ASSOCIATION OF CONCERNED AFRICAN SCHOLARSP.O. BOX 791, EAST LANSING, MI48823

Number 3/CONTENTS

Namibia Consultation. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 1ACAS Research Committee Meeting. . .. . . 2News Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Action on ZimlBbwe Needed. . . . . . . . . . . 3Response of State Dept. to Petition

of Concerned African Scholars. . . . . . . 5Text of Petition to State Department. . . . 6University Divestment at MSU . . . . . . . . . 7Resources on Southern Africa . . . . . . . . . 8ACAS Annual Meeting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Petition on Zimbabwe . .. 11

ACAS CONSULTATION ON NAMIBIAApril 20, 1979

Sarah Delano Roosevelt House, Hunter College, 47-49 East 65 Street (between Madison and Park), New York City

The ACAS consultation will center around the theme "A Free and Independent Namibia." Discussions will be held on the variousproposals for Namibian independence and their viability in terms of the interests of the Namibian people. If the U.N.-sponsoredelection is being held at that time, the meeting will consider the prospects of success of the electoral solution in the light of thepast and the fu ture.

The format of the consultation will be built around three scholarly papers and two major addresses, with commentaries by thevarious parties involved, including representatives of the U.N., SWAPO, the United States and activist organizations. Somerecommendations may be made from this consultation to the general membership of ACAS at' its annual meeting to be heldat Howard University in May. The papers and some of the commentary of the Namibia consultation will be published in asummer 1979 issue of Africa Today.

The papers to be presented include:

Professor Richard Dale, Political Science Department, Southern Illinois UniversityThe Background to the Rise ofNamibian Nationalism

Professor Ben Magubane, Sociology Department, University of ConnecticutThe International Conflict Over Namibia

Professor George Shepherd, Graduate School of International Studies, University of DenverThe Basis ofa Free and Fair Settlement

SWAPO and the Front Line States, as well as the views of South Africa and the Contact States, will be represented.Reservations should be sent to Dean Tilden leMelle, College of Arts and Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, 695 ParkAvenue, New York, NY 10021.

r

ACAS RESEARCH COMMITTEE MEETING

The Research Committee of ACAS will be meetingtogether with the Research Committee of Trans-Africa to formulate a long term research stra-tegy. The meeting will take place in New YorkSaturday, April 21, at 9 a.m. in the ChurchCenter for the United Nations, directly acrossfrom the U.N. In addition to the members ofthe two committees who can arrange to attend,participants will include representatives ofthe southern African liberation movements andliberation support movements.

The aim of the meeting will be to formulate along-term research strategy and organize anational network of faculty members and otherconcerned scholars who are or would like tobe conducting research in that context. Theagenda will include:

-- reports from the liberation movementson the kinds of research that they considerneeded;

-- reports from the support movements onthe kinds of research they are doing and whatmore is needed;

the nature of the existing outlets forpublication of further research, to avoidduplication and ensure a build-up of thekinds of research materials that will contri-bute most effectively to the needs of libera-tion and development in southern Africa;

proposals for organization of an on-going research network to meet the needsidentified in the course of discussion ofthe above reports, and consideration of waysto maximize the utilization of the resultsof research conducted.

The results of the meeting in New York willbe reported to the larger meeting of theACAS national organization in May, and ex-actly how ACAS could fit into the proposednetwork will be further discussed then. Wewould welcome ideas both as to form andcontent from all ACAS members, and wouldappreciate hearing from those who cannotarrange to be at the meeting in New York.

Anyone interested in further details maycontact Ann Seidman (Sociology Department,Brown University, Providence, RI 02912) orRon Walters (Political Science Department,Howard University, Washington, DC.)

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NEWS NOTES

The newsletter of the National Council forBlack Studies (Nov.-Dec. 1978) notes a newfilm, Black Trash from South Africa. Thenewsletter editor describes the film as aslick Hollywood-style sex/violence featureset in -- Soweto! A black African newspaperreporter (named Chaka) with his best friend,an Afrikaner police officer, foils the evilplots of a Black American mafioso named Mar-tin King.(!) The editor notes this film asan affront to all peoples of African descent,and further notes the plethora of free ma-terials distributed to our schools and libra-ries by South Africa's propaganda machine.As most of these books and films are beau-tifully produced, it is not always apparentat first glance that they are indeed propa-ganda. The editor points out the need tomonitor the resource materials on South Af-rica in our schools and libraries, and toprotest the indiscriminate use of prepagandafrom South Africa.

*A very specialized new anti-apartheid organi-z~tion is the South African MiZitary RefugeeAid Fund (SAMRAF) 138 Berkeley Place, Brook-lyn, NY 11217. SAMRAF aims to assist deser-ters from the South African defense forcesto find asylum in this country or elsewhere,and to publicize the moral dilemma of SouthAfricans drafted to serve in a military es-tablishment defending a system in which theydo not believe and for which there is no pro-vision for conscientious objection. Write toSAMRAF for further information.

*The Liberation Support Movement is sponsoringa speaking tour by two of their members whohave recently travelled in Southern Africa,worked with the liberation movements, andgetting an inside view of events there.They will present a slide/lecture accountof various aspects of their trip during thespring. For more information on arranginga program on one of their topics, contactSylvia Gee, LSM, Box 2077, Oakland, CA 94604.Phone (415) 635-4863.

