

In view of the current institutional set up of the “ARSU” and in order to fulfil the

tasks and responsibilities mentioned above for supervising the Project activities

during the construction and commissioning phases is to utilize the current staff of the

Unit to fill the recommended positions mentioned above, as stated in table 8 below.

Accordingly one new employee is required to be hired to fill the position of “A Social

Supervisor – EFS3” and so two new employees are needed as “Hotline Staff”. The

cost estimate for the new employees needed to be assigned for the ISSIP 2 at Assiut

Governorate is calculated on the basis of a Project implementation period of 5 years,

the Social Supervisor (EFS3) salary is LE 4,500/month and the Hotline employee

salary is LE 3,000/month.



Table 8: Recommended new Assiut RSU Structure

Current Positions at the

RSU

Recommended Positions at

the RSU

Estimated Cost

Head of the Unit Environmental Management

Coordinator (EMC)

Already included in the

RSU current budget

Technical (Construction

Engineer)

Environmental Air Quality

and Noise Field Supervisor

(EFS1)


RSU current budget

Technical (Engineer ) Environmental Water Quality

and Solid Waste Field

Supervisor (EFS2)


RSU current budget

New employee (1

person)

A Social Supervisor (EFS3) LE 270,000

New employees

(2 persons)

Hotline Staff LE 360,000

Financial Officer Financial Officer Already included in the

RSU current budget

Procurement Officer Purchasing and Procurement

Officer


RSU current budget

Source: ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain, November 2010.

Proposed restructuring of Sohag RSU:

In view of the current institutional set up of the “ARSU” and in order to fulfill the

tasks and responsibilities mentioned above for supervising the Project activities

during the construction and commissioning phases are to utilize the current staff of the

Unit to fill the recommended positions mentioned above, as stated in table 9 below.

Accordingly two new employees are needed to be hired as “Hotline Staff”. The cost

estimate for the new employees needed to be assigned for the ISSIP 2 at Sohag

Governorate is calculated on the basis of a Project implementation period of 5 years,

the Hotline employee salary is LE 3,000/month.

Table 9: Recommended new Sohag RSU Structure

Current Positions at

the RSU

Recommended Positions at

the RSU

Estimated Cost

Head of the Unit Environmental Management

Coordinator (EMC)


RSU current budget

Technical 1 Environmental Water

Quality and Solid Waste

Field Supervisor (EFS2)


RSU current budget



Technical 2 Environmental Air Quality

and Noise Field Supervisor

(EFS1)


RSU current budget

New employees

(2 persons)

Hotline Staff LE 360,000

Financial Officer Financial Officer Already included in the

RSU current budget

Procurement Officer Purchasing and Procurement

Officer


RSU current budget

Social A Social Supervisor (EFS3) Already included in the

RSU current budget

Source: ALDAR/CH2M HILL, Spain, November 2010.

Both ARSU and SRSU staff will be responsible for the fulfilment of the ESIAF,

ESMMF mentioned below, during pre-construction, construction and operation

phases. In order to mainstream the assigned jobs to both RSUs at the construction

phase is proposed to hire a number of 2 part-time “Environmental Management”

consultants, one for Assuit and one for Sohag to advice and give technical support to

both RSUs staff. Each of these two consultants would be hired for a period of 1 month

every year (for 5 years) with a monthly salary of 25,000 LE.

Other institutional set required to implement the technical, contractual and

administrative aspects of the project, rather than the ESMMF are:

A) Considering that the National Organization for Potable Water & Sanitary

Drainage NOPWASD is the competent authority among the agencies affiliated to the

MHUUD, responsible for planning, tendering, implementing, commissioning the new

water and wastewater facilities in all governorates in Egypt, then transfer these

facilities to local Holding Companies for water & Wastewater for long term operation

and maintenance. Therefore, the ISSIP 2 project will be completely managed by

NOPWASD in its construction and commissioning phases which is estimated as 5

years.

NOPWASD, ISSIP 2, Departments (NIDs):

So it is proposed that a two new departments are established at NOPWASD, namely

NOPWASD, ISSIP 2, Departments (NIDs) at both Assiut and Sohag Governorates to

be in charge of the following activities at both Governorates:

All planning, tendering and contractual procedures, of ISSIP 2 project.

Recruit Construction Supervision Consultants (CSCs) to be responsible for the

proper implementation of Project activities by contractors, in relation to design

documents and in full compliance with building codes. In addition the CSCs

will be responsible, as part of their mandate, for the implementation of parts of

the ESMMF detailed below.

Supervision of all implementation works done by the contractors and the

commissioning activities with a full coordination with the CSCs.

Transfer all works and responsibilities, after the commissioning phase, to the

AWWC and SWWC.



B) Considering that both AWWC and SWWC will be responsible for the long term

Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of the ISSIP 2 project outputs, beyond the 5 years

construction and commissioning period, accordingly the budget needed for such

normal activities will be supervised by them. Meanwhile private business companies

to be defined as Operation Companies “OCs” will be contracted in later stages for the

full O&M activities through direct contracts with both AWWC and SWWC. By that

time the RSUs at both Governorates will be renamed as an Environmental

Management Unit “EMU” to ensure a permanent smooth and full compliance of

system operation and maintenance in compliance to the ESMMP mentioned below.

The budget required to operate and sustain these EMUs will be part of the entire

operating costs of both WWCs by then.

Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework (ESMMF):

The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is designed to include the

following activities that aim to achieve utmost compliance and protection of the

environment in relation to the activities of the Project during construction,

commissioning, operational and decommissioning phases.

Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework (ESMMF)

consists of three components:

1. Mitigation measures and institutional responsibilities for implementation;

2. Environmental monitoring; and

3. Capacity building and training.

The ESMMF is designed to include the following activities:

Ensuring proper implementation of operation and maintenance activities at Project in

compliance with environmental regulations and standards

These activities are proposed to be conducted by both:

1) the “Assiut Rural Sanitation Unit - ARSU” affiliated to Assiut Water and

Wastewater Company, and

2) the “Sohag Rural Sanitation Unit - SRSU” affiliated to Sohag Water and

Waste Water Company.

These Units should have a major role to control the contractors’ work during the

construction phase, as well as operation and maintenance works conducted by

concerned departments within the facility during the operational phase. The purpose

of these interventions is to guarantee the inclusion of both the environmental and

social dimensions, and achieve compliance with prevailing laws in all activities that

take place. The Project Steering Committee (PSC) at both Governorates will be

responsible for swift problem-solving initiatives as described above.

Implement environmental and social management framework activities:

The environmental and social management mitigation measures mentioned in Chapter

6 shall be implemented under the supervision of the RSUs at both governorates.



It is proposed that the cost estimate for inclusion of all environmental and social

management and mitigation be done by the Project contractor/s as part of the tender

financial offer. However, the detailed Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Study (ESIA) that will be conducted in a later stage for the Project at each

Governorate may include cost estimate or guidelines for preparing such figures.

In order to ensure a serious attitude from Project bidders and eventually awarded

contractors, it is proposed to include an “Environmental and Social Performance

Bond” with a value of 2% of the total bid price to guarantee the willingness and

seriousness of contractors to implement environmental and social management plans

as well as to comply to governing rules and regulations, as well as international

standards and good practices. The release of this bond will be materialized only upon

a written approval from the head of the RSUs after the commissioning phase of the

Project coupled with an endorsement from the head of the WWC in the concerned

Governorate.

On the other hand, in order to ensure fairness with contractors, any penalty system for

low performance is usually balanced by a bonus system for high quality work, often

for earlier completion of the works. Accordingly, it is advisable to instruct the bidders

to include the environmental and social compliance measures as a separate item in

their Bill of Quantities (BoQ). In this case, a fixed cost will be earmarked to certain

environmental and social measures as (building of environmentally friendly camp for

worker, availing and using of monitoring equipment, implementation of security plans

for population, confirm transportation of work waste to legal landfills according to a

work plan, etc.) plus time-related charges (operation costs) to be paid on a monthly

basis (maintenance of environmental equipment or facilities, operation of monitoring

stations, active patrolling by safety officer, etc.); with this option, the contractor will

have a direct financial incentive in compliance with its environmental obligations: If

he does not comply with those obligations, there is still a possibility for the HCWW to

sub-contract part of the work to another company using the funds rated in the Bills of

Quantities and initially devoted to the main contractor.

