Astrology - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

8/3/2019 Astrology - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Marcantonio Raimondi

engraving: 15th cent.

4.1 Ancient world4.2 Medieval Islamic world4.3 20th and 21st century

5 Effect on European culture6 Modern scientific appraisal

6.1 Carlson's experiment6.2 Gauquelin's research

7 Theological criticism8 Education8.1 United States8.2 United Kingdom8.3 India

9 Notes10 References11 Works cited12 External links

Etymology

The word astrology comes from the early Latin word astrologia,[6] derivingfrom the Greek noun , 'account of the stars'.Astrologia later passedinto meaning 'star-divination' with astronomia used for the scientific term.[7]

Historically, the wordstarhas had a loose definition, by which it can refer to

planets or any luminous celestial object.[8] The notion of it signifying allheavenly bodies is evident in early Babylonian astrology where cuneiformdepictions for the determinative MUL (star) present a symbol of stars alongsideplanetary and other stellar references to indicate deified objects which reside inthe heavens.[a] The wordplanet(based on the Greek verb plana 'towander/stray'), was introduced by the Greeks as a reference to how sevennotable 'stars' were seen to 'wander' through others which remained static in theirrelationship to each other, with the distinction noted by the terms asteres aplaneis fixed stars, and asteres planetai,wandering stars.[9] Initially, texts such as Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos referred to theplanets as 'the star of Saturn', 'the star of Jupiter', etc., rather than simply 'Saturn'

or 'Jupiter',[10] but the names became simplified as the word planet assumed astronomical formality over

time.[11]

The seven Classical planets therefore comprise the Sun and Moon along with the solar-system planets that arevisible to the naked eye: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. This remained the standard definition of the

word 'planet' until the discovery of Uranus in 1781 created a need for revision.[12] Although the modern IAUdefinition of planet does not include the Sun and the Moon, astrology retains historical convention in itsdescription of those astronomical bodies, and also generally maintains reference to Pluto as being an astrological

planet.[b]

Core principles

logy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

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Robert Fludd's 16th century

illustration of man the microcosm

within the universal macrocosm

William Blake's

characterisation of Isaac

Newton working with the

principle of Divine

Proportion

A central principle of astrology is integration within the cosmos.[13] Theindividual, Earth, and its environment are viewed as a single organism,

all parts of which are correlated with each other.[14] Cycles of changethat are observed in the heavens are therefore said to be reflective (notcausative) of similar cycles of change observed on earth and within theindividual.[15] This relationship is expressed in the Hermetic maxim "asabove, so below; as below, so above", which postulates symmetry

between the individual as a microcosm and the celestial environment asa macrocosm.[16] Accordingly, the natal horoscope depicts a stylizedmap of the universe at the time of birth, specifically focussed on theindividual at its centre, with the Sun, Moon, and celestial bodiesconsidered to be that individuals personal planets or stars, which are

uniquely relevant to that individual alone.[17]

At the heart of astrology is the metaphysical principle that mathematicalrelationships express qualities or tones' of energy which manifest innumbers, visual angles, shapes and sounds all connected within a pattern of proportion. Pythagoras firstidentified that the pitch of a musical note is in proportion to the length of the string that produces it, and thatintervals between harmonious sound frequencies form simple numerical ratios.[18] In a theory known as theHarmony of the Spheres, Pythagoras proposed that the Sun, Moon and planets all emit their own unique hum

based on their orbital revolution,[19] and that the quality of life on Earth reflects the tenor of celestial sounds

which are physically imperceptible to the human ear.[20] Subsequently, Plato described astronomy and music as"twinned" studies of sensual recognition: astronomy for the eyes, music for the ears, and both requiring

knowledge of numerical proportions.[21]

Later philosophers retained the close association between astronomy, optics,music and astrology, including Ptolemy, who wrote influential texts on all thesetopics.[22] Alkindi, in the 9th century, developed Ptolemy's ideas inDeAspectibus which explores many points of relevance to astrology and the use of

planetary aspects.[23] In the 17th century, Kepler, also influenced by arguments

in Ptolemys Optics andHarmonica,[24] compiled his Harmonices Mundi('Harmony of the World'), which presented his own analysis of opticalperceptions, geometrical shapes, musical consonances and planetary harmonies.Kepler regarded this text as the most important work of his career, and the fifth

part, concerning the role of planetary harmony in Creation, the crown of it.[25]

His premise was that, as an integral part of Universal Law, mathematicalharmony is the key that binds all parts together: one theoretical proposition fromhis work introduced the minor planetary aspects into astrology; another

introduced Keplers third law of planetary motion into astronomy.[26]

Another core principle is exemplified in an astrological maxim used by Francis Bacon in the 17th century: "Thelast rule (which has always been held by the wiser astrologers) is that there is no fatal necessity in the stars; but

that they rather incline than compel".[27] Bacon advocated an emphasis on what he called "sane astrology"

based on the study of subtle influences that "lie concealed in the depths of Physic".[28] His arguments reflect

how astrology has always involved consideration of the psyche,[13] a more recent expression of which can befound in the writings of Carl Jung and the development of modern psychological astrology.


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Page from an Astrological

Treatise, ca. 1750

World traditions

Although most cultural systems of astrology share common roots in ancient philosophies that influenced eachother, many have unique methodologies which differ from those developed in the west. The most significant areHindu astrology (also known as "Indian astrology" and in modern times referred to as "Vedic astrology") andChinese astrology. Both have yielded great influence upon the world's cultural history.

Western astrology

For more details on this topic, see Western astrology.

Western astrology is largely horoscopic, that is, it is a form of divination based on the construction of a

horoscope for an exact moment, such as a person's birth.[29] It is founded on the movements and relativepositions of celestial bodies such as the Sun, Moon, planets, which are analyzed by their aspects (angles) relativeto one another. These are usually considered by their placement in houses (spatial divisions of the sky), and theirmovement through signs of the zodiac (spatial divisions of the ecliptic). Astrology's modern representation inwestern popular media is often reduced to sun sign astrology, which considers only basic relationships of planetsto the zodiac sign of the Sun at an individual's date of birth. The full analysis of the birth chart, as performed byan astrological practitioner, involves much more detailed consideration than this.

Indian and South/West Asian astrology

For more details on this topic, see Hindu astrology.