ACTION ON ZIMBABWE URGENTLY NEEDED

The situation in Zimbabwe/Rhodesia isreaching a critical turning point. Pressureis mounting in and upon the U.S. Congress to1) send observers to the elections scheduledfor April 20; 2) recognize the Internal Set-tlement and resulting regime; and 3) lift theapplication of economic sanctions. SenatorsNcGovern and Hayakawa introduced a resolutionon March 1. 1979. calling for a aeam of 25-50"impartial observers" drawn from outside ofthe U.S. government to observe the election.Senators Schweiker and DeConcini introduced aresolution on February 9 that prejudges theZimhabwean issue, stating that the Smith gov-ernment has already demonstrated its willing-ness to negotiate in good faith at an all-parties conference ancl that free elections totransfer power to a hlack majority are aboutto be held (in compliance with the Case-Javitslegislation of 1978, in Section 27 of the In-ternnl Security Assistance Act) and thatsanctions sholiid therefore be lifted. It isurgent that Concerned Africanists respond tothese pressures now. To that end we have pre-pared this fact sheet, condensed from a Inrgebody of well-documented information. and arecirculating this petition for your endorse-ment.

1. TI1C' constitlltion upon ,,,hich the Aprilelections rest insures the perpetuation ofwhite minority rule within the so-called blackmajority state. Twenty-eight percent of theseats in the House of Assembly will be reser-ved for whites. The President will be appoin-ted hy Parliament and the Rhodesian Frontcould continue to have the largest singlebloc in that body. Whites will retain con-trol over th' police. army. civil service andi"cliciary. Only nne percent of the populationapproved the constitution and the holding ofelections in the so-called referendum of Janu-ary. To quote the Catholic Institute for In-ternational Relations in a statement of Novem-her 1978:

7':: :Iete that the (Sal£.s!JuY'y) AgY'p,:>-mel1t do,?.s not troan,c'fero p01,JeY' fY'()m thp/"h7: te rm:noroi ty to the black ma,ioY'i t!1is indcpd too mild; thp A~ro,:>empnt en-.suroes that 170 .such troa17Ffero .shall take:' lace . ... What 8mi th ha 8 7:17T('oHed bythi8 ';(1Y'pement is a far o-l7:rt 7,1heropby7,Jh7:te pm.,r:ro 7,Ji17 cont7:nup to hp AxeY'-(d.qqd hph7'nd a (·(mmpt7> far-arlr> nfblack Y'ule.

(Rhodr>.'17:a a/t.p'!" thp t'7t(:"rnalSettlement)

Moreover, the constitution is a watered-down version of the original Internal Settle-ment of March 3, 1978. Mt. Smith has won sig-nificant concessions since that time. Pro-visions for a Senate with one-~hird represen-tation for whites and one-third for chiefshave been made. The name of the country hasbeen altered to "Zimbabwe-Rhodesia." Finally.the provision that whites cannot join a coali-tion to form a government with one or moreblack groups has been dropped. Whites willnow he over-represented in the Cahinet aswell as in Parliament and could control one-fOtlrth to one-third of Cahinet portfolios.Mr. Smith has declared himself a candidatefor Parliament, ancl is thus eligible to be

3

President of Minister of Defense.

2. The constirution does not address thepressing problem of gross economic inequalitywithin the country. The average annual incomefor urban blacks is 8840, compared to $8,800for whites. Black farm workers are even worseoff: 75% make less than 830 per month. TheBill of Rights protects property, which meansthat it protects the entrenched privileges ofEuropeans, who own 54% of the land. and that54% is the most fertile. best watered, mostfree of tsetse fly, and best served by thetransportation infrastructure. To quote theCatholic Commission for Justice and Peace inRhodesia in rheir statement of Octoher 20, 1978:

Makino cirocumstances a little easier"op a' handful of Africans is monumen-tally iropelevant .... The roich-poorod7:visi on il: RhodeH7:an society a 7.mostcmt7:'f'dy (,07:ncideH un: th the ;"h7: te/black(HV1:s7:()n. The ntatemp'1t 7:8 completely131: lcmt 017 the question of u'Q(:;e I; tpucturoE'SlJhich 7,'eigh so heavi l!l against theZaborooPH and unskilled wo'f'ke'f's -- inproactire, all Afroir'ans.

3. The so-called elections will be con-ducted in an atmosphere of war. repression andintimidation. The best available informationfrom sources inside the country indicates thefollowing. The war is taking a toll of wellover a thollsand lives per month. Rhodesianraids into Zamhia. Mozamhique and Angola havetaken at least 3000 lives, most of them civil-ian. More than SO,OOO persons live in make-shift squatter areas outside Salisbury and Bula-wayo, and more than 175,000 new Zimhabweanrefugees are now in neighboring countries.Atrocities hy the security forces of Salisburyoutnumher and outweigh guerrilla actions. Twoto three thousand political prisoners are stillin jail. despite the provision for their releasein the Tnternal Settlement. Starvation nowfaces at least one million people in the north-east and southeast: over 100,000 persons havejust been released from camps and told to re-turn to homes which no longer exist and wherethey have no farms. no seed, no cattle for plow-ing. and no prospect for resuming a productiveli fl". Boys over the age of 13 are now beingforced to work on white farms. and men betweenthe ages of 18 and 25 are now forced to enlistin the Salishury armed forces. Martial lawexists in 85% of the country because of thegrowing success of the Patriotic Front, whichnow controls perhaps 75% of the country, Inrecognition of this. over 1000 Europeans permonth are leaving the country.

4. The elections will be administered inways that will not permit Africans to expresstheir opinions freely. The possibilities forfraud are considerable. The Salisbury securityforces will police the polling places. Africanvoters will not he registered; they will simplyshow their identity card. hirth certificate.or, in the case of women, their marriage certi-ficate. They will not vote for individuals.but for a party. The voting districts will hedrawn to emphasize ethnic divisions and givemaximum opportunity to the chiefs and otherconservative hlack leaders seeking power. Inthe words of a group of white businessmen fromBulawayo, .

(rhe black internal leaderos) are de-teY'mined... not to farA an election

***

JOIN ACAS NOW!