Conducting environmental and social training modules for stakeholders:

This covers the design of training programs for capacity building of facility staff and

other stakeholders. A proper institutional set-up for the project during its

implementation and in the long run determines the extent to which the project is

environmentally sustainable and viable. Accordingly, capacity building for the

concerned agencies responsible for implementing/operating the project, local

authorities (public/NGOs) and citizens is deemed necessary to ensure the positive

environmental and social implications of the project.

Training and environmental awareness training material should include the following

6 subjects as a minimum:

1) Definition of the environment and environmental laws.

2) Environmental assessment (concept, purpose and economic return).

3) Environmental and health impacts of the project.



4) Mitigation measures.

5) Monitoring and environmental indicators.

6) O &M activities.

The target beneficiaries of the training and environmental and social awareness

training courses (modules) include but are not limited to:

- O &M staff

- Utilities department (district staff)

- Rural Sanitation Unit staff at both Assiut and Sohag Water and

Wastewater Companies.

- District (Markaz) council

- Citizens

- Project implementation staff

Since there is limited capacity within the WWCs and the RSUs to undertake training

programs, the training program would be designed and implemented with assistance

of local or international consultants. The training will target three levels:

1- On-the-job training of a dedicated staff member of the RSUs to direct

activity planning, design, and implementation with respect to

environmental protection.

2- Training for staff of RSUs, WWCs, and other stakeholders. The training

should be provided through short duration seminars and workshops.

Regional or overseas placements and orientation visits should also be

provided for selected staff members.

3- Training for contractors should be provided, including one or two -day

workshops for local contractors, focusing on: preparation and use of

environmental guidelines, and implementation of mitigation measures.

Also they should be trained on safety measures for construction workers,

proper waste disposal and cleaning measures during construction.

Skills Development and Knowledge Transfer:

A complete capacity building program will need to provide a range of aids that can be

used to engender skill development and knowledge transfer to all stakeholders. These

can include:

Developing a library of environmental assessment reports;

Maintaining a database of information collected;

Establishing a network of practitioners with experience in EIA or technical

analysis;

Collecting examples of good practice;

Producing an environmental assessment newsletter;

Holding environmental art contests;

Establishing environmental awards in the workplace;

Inviting guest speakers on environmental issues;

Holding an environment 'day' or 'week';



Producing desk aids such as a yearly calendar based on environmental themes

and,

Designing corporate environmental posters.

More details on training modules, capacity building activities and skills development

and knowledge transfer will be prepared and included in the detailed Environmental

and Social Impact Assessment Study (ESIA) that will be conducted later for each

governorate considering that the findings and recommendations of that detailed ESIA

Study will explore more detailed environmental, social and archaeological concerns

that should be covered in these training modules at both the project management level

and stakeholders level as well. The detailed ESIA should also include a cost estimate

for all the training, management and monitoring activities mentioned in this chapter.

In order to implement the proposed ESMMF the following tables demonstrates details

on implementation modes during preconstruction, construction and operation phases

of the project as follows:

Table 10 presents the mitigation measures;

Table 11 presents the monitoring activities;

Table 12 presents required training courses for institutional strengthening and a

successful implementation of the ESMMF

Table 13 presents an estimated cost for ESMMF implementation (draft ISSIP-2,

Assiut & Sohag Governorates cost details)

$ is calculated equals to 5.8 LE.



Table 10: Project Environmental Management Matrix for Mitigation Measure

Project Activity Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation

Measures

Institutional

Responsibility

Supervision

Body

Cost

Estimate

Pre-

construction

Phase

Environmental and health hazards

from existing contaminated areas

within the Project catchment area.

Also The terrestrial/aquatic ecological

environments and ecological

environment in residential areas along

the Nile, canals and drains are already

seriously affected, particularly due to

pollution from raw sewage,

agricultural drainage water, industrial

wastewater, and disposal of solid

waste as well. The problems include

silt-up of watercourse, eutrophication

of water bodies, floating of algae,

abnormal water color and bad smell.

Preparing focused ESIA

studies for ISSIP 2 Project.

External

consultants

recruited by

HCWW

RSUs LE 250,000

per

Governorate

Possible potential destruction of

undiscovered archeological

monuments and areas by the project

activities and facilities

Preparing ESIA for potential

archeological sites within the

Project area

External

consultants

recruited by

AWWC/

SWWC

RSUs/

Supreme

Council for

Antiquities

LE 100,000

per

Governorate

Environmental pollution from solid

waste handling during both

Preparing an integrated solid

waste management plan for

External

consultants

RSUs LE 75,000

per



construction and operation phases all project facilities during

both construction and

operation phases.

recruited by

AWWC/

SWWC

Governorate

Deterioration of sludge quality as a

result of mal-functioning of treatment

process

Propose a possible sludge

humidification process as

part of the design documents

Design

consultant

EMC

(RSUs)

Normal

design cost

Risks of disposal of bad quality of

final effluents

Sohag WWTP in Gerga,

possible modification and

extension to receive ISSIP-2

discharge.

Design

consultant

EMC

(RSUs)

Normal

design cost

Ensure that design

documents include a proper

preventive maintenance

system to ensure appropriate

functioning of the ISSIP 2

facilities

Design

consultant

EMC

(RSUs)

Normal

design cost

Odor nuisance to nearby communities Ensure utmost design quality

to prevent or minimize

emitted odors to minimal

Design

consultant

EFS1

(RSUs)

Normal

design cost

Isolate ISSIP 2 facilities

from nearby communities

through afforesting buffer

zones and also isolate

buildings inside WWTPs

from odor sources.

Design

consultant

EFS1

(RSUs)

Normal

design cost



noise are due to pumping stations and

wastewater treatment works with

equipment such as pumps, ventilators,

air compressors, and generators with

noise production in the range 86-95

dB(A) or more.

The sewage pumps and

sludge demisters shall be

accommodated inside the

pump station to reduce

oscillation and insulate noise.

Also The water outlet shall

be treated with flexible

connectors. The sludge

pumps shall be of sinking

pumps and the surface

aerators of low noise type

ones. Combined with

reasonable process layout

and 5-20 m planting

insulation strip and

approximately a 100 m

buffer to residential areas,

environmental noise level

during operation will comply

with related standards.

Enclose generators in closed

buildings to limit noise

pollution intensities to

nearby communities in

compliance to ERs 385/1995,

Design

consultant

EFS1

(RSUs)

Normal

design cost



Article 44 and Annex 7.

Hazards of accidents to workers at

project facilities

Ensure a proper design that

includes safeguard policies

that avoid exposure of

operators to contamination or

accidents from hazardous

material as chlorine,

chemicals, etc.

Design

consultant

EFS1

(RSUs)

Normal

design cost

Possible building of project facilities

on agricultural land

Avoid as much as possible

the use of productive

agricultural land for building

project constructions

especially for large

constructions as stabilization

ponds, etc.

Design

consultant

EFS1

(RSUs)

Normal

design cost

Resettlement problems and unfair

compensation to indigenous people

Strict compliance to

“Resettlement Policy

Framework” prepared in the

ESIAF study.

EFS3 (RSUs)/

Legal

Department at

the WWCs

EMC

(RSUs)

Part of job

duties

Improper environmental and social

management of the Project during all

phases

Conduct training sessions for

stakeholders on

environmental and social

management issues

External

consultancy

firms recruited

by AWWC/

SWWC

RSUs Mentioned

below in

table 7-7

Possible loss of properties of Ensure a fair compensation EFS3 (RSUs) / EMC To be paid



indigenous people for the project land

with underestimated compensation.

of indigenous people for

their losses and ensure them

a satisfactory resettlement (if

any) in other places in the

Governorate.

Legal

Departments of

the WWCs.

(RSUs)

from the

Project

budget

Construction

Phase

1) Potential impact on soil &

landscaping

Presence of infrastructure in an open

landscape shall have a detrimental

impact on landscape for residents.

Selection of less erodible

material, placement of

gibbons and riprap and good

compaction, particularly

around bridges and culverts.

Also, placement of grass

sods where applicable.

Contractor/s

supervised by

the CSC

EFS2

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

Borrow pit excavations and

earthworks and spoil production,

handling embankments and other

requirements for fill may necessitate

the use of borrow pits in some area.

Unless properly controlled, borrow

pits cause drainage and visual

problems, and present a potential for

increased vector activity (e.g.,

mosquitoes or water contamination).