Indian astrology uses a different commencement point to its 12-fold division ofthe zodiac than Western astrology but retains the same names and meanings forthe signs and shares many of the same traditional principles. The two methodsdiffer mainly in their focus on sidereal and tropical astrology. Hindu astrology

relies on the sidereal zodiac which is aligned to the constellations. This uses anadjustment, called ayanamsa, to take into account the gradual precession of thevernal equinox (the gradual shift in the orientation of the Earth's axis ofrotation). Western astrology uses the tropical zodiac, which is aligned to the

points where the Sun's position on the ecliptic creates the change of seasons.[30]

Hindu astrology also includes several sub-systems of zodiac division, andemploys the notion of bandhu: connections that, according to the Vedas link theouter and the inner worlds. This principle is similar to that found in Western andChinese astrology, in considering the connection between the macrocosm andmicrocosm.

In India, there is a long-established and widespread belief in astrology. It is commonly used for daily life,particularly in matters concerning marriage and career, and makes extensive use of electional, horary andkarmic astrology.[31][32] It remains considered a branch of Vedic science.[33][34] In 2001, Indian scientists and

politicians debated and critiqued a proposal to use state money to fund research into astrology[35] resulting in

vedic astrology being introduced into the curriculum of Indian universities.[36] In February 2011, the BombayHigh Court reaffirmed astrology's standing in India when it dismissed a case which had challenged it status as a

science.[37]

The astrology commonly used in Sri Lanka is largely based on Hindu astrology with some modifications to bring


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it in line with Buddhist teachings. Tibetan astrology also shares many of these components but has also beenstrongly influenced by Chinese culture and acknowledges a circle of animal signs similar to that of the Chinesezodiac (see below).

Chinese and East-Asian astrology

For more details on this topic, see Chinese astrology and Chinese zodiac.

Chinese astrology has a close relation with Chinese philosophy (theory of the three harmony, heaven, earth andwater) and uses the principles of yin and yang and concepts that are not found in Western astrology, such as thewu xing teachings, the 10 Celestial stems, the 12 Earthly Branches, and shichen ( a form of timekeepingused for religious purposes).

The system of Chinese astrology was elaborated during the Zhou dynasty (1046256 BC) and flourished duringthe Han Dynasty (2nd century BC to 2nd century AD), during which all the familiar elements of traditionalChinese culture - the Yin-Yang philosophy, theory of the 5 elements, Heaven and Earth, Confucian morality -were brought together to formalise the philosophical principles of Chinese medicine and divination, astrology

and alchemy.[38]

The early use of Chinese astrology was mainly confined to political astrology, the observation of unusual

phenomena, identification of portents and the selection of auspicious days for events and decisions.[39] Theconstellations of the Zodiac of western Asia and Europe were not used; instead the sky is divided into ThreeEnclosures ( sn yun), and Twenty-eight Mansions ( rshb xi) in twelve Ci ().[40] TheThree Enclosures occupy the area close to the North Celestial Pole, where the stars are visible to northernhemisphere observers all year around. The Twenty-eight Mansions occupy the zodiacal band and find theirequivalent in the 28 Lunar mansions of western astrology and the Nakshatra of Indian astrology. Though markedalong the zodiac they are defined by the movement of the Moon in a lunar month rather than the Sun in a solaryear. The Zhou Bi Suan Jing is an important astronomical text, dating from the Zhou dynasty but completed inthe Han dynasty. It presents a complex lunisolar calendar whose focus reflects a long-standing division between

mathematical astronomy "li fa" and portent astrology "tian wen".[41]

The zodiac of twelve animal signs is said to represent twelve different types of personality. This is not derivedfrom divisions of the ecliptic as in Western astrology, but represents annual rather than monthly themes, beingbased on cycles of years, lunar months, and two-hour periods of the day (the shichen). The zodiac traditionallybegins with the sign of the Rat, and the cycle proceeds through 11 other animals signs: the Ox, Tiger, Rabbit,

Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig.[42] A complex system of predicting fate anddestiny based on one's birthday, birth season, and birth hours, known as Zi Wei Dou Shu (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese:; pinyin:zwidush) is also still used regularly in modern day Chineseastrology.

The Korean zodiac is identical to the Chinese one. The Vietnamese zodiac is almost identical to Chinese zodiacexcept that the second animal is the Water Buffalo instead of the Ox, and the fourth animal is the Cat instead ofthe Rabbit. The Japanese zodiac includes the Wild Boar instead of the Pig. The Thai zodiac includes a Naga inplace of the Dragon and begins, not at Chinese New Year, but at either on the first day of fifth month in Thailunar calendar, or during the Songkran festival (now celebrated every 1315 April), depending on the purpose of

the use.[43]

History


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Latin translation of Ab Mashar'sDe

Magnis Coniunctionibus (Of thegreat conjunctions), Venice, 1515.

Main article: History of astrology

Ancient world

For more details on ancient astrology, see Babylonian astrology and Hellenistic astrology.

Astrology, before its differentiation from astronomy, began when humans started to measure, record, and predict

seasonal changes by reference to astronomical cycles.[44] Early evidence of this appears as markings on bonesand cave walls, which show lunar cycles were being noted as early as 25,000 years ago. These were the firststeps towards recording the Moons influence upon tides and rivers, and towards organizing a communal

calendar.[45] Agricultural needs were also met by increasing knowledge of constellations, whose appearanceschange with the seasons, allowing the rising of particular star-groups to herald annual floods or seasonal

activities.[46] By the third millennium BCE, widespread civilizations had developed sophisticated awareness ofcelestial cycles, and are believed to have consciously oriented their temples to create alignment with the heliacal

risings of the stars.[47]

There is scattered evidence to suggest that the oldest known astrological references are copies of texts madeduring this period. Two, from the Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa (compiled in Babylon round 1700 BCE) are

reported to have been made during the reign of king Sargon of Akkad (2334-2279 BCE).[48] Another, showingan early use of electional astrology, is ascribed to the reign of the Sumerian ruler Gudea of Lagash (ca.2144-2124 BCE). This describes how the gods revealed to him in a dream the constellations that would be mostfavorable for the planned construction of a temple.[49] However, there is controversy about whether they weregenuinely recorded at the time or merely ascribed to ancient rulers by posterity. The oldest undisputed evidenceof the use of astrology as an integrated system of knowledge is therefore attributed to the records of the firstdynasty of Mesopotamia (1950-1651 BCE).

Medieval Islamic world

For more details on this topic, see Astrology in medieval Islam.