Affiliation . . . . . . . . .

Name .

.. Home phoneOffice phone . .

Please send dues for 1978/79 to:Tom ShickDept. of Afro-American StudiesUniversity of WisconsinMadison, WI 53706

---_....._---------------.....

Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(zip).................

Angola, Zambia and Mozambique apparently havenew and very powerful fragmentation bombs theyhave not used previously. And the Rhodesianplanes now are operating at night as they hadnot previously done, suggesting the arrival ofnew navigational equipment to prosecute thewar around the clock.

ACAS MEMBERSHIP DUES are based on income:Income under $10,000 .. $10.00Between $10,000 - 20,000 $20.00Over $20,000 . . . . $30.00Students/unemployed $ 7.50

6. An observer team sent by the U.S. isunnecessary and would lend credibility to theconstitution and the election process. Groupswithin Zimbabwe, such as the Catholic Commissionfor Justice and Peace, are in a position to re-port much more fully on the elections than anyoutside group, and without implying any approvalof the regime. Any outside observer groupwould be obliged to accept transportation andsecurity arrangements from the regime. Theywould not gain access to any significant in-formation from persons or groups opposed to theregime because of the conditions of repressionand intimidation. As the African group at theUnited Nations stated on February 14, 1979:

To send observers to such an electionis in fact to give encouragement tothe manoevres of the Smith regime cal-culated to defeat a genuine settlementof the conflict in Zimbabwe. Such amove can only comfort Mr. Smith and hiscollaborators, provide them with a falsesense of hope .... It would only leadto the escalation of the conflict andprolongation of the suffering and blood-shed of Zimbabweans.

***ACTION ON THE ZIMBABWE ISSUE IS URGENTLY NEEDED.

WRITE TO YOUR CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATIVES, THE

SECRETARY OF STATE, AND THE PRESIDENT. SIGN AND

CIRCULATE THE ACAS PETITION ON ZIMBABWE WHICH

APPEARS ON THE LAST PAGE. OF THIS NEWSLETTER.

wherein the people can make their ownchoice of leaders. This is why theynow wish to adopt the 'party listsystem" whereby their own names cantop the party lists and they can re-tain the offices to which they havenever been elected, nor would ever beelected by the votes of the people.This is ... a total negation of... oneman, one vote, and the choice ofleaders by the people themselves.

5. The United States and other Westernpowers are providing increasing clandestinesupport for the Smith regime, in the form ofmercenaries, oil, and sophisticated equip-ment. A number of developments in Zimbabwe/Rhodesia suggest that the brutal repressionby the Rhodesian regime is worsening and thatthe Western support for the Smith governmentis growing. The developments are:

b. The Western nations have decided notto stop the flow of petroleum products toSouth Africa which enables her to re-exportthe vital gasoline and oils to fuel the waragainst the Patriotic Front. South Africais short of petroleum herself, especiallyafter the withdrawal of Iranian supplies;nevertheless, she continues the profitableshipments to Rhodesia "backed by the promiseof the five internationally-owned subsidiar-ies to meet any domestic shortfalls ... " (SeeTami Hultman and Reed Kramer, "U.S. Oil andthe Embargo on Rhodesia," New York Times, Op-Ed, Jan. 26, 1979.) The companies are BritishPetroleum; Shell International Petroleum Com-pany, based in London; Mobil; Caltex; andthe Compagnie Francaise des Pet roles (Frenchgovernment). Thus, Rhodesia can enlarge thewar in spite of the guerrilla destruction ofperhaps one-fourth of her inventories in themortaring of petrol dumps in Salisbury andQue Que.

c. New military capability has suddenlyappeared in Rhodesia through 12 Huey BellAgusta Helicopters (model B-205) deliveredfrom Italy, via Israel and some Asian inter-mediary to South Africa, and thence to Rho-desia. These standbys of the Vietnam counter-insurgency campaigns hold more troops andarmaments for search-and-destroy operationsthan did the 48 aging French Alouette Ills,many of which were destroyed in accidentsand by the Patriotic Front. In addition,the Rhodesian bombers in their raids on

a. The flow of American mercenaries tothe Smith army continues unhampered by theU.S. government. This helps prolong the Rho-desian agony by months and perhaps by years.The State Department has declined to act onthe mercenary recruitment from the U.S. argu-ing the technicalities that: (1) passportsand identity cards are issued to Americansbecause they have not ~ entered the Rho-desian military, which occurs after receivingthe passport, and (2) that passports and ci-tizenship can be withdrawn from Americansserving in the Rhodesian military only if"the person intended to relinquish U.S. citi-zenship by such service." (Emphasis added.)(See"U.S. Policy Toward Rhodesia," House ofRepresentatives Hearing before the Subcommit-tee on Africa, June 8, 1977, USGPO, 1978, p.11. )

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RESPONSE BY STATE DEPARTMENT TO PETITION OFCONCERNED AFRICAN SCHOLARS

The following statement is a response to aletter from the Current Issues Committee ofthe African Studies Association, in whichAssistant Secretary for Africa Moose was re-minded that a petition signed by over 600Africanists had been submitted to the CarterAdministration, and specifically to Under-secretary Philip Habib of the State Depart-ment, in March 19?? Secretary Moose hadnot taken the African position at the time,but has responded in his letter to the vari-ous points in the petition.

I want to apologize again for the delay inresponding to the carefully considered peti-tion signed by over 600 scholars. In thetwo years of the Carter Administration, wehave come a long way in accomplishing thegoals which, among other things, the petit-ion was designed to launch. Those of us whoare deeply involved in African Affairs areencouraged by the fact that the petition wasso widely supported.

