Asterids – Part 2 Lamiales

Spring 2011

“basal”asterids

(Asterids I)

(Asterids II)

Figure 9.4 from the text

Asterid taxa – Part 1“Basal” Asterids

Order CornalesOrder Ericales

Euasterids I (lamiids)Order SolanalesOrder GentianalesOrder Lamiales

Oleaceae – olives, ashes, lilacsScrophulariaceae – figworts, buddlejasPlantaginaceae – snapdragons, vervains, penstemonsOrobanchaceae – louseworts, beechdropsLamiaceae – mints

Euasterids II (campanulids)

Lamiales

-gland-headed hairs-diacytic stomates-oligosaccharides (instead of starch)-anther anatomy-protein inclusions in the nuclei of mesophyll cells-endosperm with a micropylar haustorium-molecular data-ca. 22 families and 20,000 species

Figure 9.123 from the text

Euasterids I:

Lamiales: Oleaceae(The Olive Family)

• Widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions.• Trees, shrubs (lianas) with usually opposite leaves• Diversity: 600 species in 25 genera• Flowers: Often small but can be showy; sepals & petals 4,

connate; stamens 2, filaments adnate to corolla; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or circumcissile capsule, berry, drupe

• Significant features: Tetramerous flowers.• Special uses: Olives (Olea) used for fruits and oil;

jasmine (Jasminum) used for flavoring and perfumery; ornamentals: lilac (Syringa), ash (Fraxinus), privet (Ligustrum), Forsythia

• Required taxa: Fraxinus, Syringa

Oleaceae

Olea europaea

SyringaForsythia

Chionanthus

Oleaceae: Fraxinus

-trees or shrubs-leaves usually pinnately compound-flowers small, usually unisexual-petals 4 or lacking-fruit a dry indehiscent winged samara

Oleaceae: Syringa

-upright shrubs-leaves simple-inflorescences paniculate-corolla salverform, lilac to pink or white-fruit a loculicidal capsule

Euasterids I:

Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae(The Figwort Family)

• Widely distributed in temperate to tropical regions• Herbs (shrubs) with terminal inflorescences• Diversity: 1,680 species in 52 genera• Flowers: Sepals 3-5, connate; petals 4-5, connate, corolla bilabiate or

tubular with flaring lobes, typically showing zygomorphy but sometimes actinomorphic; stamens, 5, 4, or 2, with filaments adnate to corolla; anther sacs usually confluent and opening by a single distal slit oriented at right angles to the filament or more or less U-shaped; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a septicidal capsule, drupe or schizocarp of achenes or druplets

• Significant features: floral zygomorphy; anther openings• Special uses: Many ornamentals (Buddleja, Nemesia, Scrophularia)• Required taxa: Verbascum

Scrophulariaceae

Scrophularia Buddleja

SuteraLeucophyllum

Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum

-tall, usually hairy biennial herbs-stem leaves sessile, often decurrent-inflorescences terminal spikes, racemes or panicles-corolla 5-lobed, rotate, tube short, only slightly bilateral-stamens 5, all fertile, 3 or all of the filaments hairy

Euasterids I:

Lamiales: Plantaginaceae(The Snapdragon Family)

• Nearly cosmopolitan, but most diverse in temperate areas• Herbs or less commonly shrubs, often with terminal inflorescences;

leaves alternate or opposite• Diversity: 1,820 species in 104 genera• Flowers: Usually bisexual and bilateral, but + radial in Plantago;

sepals 4-5, connate; petals 5 (or appearing to be 4 due to fusion of 2 upper lobes), connate, usually with a 2-lipped corolla; stamens usually 4 (2), with filaments adnate to corolla; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a septicidal capsule or schizocarp of 2 achenes

• Significant features: floral zygomorphy; special type of glandular hair• Special uses: Many ornamentals (Antirrhinum, Penstemon, Veronica,

Linaria); medical foxglove (Digitalis)• Required taxa: Plantago, Veronica

Plantaginaceae

Linaria

Antirrhinum

Collinsia

Digitalis

Penstemon

Penstemon

Plantaginaceae: Plantago

-usually “stemless” herbs (rosettes)-leaves with parallel venation-flowers 4-merous, radial, wind- pollinated-corolla much reduced-stamens 4, filaments long exserted

Plantaginaceae: Veronica

-usually herbaceous, annuals or perennials-leaves usually opposite-flowers relatively small-corolla rotate, not bilabiate but somewhat zygomorphic-stamens 2

Euasterids I:

Lamiales: Orobanchaceae(The Broomrape Family)

• Nearly cosmopolitan• Herbs, hemiparasitic or holoparasitic (lacking

chlorophyll), often black or dark colored when dry• Diversity: 1540 species in 65 genera• Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, the

corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4, didynamous, adnate to the corolla; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule

• Significant features: Haustorial connections to terrestrial plant roots

• Required taxa: Castilleja

Orobanchaceae

Epifagus – ‘beechdrops’