When water-filled, they also attract

Specification that final

forming and re-vegetation

will be completed as soon as

possible following fill

placement to facilitate

regeneration of a stabilizing

ground cover. The

excavation and restoration of

the borrow pit areas and their

surroundings, in an

environmentally sound

Contractor/s

supervised by

the CSC

EFS2

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price



livestock to the roadway thereby

slowing of traffic flow and creating

safety hazards.

manner to the satisfaction of

the CSC will be required

before final acceptance and

payment under the terms of

contracts

Quarry depletion: considering that

crushed rock, gravel and sand will be

required as a construction material,

quarry operations will lead to partial

nature resources depletion in the

quarry environment.

Adequate mitigation of

potential adverse impacts,

contract documents will

specify that only licensed

quarrying operations are to

be used for material sources.

Contractor/s

supervised by

the CSC

EFS2

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

Significant volumes of soil waste will

be generated during the construction

of the project components, mainly

composed of soil excavated and not

re-used for filling purposes

Topsoil from borrow pit

areas will be saved and

reused in re-vegetating the

pits. Arrangements for

opening and using material

borrow pits will contain

enforceable provisions.

Contractor/s

supervised by

the CSC

EFS2

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

The demolition debris of existing

structures, mainly for sewer network

construction. Also waste generated

from demolished roads, septic tanks,

vaults, cesspits, etc.

Part of the spoil obtained

during the WWTP

construction should be

reused to fill ground. During

pipe network implantation,

spoil will be stockpiled or

reused to fill ground. If the

spoil is not properly disposed

Contractor/s

supervised by

the CSC

EFS2

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price



of or stockpiled, it would

impact the cleanliness of the

city. Also wastewater and

sludge removed from

existing septic tanks, vaults

and cesspits should be safely

collected, transported and

disposed into public sewers

or in WWTPs.

The project may involve destruction of

natural land, as constructing sewer

networks may case cutting of street

trees.

Specification that final

forming and re-vegetation

will be completed as soon as

possible following fill

placement to facilitate

regeneration of a stabilizing

ground cover.

Contractor/s

supervised by

the CSC

EFS2

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

End of construction and closure of

camps lead to a risk of inappropriate

restoration.

Proper restoration of

construction site to its pre-

Project condition.

Contractor/s

supervised by

the CSC

EFS2

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

Other impacts are raw water supplies

pollution from liquid waste from

construction activities or waste and

water contamination due to improper

Ensure compliance to the

ESIAF, ESMMF conditions

and terms.

Contractor/s

supervised by

the CSC

EFS2

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s



disposal of construction waste, waste

oil, chemicals and human waste from

construction camps.

bidding

price

2) Potential impact on water

resources

Potential impacts to water quality

could result from inadvertent spills of

hazardous and toxic materials,

improper waste disposal from labor

camps and excessive runoff and

similar actions which may take their

way to water bodies (Nile, canals and

drains) unintentionally or by

construction labors and solid waste

collectors.

A site plan shall be devised

to ensure that liquid run-off

or solid and hazardous

wastes generated from the

construction sites are not

deposited directly into any

watercourse, stream, or canal

and shall indicate the system

proposed, including the

locations of retention ponds

and other facilities.

Contractor/s EFS2

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

The construction phase will cause

overuse and consume water which

may be a burden on the current surface

and ground water resources as well as

on potable water treatment facilities.

A water conservation plan

will be followed to guarantee

the minimum use of natural

resources including water.

Contractor/s EFS2

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

Disposal of construction debris or

hazardous waste into near-by water

bodies.

There shall be no direct

discharge of sanitary

wastewater, wash water,

Contractor/s EFS2

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the



chemicals, spoil, waste oil or

solid waste to surface water

bodies. Fuel, lubricating oil

and chemical spills shall be

contained and cleaned-up

immediately, in compliance

to Law 48/1982. Spill

cleanup equipment will be

maintained on site. The site

plans shall be structured to

ensure that all temporary

construction facilities are

located at least 100 meters

away from water bodies.

Contractor/s

bidding

price

3) Potential impact on ambient

air

Air pollution during the construction

phase of the Project is expected from

dust generated in the vicinity of the

construction activities and from other

related activities such as plants for

crushing rocks, hot-mix and asphalt

plants.

During excavation/filling

earthworks, water will be

sprayed to keep certain

humidity; construction site

and worker camps as well as

other project areas soil

surface will be regularly

sprayed during dry periods to

prevent dust emission

Contractor/s EFS1

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price



The main pollution sources are

machines burning fuel for digging,

transportation, load, unload, and

vibration. Dust and waste gas from

these machines and trucks affect air

quality surrounding work place. Area

most affected is located in a range of

around 100 m all around project sites

at WWTPs

Strict maintenance of

engines for trucks and other

heavy machinery will be

implemented by contractors

to reduce smoke and gas

emissions in accordance to

the limits of ERs 385/1995,

Article 34 and Annex 5.

Contractor/s EFS1

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

Impacts concerning works located in

dense urban areas. Fumes and exhaust

gas from trucks and heavy machinery

on construction sites may affect air

quality, as well as dust from material

transport by trucks or from

earthworks.

Strict maintenance of

engines for trucks and other

heavy machinery will be

implemented by contractors

to reduce smoke and gas

emission.

Contractor/s EFS1

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

Traffic congestion resulting from pipe

network construction or bridge works

may result in temporary higher levels

of pollutants (PM, NOx, CO).

Roads for truck traffic will

be selected preferentially

outside residential areas.

Contractor/s EFS1

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

Excessive number of vehicles and

truck exists at the construction site

causing gas emissions and dust

Ensure proper site

management to limit the

hazards of gas emissions and

Contractor/s

supervised by

the CSC

EFS1

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the



generation. dust generation. Contractor/s

bidding

price

Solid waste incineration in open air. Inflammable construction

waste (cartoon, paper,

plastic, wood, etc.) will not

be burned on site but

transported to appropriate

authorized landfills or

disposal site. Also Cooking

for workers on sites will rely

on gas or electrical cookers,

and will not use charcoal,

wood or any product

generating dust or fumes.

Contractor/s EFS1

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

During project construction activities,

especially during transportation and

disposal of waste from excavated soil,

that may impact the environment.

Waste fell on the ground from trucks

and waste on the truck wheels would

generate dust clouds, and would make

the road muddy, affecting both people

and trafficked vehicles as well as the

local environment.

Covering of truck loads with

plastic sheets to prevent

spillage and felling of

construction material in

streets or at construction

areas during transportation or

storage.

Contractor/s

supervised by

the CSC

EFS1

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price



If excavated soil is compiled and left

for many weeks, it will dry by sunlight

and wind may disburse it causing dust

clouds of fine particulates which is

detrimental to health.

Disposal sites for excavated

soil will be compacted and

sprayed with water regularly;

spoil not used on site will be

removed at the soonest for

eventual disposal outside

urbanized areas in authorized

landfills

Contractor/s EFS1

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

Nuisance to residents from cutting

roads, heaps of construction material

and non accessibility to residential or

commercial areas near Project

activities

Avail crossing, detour and

precaution signs to guide

pedestrians at the

construction areas. Also

construct necessary

temporary crossing bridges.

Contractor/s &

Traffic

Departments at

Governorates

EFS1

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

4) Potential impact on acoustic

environment

During the construction phase, the

main source of noise will be the

operation of construction machines

and vehicles transporting construction

materials. Temporary impacts in the

immediate vicinity of the Project may

occur due to construction activities.

The magnitude of impact will depend

upon the specific types of equipment

to be used, the construction methods

Ensure reduction of noise

times and minimize noise

levels through a proper

management of equipment

use to minimize acoustic

pollution hazards to workers

and nearby residents. Also

During construction,

contractors will be requested

Contractor/s EFS1

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price



employed and the scheduling of the

work

to use low noise heavy

equipment which comply

with ER 385/1995, Article

44 and Annex 7 permissible

limits.

Vibration during the construction

period will also be a significant

consideration.

Site Controls, i.e.

requirements that stationary

equipment will be placed as

far from sensitive land uses

as practical; selected to

minimize objectionable noise

impacts; and provided with

shielding mechanisms where

possible.

Contractor/s EFS1

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

At night, construction noise would

impose a severe nuisance to the

residents in the vicinity, especially

those located at less than 50 m.

Use of noisy equipment will

be forbidden during the

period from 10 p.m. to 7 a.m.

Night working and especially

the use of the most noisy

equipment during the night

should then be strictly

controlled in order to

minimize the impact of noise

on the surrounding residents.