What we also need to do is to expand the dia-logue and to create a greater understandingof our African policy by those who are notAfricanists, who have no professional inter-est in the area, and who aren't preoccupiedwith foreign policy problems generally, yetwho are troubled by what they read and hearregarding current African developments. Thisis one area in which we in the Department ofState are trying to do much more than hasbeen done in the past.

As I said before, this Administration hascome a long way toward meeting the goalsyou enumerated in the petition. I wouldlike to respond point by point:

-- The policies of the Carter Administra-tion toward Africa have been clearly statedon a number of occasions by the President,the Secretary of State, and other officials.Moreover, the committment of the Carter Ad-ministration to these policies has beendemonstrated by the actions that have beentaken in this region. We do not think anyuseful purpose would be served by publiclydebating the policy assumptions of previousadministrations.

-- The U.S. is fully committed to a policyof encouraging the peaceful transformationof South African society, away from racialdiscrimination, and towards a system offull political participation for all SouthAfricans. We have publicly expressed oursupport for this goal and have made clearthat its achievement must not be subordina-ted to other objectives.

The U.S. has not recognized the inde-pendence of Transkei or Bophuthatswana, andwe have stated that we will not grant suchrecognition. We do not believe that thehomelands policy offers a fair or viablesolution to South Africa's racial problems,and we will not support any solution whichis imposed on the black majority withouttheir consultation or consent.

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-- The U.S. supported UN Security CouncilResolution 418, which was adopted on Novem-ber 4, 1977, placing a mandatory arms embargoon South Africa. This resolution has theforce of law in the U.S. At the same time,the U.S. government took the additional uni-lateral step of prohibiting exports to orfor the South African military and police.On February 16, 1978, the Department of Com-merce issued regulations giving effect tothis decision.

In furtherance of our general non-pro-liferation objectives world-wide, and particu-larly given the special concerns that havebeen raised publicly about South Africa'snuclear intentions, the U.S. has engaged indiscussions with South Africa with a viewto securing that country's adherence to theNon-Proliferation Treaty and its agreementto place all of its nuclear facilities underinternational safeguards. During this Ad-ministration, there has been no supply ofenriched uranium, nor any other nuclear ma-terials or technology, to South Africa.

-- The United Nations will shortly beginimplementation of the settlement plan develop-ed by the U.S. and the governments of Britain,Frnace, Canada, and the Federal Republic ofGermany. The plan has been endorsed by theU.N. Security Council (Resolution 435) andhas been accepted by South Africa and bySWAPO and most other Namibian politicalgroups. Under the plan, free elections underUN supervision and control will take placeabout seven months from the date the UN Tran-sition Assistance Group begins its missionand Namibia should be able to join the ranksof sovereign nations about one year fromthat date, thus fulfilling the conditionsof Resolution 385.

-- The Administration has consistently sup-ported the aspirations of the people of Zim-babwe for self determination and majorityrule. The U.S., in cooperation with theBritish Government, developed the Anglo-American proposals for achieving a genuineand irreversible transfer of political powerto the African majority. These proposalsrecognize the need for an impartially-administered transition process, includingUN-supervised elections, in which all partiescould participate freely and without inti-midation. The U.S. continues to believethat these principles offer the best basisfor a settlement of Rhodesia's problems.We are continuing our efforts to promote asettlement and to find sufficient commonground for a mutually-agreeable settlementprocess leading to genuine majority rule.This Administration has not desire or in-tention to impose upon the people of Zimbabweits own ideas as to their choice of politicalleadership or system of government.

-- At the urging of the Administration theByrd amendment was repealed in 1977, thusbringing the U.S. into full compliance withUN Security Council sanctions resolutions.The Treasury Department and other Federalagencies have made and will continue tomake every effort to investigate alleged

- support a mandatory (rather than voluntary)arms embargo against South Africa.

infractions of the sanctions regulations and - offer full support for the African peopleto prosecute those responsible for sanctions- of South Africa in their efforts to attain ma-breaking. The Treasury Department recently re-jority rule and reject the South African Bantu-opened its investigation into the question of stan system.possible sanctions violations by the South Af-rican subsidiaries of U.S. oil companies. Itis our hope that through this investigationthe Treasury Department will be able to makea conclusive finding on this question. Weunderstand that the Treasury Department willpublish a report of its findings once the in-vestigation is completed.

- govern U.S. policy toward Namibia by theplans of the United Nations Council for Namibiato establish majority rule in that country, in-cluding conformity to Council Decree #1 ** andSecurity Council Resolution #385 *** of January1976, for which the U.S. representative voted.We condemn the use of the veto to prevent im-plementation of Resolution 385.

- support the struggle of the Zimbabweanpeople for majority rule by whatever meansthey consider necessary and reject those finan-cial plans to retain the whites which maintainthe economic privilege of the minority whitecommunity.

- strictly enforce U.N. sanctions againstRhodesia, including repeal of the "Byrd amend-ment" and amendment of Treasury regulations inorder to apply sanctions requirements to sub-sidiaries of U.S. corporations wherever theyare located to end the flow of petroleum pro-ducts to Rhodesia.

- give diplomatic recognition to the People'sRepublic of Angola as well as support for itsadmission to the U.N.

TEXT OF THE PETITION OFCONCERNED AFRICAN SCHOLARS

The following is the text of the petitionthat was circulated by the ASA Committee onCurrent Issues and signed by over 600 African-ist scholars in 1977.

Again, please accept my apologies for the longdelay in the response to your petition --which did, however, give us time to make whatI believe is significant progress on a numberof the issues covered by the petition.