Conopholis

Agalinis

PedicularisStriga

Orobanchaceae: Castilleja

-hemiparasitic herbs with alternate leaves-inflorescences with colorful, showy bracts more conspicuous than the flowers themselves-calyx tubular-anther locules unequal and separated

Euasterids I:

Lamiales: Bignoniaceae(The Bignonia or Trumpet Creeper Family)

• Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, some temperate; maximal diversity in n. South America

• Trees, shrubs, or lianas with leaves usually opposite or whorled and pinnately or palmately compound

• Diversity: 860 species in 104 genera• Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, the corolla more or

less 2-lipped; stamens usually 4, didynamous, filaments adnate to the corolla, anthers sagittate; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary, the placentas divided into 2 per locule; fruit an elongate septicidal or loculicidal capsule

• Significant features: Compound leaves; flattened, winged or fringed seeds

• Special uses: timber (Tabebuia), ornamentals (Jacaranda, Kigelia, Campsis, Catalpa “cigar tree”

• Family not required: for information only.

Bignoniaceae

Campsis radicans – compound leaves – didynamous stamens

Kigelia Crescentia Tabebuia

Bignoniaceae: Catalpa

-trees-leaves simple (unifoliolate), cordate or ovate-calyx deeply bilabiate-corolla campanulate-fertile stamens 2 (4)-capsule long and slender, nearly cylindrical

Euasterids I:

Lamiales: Gesneriaceae(The Gesneriad or African Violet Family)

• Widely distributed in tropical regions• Herbs (to shrubs), often epiphytic; leaves usually opposite and

simple• Diversity: 3,500 species in 147 genera• Flowers: Sepals 5, distinct to connate; petals 5, connate, the corolla

usually 2-lipped; stamens 4, didynamous, filaments adnate to the corolla, anthers often sticking together in pairs or all in one group; carpels 2, connate, inferior or superior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule, or a berry

• Significant features: Many are hairy or tomentose; understory herbs or epiphytes in moist shaded places.

• Special uses: Many ornamentals (Sinningia, Streptocarpus [incl. Saintpaulia], Columnea, Gloxinia).

• Family not required: for information only.

Euasterids I:

Lamiales: Lamiaceae(The Mint Family; Labiatae)

• Cosmopolitan• Herbs, shrubs, trees; stems square in herbaceous taxa• Diversity: 6,800 species in 252 genera• Flowers: Sepals 5, connate, calyx radial or bilateral; petals 5, connate,

bilabiate; stamens 4, didynamous to more or less equal; carpels 2, 2 ovules per carpel, connate, styles terminal to gynobasic, superior ovary; fruit a drupe w/ 1-4 pits, an indehiscent 4-seeded pod, or a schizocarp splitting into 4 nutlets or drupelets

• Significant features: Opposite leaves (usually); aromatic volatile compounds - mint oils; inflorescences with main axis indeterminate and determinate (cymose) lateral axes, these often congested into pseudowhorls (verticillate)

• Special uses: Many herbs: oregano (Origanum), basil (Basilicum), peppermint/spearmint (Mentha), sage (Salvia), thyme (Thymus); teak wood (Tectona); ornamentals (e.g., Salvia, Callicarpa)

• Required taxa: Salvia

Lamiaceae

•Ovary: •2-carpellate•deeply 4-lobed•4 locules

•Gynobasic style•Schizocarp (4 nutlets)

•Corolla: •zygomorphic•sympetalous•bilabiate

•Stamens: •4, didynamous•epipetalous

•Square stems (herbaceous taxa)•Opposite leaves•Inflorescence: false whorls (verticils)

LamiaceaeNepeta

OcimumPhytostegia

Clinopodium

Note verticillate whorls of flowers at each node

RosmarinusMonarda

Lamiaceae: Salvia

-calyx bilabiate, its lower lip 2-lobed-corolla strongly bilabiate-anther-bearing stamens 2, ascending and parallel, the upper pair lacking or rudimentary-anther with an elongate filament-like connective articulated with the filament-ovary deeply 4-parted

Lamiaceae

Economic plants and products:

Condiments & perfumes:•Basil (Ocimum)•Lavender (Lavandula)•Oregano (Origanum)•Peppermint (Mentha)•Rosemary (Rosmarinus)•Sage (Salvia)•Spearmint (Mentha)•Thyme (Thymus)

Mentha

LamiaceaeEconomic plants and products:

Ornamental plants:•Beauty-berry (Callicarpa)•Coleus (Coleus)•Salvia (Salvia)

Special family names

• Arecaceae (= Palmae)• Poaceae (= Gramineae)• Lamiaceae (= Labiatae)• Fabaceae (= Leguminosae)• Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae)• Brassicaceae (= Cruciferae)• Asteraceae (= Compositae)• Clusiaceae (= Guttiferae)

[also listed on p. 38 of lab manual]