Astrology was taken up enthusiastically by Islamic scholars following thecollapse of Alexandria to the Arabs in the 7th century, and the foundingof the Abbasid empire in the 8th. The second Abbasid caliph, Al Mansur(754-775) founded the city of Baghdad to act as a centre of learning, andincluded in its design a library-translation centre known asBaytal-Hikma Storehouse of Wisdom, which continued to receivedevelopment from his heirs and was to provide a major impetus for

Arabic-Persian translations of Hellenistic astrological texts.[50] The earlytranslators included Mashallah, who helped to elect the time for the

foundation of Baghdad,[51] and Sahl ibn Bishr, (a.k.aZael), whose textswere directly influential upon later European astrologers such as Guido

Bonatti in the 13th century, and William Lilly in the 17th century.[52]

Knowledge of Arabic texts started to become imported into Europe during the Latin translations of the 12thcentury, the effect of which was to help initiate the European Renaissance.

Other important Arabic astrologers include Albumasur and Al Khwarizmi, the Persian mathematician,astronomer and astrologer, who is considered the father of algebra and the algorithm. The Arabs greatlyincreased the knowledge of astronomical cycles, and many of the star names that remain in common use today,such as Aldebaran, Altair, Betelgeuse, Rigel and Vega retain the legacy of their language.


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Aquarius: one of the twelve zodiac

signs on the church of Saint-

Austremonius, Auvergne, France.

20th and 21st century

Early in the 20th century, Carl Jung, the founder of analytical psychology, developed sophisticated theories

concerning astrology.[53] These included concepts such as archetypes, the collective unconscious[54] and with

the collaboration of pioneer theoretical physicist (and Nobel laureate), Wolfgang Pauli, synchronicity.[55]

Astrologers like Dane Rudhyar[56] pursued a similar path to Jung and others such as Liz Greene[57][58] and

Stephen Arroyo[59] were influenced by the Jungian model leading to the development of psychological

astrology.[60]

In the middle of the 20th century, Alfred Witte and, following him, Reinhold Ebertin pioneered the use of

midpoints, called midpoint astrology in horoscopic analysis.[61] A new kind of locational astrology began in195758, when Donald Bradley published a hand-plotted geographic astrology map. In the 1970s, American

astrologer Jim Lewis developed this technique under the name of Astro*Carto*Graphy.[62] The world mapdisplays lines where the Sun, Moon, planets and other celestial points appear to be on any of the Four Angles(Rising, Setting, MC and IC) at a given moment in time. By comparing these lines with the horoscope, an

astrologer attempts to identify the potential in any location.[63]

Effect on European culture

For more details on this topic, see Cultural influence of astrology.

Belief in astrology holds firm today in many parts of the world: in onepoll, 31% of Americans expressed belief in astrology and according to

another study 39% considered it scientific.[64] According to Gallupopinion polls, around 25% of adults in the UK and US accept thatastrology or the position of the stars and planets affect peoples lives,

whilst other sources report the figure to be much higher.[65]

Along with tarot divination, astrology is one of the core studies ofWestern esotericism, and as such has influenced systems of magicalbelief not only among Western esotericists and Hermeticists, but alsobelief systems such as Wicca that have borrowed from or beeninfluenced by the Western esoteric tradition. Tanya Luhrmann hasobserved that "all magicians know something about astrology," andrefers to a table of correspondences in Starhawk's The Spiral Dance,organized by planet, as an example of the astrological lore studied by

magicians.[66]

Astrology has had an influence on both language and literature. For example, influenza, from medieval Latininfluentia 'influence', was so named because doctors once believed epidemics to be caused by unfavourable

celestial influences.[67] The word disaster comes from the Greek , disastria, derived from thenegative prefix -, dis- and , aster'star', meaning not-starred or badly-starred.[68] The adjectives lunatic(Luna/Moon), mercurial (Mercury), venereal (Venus), martial (Mars), jovial (Jupiter/Jove), and saturnine(Saturn) are all used to describe personal qualities thought to be influenced by the astrological characteristics ofpredominating personal planets.

In literature many writers, such as Chaucer and Shakespeare, used astrological symbolism to add subtlety and


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nuance to the description of their characters' motivations.[69] More recently, Michael Ward has proposed thatC.S. Lewis imbued his Chronicles of Narnia with the characteristics and symbols of the seven planets that

govern the heavens in medieval astrology.[70] In 1978, notes from Margaret Mitchells library revealed that shehad based each character from her classic prize-winning novel, Gone with the Wind(1936), including the centralstar-crossed lovers, Scarlett (Aries) and Rhett (Leo), around an archetype of the zodiac.[71] In 2010, a detailedpersonal horoscope analyzed and illustrated by J.K. Rowling at the time she was writing her first Harry Potternovel, came up for sale. The auctioneer commented that Rowling displays a detailed knowledge of Western

astrology which was later to play an important part in her books".[72]

In music the best known example of astrology's influence is in the orchestral suite The Planets by Britishcomposer Gustav Holst, the framework of which is based on the astrological tones and signatures of the

planets.[73]

In politics, in 1981, after John Hinckley's attempted assassination of President Reagan, first lady Nancy Reagancommissioned astrologer Joan Quigley to act as the secret White House astrologer. However, Quigley's role

ended in 1988 when it became public through the memoirs of former chief of staff, Donald Regan.[74][75][76]

Modern scientific appraisal

Contemporary science considers astrology a pseudoscience.[77] Criticisms include that astrology is conjecturaland supplies no hypotheses, proves difficult to falsify, and describes natural events in terms of scientificallyuntestable supernatural causes.[78] It has also been suggested that much of the continued faith in astrology could

be psychologically explained as a matter of cognitive bias.[79] Skeptics say that the practice of westernastrologers allows them to avoid making verifiable predictions, and gives them the ability to attach significance

to arbitrary and unrelated events, in a way that suits their purpose,[80] although science also providesmethodologies to separate verifiable significance from arbitrary predictions in research experiments, as

demonstrated by Gauquelin's research and Carlson's experiment.[citation needed]

Astrology has been criticized for failing to provide a physical mechanism that links the movements of celestialbodies to their purported effects on human behavior. In 1975, amid increasing popular interest in astrology, TheHumanistmagazine presented a rebuttal of astrology in a statement put together by Bart J. Bok, Lawrence E.