We, the undersigned concerned Africanistscholars, call upon the President-elect andthe Congress to utilize this opportunity pro-vided by a change of administration to under-take a serious reassessment of United Statesforeign policy toward Southern Africa. Spe-cifically, we urge that the United States:

- make an outright and public rejectionof the assumptions of the previous adminis-tration about Southern Africa as reflectedin option #2 of the National Security StudiesMemorandum #39 of 1969'. *

*** Resolution 385 called on South Africa topresent a plan for withdrawal from Namibia byAug. 3l, 1976 to transfer the territory to thepeople of Namibia and to cooperate in electionsto be held under UN control and supervision inorder to establish an independent Namibiangovernment based on majority rule. South Africafailed to comply with this call.

** Decree No. l forbids the taking of nationalresources from Namibia without the consent ofthe UN Council on Namibia. Legal action forimpoundment and damages for persons violatingthis provision is planned.

NOTES:

* The "Premise" of Option #2 includes thefollowing language: "The whites are here tostay, and the only way that constructive changecan come about is through them. There is nohope for the blacks to gain political rightsthey seek through violence, which will onlylead to chaos and increased opportunities forthe communists. We can, by selective relaxa-tion of our stance toward the white regimes,encourage some modification of their currentracial and colonial policies and through moresubstantial economic assistance to the blackstates ... help to draw the two groups togetherand exert some influence on both for peacefulchange ... "

*****

Best regards,Richard M. MooseBureau of African AffairsFebruary 14, 1979

**

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UNIVERSITY DIVESTMENT: HOW WE DID IT AT M.S.U.

by the Southern Africa Liberation Committee,1118 S. Harrison Rd., East Lansing, MI48823

The Southern Africa Liberation Committee(SALC) is composed of concerned students,faculty and staff at Michigan State Univer-sity. From January 1978 to January 1979,SALC conducted a campaign for MSU divestmentof its stock in corporations with subsidiar-ies in South Africa.

January through mid-March was spent doingeducational work. The film Last Grave atDimbaza was shown in residence halls andclassrooms. SALC sponsored a film series onSouthern Africa, and another on African fea-ture film to present exposure to SouthernAfrican and African concerns. A forum onSouthern Africa was held, with speakers fromthe United Nations and representatives ofBlack organizations from Southern Africa. ASteve Biko memorial program was held to focussupport for liberation in Southern Africa.

Two approaches were used to bring pressureon the MSU Board of Trustees: mass studentmovement using demonstrations, petitions, andleaflet~ng; and a quieter approach of edu-cating and lobbying the Trustees directly.

nn February 28, 1978, the University ofMichigan Board of Regents passed a resolutionto divest from those companies which did notsupport the Sullivan Principles. This actionprompted further discussion at MSU regardingthe actions this university should take ondivestiture. At the same time, SALC membershad been working with members of the MichiganHouse of Representatives to secure passage ofa rpsolution urging thp federal government toimpose sanctions on South Africa. This waspassed and was used with other information toinform the MSU Trustees of the facts aboutSouth Africa.

Prior to the March 30 MSU Investment Com-mittee meeting, members of SALC prepared aSOUTH AFRICAN FACTS folder, which was mailedto every Trustee. Its effect was evidentwhen two Trustees strengthened the weakeroriginal resolution during the Trustees meet-ing. At the public Investment Committeemeeting, knowledgeable Africanists fromvarious academic departments gave factualtestimony on the involvement of U.S. capitalin South Africa and its role in perpetuatingapartheid. Students and faculty made theirpresence known at this meeting by their num-bers and expressions of support.

At the March 31 Board of Trustees' meet-ing, it was voted to divest; the MSU Univer-sity Council on Academic Environment was ask-ed to study the resolution to recommend addi-tional indices of withdrawal and to hold pub-lic hearings on the resolution. The indicesfor withdrawal unexpectedly caused delay. TheCouncil on Academic Environment spent weeksattempting to refine and to add indices. Allthis discussion was of little importance, asno corporations were willing to withdraw.Additionally, the corporations eventuallycontacted by the University about the resolu-tion and their intentions concerning with-

drawal were morp upset about the indicesthan the Univprsity's plan to divest,

A copy of the SOUTH AFRICAN FACTS folder waspresented to each member of the Council onAcademic Environment. Members of SALC attendedevery Council meeting to debate and rebut anynegative testimony and to support the Councilmembers as it became apparent they were actingpositively. Last Gravp at Dimhaza was shownto the Council by an Africanist scholar. TheCouncil approved the resolution and indices.

The next hurdle was the phrase "prudentdivestiture" containpd io the resolution. De-lay and indecision were generated by the Uni-versity attorney's legal opinion that theTrustees would be individually and collectivelyliable if they invested University funds on anyother basis than monetary return. At thispoint, letters from respected attorneys ques-tioning the legal opinion were sent to theTrustees, who were also made aware of thepossibility of obtaining a State AttorneyGeneral's opinion.

The critical move to defuse the "prudentman" issue was the presentation to the Boardthrough one of its members of alternate legalopinions and investment options showing thatthe University would not have to undergo aloss in investment return by divesting -- thatin fact they could be deemed imprudent by con-tinuing to invest in corporations with holdingsin South Africa.

At the last Trustees' meeting bpfore theDecember 1 implementation date. support forthe resolution was shown by a student demon-stration with speakers, and by SALC presencein front of the Trustee meeting locations.Placards supporting the Trustees and urgingdivestiture were also displayed.

When the issue of divestment was to bedebated in the University Academic Council

(the faculty-student council governing academicaffairs), the SOUTH AFRICAN FACTS folder andinformation sheets were distributed to leadingstudent and faculty members before the debate.Faculty members who were not members of theCouncil were scheduled to speak. The AcademicCouncil overwhelmingly approved the Trustees'resolution to divest.

Some student members of SALC establishedopen, reciprocal relationships with members ofthe University administration, particularlywith the Vicp-President for Finance, who isresponsible for investment operations. Thisrelationship was established by the studentsraising reasonible, legitimate aod logicalquestions and concerns to the administrators,both publicly and privately.

