Atestat World's Greatest Problems Poze Mai Mici

7/30/2019 Atestat World's Greatest Problems Poze Mai Mici

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LICEUL PEDAGOGIC MIRCEA SCARLAT

ALEXANDRIA

CLASA A XII-A B, FILOLOGIE, ENGLEZ -

BILINGV

Lucrare pentru obinerea atestatului de competene

lingvistice Limba englez

WORLDS GREATEST PROBLEMS

Prof. coordonator: Propuntor:

Opaina Ovidiu Manole Mdlina-Andreea


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Mai 2011

CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................3

II. GLOBAL WARMING.................................................................................................4

i. INITIAL CAUSES OF TEMPERATURE CHANGES.......................5

a. GREENHOUSE

GASES...............................................5

b. PARTICULATES AND

SOOT.....................................5

ii. EXPECTED EMVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS....................................6

a. NATURAL

SYSTEMS.................................................6

b. ECOLOGICAL

SYSTEMS...........................................6

iii. EXPECTED SOCIAL SYSTEM

EFFECTS.........................................7

a. FOOD

SECURITY........................................................7

b. HABITAL

INNUNDATION.........................................7

III. POVERTY....................................................................................................................8

i. CHARACTERISTICS..........................................................................8

a. HEALTH.......................................................................

8

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b. HUNGER......................................................................

9

c. EDUCATION...............................................................9

d. HOUSING...................................................................1

0

e. VIOLENCE.................................................................1

0

ii. POVERTY REDUCTION..................................................................11

a. INCREASING THE SUPPLY OF BASIC

NEEDS.......................................................................11

b. FOOD AND OTHER

GOODS....................................11

c. HEALTH CARE AND

EDUCATION........................11

d. REVERSING BRRAIN DRAINS..............................12

e. CONTROLLING OVERPOPULATION...................12

f. INCREASING PERSONAL INCOME.....................12

IV. SUBSTANCE ABUSE...............................................................................................13

i. EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE AND

ADDICTION...........................13

ii. CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS......................................................13

iii. TREATMENT.....................................................................................1

4

V. CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................1

6

I. INTRODUCTION

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Nowadays, humanity has to cope with an increasing number of huge problems, which seem

to threaten every aspect of our life. It is very difficult to say which are the worlds greatest

problems, but we can be sure of one thing only: we are facing a lot of problems.

Violence, terrorism, drug addiction, pollution, global warming, stress, poverty, disease,

immorality, corruption and the list may never end.

I choosed to talk about some of the most serious and distructive problems: global warming,

poverty and drug abuse. In my opinion, these are the worlds greatest problems.

Why global warming? Because global warming is likely to destroy our planet. From

extreme weather events to natural disasters, from melting glaciers to food depletion, everything can

be caused by such a problem. And it is a really important phenomena, because we are able to stop it,

if we act before it is too late.

Poverty is one of the most common problems all over the world and it is an infinite source

of related problems: homelessness, malnutrition, depression, iliteracy, violence, human trafficking,

abuses, disease and even death. Thousands of people suffer because of it everyday and it is no way

easy to be solved.

As far as it concerns substance abuse, I believe it is also a problem that should be

approached much more frequently, because lots of people, especially teenagers, end up ruinig their

lives because of drugs and alcohol. This problem is so difficult because drug trafficking represents a

worldwide bussiness and it is almost imposible to be stopped. All we can do is avoiding these

substances and providing help for the ones who lost the control of their own lives.

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II. GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming is the rising average temperature ofEarth's atmosphere and oceans since

the late 19th century and its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earth's average

surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 C (1.4 F), with about two thirds of the increase

occurring since 1980. Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and scientists are more than

90% certain that most of it is caused by increasing concentrations ofgreenhouse gases produced by

human activities such as deforestation and the burning offossil fuels. These findings are recognized

by the national science academies of all major industrialized nations.

Climate modelprojections are summarized in the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), by

the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). They indicate that during the 21st century

the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 1.1 to 2.9 C (2 to 5.2 F) for their

lowest emissions scenario and 2.4 to 6.4 C (4.3 to 11.5 F) for their highest.