Contractor/s EFS1

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price



Excessive traffic generated by the

project construction activities will

result in noise pollution as vehicle

noise (from car engines), road noise

(frictional noise from the contact

between tires and pavement

contributing significantly to overall

traffic noise) which is highly

dependent on the type and condition

of the pavement. Frictional noise is

generally greatest at high speeds and

during quick breaking. Also, a driver’s

conduct contributes to road noise by

the use of horns, the playing loud

music, shouting and causing tires to

squeal as a result of sudden breaking

or acceleration.

A traffic management plan

for the project activities

needs to be prepared and

awareness guidelines should

be addressed to drivers on

safe and noise control

practices.

Contractor/s EFS1

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

5) Potential impact on flora

Fauna could be affected by the

dust released during setting up

of base camps and its

associated infrastructure and

gaseous released from vehicle

and crew movement. Also,

they could be affected due to

Protective measures will be

implemented according to

the results and

recommendations of the

focused ESIA studies

mentioned above.

Contractor/s EMC/EFS2

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price



the production and disposal of

solid hazardous wastes and by

accidental major spill of diesel

fuel

6) Potential impact on fauna

Habitat Loss: No significant habitat

loss is anticipated. Generally limited

impact on wildlife for components

located in densely built or cultivated

areas.

Protective measures will be

implemented according to

the results and

recommendations of the

focused ESIA studies

mentioned above in page 7-

17.

Contractor/s

EMC/EFS2

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

Habitat Fragmentation: Habitat

fragmentation occurs when a project

cuts through an ecosystem. The sum

of the parts created may be less that

the value of the initial whole, even

when the habitat lost is ignored.

Ecosystems are characterized by

complex, interdependent relationships

between component species and their

physical environment, and the

integrity if the ecosystem relies on the

maintenance of those interactions.



Project components tend to fragment

an area into weaker ecological sub-

units, thus making the whole more

vulnerable to invasion and

degradation. In this instance, however,

the fact that all of the project activities

will be contained within limited areas

minimizes any potential for habitat

fragmentation

Wildlife Migration: Most animal

species tend to follow established

patterns in their daily and seasonal

movement patterns. Project

components may block wildlife

corridor resulting in either a cessation

in its use because animals are reluctant

to cross the area, may cause delay or

deviation to migration patterns.

Ecological Disequilibrium: The

importation of new plant and animal

species within the Project area can

upset the dynamic balance that exists

in the ecosystem. Native species face

competition for resources from new

arrivals. Predator-prey relationships



can be altered, often to the detriment

of the native species. In this instance,

the fact that all of the project

components are devoted to wastewater

collection, transportation and

treatment minimizes any potential for

ecological disequilibrium.

Wildlife disturbance: Noise may

prevent many animal species from

approaching or passing through

Project corridors, thereby effectively

rendering habitat areas inaccessible to

some species.

7) Potential impact on

population/community

Construction works are seen as a

nuisance to nearby residents,

traffickers and pedestrians as a result

of detour actions, dust and air

emissions, noise generated, abundance

of workers in the area and in general

the disruption of quality of life.

Proper public consultations

and awareness programs

should be conducted

regarding the project

activities, goals and impacts

in order to mainstream

people’s expectations from

the project and ensure their

ownership of the project.

EMC/EFS3

(RSUs)

Public

Relations

Department

at both

Governorate

headquarter

LE 20,000

per

Governorate

Destruction of public properties as Ensure restoration of Contractor/s EFS2 To be



trees, bushes and roadside vegetation

and landscaping features by

construction activities causing a public

property loss.

construction sites after work

completion

(RSUs) included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price


employment

Influx of temporary workers, whose

demands and behavior may be at odds

with those of local people.

Establish labor camps at

reasonable distance from

villages. Also Monitor the

construction plans with

contractor to reduce delays to

shorten actual project

implementation period.

Contractor/s

supervised by

CSCs.

EMC/EFS3

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

Male distribution of employment

opportunities among local and migrant

labor.

Encourage female

participation from the local

community to be part of the

project staff

New employment opportunities do not

make use of local human resources.

Provide job opportunities for

people in the area. Also

accord local community

employment for unskilled

and semi-skilled as a priority

The emergence of communicable

diseases among workers and

Implement communicable

diseases programs in

conjunction with Ministry of



community members. Health to be able to control

the risk of disease

transmission, stated in the

training courses on health

issues in table 7.7 below.

Exposure of workers to occupational

health and safety risks

Conduct pre-employment

health screening. Also

Provide onsite laborer with

proper sanitation facilities. In

addition to provision of

protective professional

Equipment.


Utilities, infrastructure and

roads

These activities include: excessive use

of potable water during construction,

excessive use of power, traffic

generation at existing roads lead to the

project sites from transportation of

fuel for vehicles and machines and

materials to be used in construction

such as pipes network, pumps, etc. to

construction site.

Contracts for the Project will

include enforceable

provisions for the proper

management of work

activities.

Contractor/s &

EFS1

EMC

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price

Also, there are risks that may emerge Coordination between the Contractor/s & EMC To be



from roads trafficked by trucks

serving the project during construction

activities.

contractor and the traffic

police department at the

concerned governorate, will

minimize road blockage or

will reduce it to the

minimum duration. Pro-

active information will also

be implemented in order to

have the concerned residents

or daily passer-by to be

informed of the date and the

duration of the works in their

area. This information will

be done through posters,

local meetings and the

creation of an internet site

dedicated to the project and

providing fresh and up-dated

information on these issues.

EFS1

(RSUs) included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding

price


Human health

The negative healthy impacts may be

produced from the dust generated

during setting up of base camps, gases

emitted from vehicles and crew

movement, and incineration of non-

hazardous wastes, from high-level

Contractors will be required

to provide basic emergency

health facilities for workers.

Also contract provisions

should avoid the

contamination of local water

Contractor/s

EMC/EFS3

(RSUs)

To be

included in

the

Contractor/s

bidding



noise during operation of generators

used to operate machines for

construction and from trucks and

vehicular movements and also from

disposal of hazardous and non-

hazardous wastes and accidental spill

of oil or diesel fuel inside or outside

the construction area. Also, workers

are exposed to injuries during work

and from possible transportation

accidents on roads leading to the

Project areas.

supplies, air pollution and

noise prevention measures

are recommended.

Contractors for the Project

activities will require

construction operators to

attend to the health and

safety of their workers,

maintain and cleanup

campsites and to ensure the

utmost preservation of land

use environment and deliver

the site after work

completion in a condition

that is similar or better than

pre-project condition.

price

Adverse impact on population as a

result of possible traffic accidents,

nuisance from project activities that

disturb traffic flow, landscaping and

pedestrian corridors.

The contractor will be

required to implement safety

and road signs in sufficient

quantities and at the

appropriate location, in order

to facilitate traffic diversion

and to reduce the risk of

traffic jams and car accident.

Biological effects from

electromagnetic fields to be

It is recommended to

guarantee during both



considered. construction and operation

phases that dose and period

of human exposure to

electromagnetic fields should

not exceed the limits of the

international standards

mentioned in item 6.2.11.2

above.


archaeological and cultural

environment

There are envisaged areas of high,

medium and low sensitivity for new

possible archaeological exploitation

which are: In Assiut Governorate, in

some villages at El Badary, El

Ghnayma, Dayroot, Al Qousia and

Sadfa Marakez (Districts). In Sohag

Governorate, in some villages of

Tama, Tahta and Belina Marakez.

Maps of potential sensitive areas in

villages and Marakez of the two

Governorates

A detailed ESIA study is

needed to determine the

potential places of

archaeological sites within

the project boundaries.

External

consultants

recruited by

AWWC/

SWWC

RSUs/

Supreme

Council for

Antiquities

The study is

already

included in

page 7-17

above to be

conducted

during the

pre-

construction

stage.

Operation

Phase

1) Potential impact on soil &

landscaping



possible deterioration of effluent

quality in case of system breakdowns

shall lead to irrigating green fields

with water of bad quality in violation

of the Egyptian Code 501/2000.

to take necessary action to

prevent reusing secondary

treated effluents in irrigating

any crops and limit their use

to irrigating wooden trees.

EFS2 (RSUs) EMC

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost of reuse

of effluents


result of malfunctioning of treatment

process.

Make necessary sludge

sampling and analysis to

detect and ensure its ability

to be used as fertilizer

according to environmental

laws.

