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ASTRONOMICAL RESEARCH ASTRONOMICAL RESEARCH
IN AN UNDERGRADUATE IN AN UNDERGRADUATE
SETTINGSETTING
EXPLORING THE REAL SKY AT THE GETTYSBURG EXPLORING THE REAL SKY AT THE GETTYSBURG
COLLEGE OBSERVATORYCOLLEGE OBSERVATORY
and and
THE VIRTUAL SKY THROUGH PROJECT CLEATHE VIRTUAL SKY THROUGH PROJECT CLEA
A QUICK LOOK AT GETTYSBURG A QUICK LOOK AT GETTYSBURG
COLLEGE COLLEGE
• Enrollment ~2700
• 4 yr Liberal Arts College, Undergrad only
• Semester System
• Physics Dept: 8 full-time faculty; 2-3 instructors; lab technician; administrative assistant
• ~ 40 Physics majors; average of 10 BS/BA’s per year
• Specialties in Optics, Plasma, Nuclear & Particle Physics, High-Energy Theory, Biophysics, Astronomy
WHO DOES ASTRONOMY AT WHO DOES ASTRONOMY AT
GETTYSBURG?GETTYSBURG?
• Faculty and Staff– Dr. Larry Marschall, Professor of Physics
– Dr. Jacquelynne Milingo, Asst. Professor of Physics
– Dr. Glenn Snyder, Software Developer, Project CLEA
– Dr. Richard Barvainis, Associate Fellow
– P. Richard Cooper, Lab Instructor, Co-PI Project CLEA
– Ian Clarke, Lab Instructor, Planetarium Director
– Michael Hayden, IT, Small Radio Telescope maven
• Students– Introductory Astronomy Students (80/semester)
– Advanced Lab (Physics 325) Students
– Informal Student Researchers; Asteroid Patrol, NURO
– Senior Thesis Students (1 every year or 2)
WHAT KIND OF ASTRONOMY WHAT KIND OF ASTRONOMY
RESEARCH DO WE DO AT RESEARCH DO WE DO AT
GETTYSBURG? GETTYSBURG?
• Searches for Transiting Planets in Clusters
• Transit Timing Measurements
• Observations of Positions and Light Variations of Asteroids
• Light Curves of Binary Stars
• Light Curves of Supernovas
• Activity Cycles of Spotted Stars
• Abundance measurements of Planetary Nebulae
• Development of Educational Software that explores Astronomical Research Techniques (Project CLEA)
AT G
CO
WHERE DO WE DO THIS WHERE DO WE DO THIS
RESEARCH?RESEARCH?
• On-Campus
– Gettysburg College Observatory (Marschall)
• Off-Campus
– National Undergraduate Research Observatory (NURO),
Flagstaff, Arizona (Marschall, Milingo)
– Other National Observatories (Milingo, Barvainis)
GETTYSBURG GETTYSBURG
COLLEGE COLLEGE
OBSERVATORYOBSERVATORY
THE GETTYSBURG THE GETTYSBURG
OBSERVATORYOBSERVATORY
View from the SoutheastView from the Southeast
The Gettysburg 16The Gettysburg 16”” Reflector c.1991Reflector c.1991
•F/11 0.4 m
•Mfr. Ealing, 1968
•Closed Fiberglass
Tube
•Home-brew
computerized filter
photometer
patterened after the
KPNO Mark III
(operating system ran
on 64K of code
under DOS)
•Upgrade by
ACE, Tucson,
1996
Tube CoolingTube Cooling--Pre 2009Pre 2009
The Gettysburg 16The Gettysburg 16”” ReflectorReflector
•F/11 0.4 m
•Mfr. Ealing, 1968
•Upgrade by ACE,
Tucson, 2009—
Carbon Fiber open-
truss tube
•Camera:
Photometrics 350;
TE Cooled; High
Speed readout
•Chip: SiTE 003B
1024 x 1024 pixels
•ACE 2-wheel filter
box; 16 slots
•STV-Offset Guider
Camera and Filter BoxCamera and Filter Box
Computer Control from Remote Warm RoomComputer Control from Remote Warm Room
(software and Hardware by ACE)(software and Hardware by ACE)