An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount

and pattern ofprecipitation, and a probable expansion ofsubtropical deserts. Warming is expected

to be strongest in the Arctic and would be associated with continuing retreat of

glaciers,permafrost and sea ice. Other likely effects of the warming include more frequent

occurrence ofextreme-weatherevents including heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall, species

extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes, and changes in crop yields. Warming and related

changes will vary from region to region around the globe, with projections being more robust in

some areas than others. If global mean

temperature increases to 4C (7.2 F) above preindustrial levels,

the limits for human adaptation are

likely to be exceeded in many parts of

the world, while the limits for adaptation

for natural systems would largely be

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Reporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Report_on_Emissions_Scenarioshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_sea_level_risehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_shrinkagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme-weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_yieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Reporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Report_on_Emissions_Scenarioshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_sea_level_risehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_shrinkagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme-weatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_yield


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exceeded throughout the world. Hence, the ecosystem services upon which human livelihoods

depend would not be preserved.

INITIAL CAUSES OF TEMPERATURE CHANGES

Greenhouse gases

The greenhouse effect is the process by which absorption and emission ofinfrared radiation

by gases in the atmosphere warm aplanet's lower atmosphere and surface. It was proposed

by Joseph Fourierin 1824 and was first investigated quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse

gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO 2, methane, tropospheric

ozone,CFCs and nitrous oxide. The concentrations of CO2 and methane have increased by 36% and

148% respectively since 1750. These levels are much higher than at any time during the last

800,000 years, the period for which reliable data has been extracted from ice cores. Less direct

geological evidence indicates that CO2 values higher than this were last seen about 20 million years

ago. Fossil fuelburning has produced about three-quarters of the increase in CO2 from humanactivity over the past 20 years. The rest of this increase is caused mostly by changes in land-use,

particularly deforestation.

The popular media and the public often confuse global warming with ozone depletion, i.e.,

the destruction ofstratospheric ozone by chlorofluorocarbons. Although there are a few areas of

linkage, the relationship between the two is not strong. Reduced stratospheric ozone has had a slight

cooling influence on surface temperatures, while increasedtropospheric ozone has had a somewhat

larger warming effect.

Particulates and soot

Global dimming, a gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradianceat the Earth's

surface, was observed from 1961 until at least 1990. The main cause of this dimming is particulates

produced by volcanoes and human madepollutants, which exerts a cooling effect by increasing the

reflection of incoming sunlight. The effects of the products of fossil fuel combustion CO 2 and

aerosols have largely offset one another in recent decades, so that net warming has been due to the

increase in non-CO2 greenhouse gases such as methane. Radiative forcing due to particulates is

temporally limited due towet deposition which causes them to have an atmospheric lifetime of one

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fourierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrheniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#Anthropogenic_greenhouse_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion#Ozone_depletion_and_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion#Ozone_depletion_and_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_dimminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_depositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_lifetimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fourierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrheniushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#Anthropogenic_greenhouse_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion#Ozone_depletion_and_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion#Ozone_depletion_and_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_dimminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_depositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_lifetime


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week. Carbon dioxide has a lifetime of a century or more, and as such, changes in particulate

concentrations will only delay climate changes due to carbon dioxide.

In addition to their direct effect by scattering and absorbing solar radiation, particulates have

indirect effects on the radiation budget. Sulfates act ascloud condensation nucleiand thus lead to

clouds that have more and smaller cloud droplets. These clouds reflect solar radiation more

efficiently than clouds with fewer and larger droplets, known as the Twomey effect. This effect also

causes droplets to be of more uniform size, which reduces growth of raindrops and makes the cloud

more reflective to incoming sunlight, known as the Albrecht effect.

Soot may cool or warm the surface, depending on whether it is airborne or deposited.

Atmospheric soot directly absorb solar radiation, which heats the atmosphere and cools the surface.