WWCs, heads

of laboratories

EMC/EFS2

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost

2) Potential impact on water

resources

Risks of disposal of final effluent Apply analytical measures of

drain quality in Assiut as per

applicable laws

AWWC, head

of laboratories

EMC/EFS2

(ARSU)

Normal

operation

cost

Monitor flow discharge

volume as m3/day to control

further process by installing

flow meters at WWTPs

outlets

Operation

Companies

“OC”

EFS2

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost


ambient air

Extensive emissions of CO2

(generated from produced methane

Good maintenance and

operation of the treatment

OC EFS1

(RSUs)

Normal

operation



gas) into the environment from sludge

decomposition

process will be necessary to

limit both air emission and

odors from the system.

cost

Odor are generated from pumping

stations, aeration, sedimentation , and

sludge condensation tanks, sludge

dewatering zone, etc. Odor sources are

all non- point pollution sources. Risk

of unpleasant odors or chloride

emissions will occur in the vicinity of

WWTPs and the pumping stations

sites.

During operation, the bar

screen well and screened slag

packing will be located and

done inside house of sewage

treatment plant. Common

ventilation system will be

provided to vent odorous gas

from high level.

Good maintenance and

operation of the treatment

process will be necessary to

limit both air emission and

odors from the system.

OC EFS1

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost

Generators are the main source of air

emissions although no significant

impact from generators is expected as

they are used just as backups and not

in a continuous basis.

Limit the use of generators to

the minimum use to limit air

pollutants emissions.

OC EFS1

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost




acoustic environment

noise generated by pumping stations,

pumps, ventilators, air compressors,

and generators.

Routine monitoring of noise

levels to ensure conformity

of environmental noise level

during operation with related

standards of ERs 385/1995,

Article 44 and Annex 7, for

both working areas and

residential areas.

OC EMC

(RSUs)

Part of job

duties

5) Potential impact on flora

In case of using effluents of WWTPs

for wooden afforestation and using

dried sludge as a fertilizer the impact

will be positive in case of taking

mitigation measures to guarantee an

ideal operation process. However, in

the case of facility partial or complete

breakdowns, the effluent quality will

deteriorate posing a negative impact

on vegetation.

Safe sludge application as

soil fertilizer should be

monitored and properly

admitted only in compliance

with the terms and conditions

of the Egyptian Decree

44/2000 and Decree

171/2005.

OC EFS2

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost

Pollution hazards from oil spills,

chemicals release and hazardous

waste.

Maintain good preventive

maintenance and prompt

reaction to emergency

breakdowns.

OC EFS2

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost



6) Potential impact on fauna

Spread of solid waste at various sites

within or outside the facility premises

may cause deterioration to fauna

environment.

Ensure a strict

implementation of the solid

waste management plan

developed by a consultancy

firm,

OC EFS2

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost

Pollution hazards from oil spills,

chemicals release and hazardous

waste.

Maintain good preventive

maintenance and prompt

reaction to emergency

breakdowns.

OC EFS2

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost


population/community

Project conflicts with community

members

Provide acceptable paying

strategy for the installation

and consumption fees.

WWCs WWCs Normal

operation

cost

Destruction to project facilities by

community members

Implement awareness raising

campaigns to reduce misuse

and urge community

members to preserve the

Project assets.

WWCs WWCs Normal

operation

cost


employment

Injuries and accidents to workers

Comply with work place

legal requirements and OC EFS3

(RSUs)

Normal

operation



stringent safety regulations

should be observed to avoid

work accidents.

cost

New employment opportunities do not

make use of local human resources

Draft an employment plan

that ensures the local

population is given the

opportunity to be employed.

OC EFS3

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost


Utilities, infrastructure and

roads



process

Propose a possible sludge

humidification process as

part of the design documents

OC EFS2

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost

Blockage of wastewater networks Ensure regular inspection

and preventive maintenance

of the system in addition to

avail emergency repair team

for prompt intervention in

case of sewer clogging and

breakdowns.

O & M staff EFS2

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost

10) Potential impact on Human

health



Provide all concerned

workers at the WWTPs with

protective health equipments

EFS2 (RSUs) EMC

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost



process

Hazards from project facilities Ensure proper preventive

maintenance measures and

proper handling and disposal

of containers of hazardous

material

OC EMC

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost


archaeological and cultural

environment

The vibration generated by operation

activities and traffic can have a

detrimental effect on structures and

can be a particular concern in the case

of cultural heritage sites or lightly

constructed buildings not designed to

withstand such vibrations.

Proper management of

operation activities to avoid

destruction to archaeological

areas as a result of vibrations

generated by project

operation in compliance to

concerned archaeological

EIA study

OC EFS1

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost



Table 11: Project Environmental Management Matrix for Monitoring Activities

Project

Activity

Parameters to be

Monitored

Location Measurements (including

methods & equipment)

Frequency of

Measurement

Responsibilities

(including review

& reporting

Cost

Estimate

Pre-

construction

Phase

Water quality at water bodies

currently

receiving raw

sewage

PH, BOD, COD, TSS,

TDS, Oil and Greases,

Phosphates, Nitrates,

Ammonia (nitrogen), Lead,

Cadmium, Chromium,

Copper, Nickel, Iron,

Manganese, Zinc, Cobalt,

and Estimated Faecal

Coliform Count in 100

cm3.

Materials and containers to

be used for preserving and

transporting water samples

correspond to APHA

specifications, 1999.

2 samples from

each site.

Samples to be

taken twice a day,

during 2 different

days.

To be prepared by

a certified water

analysis

laboratory. To be

supervised by the

EMC/EFS2

(RSUs) and the

heads of

Laboratories of

AWWC & SWWC

LE 50,000

(250 LE

per sample

X 200

samples)

Soil quality At all sites of

new WWTPs PH, Conductivity (EC),

TDS , Calcium (Ca++

),

Magnesium (Mg++

),

Bicarbonate as (HCO3-),

Carbonate, Sodium (Na+),

Potassium (K+), Chloride

2 samples from

each site. To be prepared by

a certified soil

analysis

laboratory. To be

supervised by the

EMC/EFS2

LE 9,000

(300 LE

per sample

X 30

samples)



(Cl-), Sulphate (SO4

--), Iron

(Fe), Manganese (Mn),

Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn),

Aluminium (Al), Boron

(B), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt

(Co), Chromium (Cr), Lead

(Pb), Strontium (St), and

Nickel (Ni). Materials and

containers to be used for

preserving and transporting

soil samples conform to

ASTM D 4220-95.

(RSUs) and the

heads of

Laboratories of

AWWC & SWWC

Air pollutants at WWTPs and

Pumping

Stations Sites

Temperature, Particulates

PM10, H2S, SO2, NO2 and

CO. Instruments are:

Temperature Load Meter

Thermo-meter, particles

meter, SO2 meter, NO2

meter and CO meter.

2 samples from

each site.

Samples to be

taken once a day,

during 2 different

days

To be taken by

accredited

measurements

firms. To be

supervised by the

EMC/EFS1

(RSUs).

LE 60,000

(400 LE

per sample

X 150

samples)

Noise

measurements at WWTPs and

Pumping

Station Sites

Noise LAeq dB(A).

Instrument is the Digital

Impulse Sound Level

Meter.

2 noise

measurements

one during day

time and the other

during night time.

To be taken by

accredited

measurements

firms. To be

supervised by the

EMC/EFS1

LE 20,000



(RSUs).

Construction

Phase

Air pollutants at

WWTPs and

Pumping Stations

Sites

at WWTPs Temperature, Particulates






meter and CO meter.

1 sample from

each site. To be taken by

accredited

measurements

firms. To be

supervised by the

EMC/EFS1

(RSUs).

LE 6,000

(400 LE

per sample

X 15

samples)

Noise

measurements at WWTPs and

Pumping

Station Sites

Noise LAeq dB(A).


Impulse Sound Level

Meter.

2 noise

measurements

one during day

time and the other

during night time.

To be taken by

accredited

measurements

firms. To be

supervised by the

EMC/EFS1

(RSUs).

LE 20,000

Solid and

hazardous waste at all project

sites Monitor and document

quantities and quality of

produced solid and

hazardous waste

Continuous

monitoring To be recorded by

the EFS2 (RSUs) Part of job

duties

Residents of the

area complaining

from the

construction

activities

at all project

sites Receive and document

complaints On a continuous

basis To be recorded by

the hotline

employees at the

RSUs or by any of

the RSUs staff.