Jerome, and Paul Kurtz.[81] The statement, entitled Objections to Astrology, was signed by 186 astronomers,physicists and leading scientists of the day. They said that there is no scientific foundation for the tenets ofastrology and warned the public against accepting astrological advice without question. Their criticism focusedon the fact that there was no mechanism whereby astrological effects might occur:

We can see how infinitesimally small are the gravitational and other effects produced by the distantplanets and the far more distant stars. It is simply a mistake to imagine that the forces exerted bystars and planets at the moment of birth can in any way shape our futures.[82][83]

Astronomer Carl Sagan declined to sign the statement. For this reason, his words have been quoted by those

who argue that astrology retains some sort of scientific validity.[84] Sagan said he took this stance not becausehe thought astrology had any validity at all, but because he thought that the tone of the statement wasauthoritarian, and that dismissing astrology because there was no mechanism (while "certainly a relevant point")was not in itself convincing. In a letter published in a follow-up edition ofThe Humanist, Sagan confirmed thathe would have been willing to sign such a statement had it described and refuted the principal tenets ofastrological belief. This, he argued, would have been more persuasive and would have produced less


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diurnal position of Mars in the birth

charts (N = 570) of "eminent athletes"

(red solid line) compared to the

expected results [after Michel

Gauquelin 1955][98]

Theological criticism

Some of the practices of astrology were contested on theological groundsby medieval Muslim astronomers such as Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), Ibnal-Haytham (Alhazen) and Avicenna. They said that the methods ofastrologers conflicted with orthodox religious views of Islamic scholars

through the suggestion that the Will of God can be known and predicted in advance.[101] Such arguments mainly

concerned "judicial branches" (such as Horary astrology), rather than the more "natural branches" such asMedical and Meteorological astrology, these being seen as part of the natural sciences of the time.

For example, Avicennas 'Refutation against astrology'Risla f ibl akm al-nojm, argues against thepractice of astrology while supporting the principle of planets acting as the agents of divine causation whichexpress God's absolute power over creation. Avicenna considered that the movement of the planets influencedlife on earth in a deterministic way, but argued against the capability of determining the exact influence of the

stars.[102] In essence, Avicenna did not refute the essential dogma of astrology, but denied our ability to

understand it to the extent that precise and fatalistic predictions could be made from it.[103]

Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya (12921350), in his Miftah Dar al-SaCadah, also used physical arguments in

astronomy to question the practice of judicial astrology.[104] He recognized that the stars are much larger than

the planets, and argued:[105]

And if you astrologers answer that it is precisely because of this distance and smallness that theirinfluences are negligible, then why is it that you claim a great influence for the smallest heavenlybody, Mercury? Why is it that you have given an influence to al-Ra's and al-Dhanab, which are twoimaginary points [ascending and descending nodes]?

Education

Education in astrology is offered in a number of countries of the world:

United States

In the United States, astrological education is offered at institutions such as Kepler College, a liberal arts college

with an emphasis on astrology in Lynnwood, Washington, near Seattle, which opened in 2001[106] and awarded

its first 8 Bachelor of Arts degrees in Astrological Studies in 2004.[107] However, unless they are completing a

course of study, students attending Kepler College after March 9, 2010,[108] are not awarded degrees but

certificates of completion of a course of study.[109] The degrees granted by Kepler are not recognized by

national or regional accrediting agencies.[110]

Other astrological organizations offer study programs andcorrespondence courses to certify astrologers.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, astrological education is offered at a number of institutions, some offering a diplomaupon completion of the course and an examination. In addition, the University of Wales Trinity Saint David at

Lampeter offers an MA in Cultural Astronomy and Astrology.[111]

India


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In February, 2001, vedic astrology, Jyotish Vigyan, was introduced into the curriculum of Indian universities.Undergraduate (called "graduate" in India) post-graduate and research courses of study were established."Beneficiaries of these courses would be students, teachers, professionals from modern streams like doctors,

architects, marketing, financial, economic and political analysts, etc."[36] In April 2001 the Andhra PradeshHigh Court declined to consider a petition to overturn the curriculum guideline on the ground that astrology wasa pseudoscience, a decision affirmed by the Supreme Court in 2004 which declined as a matter of law tointerfere with educational policy. The court noted that astrology studies were optional and that courses in

astrology were offered by institutions of higher education in other countries.[112]

Notes

^ Babylonian planet names took a multitude of deity forms, most drawn from one basic deity association; forexample, the basic association of Mars was with the war-god Nergal, for whom it expressed representation as thethe star of Nergal.[113]

a.

^ Some 'traditional astrologers' prefer to work only with the seven Classical planets, but most modern astrologersinclude reference to Uranus (discovered in 1781), Neptune (1846) and Pluto (1930).

It is therefore conventional for astrology texts to refer to ten planets, which does not include the Earth. These, with

their astrological symbols, are as follows:Sun | Moon | Mercury | Venus | Mars | Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune | Pluto

b.

References

^ Koch-Westenholz (1995) Foreword and p.11.1.^ Kassell and Ralley (2010) Stars, spirits, signs: towards a history of astrology 11001800'; pp.67-69.2.^ Campion (2009) pp.259-263, for the popularizing influence of newspaper astrology; pp. 239-249: for associationwith New Age philosophies.

3.

^ Kelly, I.W., R. Culver and P.J. Loptson, 1989: Astrology and science: an examination of the evidence. In Cosmicperspectives: essays dedicated to the memory of M.K.V. Bappu, S.K. Biswas, D.C.V. Mallik, and C.V.Vishveshwara, eds., Cambridge University Press, 249 pp.

4.

^ Asquith and Hacking (1978) 'Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience (http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/PH29A/thagard.html) ' by Paul R. Thagard. See also National Science Board (2006) Science and Engineering Indicators;ch 7: 'Science and Technology. Public Attitudes and Understanding: Belief in Pseudoscience (http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/c7/c7s2.htm#c7s2l3) '. National Science Foundation (2006); retrieved 19 April 2010:"Aboutthree-fourths of Americans hold at least one pseudoscientific belief; i.e., they believed in at least 1 of the 10 surveyitems[29]" ..." Those 10 items were extrasensory perception (ESP), that houses can be haunted, ghosts/that spiritsof dead people can come back in certain places/situations, telepathy/communication between minds without usingtraditional senses, clairvoyance/the power of the mind to know the past and predict the future, astrology/that theposition of the stars and planets can affect people's lives, that people can communicate mentally with someone whohas died, witches, reincarnation/the rebirth of the soul in a new body after death, and channeling/allowing a "spirit-

being" to temporarily assume control of a body."

5.

^ Harper, Douglas. "astrology" (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=astrology) . Online EtymologyDictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=astrology. Retrieved 2011-12-06. "Differentiation betweenastrology and astronomy began late 1400s and by 17c. this word was limited to "reading influences of the stars andtheir effects on human destiny.""