In isolated areas with high soot production, such as rural India, as much as 50% of surface warming

due to greenhouse gases may be masked by atmospheric brown clouds. When deposited, especially

on glaciers or on ice in arctic regions, the lower surface albedo can also directly heat the

surface. The influences of particulates, including black carbon, are most pronounced in the tropics

and sub-tropics, particularly in Asia, while the effects of greenhouse gases are dominant in the

extratropics and southern hemisphere.

EXPECTED ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

Natural systems

Global warming has been detected in a number of systems. Some of these changes have

been described in the section on temperature changes. Rising sea levels and observed decreases in

snow and ice extent are consistent with warming. Most of the increase in global average

temperature since the mid-20th century is, with high probability, attributable to human-induced

changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. Even with policies to reduce emissions, global emissions

are still expected to continue to grow over time.

Changes in regional climate are expected to include greater warming over land, with most

warming at high northern latitudes, and least warming over the Southern Ocean and parts of the

North Atlantic Ocean. Snow cover area and sea ice extent are expected to decrease, with the Arctic

expected to be largely ice-free in September by 2037. The frequency of hot extremes, heat waves,

and heavy precipitation will very likely increase. Partial deglaciation of the Greenland ice sheet, and

possibly the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, could contribute 46 metres or more to sea level rise.

Ecological systems

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In terrestrial ecosystems, the earlier timing of spring events, and poleward and upward shifts

in plant and animal ranges, have been linked with high confidence to recent warming. Future

climate change is expected to particularly affect certain ecosystems, including tundra, mangroves,

and coral reefs. It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric

CO2 levels, combined with higher global temperatures. Overall, it is expected that climate change

will result in the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.

EXPECTED SOCIAL EFFECTSVulnerability of human societies to climate change mainly lies in the effects of extreme-

weather events rather than gradual climate change. Impacts of climate change so far include adverse

effects on small islands, adverse effects on indigenous populations in high-latitude areas, and small

but discernable effects on human health. Over the 21st century, climate change is likely to adversely

affect hundreds of millions of people through increased coastal flooding, reductions in water

supplies, increased malnutrition and increased health impacts. Most economic studies suggest losses

of world gross domestic product (GDP) for this magnitude of warming.

Food security

Under present trends, by 2030, maize production in Southern Africa could decrease by up to

30% while rice,millet and maize in South Asia could decrease by up to 10%. By 2080, yields

indeveloping countries could decrease by 10% to 25% on average while India could see a drop of

30% to 40%. By 2100, rice and maize yields in the tropics are expected to decrease by 20-40%

because of higher temperatures while the population of three billion is expected to double.

Habitat inundation

In small islands and megadeltas, inundation as a result of sea level rise is expected to

threaten vital infrastructure and human settlements. This could lead to issues ofstatelessness for

population from countries including the Maldives and Tuvalu and homelessness in countries with

low lying areas such as Bangladesh.

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III. POVERTY

Poverty is the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions ormoney. Absolute poverty or destitution refers to the one who lacks basic human needs, which

commonly includes clean and fresh water, nutrition, health care, education, clothing and shelter.

About 1.7 billion people are estimated to live in absolute poverty today. Relative poverty refers to

lacking a usual or socially acceptable level of resources or income as compared with others within a

society or country. For most of history poverty had been mostly accepted as inevitable as traditional

modes of production were insufficient to give an entire population a comfortable standard of

living. After the industrial revolution, mass production in factories made wealth increasingly more

inexpensive and accessible. Of more importance is the modernization ofagriculture, such

as fertilizers, in order to provide enough

yield to feed the population.

The supply of basic needs can be

restricted by constraints on government

services such as corruption, debt and loan

conditionalities and by thebrain drain ofhealth care and educational professionals.

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Strategies of increasing income to make basic needs more affordable typically include welfare,

economic freedom, and providing financial services. Today, poverty reduction is a major goal and

issue for many international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank.

Characteristics

The effects of poverty may also be causes, as listed above, thus creating a "poverty cycle"

operating across multiple levels, individual, local, national and global.