SBIG STV Automatic GuiderSBIG STV Automatic Guider
Auxiliary Auxiliary
Chilled Chilled
Water Water
Circulator for Circulator for
CCD CCD
Dome Control and Dome CoolingDome Control and Dome Cooling
AstronomerAstronomer’’s View of the Controlss View of the Controls
Autoguider Telescope ControlCCD control
Autoguider Display
Sidereal Time
Universal Time
DVDVHS
Stereo/FM
The ACE Telescope Control ScreenThe ACE Telescope Control Screen
Warm Room Warm Room
HardwareHardware
RackRack
Guider and CCD controlsGuider and CCD controls
CCD and Telescope ControlsCCD and Telescope Controls
REMOTE CONTROL OVER THE WEBREMOTE CONTROL OVER THE WEB
Automatic Image Data LoggingAutomatic Image Data Logging
Observing Aids: Phase predictor for Observing Aids: Phase predictor for
eclipsing Binary Starseclipsing Binary Stars
A Sampler of A Sampler of
OBSERVING OBSERVING
PROJECTSPROJECTS
Searching for Asteroids:Searching for Asteroids:
a typical observing loga typical observing log
An Asteroid DiscoveryAn Asteroid Discovery
A Series of images of the asteroid Petunia, 2000
taken several minutes apart.
A Series of images
of the asteroid 2005
YU55 Nov 8, 2011
8 10-sec exposures
in R
taken several
seconds apart
ASTEROID ASTEROID
PARALLAXPARALLAX
ASTEROID PARALLAXASTEROID PARALLAX
Photometry of Eclipsing Binaries and Bright Photometry of Eclipsing Binaries and Bright
SupernovasSupernovas
SOME RECENT PUBLICATIONS SOME RECENT PUBLICATIONS
WITH STUDENT COWITH STUDENT CO--AUTHORSAUTHORSTorres, Guillermo, Mader, Jeff A., Marschall, Laurence A., Neuhäuser, Ralph, and Duffy*,
Alaine S., “Optical Photometry and X-Ray Monitoring of the “Cool Algol” BD+05˚706:
Determination of the Physical Properties”, Astron. Journal, 125, 3237 (2003)
Mader, Jeff A., Torres, Guillermo, Marschall, Laurence A., and Rizvi, Akbar H.*, “Optical
Photometry and Spectroscopy of the ‘Cool Algol’ AV Delphinus: Determination of the
Physical Properties”, Astron. Journal, 130, 234 (2005)
Torres, Guillermo, Lacy, Claud H. Sandberg, Marschall, Laurence A., and Sheets, Holly
A.*, “The Eclipsing Binary V1061 Cygni: Confronting Stellar Evolution Models for Active
and Inactive Solar-Type Stars”, Astrophys. Journal, 640, 1018-1038 (2006)
Morales, Juan Carlos, Torres, Guillermo, Marschall, Laurence A., and Brehm, William*,
“Absolute Dimensions of the G7+K7 Eclipsing Binary Star IM Virginis: Discrepancies with
Stellar Evolution Models”, Astrophys. Journal, 707, 671-685 (2009)
PHOTOMETRY OF PHOTOMETRY OF
NEARBY NEARBY
SUPERNOVAESUPERNOVAE
GCO VRI GCO VRI
Composite, Aug Composite, Aug
28, 201128, 2011
PHOTOMETRY OF PHOTOMETRY OF
NEARBY NEARBY
SUPERNOVAESUPERNOVAE
GCO VRI GCO VRI
Composite, June Composite, June
4, 19984, 1998
GCO SUPERNOVA IMAGINGGCO SUPERNOVA IMAGING
------The Dark ENERGY ConnectionThe Dark ENERGY Connection
GCO GCO
SUPERNOVA SUPERNOVA
IMAGINGIMAGING
------The Dark The Dark
ENERGY ENERGY
ConnectionConnection
DETECTING PLANETS BY DETECTING PLANETS BY
TRANSITSTRANSITS
ExtrasolarExtrasolar Planet PhotometryPlanet Photometry
ExtrasolarExtrasolar Planet PhotometryPlanet Photometry