6.

^ "astrology, n." (http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/12267) . Oxford English Dictionary (Second ed.).Oxford University Press. 1989; online version September 2011. http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/12267. "In Old French and Middle English astronomie seems to be the earlier and general word, astrologie havingbeen subseq. introduced for the art or practical application of astronomy to mundane affairs, and thus graduallylimited by 17th cent. to the reputed influences of the stars, unknown to science. Not in Shakespeare."

7.

^ Soanes (2006) 'Star' (http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/star) sense 1. Retrieved 16 July 2011.8.^ Merriam-Webster (1989) p.369. Online at wordsources.info (http://www.wordsources.info/words-9.


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mod-planets.html) , retrieved 5th August 2011.^Tetrabiblos (Robbins ed. 1940) I.4, p.35, footnote 3 (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ptolemy/Tetrabiblos/1B*.html#4) .

10.

^ Pliny (77 AD) illustrated the irony of the use of the term 'planet' since the planetary cycles were known to beregular and predictable: "...the seven stars, which owing to their motion we call planets, though no stars wander lessthan they do". Pliny the Elder (77) II.iv, p.177.

11.

^ "Definition of planet" (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/planet) . Merriam-Webster OnLine. http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/planet. Retrieved 2007-07-23.

12.

^

a

b

Lewis (1994) p.58: "The Hermetic doctrine of the macrocosm and the microcosm provides the philosophicalfoundation of astrology and is a counterpart to the modern philosophy of holism. In this view, the psyche is notmerely a whole unto itself but is also a part of the greater whole that reflects it".

13.

^ Manilius (77) p.87-89 (II.64-67): the entire universe is alive in mutual concord of its elements and is driven bythe pulse of reason, since a single spirit dwells in all its parts and, speeding through all things, nourishes it like aliving creature.

14.

^ Alkindi (9th cent.) is clarifying this point where he says in his text On the Stellar Rays, ch.4: ... we say that onething acts with its elemental rays on another, but according to the exquisite truth it does not act but only the celestialharmony acts.

15.

^ Culpeper (1653)An Astrologo-Physical Discourse of the Human Virtues in the Body of Man, p.1(http://www.skyscript.co.uk/astrologo.pdf) : As the heart is in the Microcosm, so is the Sun in the Macrocosm: foras the Sun gives life, light, and motion to the Creation, so doth the heart to the body; therefore it [the heart] is called

Sol Corporis ['bodily sun'], as the Sun is called Cor Coeli ['heavenly heart'] because their operations are similar.

16.

^ McRitchie (2006) p.7: "Each individual, whether it is a person, thing, or an event, is a microcosm born at thecenter of its own macrocosmic universe. Each individual has its own planets, is identified with its nativecircumstances, and has a sensitive dependence on its initial configuration within the world of experience that isknown and shared in common among other individuals. The circumstances of birth show what has begun. Thisclarifies the philosophical principle found in many traditional works, such as Kepler (1619)Harmony of the World,pp.274-5, which describes the astrological influence at birth as a 'spiritual idea' in which the zodiac exsists 'within'as well as 'without': the vital faculty, lit in the heart and burning as long as life exists, is in a certain sense a zodiacsince its essence consists in activity and in a flow of flame, as it were, the result is that the whole sensible shape ofthe zodiac flows into it ...When therefore, it begins to be what it is at the time when it constructs the harmonies, thenmost of all the sensible radiant harmony of the planets flows into it.

17.

^ Weiss and Taruskin (2008) p.3 (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q1eobgND8H4C&lpg=PA4&

vq=Pythagoras&dq=Weiss%2C%20Piero%2C%20and%20Richard%20Taruskin%2C%20eds.%20Music%20in%20the%20Western%20World%3A%20A%20History%20in%20Documents&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false) .

18.

^ Pliny the Elder (77) pp.277-8, (II.xviii.xx): "occasionally Pythagoras draws on the theory of music, anddesignates the distance between the Earth and the Moon as a whole tone, that between the Moon and Mercury as asemitone, .... the seven tones thus producing the so-called diapason, i.e. a universal harmony".

19.

^ Houlding (2000) p.28: The doctrine of the Pythagoreans was a combination of science and mysticism LikeAnaximenes they viewed the Universe as one integrated, living organism, surrounded by Divine Air (or moreliterally Breath), which permeates and animates the whole cosmos and filters through to individual creatures Bypartaking of the core essence of the Universe, the individual is said to act as a microcosm in which all the laws inthe macrocosm of the Universe are at work.

20.

^ Davis (1901) p.252. PlatosRepublic VII.XII reads: As the eyes, said I, seem formed for studying astronomy, sodo the ears seem formed for harmonious motions: and these seem to be twin sciences to one another, as also thePythagoreans say.

21.

^ Smith (1996) p.2 (http://books.google.com/books?id=mhLVHR5QAQkC&lpg=PA14&dq=smith%20Ptolemy%20Optics&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false) .

22.

^ Hackett (1997) p.245 (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gy3Vp7TurVUC&lpg=PA245&dq=Alkindi%20de%20aspectibus%20astrology&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q&f=false) and Smith (1996) p.56(http://books.google.com/books?id=mhLVHR5QAQkC&pg=PA56&dq=Ptolemy's+theory+of+visual+Aspectibus&hl=en&ei=7Yk-TuLMHtCq8AOr8ryVCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false) .

23.

^ An English translation of theHarmonica was recently published by Andrew Barker, in his Greek MusicalWritings vol. II(Cambridge University Press, 2004). The work was also discussed by James Frederick Mountford

24.


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in his article The Harmonics of Ptolemy and the Lacuna in II, 14 (Transactions and Proceedings of the AmericanPhilological Association, Vol. 57. 1926; pp.71-95). Mountford refers to Ptolemys Harmonica as "the mostscientific and best arranged treatise on the theory of musical scales which we possess in Greek".^ Kepler (1619) 'Introduction', p.xix. Kepler did not ascribe any direct physical influence to the celestial bodiesbut supposed the astrological effects to be the result of instinctive responses of individual souls to the harmonies ofcertain configurations or aspects. A soul was also ascribed to the Earth itself, whose response to the aspectsexplained their influence on the weather. In his Tertius Interveniens, 1610, Kepler defined the horoscope as thecelestial imprint imparted at birth: Ch,7: "When a human being's life is first ignited, when he now has his own life,and can no longer remain in the womb - then he receives a character and an imprint of all the celestial configurations(or the images of the rays intersecting on earth), and retains them unto his grave". See translated excerpts by Dr.Kenneth G. Negus on Cura (http://cura.free.fr/docum/15kep-en.html) . Retrieved 15 August 2011.