Health

One third of deaths (about 18 million people a year or 50,000 per day) are due to poverty-

related causes: 270 million people, most of them women and children, have died as a result of

poverty since 1990.Those living in poverty suffer from hunger or even starvation and

disease. Those living in poverty suffer lowerlife expectancy. According to the World Health

Organization, hungerand malnutrition are the gravest threats to the world's public health and

malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality, present in half of all cases.

Hunger

Rises in the costs of living make poor people less able to afford items. Poor person spend

a greater portion of their budgets on food than richer people. As a result, poor households and those

near the poverty threshold can be particularly vulnerable to increases in food prices. For example, in

late 2007, increases in the price of grains led to food riots in some countries. Threats to the supplyof food may also be caused by drought and the water crisis.Intensive farming often leads to a

vicious cycle of exhaustion ofsoil fertility and decline ofagricultural yields. Approximately 40% of

the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded. In Africa, if current trends of soil

degradation continue, the continent might be able to feed just 25% of its population by 2025,

according to United Nations University's Ghana-based Institute for Natural Resources in

Africa. Every year nearly 11 million children living in poverty die before their fifth birthday. 1.02

billion people go to bed hungry every night.

According to the Global Hunger Index, South Asia has the highest child malnutrition rate of

the world's regions. Nearly half of all Indian children are undernourished, one of the highest rates in

the world and nearly double the rate ofSub-Saharan Africa. Every year, more than half a million

women die in pregnancy or childbirth. Almost 90% ofmaternal deaths occur in Asia and sub-

Saharan Africa, compared to less than 1% in the developed world.

Education

Research has found that there is a high risk of educational underachievement for children

who are from low-income housing circumstances. This often is a process that begins in primary

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school for some less fortunate children. Instruction in the US educational system, as well as in most

other countries, tends to be geared towards those students who come from more advantaged

backgrounds. As a result, these children are at a higher risk than other children for retention in their

grade, special placements during the school's hours and even not completing their high school

education. There are indeed many explanations for why students tend to drop out of school. For

children with low resources, the risk factors are similar to others such as juvenile delinquency rates,

higher levels ofteenage pregnancy, and the economic dependency upon their low income parent or

parents. Families and society who submit low levels of investment in the education and

development of less fortunate children end up with less favorable results for the children who see a

life of parental employment reduction and low wages. Higher rates of early childbearing with all the

connected risks to family, health and well-being are majorly important issues to address since

education from preschool to high school are both identifiably meaningful in a life.

Poverty often drastically affects children's success in school. A child's "home activities,

preferences, mannerisms" must align with the world and in the cases that they do not these students

are at a disadvantage in the school and most importantly the classroom. Therefore, it is safe to state

that children who live at or below the poverty level will have far less success educationally than

children who live above the poverty line. Additionally, poor children are much more likely to suffer

from hunger, fatigue, irritability, headaches, ear infections, flu, and colds. These illnesses could

potentially restrict a child or student's focus and concentration.

Housing

Poverty increases the risk ofhomelessness. Slum-dwellers, who make up a third of the

world's urban population, live in a poverty no better, if not worse, than rural people, who are the

traditional focus of the poverty in the developing world, according to a report by the United

Nations. There are over 100 million street children worldwide.

Most of the children living in institutions around the world have a surviving parent or close

relative, and they most commonly entered orphanages because of poverty. Experts and childadvocates maintain that orphanages are expensive and often harm children's development by

separating them from their families.

Violence

According to experts, many women become victims of trafficking, the most common form

of which is prostitution, as a means of survival and economic desperation. Deterioration of living

conditions can often compel children to abandon school in order to contribute to the family income,

putting them at risk of being exploited. For example, in Zimbabwe, a number of girls are turning to

prostitution for food to survive because of the increasing poverty.

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In one survey, 67% of children from disadvantaged inner cities said they had witnessed a

serious assault, and 33% reported witnessing a homicide. 51% of fifth graders fromNew

Orleans (median income for a household: $27,133) have been found to be victims of violence,

compared to 32% in Washington, DC (mean income for a household: $40,127).