Further actions to

Part of job

duties



resolve these

complaints will be

performed by the

WWCs.

Operation

Phase

Hazards from bad

sludge

management

At WWTPs

drying beds

PH, Conductivity (EC),

TDS , Calcium (Ca++

),

Magnesium (Mg++

),

Bicarbonate as (HCO3-),

Carbonate, Sodium (Na+),

Potassium (K+), Chloride

(Cl-), Sulphate (SO4

--), Iron

(Fe), Manganese (Mn),

Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn),

Aluminium (Al), Boron

(B), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt

(Co), Chromium (Cr), Lead

(Pb), Strontium (St), and

Nickel (Ni). Materials and

containers to be used for

preserving and transporting

soil samples conform to

ASTM D 4220-95.

2 samples from

each site.

To be analyzed at

the AWWC &

SWWC

laboratories, under

the direct

supervision of the

EMC/EFS2

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost

Bacteriological analysis for

faecal coliform Escaris ova

and salmonella.

2 samples from

each site.

To be analyzed at

the AWWC &

SWWC

laboratories, under

Normal

operation

cost



the direct

supervision of the

EMC/EFS2

(RSUs)

Risks of disposal

of final effluent

at WWTPs

outlets

Monitor flow discharge

volume as m3/day to

control further process by

flow meters.

Daily Operation Agency

supervised by

EFS2 (RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost

At an

agricultural

drain in Sadfa

and Ghnayem

Markez

(districts) in

Assiut

Governorate

PH, BOD, COD, TSS,

TDS, Oil and Greases,

Phosphates, Nitrates,

Ammonia (nitrogen), Lead,

Cadmium, Chromium,

Copper, Nickel, Iron,

Manganese, Zinc, Cobalt,

and Estimated Faecal

Coliform Count in 100

cm3.

Materials and containers to

be used for preserving and

transporting water samples

correspond to APHA

specifications, 1999.

Monthly To be analyzed at

the AWWC &

SWWC

laboratories, under

the direct

supervision of the

EMC/EFS2

(RSUs)

Normal

operation

cost

Residents of the at all project Receive and document On a continuous To be recorded by Part of job



area complaining

from operation

activities or

service quality

sites complaints basis the hotline

employees at the

RSUs or by any of

the RSUs staff

duties

Hazardous waste

spillage

At hazardous

waste locations

Routine observation and

documentation of

hazardous material use.

On a weekly basis To be monitored

by the O&M staff

under the

supervision of the

RSUs.

Part of job

duties

Biological effects

from

electromagnetic

fields to be

considered.

At electric

substations

To measure electric fields

as KV/m r.m.s.

Monthly Operation Agency

supervised by

EFS1 (RSUs)

Part of job

duties

Air pollutants at WWTPs Temperature, Particulates






meter and CO meter.

1 sample from

each site on a

monthly basis

To be measured by

EFS1 (RSUs)

Part of job

duties

Noise

measurements

at WWTPs and

Pumping

Station Sites

Noise LAeq dB(A).


Impulse Sound Level

Meter.

2 noise

measurements

(day time and

night time) on a

To be measured by

EFS1 (RSUs)

Part of job

duties



monthly basis

Population

satisfaction

At project sites

and served

areas

Population views and

appreciation or complaints

from the project services

Every 3 months

through public

consultations, TV

programs & direct

meetings with

community CDAs

To be performed

by EFS3 (RSUs)

and report results

to EMC (RSUs)

for remedial

actions

Part of job

duties



Table 12: Required Training Courses for Institutional strengthening and a Successful Implementation of the ESMMF

Training

Course

Contents Type of Training Participants Proposed

Scheduling

Cost

Estimate

National &

International

Environmental

& Social Laws

and safeguard

policies

Environmental and social

laws related to land, air and

water pollution prevention,

legal aspects, community

participation, aesthetic

environment.

Indoors sessions and

workshops at each

Governorate

RSUs Staff (EMU,

EFS1, EFS2, EFS3), and

Contractors’ engineers

A 3 days course,

to be conducted

before project

implementation,

by specialized

consultants

LE 40,000

(2 x LE

20,000)

Health &

Environmental

Issues

Health related issues to

construction activities, water

borne diseases, air and noise

pollution hazards, solid waste

and hazardous waste risks,

safety measures and

communicable diseases.

Indoors sessions, field

trips and workshops at

each Governorate

RSUs Staff (EMU,


Contractors’ engineers.

A 3 days course,

to be conducted

before project

implementation,

by specialized

consultants

LE 40,000

(2 x LE

20,000)

Environmental

& Social

Assessment

Techniques of environmental

and social assessment.


workshops at each

Governorate

RSUs Staff (EMU,


Governorates

Environmental

Departments staff.

A one day course,

to be conducted

before project

implementation.

LE 20,000

(2 x LE

10,000)

Environmental

Mitigation

Measures

How to apply mitigation

measures in fulfillment of

implementing the ESMMP

Indoors sessions, field

trips and workshops at

each Governorate

RSUs Staff (EMU,

EFS1, EFS2, EFS3),

Governorates

Environmental

A 2 days course,

to be conducted

before project

implementation

LE 30,000

(2 x LE

15,000)



Department staff, POs,

and WWCs technicians.

Resettlement

considerations,

social

assessment and

interaction with

community

Resettlement plan, public

hearings issues, interaction

with community members,

client satisfaction, conducting

social surveys and community

participation in project

activities.


field trips at each

Governorate

EFS3, Governorate

social officers

A 2 days course,

to be conducted

before project

implementation,

by a specialized

consultant.

LE 30,000

(2 x LE

15,000)

Environmental

Register,

monitoring and

auditing

Methods for preparing

environmental registers,

monitoring techniques and

auditing to implement the

ESMMF


field trips at each

Governorate

RSUs Staff (EMU,

EFS1, EFS2), PO and

WWCs technical team

A one day course,

to be conducted

before project

commissioning,

by a specialized

consultant.

LE 30,000

(2 x LE

15,000)

O & M

activities in

relation to

ESMMF

Technical issues related to

O&M of wastewater facilities

and reuse of effluents and

sludge for land application in

compliance to environmental

laws


field trips at each

Governorate

RSUs Staff (EMU,

EFS1, EFS2), PO and

WWCs technical team

A 5 days course,

conducted before

project

commissioning,

by specialized

consultants

LE 60,000

(2 x LE

30,000)

public

consultations

and awareness

To cover awareness to all

stakeholders about the project

activities, goals and outputs to

Indoors meetings Representatives from

various public entities

and private sector.

Pre-construction

and during

construction

LE 40,000

(2 x LE

20,000)



programs ensure people’s understanding

and ownership of the project

phases



Table 13: Estimated Cost for ESMMF Implementation (ISSIP-2, Assiut & Sohag Governorates cost details)

Activity Unit Cost in

LE

Unit Description No. Total in LE Total in

$

Category 1: Studies

Focused Environmental & Social Impact

(ESIA) studies for ISSIP 2 Project

250,000 Environmental & social impact

study

2 500,000

Environmental & Social Impact (ESIA) studies

for preserving archaeological sites

100,000 Environmental and social

impact study

2 200,000

Integrated solid waste management studies 75,000 Solid waste management study 2 150,000

Category 2: Monitoring activities*

Water quality analysis 250 Water sample 200 50,000

Soil quality analysis 300 Soil sample 30 9,000

Air pollutants measurements 400 Air station 160 66,000

Noise measurements 200 Noise station 200 40,000

Category 3: Training

Environmental & Social Laws 20,000 Training course 2 40,000

Health & Environmental Issues 20,000 Training course 2 40,000

Environmental & Social Assessment 10,000 Training course 2 20,000

Environmental Mitigation Measures 15,000 Training course 2 30,000

Resettlement considerations, social assessment 15,000 Training course 2 30,000



and interaction with community

Environmental Register, monitoring & auditing 15,000 Training course 2 30,000

O & M activities in relation to ESMMF 30,000 Training course 2 60,000

public consultations and awareness programs 20,000 Awareness program 2 40,000

Category 4: Staffing – New employees**

A Social Supervisor (EFS3) at ARSU 4,500 Salary per month (5 years) 1 270,000

Hotline employees at ARSU 3,000 Salary per month (5 years) 2 180,000

Hotline employees at SRSU 3,000 Salary per month (5 years) 2 180,000

Category 5: Staffing – Short term consultants

Environmental Management Consultant 25,000 Salary per month 5 125,000

Category 6: Equipment

Water quality equipment 150,000 Laboratory equipment 2 300,000

Air monitoring devices 30,000 Monitoring devices 2 60,000

Noise measuring devices 20,000 Monitoring devices 2 40,000

Total 2,460,000 424,136

*These costs are related to monitoring activities (water and soil analysis and air and noise measurements) during both pre-construction and construction phases of the project.