25.

^ Kepler (1619) Kepler's Third Law used to be known as the harmonic law. It captures the relationship between thedistance of planets from the Sun, and their orbital periods. "The square of the orbital period is proportional to thecube of the mean distance from the Sun ".[1] (http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Skeplaws.htm) See alsoGerald James Holton, Stephen G. Brush (2001). Physics, the Human Adventure (http://books.google.com/?id=czaGZzR0XOUC&pg=PA45&dq=Kepler+%22harmonic+law%22) . Rutgers University Press. p. 45.ISBN 0813529085. http://books.google.com/?id=czaGZzR0XOUC&pg=PA45&dq=Kepler+%22harmonic+law%22.

26.

^ Bacon (1623)De Augmentis, p.351 (http://books.google.com/books/about/The_works_of_Francis_Bacon.html?id=XQF-bwn5hXIC) . The maxim that the stars impel but do not compel wasused by Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century, "following the same line of argument as St Augustine and others

before him" (A history of magic by Richard Cavendish; p.66., Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977).

27.

^ Bacon (1623)De Augmentis, p.351 (http://books.google.com/books/about/The_works_of_Francis_Bacon.html?id=XQF-bwn5hXIC) .

28.

^ Soanes (2006) 'Astrology' (http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/astrology) "The study of the movements andrelative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence on human affairs and the natural world".Retrieved 16 July 2011. Also Weiner (1973) 'Astrology' (http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-20) by David Pingree. "...the study of the impact of the celestial bodies". Retrieved2nd December 2009.

29.

^ James R. Lewis, 2003. The Astrology Book: the Encyclopedia of Heavenly Influences. Visible Ink Press. Onlineat Google Books.

30.

^ Kaufman, Michael T. (1998-12-23). "BV Raman Dies" (http://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/23/world/bangalore-venkata-raman-indian-astrologer-dies-at-86.html) . New York Times, December 23, 1998. http://www.nytimes.com

/1998/12/23/world/bangalore-venkata-raman-indian-astrologer-dies-at-86.html. Retrieved 2009-05-12.

31.

^ Dipankar Das, May 1996. "Fame and Fortune" (http://www.lifepositive.com/mind/predictive-sciences/astrology.asp) . http://www.lifepositive.com/mind/predictive-sciences/astrology.asp. Retrieved 2009-05-12.

32.

^ "In countries such as India, where only a small intellectual elite has been trained in Western physics, astrologymanages to retain here and there its position among the sciences." David Pingree and Robert Gilbert, "Astrology;Astrology In India; Astrology in modern times". Encyclopdia Britannica, 2008

33.

^ Mohan Rao, Female foeticide: where do we go? Indian Journal of Medical Ethics Oct-Dec2001-9(4)[2](http://www.issuesinmedicalethics.org/094co123.html)

34.

^ "Indian Astrology vs Indian Science" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/highlights/010531_vedic.shtml). Bbc.co.uk. 2001-05-31. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/highlights/010531_vedic.shtml. Retrieved2011-12-10.

35.

^ ab "Guidelines for Setting up Departments of Vedic Astrology in Universities Under the Purview of UniversityGrants Commission" (http://www.education.nic.in/circulars/astrologycurriculum.htm) . Government of India,Department of Education. http://www.education.nic.in/circulars/astrologycurriculum.htm. Retrieved March 26,2011. "There is an urgent need to rejuvenate the science of Vedic Astrology in India, to allow this scientificknowledge to reach to the society at large and to provide opportunities to get this important science even exportedto the world,"

36.

^ 'Astrology is a science: Bombay HC', The Times of India (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Astrology-is-a-science-Bombay-HC/articleshow/7418795.cms) , 3 February 2011

37.

^ Sun and Kistemaker (1997) pp.3-4.38.^ Sun and Kistemaker (1997) pp.22, 85, 176.39.^ F. Richard Stephenson, "Chinese Roots of Modern Astronomy",New Scientist, 26 June 1980. See also (http://www.lamost.org/~yzhao/history/xiu28.html)

40.


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^ Cullen, Christopher.Astronomy and mathematics in ancient China: the Zhou bi suan jing". CambridgeUniversity Press. 1996. pages 2-6.

41.

^ Theodora Lau, The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes, pp2-8, 30-5, 60-4, 88-94, 118-24, 148-53, 178-84, 208-13238-44, 270-78, 306-12, 338-44, Souvenir Press, New York, 2005

42.

^ ""(http://www.myhora.com/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8

%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C-004.aspx) . http://www.myhora.com/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C-004.aspx.

43.

^ Campion (2008) pp.2-3.44.^ Marshack (1972) p.81ff.45.^ Hesiod (c. 8th cent. BCE). Hesiods poem Works and Days shows how the heliacal rising of constellations wereused as a calendar for agricultural events, which started to acquire astrological associations, e.g.: Fifty days after

the solstice, when the season of wearisome heat is come to an end, is the right time to go sailing. Then you will notwreck your ship, nor will the sea destroy the sailors, unless Poseidon the Earth-Shaker be set upon it, or Zeus, theking of the deathless gods (II. 663-677).

46.

^ Kelley and Milone (2005) p.268.47.^ Two texts which refer to the 'omens of Sargon' are reported in E. F. Weidner, Historiches Material in derBabyonischen Omina-Literatur Altorientalische Studien, ed. Bruno Meissner, (Leipzig, 1928-9), v. 231 and 236.

48.

^ From scroll A of the ruler Gudea of Lagash, I 17 VI 13. O. Kaiser, Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments,Bd. 2, 1-3. Gtersloh, 1986-1991. Also quoted in A. Falkenstein, Wahrsagung in der sumerischen berlieferung,La divination en Msopotamie ancienne et dans les rgions voisines . Paris, 1966.

49.

^ Houlding (2010) Ch. 8: 'The medieval development of Hellenistic principles concerning aspectual applicationsand orbs'; pp.12-13.

50.

^ Albiruni, Chronology (11th c.) Ch.VIII, On the days of the Greek calendar, re. 23 Tammz; Sachau.51.

^ Houlding (2010) Ch. 6: 'Historical sources and traditional approaches'; pp.2-7.52.^ Jung, Carl G.Letters 19061950, ed. Gerhard Adler, et al.(Princeton University Press: Bollingen, 1992), Letterfrom Jung to Freud, 12 June 1911. ISBN 9780691098951 I made horoscopic calculations in order to find a clue tothe core of psychological truth.