POVERTY REDUCTION

Various poverty reduction strategies are broadly categorized here based on whether they

make more of the basic human needs available or increase the disposable income needed to

purchase those needs.

Increasing the supply of basic needs

Before the industrial revolution, poverty had been mostly accepted as inevitable as

economies produced little, making wealth scarce. The initial industrial revolution led to high

economic growth and eliminated mass absolute poverty in what is now considered the developed

world.

Food and other goods

Agricultural technologies such as nitrogen fertilizers, pesticides and new irrigation methods

have dramatically reduced food shortages in modern times by boosting yields past previous

constraints. Mass production of goods in places such as rapidly industrializing China has made what

were once considered luxuries, such as vehicles and computers, inexpensive and thus accessible to

many who were, otherwise, too poor to afford them.

Health care and education

Infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis can perpetuate poverty by diverting

health and economic resources from investment and productivity; malaria decreases GDP growth by

up to 1.3% in some developing nations and AIDS decreases African growth by 0.31.5%

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annually. Nations do not necessarily need wealth to gain health. For example, Sri Lanka had

a maternal mortality rate of 2% in the 1930s, higher than any nation today. It reduced it to 0.50.6%

in the 1950s and to 0.6% today, while spending less each year on maternal healthbecause it learned

what worked and what did not. Cheap water filters and promoting hand washing are some of the

most cost effective health interventions and can

cut deaths from diarrhea andpneumonia. Knowledge on the cost effectiveness of healthcare

interventions can be elusive and educational measures have been made to disseminate what works,

such as the Copenhagen Consensus.

Strategies to provide education costs about 50 cents per child per year and reduces non-

attendance from anemia, illness and malnutrition, while being only a twenty-fifth as expensive as

increasing school attendance by constructing schools. A study by Oxford University shows that

schoolgirl absenteeism could be cut in half by providing free sanitary towels. Also, when women

are given more capabilities and opportunities, they seem more altruistic in helping the family and

more likely to prioritize education.

Desirable actions such as enrolling children in school or receiving vaccinations can be

encouraged by a form of aid known as Conditional Cash Transfers. In Mexico, for example, dropout

rates of 1619 year olds in rural area dropped by 20%. Initial fears that the program would

encourage families to stay at home rather than work to collect benefits have proven to be

unfounded.

Reversing brain drains

The loss of basic needs providers emigrating from impoverished countries has a damaging

effect. For example, an estimated 100,000 Philippine nurses emigrated between 1994 and 2006. As

of 2004, there were more Ethiopia-trained doctors living in Chicago than in Ethiopia. Proposals to

mitigate the problem by the World Health Organization include compulsory government service for

graduates of public medical and nursing schools and creating career-advancing programs to retain

personnel.

Controlling overpopulation

Some argue that overpopulation and lack of access to birth control leads to population

increase to exceed food production and other resources. The world's population is expected to

reachnearly 9 billion in 2040. However, the reverse is also true, that poverty causes overpopulation

as it gives women little power to control giving birth, or to have educational attainment or a career.

Empowering women with better education and more control of their lives makes them more

successful in bringing down rapid population growth because they have more say in family

planning.

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Increasing personal income

Raising farm incomes is described as the core of the antipoverty effort as three quarters of

the poor today are farmers. Estimates show that growth in the agricultural productivity of small

farmers is, on average, at least twice as effective in benefiting the poorest half of a countrys

population as growth generated in nonagricultural sectors.

IV. SUBSTANCE ABUSE

Drug abuse, also called substance abuse or chemical abuse, is a disorder that is characterized

by a destructive pattern of using a substance that leads to significant problems or distress. It affects

more than 7% of people at some point in their lives.Teens are increasingly engaging in prescription

drug abuse, particularly narcotics (which are prescribed to relieve severe pain), and stimulant

medications, which treat conditions like attention deficit disorderand narcolepsy.