It should be noted that although SALC isa relatively small group, it has had the cor-rect compost ion to accomplish a campus-widecampaign -- the backing of some establishedfaculty members, some young faculty membersand a core of dedicated students.

RESOURCES ON SOUTHERN AFRICA

SOUTHERN AFRICA/GENERAL

ZED Pan Africa Diary, pocket-sized diary with a 27-page intro-duction to liberation movements and international supportgroups concerned with Southern Africa, a country-by-countrychart of vital statistics, charts showing location of military basesand arms sales to South Africa, facts and figures on economic im-perialism, and basic reading guide to Africa and socialism, andmuch more. $3.75 from Guardian Marketplace, 33 West 17 St.,New York, NY 10011.

"The Third World and Another Development" (articles on alter-native educational strategies in Mozambique, Tanzania, Guinea-Bissau, Zimbabwe, Botswana, etc.) Development Dialogue,1978:2,156 pp., Dag Hammarskjold Center, Ovre Slottsgatan 2,75220 Uppsala, Sweden.

The AFRICAN BIBLIOGRAPHIC CENTER publishes the Afrie-con/SADAP Accessions Bulletin, a bi-weekly publication to as-sist the research needs of individuals participating in the AIDSouthern Africa Development Analysis Project (SADAP). Thebulletin listings include the most recent periodical and journalarticles, documents, and books received by the Center. For cop-ies of the listings, contact the African Bibliographic Center, 1346Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 913, Washington, D.C. 20036.

Canada, Scandinavia and Southern Africa: Perspectives and PolicyOptions, New York: Africam Publishing, 30 Irving Place, NY, NY.

Conflict and Change in Southern Africa: Papers from a Scandina-vian-Canadian Conference, Washington: University Press of Ame-rica, 4710 Auth Place SE, Suite 775, Washington DC 20023.

The Roots of Rural Poverty in Central and Southern Africa, byRobin Palmer and Neil Parsons, eds. (Berkeley and Los Angeles,University of California Press, 1977.)

SOUTH AFRICA

Buying Time in South Africa~ Counter Information Services, 9Poland Street, London WI, Anti-Report No. 21. Five pounds forsix issues, or 95p each; 1978, 57 pp.

"How the IMF Slipped $464 Million to South Africa" SpecialReport, Center for International Policy, 120 Maryland Avenue,NW., Washington, D.C. 20002. (January 1978,8 pp.)

The US. and the Arms Embargo Against South Africa: Evidence,Denial, and Refutation, Southern African Pamphlets No.2, Fer-nand Braudel Center, SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13901. $1.00.

Anti-Apartheid Organizing: On Campus And Beyond (80pp.)$2.00 plus 10% postage, Southern Africa Catalyst Project,Box 177, Amherst, MA 01002. Sections on student movement,campus case studies, foreign policy, bank campaign, media.

8

"U.S. Business in South Africa: Voices for Withdrawal," South-ern Africa Perspectives No.1, Africa Fund, 198 Broadway, NewYork, NY 10038.

"General Motors in South Africa: Secret Contingency Plans 'inthe event of civil unrest' ," by Jennifer Davis, Southern Africa Per-spectives No.4, Africa Fund (see above).

"U.S. Dollars in South Africa: Context and Consequence,"Southern Africa Perspectives No.3, 1978, Africa Fund (above).

"Divestment and Apartheid," by Marcia Burdette and SanfordDumain, published with "Questions and Answers on Divestment"Africa Fund (above).

"Too Little, Too Late: The U.S. Corporation Employment Mani-festo for South Africa," Southern Africa Perspectives No.3,Africa Fund (see above).

"The Disinvestment Campaign," by Suzanne Cronje, ,AfricanBusiness, November 1978, pp. 18-19.

"Heading for the Exit in South Africa" (editorial) New YorkTimes,April 2, 1978.

"Investment Options for University of California Funds," byCommunity Economics, Inc. 6529 Telegraph Ave., Oakland, CA94609, Feb. 15,1978,27 pp.

"South African Roulette: Investment Policies of the Board of Re-gents of the University of California," A California Public PolicyCenter Analysis, Project on Investment Priorities, 304 S. Broad-way, Los Angeles, CA 90013, April 1978 (15 pp.)

The Corporate Examiner, a Publication Examining Policies andPractices of Major U.S. Corporations -- with regard to labor, en-vironment, consumerism, equal employment, minorities, women,agribusiness, military production, government, foreign invest-ment. $25/year for monthly subscription, Corporate Informa-tion Center, Room 566,475 Riverside Drive, NY, NY 10027.

United States Private Investment in South Africa, Hearings beforethe Subcommittees on Africa and on International Economic Policyand Trade of the Committee on International Relations, House ofRepresentatives, 95th Congress, 2nd session, June 27 -Sept. 7, 1978.Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printer, 1978 (number 32---816)(614 pp.)

"Computers in South Africa: A Survey of U.S. Companies" AfricaFund, 198 Broadwav. NY. NY 10038 ($1 ).

Lobbying the Corporation,by David Vogel contains a chapter on'Corporate Conduct Abroad' emphasizing Southern Africa, theChurch as a Shareholder Activist, Infant Formulas, etc. BasicBooks, 10 E. 53 St., NY, Ny 10022 ($14.95)

South Africa: War, Revolution, or Peace? L.H. Gann and PeterDuignan, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, Stan-ford, CA 94305. 100 pp. $5.95 paper.

SOUTH AFRICA

Political Imprisonment in South Africa. A 108-page report fromAmnesty International details the political background, legisla-tion, detention, political trials and banishment, treatment ofpri-soners, civilian killings. $2.00 from Africa Fund, 198 Broadway,New York, NY 10038.

