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8/3/2019 Astro 3 Review
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/astro-3-review 1/2
Astro 3 Review:
Kepler’s Laws:
Newton’s variation of Kepler’s Law: Use when two masses (like sun and earth) are
consolated because one is so vast.
Sidreal and Solar Time: 4 minute difference
Lunar Phases: New moon is 6am to 6 pm (high point 12pm), increases 3 hours forevery phase counterclockwise.
Phases of venus observed by Galileo proved Copernicus model: you see every phase
of Venus, meaning it must orbit sun.
Terrestial Planets: Earth, Mercury, Venus, Mars:
Jovian Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Terrestial :metal cores, rocky crust, may or may not have geological activity small.
Jovian: Many moons, large, gas cores, tons of geological activities, large moons
orbiting, may be made of ice. Fast rotation, strong Coreolis effect. Why Jupiter has
stripes center moves
Plate tectonics: Convection cycle underneath planets, continually shift and move
cause geological activity. Subduction: plates go underneath one another (sea floorcrust), collision (plates to into each other make mountains), drifting apart, and fault
lines.
Half life dating: everything decreases by half, radioactive dating.
Center of earth spins than top and bottom, spins right making Coreolis effect.
Know knowledge of Earth’s interior from waves of earthquakes, seeing how
earthquakes pass through crust.
Old earth atmosphere didn’t have water or oxygen, was nitrogen and co2.
Photosythesis add oxygen, water was able to stay liquid and turned nitrogen into
carbonate creating greenhouse effect. Can hold atmosphere unlike other terrestials,
unlike some other planets because of their small size. Venus thick atmosphere, tons
of c02 and nitrogen due to lack of spin and closeness to sun prevent breakdown of water, oxygen goes away with hydrogen so c02 is dominant. Heat makes out water
so there is no tetonic…still volcanic activity. Mars is very thin atmosphere, no water,
c02 and has dry ice at poles because of cold. Less massive, no magnetic field to hold
atmosphere and solar winds tear apart.
Europa is thin layer of ice under surface, large. Io is crazy geologically active moon.
Ganymede largest, Callisto icy rock that has under layer of ice and water. (look up
more info)
Asteroid: Processed ones, (like coins insides are ionized) and unprocessed are just
pure rock nothing special.
Comets: coma, two tails: plasma tail with water and other tail with dust.
Dust tail of comet makes meteorites, fall to earth in meteor shower.Imapct radius of Asteroids: Impact is 10 times as wide as object that created them,
and 1 to 2 times as wide as the object that created them. Asteroid might have killed
dinsoarues, layer of asteroid rock.
Magnetic fields: the fields of Jupiter and Mars create Van Allen radiation belts, traps
asteroid between to make asteroid belt. Solar wind/flares hitting earth’s make
aurea.
8/3/2019 Astro 3 Review
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Saturn rings: moved by nearby moons, might have been planet broken up, cannot
form there.
Orbiting: act of constantly falling,
Jupiter is warmer than it should be, is contracting so creates its own energy. Mostly
hydrogen, high pressure metallic hydrogen in core conducting electricity.
Euristhenes measures size of earth, calculates angle and then divides by size of earth and size of angle itself.
Pluto: no iron core, dwarf planet. Orbit is so crazy and irregular, tiny size, has
moons, resembles a comet.
Photons: energy bundles with orbing electrons. In Sun, take random paths in Sun to
get out, takes million years to be released.
Wien’s Law: Proportinality, law of thermo radiation. Hotter something is, lower
wavelength.
Kirchoff Laws: Continuous: nothing blocking; Absorption light between light and
planet. Emission gas puts off light
Luminosity is inverse square, temperature and distance. Can find mass only if in
binary.Planck’s constant: find radiative energy of photon energy=constant times f
All waves travel at speed of light,
Stefan’ Laws: objects heat increases by factor of ^4 in relation to its size.
Sunspots, electro magnetic cycle repeat every 11 years. 6000K outside, 15 million K
interior. 11 year cycle of way electromagnetic field snaps every 11 years releasing
solar wind, switches polarity.
Nuclear fusion in core: 4 hydrogen, to 1 helium and 2 positrons and 2 neutrinos.
Hydrostatic equilibrium: increase temp of Sun gets bigger, reactions are reduced so
it cools and gets smaller. Remains the same. Still expanding as it burns fuel, as it
runs out becomes red giants.
HR Diagram: Temperature and Luminosity, graph.Main sequence is where most stars: lifetime of stars.
Mass controls the life of the star, higher mass shorter life because of high pressure.
Star cluster OBAFGT class of stars along HR diagram.
White dwarfs electron degeneracy pressure, holds up white dwarfs.
Neutron stars are result of massive starts, a star cant burn anymore because iron is
stable and cannot burn. Same size as city, white dwarf is size of earth.
Olber’s Paradox:
Cullins principle:
Binary stars: two pairs of stars orbiting each other
Escape velocity principle
Last Four chapters: Big