53.

^ Campion (2009) p.251256: At the same time, in Switzerland, the psychologist Carl Gustav Jung (18751961)was developing sophisticated theories concerning astrology...

54.

^ Gieser, Suzanne. The Innermost Kernel, Depth Psychology and Quantum Physics. Wolfgang Paulis Dialoguewith C.G.Jung, (Springer, Berlin, 2005) p.21 ISBN 3-540-20856-9

55.

^ Campion, Nicholas. "Prophecy, Cosmology and the New Age Movement. The Extent and Nature ofContemporary Belief in Astrology."( Bath Spa University College, 2003) via Campion, Nicholas,History ofWestern Astrology, (Continuum Books, London & New York, 2009) p.248 p.256 ISBN 9781847252241

56.

^ Holden, James,A History of Horoscopic Astrology: From the Babylonian Period to the Modern Age, (AFA 1996)p.202 ISBN 0-86690-463-8

57.

^ Campion (2009) p.258: "Jungian Analyst, Liz Greene."58.^ Hand, Robert,Horoscope Symbols (Para Research 1981) p.349 ISBN 0-914918-16-859.^ Hyde, Maggie.Jung and Astrology. (Aquarian/Harper Collins, 1992) p.105 ISBN 185538115Xhttp://www.skyscript.co.uk/synchronicity.html

60.

^ Harding, M & Harvey, C, Working with Astrology, The Psychology of Midpoints, Harmonics andAstro*Carto*Graphy , (Penguin Arkana 1990) (3rd edition pp.813) ISBN 1873948034

61.

^ Davis, Martin,From Here to There, An Astrologers Guide to Astromapping, (Wessex Astrologer, England, 2008)Ch1. History, p.2 ISBN 9781902405278

62.

^ Lewis, Jim & Irving, Ken, The Psychology of Astro*Carto*Graphy, (Penguin Arkana 1997) ISBN 135791864263.^ Humphrey Taylor. "The Religious and Other Beliefs of Americans 2003" (http://www.harrisinteractive.com64.


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/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=359) . http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=359. Retrieved2007-01-05. Also see "Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding" (http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/c7/c7s2.htm#c7s2l3) . National Science Foundation. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/c7/c7s2.htm#c7s2l3. Retrieved 2007-01-05.^ Gallup (2005): Paranormal Beliefs (http://www.gallup.com/poll/19558/paranormal-beliefs-come-supernaturally-some.aspx) by Linda Lyons, retrieved 20 July 2011. For the view that belief in astrology could be much higher thanGallup reports see Campion (1997), British Public Perceptions of Astrology: An Approach from the Sociology ofKnowledge by John Bauer and Martin Durant, which reports a figure of 73%.

65.

^ Luhrmann, Tanya (1991).Persuasions of the witch's craft: ritual magic in contemporary England. HarvardUniversity Press. pp. 147-151. ISBN 0674663241.

66.

^ "Online Etymology Dictionary" (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=influenza) . Etymonline.com.http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=influenza. Retrieved 2011-12-10.

67.

^ . " " (http://www.xhmikos.gr/ZOLWTAS-ELLHNIKA-AGGLIKA.pdf) . http://www.xhmikos.gr/ZOLWTAS-ELLHNIKA-AGGLIKA.pdf. Retrieved 3 January 2011.

68.

^ For discussions of Chaucer's astrological references see A. Kitson (1996). "Astrology and English literature"(http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_n1569_v269/ai_18920172) . Contemporary Review, October1996. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_n1569_v269/ai_18920172. Retrieved 2006-07-17. M.Allen, J.H. Fisher. "Essential Chaucer: Science, including astrology" (http://colfa.utsa.edu/chaucer/ec22.html) .University of Texas, San Antonio. http://colfa.utsa.edu/chaucer/ec22.html. Retrieved 2006-07-17. A.B.P. Mattar etal.. "Astronomy and Astrology in the Works of Chaucer" (http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/gem-projects

/hm/astronomy_and_astrology_in_the_works_of_chaucer.pdf) . University of Singapore. http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/gem-projects/hm/astronomy_and_astrology_in_the_works_of_chaucer.pdf. Retrieved 2006-07-17. Fordiscussions of Shakespeare's astrological references see P. Brown. "Shakespeare, Astrology, and Alchemy: ACritical and Historical Perspective" (http://www.astrofuturetrends.com/id19.html) . The Mountain Astrologer,February/March 2004. http://www.astrofuturetrends.com/id19.html. F. Piechoski. "Shakespeare's Astrology"(http://starcats.com/anima/shakespeare.html) . http://starcats.com/anima/shakespeare.html.

69.

^ Alastair Jamieson (2008-11-30). "Secret theme behind Narnia Chronicles is based upon the stars, says newresearch" (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/3536716/Secret-theme-behind-Narnia-Chronicles-is-based-upon-the-stars-says-new-research.html) . The Telegraph, London. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/3536716/Secret-theme-behind-Narnia-Chronicles-is-based-upon-the-stars-says-new-research.html. Retrieved 2011-07-24.

70.

^ Spencer, Neil. Stargazers? But of course. The Observer. (12 November 2000)[3] (http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2000/nov/12/fiction.features) "Gone With the Wind, is a thinly disguised astrological allegory. Margaret

Mitchell based the characters of her torrid epic on the zodiac, leaving a blatant trail of clues which were only pickedup in 1978 when US astrologer Darrell Martinie was shown photocopies of notes from Mitchell's library."

71.

^ "Rare JK Rowling work on the market for 25,000" (http://news.scotsman.com/entertainment/Rare-JK-Rowling-work-on.6449408.jp) . The Scotsman, Edinburgh. 30 July 2010. http://news.scotsman.com/entertainment/Rare-JK-Rowling-work-on.6449408.jp. Robert Currey. "Astrology and J K Rowling" (http://www.astrology.co.uk/news/jkrowlingastrology.htm) . www.astrology.co.uk. http://www.astrology.co.uk/news/jkrowlingastrology.htm.Retrieved 3 August 2011. Paul Fraser (26 May 2010). "An incredibly rare unpublished work by J.K.Rowling"(http://www.paulfrasercollectibles.com/section.asp?catid=78&docid=1888) . Paul Fraser Collectibles.http://www.paulfrasercollectibles.com/section.asp?catid=78&docid=1888.

72.