Prisoners of Apartheid. A biographical list of political prisonersand banned persons in South Africa. Contains 180 pages ofbiographical information on over 400 imprisoned persons andover 200 banned persons. $6.95 from IDAFSA, P.O. Box 17,Cambridge, MA 02138.

Political Prisoners and Banned Persons in Apartheid South Africa.No. 39/78 of the Notes and Documents series from the U.N. Cen-tre Against Apartheid. 56 pp., available on request from the U.N.Information Center, 2101 L Street N.w., Washington, DC 20037.

Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1977. Political affairs,civil unrest, defense, justice, police, prisons, security legislation,media control, employment, homelands, housing, education,health, welfare and international relations are all meticulouslychronicled by the South African Institute of Race Relations, P.O.Box 97, Johannesburg, South Africa. R6.00 plus postage for the1977 edition; the 1978 edition is available for R8.00.

South Africa: A Modern History by T. Davenport. $6.95 fromUniversity of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

"South Africa -- Freedom Rising" a slide show compiled by theITT Boycott Committee, is available for sale ($75) or for rent at$6 to churches and small groups, $12 to institutions. Other ma-terials on ITT's involvement in South Africa also available. ITTBoycott Committee, Box 123, D.V. Station, Dayton, Ohio 45406

Changing Patterns of International Investment in South Africaand the Disinvestment Campaign., by Simon Clarke. Focuses onthe rise of indirect investment through protfolio investment andbank loans. Order from Anti-Apartheid Movement, 89 CharlotteStreet, London WIP 2DQ, England (50 p. plus postage.)

The Black Homelands of South Africa by Butler, Rotberg andAdams. $4.95 from University of California Press, Berkeley,CA 94720.

"Japan's Nuclear Deals with South Africa" from Southern Afri-can News Agency, P.O. Box 348,1211 Geneva 11, Switzerland.

"Fuelling Apartheid," Newsletter of the Council on EconomicPriorities, CEP Publication N8-8, December 4, 1978. CEP, 84Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10011 ($1.)

From Protest to Challenge A documentary history of AfricanPolitics in South Africa, 1882-1964. Thomas Karis and Gwendo-len Carter, eds. Vol. 1, Protest and Hope, 1882-1934 by SheridanJohns; Vol. 2, Hope and Challenge, 1935-1952, by ThomasKaris;Vol. 3, Challenge and Violence, 1953-1964, by ThomasKaris and Gail Gerhart; Vol. 4, Political Profiles, 1882-1964 byGail Gerhart and Thomas Karis. Complete set: $70 from HooverInstitution Press, Dept. F81O, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

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South Africa, cont.

Objective Justice, vol. 10, No.3, Autumn 1978 has articles on"Oil Sanctions Against South Africa," "Infringements of TradeUnion Rights in South Africa," and "To Combat Racism and Ra-cial Discrimination: Declaration and Programme of Action at theWorld Conference, August 1978."

Centre Against Apartheid, United Nations, Notes and Documents"Violations of Human Rights in South Africa," (Sept. 1978,38/78); "Transnational Corporate Involvement in South Africa'sMilitary Build-Up," by Ann Seidman and Neva Makgetla, (Oct.1978, 35/78); "International Campaign Against Investment inApartheid South Africa," (August 1978,15/78).

ZIMBABWE

"The 'New' Rhodesian Constitution: The Illusion of MajorityRule" The Africa Fund, 198 Broadway, NY, NY 10038 (Feb.1979,5 pp.)

ZIMBABWE MANPOWER SURVEY: Volume One (confidential)Report on proceedings of Patriotic Front Seminar held in Dar esSalaam, November 1978 (available only to participants or on therequest of the Patriotic Front); Volume Two, Final Research Pa-pers 1-8, and Volume Three, Final Research Papers 9-16, areavailable for Sfr. 5 each, from the International University Ex-change Fund, Postbox 108, 1211 Geneva 24, Switzerland.

us. Policy Toward Rhodesia, Hearing before the Subcommitteeon Africa of the Committee on International Relations, House ofRepresentatives, 95th Congress, June 8, 1977. Available fromU.S. Government Printing Office (1978).

Zimbabwe Not Rhodesia: The African People's Struggle for In-dependence and Liberation. ZANU Solidarity Committee, P.O.Box 181, Bronx, NY 10453, 50cents, 16 pp.

The Fight for Zimbabwe: Armed Conflict in Southern RhodesiaSince UDI, Kees Maxey, Africana Publishing Co., 101 Fifth Ave.,NY, NY 10003.

Zimbabwe: The Facts About Rhodesia, International Defenseand Aid Fund for Southern Africa, P.O. Box 17, Cambridge,MA 02138. (November 1977,77 pp.)

Patriotic Front/Zimbabwe: Interviews (with Nkomo, Mugabe,Zvobgo, etc.), Liberation Support Movement, P.O. Box 2077,Oakland, CA 94604. ($1.50).

Zimbabwe Review (Official Organ of ZAPU/Patriotic Front)monthly, subscription $3/year from Liberation Support Move-ment, above.

Zimbabwe News (Official Organ of ZANU/Patriotic Front)$3.50 each, via Chief Representative, ZANU, 211 East 43 St.,(Room 902) New York, NY 10017.

"Zimbabwe: Notes and Reflections on the Rhodesian Question"Centre of African Studies, University of Eduardo Mondlane,Maputo, Mozambique, July 1977,47 pp.

Objective: Justice Vol. 10, No.2, Summer 1978. Special focuson NAMIBIA including articles detailing a) Security Council plansfor Namibian independence, b) Western plan for Namibian inde-pendence, c) statements by General Assembly members on theterritorial integrity of Walvis Bay and Namibia as one territory,and d) a map of Namibia. 75cents from U.N. Publications, RoomA-3315, United Nations, NY 10017.