Other monitoring activities to be done during the operation phase will be performed by the WWCs technical staff using the Companies’ equipment.

**Salaries allocated in this table for the new employees at both Assiut Rural Sanitation Unit and Sohag Rural Sanitation Unit, cover the construction phase which is 5 years

for implementing the ISSIP 2 at both Assiut and Sohag Governorates. However, this staff will remain as a permanent staff during the operation phase and hence their salaries

will be covered from the budget of both Water and Wastewater Companies.



Chapter 8, explains the analysis of alternatives which are,

No project alternative

The ISSIP-2 will contribute to improvement the quality of the underground water

through preventing infiltration of wastewater to the surrounding and the improvement

of the surface water through preventing the discharge of wastewater by tankers to

drains.

The social positive impacts expected from the project is the job opportunities that will

allow workers and engineers in construction, permanent work in operations and

maintenance phases, which will contribute to the improvement of economic situation.

Although there may be some problems; possible loss of agriculture land for the

construction of pump station and wastewater treatment plants in case of lack of land in

desert for the wastewater treatment plants, often apply mechanical system for

treatment to minimize the area of land required, odours problems from wastewater

treatment plants, impacts expected during construction, economic difficulties for poor

people in contributing in the project’s costs.

Alternatives of piping materials

The following alternatives are of the most used pipes in sewerage, which can be used

in the sanitary drainage projects in accordance with the amendments issued by

National Organization for Potable Water and Sanitary Drainage (NOPWASD), and as

per the Ministerial Decree No. (277) for the year 2000 as well as amendments and

additions to the ministerial decision No. (14) For the year 2002 and the rest of the

annexes:

Plastic Pipe (UPVC)

Glass Reinforced Polyester pipes (GRP)

High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

Alternatives for house connections and collection system

The following are the alternatives for House Connections and collection system:

Vacuum Sewer System

Small-bore sewer system

Shallow sewerage system

Simplified sewerage system (Condominial Sewerage)

Alternative of pump station facilities

The operation of PS will require utilization of ancillary facilities such as the power

generators, ASTs and transformers. Generators will work in cases of power failure.

Alternative techniques for biological treatment

The aim of secondary treatment (also called biological treatment) is to remove soluble

and colloidal organic substances, such as:



Natural Lagoon Systems

Suspended Growth Systems

Attached Growth Systems

Disinfection alternatives

This section reviews disinfection options:

Chlorination

Chlorination-dechlorination

UV Irradiation

Alternatives to the utilization of decentralized treatment works effluent

The decentralized systems includes; house connections, collection works (inspection

chambers towards manholes), pump stations, wastewater treatment plant, As been

previously indicated the decentralized system similar to centralized system with

smaller scale.

The alternatives of discharge the effluent from the decentralized system can be

divided into; reusing the final effluent for irrigating wooden forest or discharging the

final effluent to a drain.

Alternatives to the utilization of sludge

Sludge treatment stages

Sludge Thickening

Sludge Stabilization

Sludge Dewatering

Sludge Drying

Alternatives for sites and phasing

Phasing of the project implementation decisions based on many issues as ranked items

such as; fresh water streams, village with higher pollution, high ground water table,

maximize usage of existing facilities, land availability, health problems in case of

absence of the project and increase number of people served of the project.



Chapter 9, concerns the public hearings methodology, activities of the public

hearings held at both Governorates, conclusions of the public hearings.

Methodology

The public hearings in the two governorates took place during the scoping stage of the

study. This was achieved through a public meeting that the both Assiut and Sohag

WWCs called for. The process for calling for the public hearing ensured proper

communication with the affected communities and key stakeholders is as follows:

Preparation of invitations which send by fax, or delivered by hand to a number

of stakeholders and community members.

Media advertisement announcing the call for the public meeting to discuss the

potential impacts of the project.

Preparation of presentations in Arabic describing the project’s activities and

the anticipated impacts

Assiut and Sohag WWCs directed the public hearing activities with the technical

support of the project team. The ESIAF team assisted in coordinating the ESIAF with

the relevant stakeholders (local population, governmental and non-governmental

organisations, and other relevant groups). The social, environmental and technical

specialists of the team were responsible for ensuring that early and effective

identification and consultation with these groups was undertaken.

Activities of the Public Hearings

Communication with the public

In order to ensure that the public are properly informed about the consultations event,

announcements were made on the most widely spread official newspaper (Al-Ahram)

prior to the consultation date. The consultation/public hearing was held on November

8, 2010 in Assiut and on November 9, 2010 in Sohag while the announcements were

published on November 4, 2010.

Documentation and classification of the comments

Notes were taken during the public hearings where each question or comment was

recorded. The comments and questions were then classified. An internal discussion

among team members took place to respond to each comment/question and guarantee

that the area of concerned is covered in the final report

Assiut Governorate

On November 8, 2010 a public hearing was held at the premises of the Nile Centre for

Mass-media, in Assiut City. The total number of participants counts for 52

participants (12 women (24%) and 37 men from the community and 3 ESIAF study

experts). Representatives of the civil society, WWC, governmental authorities, as well

as technical consulting firm responsible for preparing the technical design of the

Project in Assiut Governorate participated effectively in the discussions.



The session was facilitated by the ESIAF team. The Chairman of AWWC and the

ESIAF team responded to the comments and queries of the participants regarding the

Project interventions in their communities. The list of participants in the public

hearing is presented in Annex 1.

The session started with welcoming statements made by the Chairman of the AWWC.

This was followed by a presentation made by the ESIAF Consultants (Environmental

and Social), in which an overall project objectives and phases were addressed

including the ESIA procedures.

Dr. Amal Aly the social consultant expressed the ESIAF team appreciation for the

stance by the Chairman of the AWWC who supported the ESIAF team in achieving

the objectives of the ESIAF mission. She expressed her appreciation to AWWC team

who helped in facilitating the team at the field level.

Sohag Governorate

On November 9, 2010 a public hearing was held at the premises of Sohag City

Council. The total number of participants counts to 117 participants (15 women (13%)

and 99 men and 3 ESIAF study experts). Representatives of the civil society, WWC,

governmental authorities participated in the discussions.

As a part of preparation activities, a non-technical summary in Arabic was prepared

describing the objectives of the project, the public hearing, and the ESIA. It also

showed the selected villages for project implementation. The summary was made

available at the registration disk before the session.

The session was facilitated by the Head of the RSU and the ESIAF team. The Head of

the RSU and the ESIAF team responded to the comments and opinions of the

participants. The list of participants in the public hearing is presented in Annex 1.

The session began with welcoming statements made by the Mayor of Sohag City and

Markaz, Vice President of the SWWC, and the Head of Sanitation Sector of SWWC

(Head of RSU). This was followed by a presentation made by the ESIAF Consultants

(Environmental and Social), in which project objectives and phases, ESIAF objectives

and stages, and the public hearing objectives were addressed.

Discussions at both Assiut & Sohag sessions

Many comments on the exiting situation of sanitation in the villages including al

related environmental and social problems were raised by the participants. Among

these are:

The majority of houses at the village level face sewerage overflow problems

and a number of the houses collapsed due to this. At the first floor of the

buildings, sewer water reaches a couple of meters to three meters in many

instances which can be realized on the walls.

The number of sweep cars is not quite sufficient in the village and cars cannot

penetrate through the narrow roads to evacuate it when filled.

Contamination problems at villages are very serious and people do suffer

greatly.



The fees of pits evacuation ranges between (400) – (500) Egyptian Pounds.

This amount of money is not within the households capabilities.

In Sohag, comments were raised by participants with regards to the quality of

the drinking water. People believe that they are drinking sewer water. In

Sohag, a member to the Local Village Council said that some citizens drain

their sewer water through the underground water table, this results in that

people at El-Ghanayma Village drink from the sewerage water and that

neighboring homes and all the village settlers drink sewerage water.