Transit Timing ObservationsTransit Timing Observations
Searching Searching
For Young For Young
ExtrasolarExtrasolar
Planets With Planets With
Small Small
TelescopesTelescopes
Searching For Young Searching For Young EstrasolarEstrasolar
PlanetsPlanets
The YETI Research Group, AIU Jena,
November 14-17, 2010
Mauna KeaUniversity of Hawaii
2.2-m telescope
ToruńCentre for Astronomy
0.6-m telescope
JenaAstrophysical Institute
0.9/0.6-m telescope
Calar AltoAstronomical Observatory
2.2-m telescope
Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory
1.0- and 2.3-m telescopes
RozhenAstronomical Observatory
0.6- and 2.0-m telescopes
Tenagra IIObservatory
0.8-m telescope
GunmaAstronomical Observatory
1.5-m telescope
SwarthmorePeter van de Kamp Observ.
0.6-m telescope
LulinLulin Observatory
1.0-m telescope
XinglongNational Astronomical O.
0.9/0.6-m telescope
Stará LesnaAstronomical Institute
0.6-m telescope
GettysburgGettysburg College
0.4-m telescope
CIDA VenezObservatory 1.0- and
1.5-m telescopes
Y E T I = Young Exo-planet Transit Initiative
Searches for Young Transiting Searches for Young Transiting
PlanetsPlanetsTrumplerTrumpler 37 and 25 37 and 25 OriOri Target ClustersTarget Clusters
STUDENT PAPERS AT NATIONAL STUDENT PAPERS AT NATIONAL
MEETINGSMEETINGS
PROJECT CLEAPROJECT CLEA(When you can(When you can’’t, or dont, or don’’t want t want
to go out at night)to go out at night)
PROJECT CLEAPROJECT CLEA
General Design PrinciplesGeneral Design Principles
••Laboratory exercises illustrating modern astronomical techniquesLaboratory exercises illustrating modern astronomical techniques
••Simulation of measurement technique, not just Simulation of measurement technique, not just ““cannedcanned”” datadata------
random noise, instrumental characteristics, etc. are programmed random noise, instrumental characteristics, etc. are programmed
in.in.
••Simulation of discovery process.Simulation of discovery process.
••Designed as supplement to course material, but a growing body ofDesigned as supplement to course material, but a growing body of
support materials for teachers and students has been developed. support materials for teachers and students has been developed.
••Complexity adjustable to emphasize pedagogical objectives.Complexity adjustable to emphasize pedagogical objectives.
••Designed for nonDesigned for non--science majors, but adaptable.science majors, but adaptable.
How we use CLEA At GettysburgHow we use CLEA At Gettysburg
•• Intro Intro AstroAstro 101/102101/102
–– 2 Classes/semester total 80 Students2 Classes/semester total 80 Students
–– 4 Labs4 Labs--3h each 3h each –– 20 Students Each 20 Students Each –– 2 per table2 per table
–– Coordinate Class with LabsCoordinate Class with Labs
•• Used as Demonstrations in ClassUsed as Demonstrations in Class
•• Other possibilitiesOther possibilities
–– UpperclassUpperclass Observing CourseObserving Course
–– Independent projectsIndependent projects
–– Prep for the research at the observatory Prep for the research at the observatory
•• How do you use CLEA materials?How do you use CLEA materials?
