Heat from combustion of fuel, Qfuel, is added to the boiler, which generates saturated steam at a discharge pressure P2. Some steam is discharged from boiler as blowdown to reduce the concentration of minerals in the steam. The boiler losses some heat, Qb, through the shell. The steam may pass through an adiabatic throttling valve to reduce the pressure of steam to P3. Some heat is lost heat from the steam pipes, Qsp. As the steam delivers heat to one or more processes, Qprocess, the steam vapor condenses. The steam trap discharges condensate, 5, into the condensate return line. Some steam may bypass the process and flow directly into the condensate return line, 4L, if steam trap(s) fail open. Some heat is lost from the condensate pipes, Qcp. The deareator tank pressure, Pda, is generally maintained slightly above ambient pressure. As the pressure of condensate is reduced to the pressure of the deareator tank, some condensate vaporizes and is lost as flash vapor, av. The remaining liquid condensate is mixed with makeup water, 0, in the deaerator tank. Some heat is lost from the deaerator tank, Qda. The pressure of the feed water from the dearator tank, al, is raised to the pressure of the boiler by the feed water pump. The feedwater may be preheated by an economizer, which reclaims heat from exhaust gasses, before entering the boiler, 1e.

Principles of Energy-Efficient Steam SystemsEnergy Balance ApproachThe figure below shows the primary energy flows into and out of a steam system.

1. Workshop Safety2. Measuring & Marking Out3. Hand Tools4. Portable Power Tools5. Drawings and Diagrams6. Overview of Utilities7. Bearings8. Compressors

9. Drilling, Threading & Fitting10. Dynamic Seals11. Gaskets12. Gland Packing13. Pipework14. Precision Measurement15. Pumps16. Valves17. Steam turbines18. Gas Turbines19. Reciprocating engines

This is a list for the training.

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