During the sessions the following issues and concerns were raised:

Concerning the willingness to pay, in both governorates, comments were that

the community members pay between (400) – (500) Egyptian Pounds for pits

evacuation every 3-4 months, signifying that people are ready to pay for the

house connections and the maintenance fees.

Regarding the community participation, participants expressed willingness to

participate through self efforts, they are ready to participate and to assist in the

excavation activities to be carried out which means that they are ready to

participate by manpower.

Comments were raised in relation to the drinking / potable water network,

since the pipes are made of asbestos almost forty (40) years back. The network

is considered irredeemable practically. They asked for replacement and

renewal of the potable water network while implanting the sewerage network

through the project to avoid future explosions and leakage.

Another intervention came from the Mayor (Omda) of Demino in Sohag said

that once the project is completed, maintenance has to be prioritized to avoid

negativities and high level maintenance must be provided.

Another speaker requested that the potable water pipe line must be

reconsidered / amended, before planning the sanitary sewer network. This is

because they feel that the project will not terminate before some considerable

time and they have to explore solutions to the frequent water cuts they suffer

from especially during the prayer time and our search for water for abolition.

One of attendees raised a question on the conditions and criteria for preference

and how villages are selected.

A member to the local council said that at the time, a rumor spread elsewhere

saying that sanitary sewer causes damage and off smell.

With regards to required lands for constructing pumping station, many speakers

mentioned that a number of selected villages do not have lands owned by the

Government. And they may be able to buy the required lands for erecting the

pumping station in spite of the fact that it might not be affordable and may be

difficult to collect or two. In addition, community members expressed their

willingness to voluntarily sell and donate their land. One of the main issues raised

is land pricing, participants claimed that land prices should be determined through

an agreement between the executive organization (Governorates or WWCs) and

the beneficiaries. They also claimed that the criteria for pricing land should be

based on a fair market price of similar lands



Talking about continuity of the project, another attendee said: roads at the

village are very narrow, and main roads exist only at certain places. He added

that their experience with other projects is that consulting firms when they

arrive at the village, they start digging and excavations at all roads of the

village level, and the work might last for long periods.

A participant raised issues about the current stage of the project design and

implementation and whether the inputs of stakeholders will be considered in

other project phases

A participant raised issues related to expected social impacts of the project on

the public and Involvement of the community in the project.

The following table documents the key issues and concerns raised by the participants.

Table 14: Key Issues Raised by Participants in Public Hearings and Comments and

Correspondent Actions by ESIAF

Key Issues Comments and Correspondent Actions by

ESIAF

People are willing to pay

Willingness to pay has been

addressed in the ESIAF

People are willing to

positively participate

RSU social component can

discuss ways of participation by

community

Cost for connections RSU in collaboration with the

NGOs, funding institutions

should look for partners, and

payment thus reducing burdens

on people side

Replacement and renewal of the

potable water network while

implementing the sewerage

network

The potable water network will be

among the problems to be discussed

with the WWC.

Priority that should be given to

high level maintenance after the

project completion

A maintenance plan should be

developed by the ISSIP-2

Exploring solutions to the

frequent water cuts especially

during the project construction.

A plan should be developed by

the RSU in collaboration with

the water sector, the technical

office, and contractors for

reducing or eliminating water

cuts during construction phase.

Transparency on the conditions

and criteria for preference and

how villages are selected.

Disclosure of project

documents to the stakeholders

and the public

Organizing sessions by the RSU

at the district level for providing

clarifications about project

rationales.




ESIAF

Rumors spread elsewhere on

damage and off smell caused by

pumping stations

Developing awareness raising plan by

RSU (social and environment members)

on project effects and impacts.

Community remarkable characters from

WSSCs (public relation unit and the

RSU), religious institutions, NGOs, and

natural leaders can share in raising the

public awareness

Land acquisition and valuation It is expected to acquire land

(State-owned or private- owned)

for the establishment of

pumping stations.

A committee from the

governorate should be assigned

for the valuation of lands

Leaders at the village are

capable to allocate the land

either through donation by one

citizen or by collecting the price

of the land required for the

project through public

contributions.

Fund raising through Charity

Associations, SFD or others

Digging and excavations works in

the villages, and the delay of

projects

The project has a fixed time schedule by

the contractor and the holding company

as it is supervised and revised by the

World Bank.

They have established a time schedule

for excavation activities to start with

one road then move to the other.

A time framed schedule should

be developed with no delay.

A monitoring scheme will be

developed for the implementation of the

project.




ESIAF

Current stage of the

project design and

implementation and

whether the inputs of

stakeholders will be

considered in other

project phases

Social impacts of the

project on the public

Involvement of the

community in the project.

The ISSIP-2 is currently in the

phase of the environmental and

social impact assessment, the

input from different stakeholders

and community members at

these public hearings events will

be reflected in the report before

being finalized and published.

A social assessment report will

be prepared to determine the

overall social impacts

The social study recommended

the involvement of the

community during various

stages of the project.

The impacts of

construction works on

roads, the environment

(for example increase in

traffic primarily trucks

will increase noise and

dust levels in residential

areas).

ESIAF mitigation plan will

include all required mitigation

measures necessary to deal with

negative impacts of the

construction phase

Conclusions of the Public Hearings

The main outcomes from the public hearings demonstrate that there is a high level of

optimism regarding the results of the project. However, very high expectations and

diversity of problems facing the community were dominating the discussions. It also

showed that, the wastewater is one of the main concerns of the majority of the

participants. In fact, there is a need to demonstrate that the project will eventually

contribute to improving the overall living conditions of the project areas.

Other concerns that were raised during the consultation were concerning the social

impacts of the project and the inclusion of the community participation during the

project implementation in order to maximize the socio-economic benefits of the

project.

Annex 1 of the report includes, A) Transcript of Public Hearing Assiut Governorate,

B) Transcript of Public Hearing Sohag Governorate, C) List of Participants Assiut

Governorate, and D) List of Participants Sohag Governorate.



Chapter 10, is a conclusion of the whole report and describes the work done in this

report which mentioned above.

The Annexes of the report are:

o Annex 1: Transcript of Public Hearing in Assiut & Sohag Governorates

o Annex 2: Sensitive Archaeological Areas

o Annex 3: Official Letters

o Annex 4: Study Photos

o Annex 5: Resettlement Policy Framework



It is concluded by this integrated study that the project is expected to have positive

and negative impacts on the environment during both construction and operation

phases. Major envisaged impacts are as follows:

During the construction phase

Construction activities are expected to have some adverse impacts on the

environmental and social parameters as health, flora, soil, population and air

environment, to a lower extent on landscaping, water resources, acoustic environment,

and utilities, infrastructure and roads, and to lesser extent on fauna and archaeology.

Positive impacts are expected on both employment and political issues. However

when applying proper mitigation measures within an integrated environmental and

social management plan, these impacts will be substantially mitigated.

During the operation phase

Operation phase of Project is expected to have limited adverse impact on the

environment from possible breakdowns, malfunctioning of parts of the system or

excessive emissions concerning water resources, soil, landscaping, air, flora,

population, utilities, infrastructure and roads, archaeology, health, fauna. However

upon applying mitigation measures and a proper Environmental & Social

Management Plan these impacts will be reduced or transformed into positive impacts.

On the other hand the project will have remarkable positive impacts on political issues

in view of the Project achievements of improving the quality of life and living

conditions of served communities which will contribute to social stability and creation

of a healthy infrastructure for economic development and consequently improving

income for population. The political impact is also positive considering that the

project translates developmental government plans into concrete actions through the

construction of wastewater services that far improve health conditions of people who

have suffered for decades from the absence of proper sanitation services.

Also the Project is expected to have positive impacts on employment at the served

areas in view of temporary jobs that will be generated during the construction phase

and also jobs and business opportunities from feeding industries and services during

both construction phase (short term) and operation phase (long term) as construction

material, transportation, food supplies, etc.

Accordingly, an Environmental & Social Management Plan (ESMP) is designed in

this ESIAF to include activities that aim to achieve utmost compliance and protection

of the environment in relation to the WWTP activities during construction,

commissioning, operational and decommissioning phases of the facility.

In general this ESIAF study paves the road to the detailed and focused Environmental

and Social Impact Assessment Study (ESIA) that will be tendered in early 2011,

which would include more detailed studies on served areas by the project.

Documents

Assiut & Sohag ESIAF Study, Executive Summarymoh.gov.eg/pdf/esiaf_exscutivesummary_assuotsohag_english.pdf · includes a review of environmental and social international standards