The Road to Zimbabwe: The Political Economy ofSettler Colon-ialism, National Liberation and Foreign Intervention, by Mun-lRmu Utete (Washington, D.C., University Press of America, 1978170 pp.)

"Rhodesia is Not Kenya" by Gary Wasserman, Foreign Policy, 33Winter 1978-9, pp. 3144.

"The Economic Transition to Zimbabwe" Africa Report Novem-ber-December 1978, pp. 3945.

NAMIBIA ..

Rhodesia: After the Internal Settlement, Catholic Institute forInternational Relations, I Cambridge Terrace, London NW I.1978,25 pp.

The Struggle for Health, No.7 in the series From Rhodesia toZimbabwe, (London, 1979) Also available from the Africa Fund,198 Broadway, New York, NY 10038.

Namibia: SWAPO Fights for Freedom (Articles, interviews, do-cuments on SWAPO's president, Central Committee, politicalcommisar, People's Liberation Army, women combatants, etc.provides the most current in-depth information available on Na-mibia and the liberation movement. 1978. $2.95 from LiberationSupport Movement, P.O. Box 2077, Oakland, CA 94604.

U.S. POLICY

ANGOLA AND MOZAMBIQUE

Adrian Hastings, Wiriyamu: My Lai in Mozambique Maryknoll,New York: Orbis Books, 1974,153 pp. $3.95.

Toward a More Responsive Aid Policy for Africa, House Sub-committee on Africa, Oct. 5, 1977. (U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1978.)

;··························f· .'• ACAS 1979 ANNUAL MEETING .'· .': SATURDAY, MAY 19 - MONDAY, MAY 21 .:: HOWARD UNIVERS TTY, WASHINGTON, D. C. :

• •• •: PLAN TO ATTEND FOR A FULL PROGRAM, :• INCLUDING: •

• •• Saturday, May 19: •• •• PANEL SESSIONS ON CURRENT SOUTHERN •• AFRICA EVENTS AND TRENDS •• •• Sunday, May 20: ••· ,• WORKSHOPS ON ACAS OBJECTIVES VIS-A-VIS •• U. S. POLICY •· ..•• ACAS BUSINESS MEETING, INCLUDING ....

ELECTION OF NEW OFFICERS AND RATIFI-• CATION OF ACAS CONSTITUTION t.,· ,• •• Monday, May 21: •• •• ACAS LOBBYING ON CAPITOL HILL •• •• •: Accommodation will be available at Harambee:• House, adjacent to the Howard University •• Campus. •• •• Completed schedule will be mailed to all •: ACAS members shortly. :

• •• Conference Chairperson: Professor Robert •• Cummings, African Studies Department, •• Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059 •

1••••••••••••••••••••••••••%

Allen Isaacman, A Luta Continua: Creating a New Society in Mo-zambique Southern Africa Pamphlets No. I, Fernand BraudelCenter, SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13901.

The People in Power Ole Gjerstad relates his experiences in An-gola's shantytowns, factories, villages and army camps during thecrucial stages of the MPLA-Ied Second War of Liberation, 1975-6.$2.45 from Liberation Support Movement, P.O. Box 2077, Oak-land, CA 94604.

Mohamed EI-Khawas, Angola: The American-South African Con-nection, Habari Special Report, Washington, D.C. African Bibli-ographic Center, Box 13096, Washington, D.C. 20009, 15 pp.

The Kassinga File, prepared by Gaetano Pagano, a film makerwho was in Angola at the time of the South African raid on theSWAPO refugee camp at Kassinga in May 1978. The file containsan eyewitness account, poster, South African press excerpts, andphotographs of the incident taken by Pagano and his crew. Writeto Southern African Information Programme, International Uni-versities Exchange Fund, Postbox 108,121 I Geneva 24, Switzer-land.

Philip C. Habib, former Undersecretary of State, "U.S. Interestsin Africa" in Current Policy, U.S. Department of State, No. 48,November 1978, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Com-munication,4 pp.

A Survey of the u.s. Government's Investment in Africa, byDavid L. Duffy. Crossroads Press, African Studies Association,Epstein Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02154.

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PETITION OF CONCERNED AFRICAN SCHOLARS ON ZIMBABWE

We, the undersigned, urge the President, the State Department and the Congress to takethe following action to restore the chance of genuine majority rule in Rhodesia/Zimbabwe:

1. refuse to send observers to the election of April 20, 1979;

2. refuse to lift sanctions against Rhodesia;

3. end the flow of strategic material to the illegal government of Rhodesia,both before and after April 20;

4. act vigorously to stop' the flow of u.S. mercenaries, who are prolongingthe life of the Smith regime;

5. act vigorously to stop the flow of petroleum products to Rhodesia;

6. give no official recognition to the government which takes power afterApril 20, 1979.

SIGNATURE NAME (print) ADDRESS AFFILIATION DATE

Please gather as many signatures as you can. Return the signed petition immediately to:

James F. Turner, Co-Chairperson, ACASAfricana Research and Studies Program310 Triphammer RoadIthaca, New York 14835

OR

Immanuel Wallerstein, Co-Chairperson, ACASSociology DepartmentSUNY-BinghamtonBinghamton, NY 13901

Petition sponsored by the Association of Concerned African Scholars.

ACAS Bulletin No 3 p1ACAS Bulletin No 3 p2ACAS Bulletin No 3 p3ACAS Bulletin No 3 p4ACAS Bulletin No 3 p5ACAS Bulletin No 3 p6ACAS Bulletin No 3 p7ACAS Bulletin No 3 p8ACAS Bulletin No 3 p9ACAS Bulletin No 3 pp10ACAS Bulletin No 3 pp11