CLEA EXERCISES: 1992CLEA EXERCISES: 1992--20072007
CLEA: Modules from 2007CLEA: Modules from 2007
A collaboration with the A collaboration with the
XMMXMM--Newton missionNewton mission
A collaboration with the A collaboration with the
GONG projectGONG project
New CLEA: Modules in 2008New CLEA: Modules in 2008
H- R Diagram of Star
Clusters
Roemer Speed of
Light Experiment
Jupiter’s Moon
VIREO VIREO
““The Virtual Educational ObservatoryThe Virtual Educational Observatory””
Instrumentation of VIREOInstrumentation of VIREO
••3 Optical/IR Telescopes: various apertures3 Optical/IR Telescopes: various apertures
••CCD CameraCCD Camera
••IR CameraIR Camera
••Aperture PhotometerAperture Photometer
••PhotonPhoton--Counting SpectrometerCounting Spectrometer
••MultiMulti--Aperture SpectrometerAperture Spectrometer
••Radio Telescope: configurable aperture, etc.Radio Telescope: configurable aperture, etc.
••3 separately tunable receivers3 separately tunable receivers
••Analysis tools forAnalysis tools for
••SpectroscopySpectroscopy
••ImagingImaging
••AstrometryAstrometry
EXAMPLES OF FUNDAMENTAL EXAMPLES OF FUNDAMENTAL
ASTRONOMICAL DATA SETSASTRONOMICAL DATA SETS
••The Hubble Guide Star Catalog (The Hubble Guide Star Catalog (coordscoords and and magsmags of ~20 of ~20
million objects); USNO A2 (5 x10million objects); USNO A2 (5 x1088 objects), objects), ……
••The The CfACfA RedshiftRedshift Survey (Survey (magsmags, coordinates, , coordinates, redshiftsredshifts of of
~5 x 10~5 x 1044 galaxiesgalaxies
••Pulsar catalogs (coordinates, P, I(Pulsar catalogs (coordinates, P, I(υυ) for ) for ~10~103 3 objects)objects)
••Asteroid elements (Asteroid elements (coordscoords, , magsmags vsvs time for ~2 x10time for ~2 x1055
objects)objects)
••Large surveys: 2Mass (IR), SDSS (optical &NIR), 2dF Large surveys: 2Mass (IR), SDSS (optical &NIR), 2dF
(galaxies), etc. (galaxies), etc.
DATA CURRENTLY IN VIREODATA CURRENTLY IN VIREO
••20 Million Optical objects with spectra and 20 Million Optical objects with spectra and
magnitude data.magnitude data.
••80 Million IR point sources80 Million IR point sources
••20,000 Asteroids20,000 Asteroids
••60,000 Galaxies with 60,000 Galaxies with redshiftsredshifts and morphologyand morphology
••6000 quasars6000 quasars
••1500 pulsars1500 pulsars
The Virtual Educational ObservatoryThe Virtual Educational Observatory
MultiMulti--Object SpectrometerObject Spectrometer
The Virtual Educational ObservatoryThe Virtual Educational Observatory
Infrared ImagerInfrared Imager
HOW TO GET CLEA HOW TO GET CLEA
MATERIALSMATERIALS•Free!
•Manuals available in Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Polish, Hebrew,
Kiwi, French, Portugese, ???
• Users in all states and > 60 countries
•Software and manuals downloadable from website:
http://www3.gettysburg.edu/~marschal/clea/CLEAhome.
html
Or email - [email protected]
QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
http://www3.gettysburg.edu/~marschal/cle
a/CLEAhome.html
Or email - [email protected]
CLEA MANUALS IN SPANISHCLEA MANUALS IN SPANISH
CLEA MANUALS IN ITALIANCLEA MANUALS IN ITALIAN
CLEA MANUALS IN DUTCHCLEA MANUALS IN DUTCH
CLEA MANUALS IN HEBREWCLEA MANUALS IN HEBREW
CLEA MANUALS IN POLISHCLEA MANUALS IN POLISH
CLEA MANUALS IN KIWICLEA MANUALS IN KIWI