^ Campion (2009) pp.244245.73.^ Regan, Donald T., (1988)For the Record: From Wall Street to Washington, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, NewYork ISBN 0151639663

74.

^ Quigley, Joan (1990), What does Joan say? My Seven Years as White House Astrologer to Nancy and RonaldReagan, Birch Lane Press, New York ISBN 1-55972-032-8

75.

^ Gorney, Cynthia (May 11, 1988) The Reagan Chart Watch; Astrologer Joan Quigley, Eye on the Cosmos,Washington Post [4] (http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73606295.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+11%2C+1988&author=Cynthia+Gorney&pub=The+Washington+Post+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&edition=&startpage=c.01&desc=The+Reagan+Chart+Watch%3B+Astrologer+Joan+Quigley%2C+Eye+on+the+Cosmos)

76.

^ Richard Dawkins (31 December 1995). "The Real Romance in the Stars" (http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/the-real-romance-in-the-stars-1527970.html) . London: The Independent, December 1995.http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/the-real-romance-in-the-stars-1527970.html.. See also "Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List" (http://www.astrosociety.org/education/resources/pseudobib.html) .

77.


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Astronomical Society of the Pacific. http://www.astrosociety.org/education/resources/pseudobib.html.^ Hartmann, P; Reuter M, Nyborga H (May 2006). "The relationship between date of birth and individualdifferences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study".Personality and Individual Differences40(7): 13491362. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.017 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2005.11.017) .

78.

^ Eysenck, H.J., and Nias, D.K.B. (1982) pp.42-48.79.^ About.com: Is Astrology a Pseudoscience? Examining the Basis and Nature of Astrology(http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/skepticism/blfaq_astro_sci_pseudo.htm)

80.

^ The Humanist (http://thehumanist.org/the-humanist-archive/) , volume 35, no.5 (September/October 1975); pp.4-6. The statement is reproduced in 'The Strange Case of Astrology' by Paul Feyerabend, published in Grim (1990)pp.19-23 (http://fisa.altervista.org/cialtrones.pdf) .

81.

^ "Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 Leading Scientists" (http://web.archive.org/web/20090318140638/http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/astrology.html) . The Humanist, September/October 1975. Archived fromthe original (http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/astrology.html) on 2009-03-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20090318140638/http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/astrology.html.

82.

^ Bok, Bart J.; Lawrence E. Jerome, Paul Kurtz (1982). "Objections to Astrology: A Statement by 186 LeadingScientists". In Patrick Grim.Philosophy of Science and the Occult. Albany: State University of New York Press.pp. 1418. ISBN 0873955722.

83.

^ See for example Das (2009) Introduction, p.xvii (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z05l2sFZ0HYC&lpg=PR17&dq=Sagan%20astrology%20science&pg=PR17#v=onepage&q&f=false) .

84.

^ The Humanist (http://thehumanist.org/the-humanist-archive/) , volume 36, no.5 (1976).85.

^ http://cablegram.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/5639-the_stars_down_to.pdf86. ^ "British Physicist Debunks Astrology in Indian Lecture" (http://www.beliefnet.com/story/63/story_6346_1.html) .Associated Press. http://www.beliefnet.com/story/63/story_6346_1.html.

87.

^ "Ariz. Astrology School Accredited" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20010827/aponline135357_000.htm) . The Washington Post. 2001-08-27. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20010827/aponline135357_000.htm.

88.

^ M. Harding. "Prejudice in Astrological Research" (http://www.astrozero.co.uk/astroscience/harding.htm) .Correlation, Vol 19(1). http://www.astrozero.co.uk/astroscience/harding.htm.

89.

^ Jung, C.G., (1952), Synchronicity - An Acausal Connecting Principle (London: RKP English edition, 1972), p.36."synchronicity ...(is)...a coincidence in time of two or more casually unrelated events which have the same orsimilar meaning, in contrast to 'synchronism', which simply means the simultaneous occurrence of two events".

90.

^ Maggie Hyde,Jung and Astrology; p.2426; 121ff. (London: The Aquarian Press, 1992). "As above, so below.

Early in his studies, Jung came across the ancient macrocosm-microcosm belief with its enduring theme of theorganic unity of all things"; p.121.

91.

^ Cornelius (2003). Corneliuss thesis is - although divination is rarely addressed by astrologers, it is an obviousdescriptive tag "despite all appearances of objectivity and natural law. It is divination despite the fact that aspectsof symbolism can be approached through scientific method, and despite the possibility that some factors inhoroscopy can arguably be validated by the appeal to science." ('Introduction', p.xxii).

92.

^ Dr. P. Seymour,Astrology: The Evidence of Science. Penguin Group (London, 1988) ISBN 0-14-019226-3The Scientific Proof of Astrology. A scientific investigation into how the stars influence human life.[5](http://www.tmgnow.com/repository/solar/percyseymour1.html) Quantum, Foulsham (Slough 1997) ISBN0-572-02906-3

93.

^ Frank McGillion. "The Pineal Gland and the Ancient Art of Iatromathematica" (http://www.astrology-research.net/researchlibrary/Iatr/pineal.htm) . http://www.astrology-research.net/researchlibrary/Iatr/pineal.htm.

94.

^ "Sunday Times Article on Percy Seymour's book "Scientific Proof of Astrology"" (http://www.astrologer.com/tests/seymour.htm) . Astrologer.com. 2004-05-16. http://www.astrologer.com/tests/seymour.htm. Retrieved2011-12-10.

95.

^ Muller, Richard (2010). "Web site of Richard A. Muller, Professor in the Department of Physics at the Universityof California at Berkeley," (http://muller.lbl.gov/homepage.html) . http://muller.lbl.gov/homepage.html. Retrieved2011-08-02.My former student Shawn Carlson published in Nature magazine the definitive scientific test ofAstrology.

Maddox, Sir John (1995). "John Maddox, editor of the science journal Nature, commenting on Carlson's test"(http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:fqwVx-Bt9BMJ:www.randi.org/encyclopedia/astrology.html+maddox+perfectly+convincing+and+lasting+demonstration&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&source=www.google.com) . http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:fqwVx-Bt9BMJ:www.randi.org

96.


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External links

Astrology (http://www.dmoz.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Divination/Astrology//) at theOpen Directory ProjectDigital International Astrology Library (http://cura.free.fr/DIAL.html) at C.U.R.A. (CentreUniversitaire de Recherche en Astrologie) International Astrology Research Center (http://cura.free.fr/index.html#) ; (retrieved 15 November 2011).

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