Drug addiction, also called substance dependence or chemical dependency, is a disease that

is characterized by a destructive pattern of drug abuse that leads to significant problems involving

tolerance to or withdrawal from the substance, as well as other problems that use of the substance

can cause for the sufferer, either socially or in terms of their work or school performance. More

than 2.6% of people suffer from drug addiction at some time in their life.

The term dual diagnosis refers to the presence of both a drug-abuse or dependence issue in addition

to a serious mental-health problem in an individual. Substance abuse or dependence unfortunately

occurs quite commonly in people who also have severe mental illness. Individuals with dual

diagnosis are also at higher risk of being noncompliant with treatment.

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Effects of drug abuse and addiction

While the specific physical and psychological effects of drug abuse and addiction tend to

vary based on the particular substance involved, the general effects of abuse or addiction to any

drug can be devastating. Psychologically, intoxication with or withdrawal from a substance can

cause everything from euphoria as with alcohol, Ecstasy, or inhalant intoxication, to paranoia with

marijuana or steroid intoxication, to severedepression orsuicidal thoughts with cocaine or

amphetamine withdrawal. In terms of effects on the body, intoxication with a substance can cause

physical effects that range from marked sleepiness and slowed breathing as with intoxication with

heroin or sedative hypnotic drugs, to the rapid heart rate of cocaine intoxication, or the tremors to

seizures of alcohol withdrawal.

Causes and risk factors

Like the majority of other mental-health problems, drug abuse and addiction have no single

cause. However, there are a number of biological, psychological, and social factors, called risk

factors, that can increase a person's likelihood of developing a chemical-abuse or chemical-

dependency disorder. The frequency to which substance-abuse disorders occur within some families

seems to be higher than could be explained by an addictive environment of the family. Therefore,

most substance-abuse professionals recognize a genetic aspect to the risk of drug addiction.

Psychological associations with substance abuse or addiction include mood disorders like

depression, anxiety, orbipolar disorder, thought disorders like schizophrenia, as well as personality

disorders like antisocial personality disorder. Social risk factors for drug abuse and addiction

include male gender, being between 18 and 44 years of age, Native-American heritage, unmarried

marital status, and lower socioeconomic status. According to statistics by state, people residing in

the West tend to be at higher risk for chemical abuse or dependency. While men are more at risk for

developing a chemical dependency like alcoholism, women seem to be more vulnerable to

becoming addicted to alcohol at much lower amounts of alcohol consumption.

Treatment

An unfortunate fact about the treatment of drug addiction is that it remains largely unutilizedby most sufferers of this condition. Facts about the use of drug treatment include that less than 10%

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of people with a substance-abuse disorder and less than 40% of those with a substance-dependence

disorder seek professional help.

The primary goals of drug-abuse or addiction treatment (also called recovery) are

abstinence, relapse prevention, and rehabilitation. During the initial stage of abstinence, an

individual who suffers from chemical dependency may need help avoiding or lessening the effects

of withdrawal. That process is called detoxification or "detox." That aspect of treatment is usually

performed in a hospital or other inpatient setting, where medications used to lessen withdrawal

symptoms and frequent medical monitoring can be provided. The medications used for detox are

determined by the substance the individual is dependent upon. For example, people with alcohol

dependence might receive medications like anti-anxiety or blood pressure medications to decrease

palpitations and blood pressure, or seizure medications to prevent possible seizures during the

detoxification process. For many drugs of abuse, the detox process is the most difficult aspect of

coping with the physical symptoms of addiction and tends to last days to a few weeks. Medications

that are sometimes used to help addicted individuals abstain from drug use long term also depend

on the specific drug of addiction.

Often, much more challenging and time consuming than recovery from the physical aspects

of addiction is psychological addiction. For people who may have less severe drug dependency, the

symptoms of psychological addiction may be able to be managed in an outpatient treatmentprogram. However, those who have a more severe addiction, have relapsed after participation in

outpatient programs, or who also suffer from a severe mental illness might need the higher

structure, support, and monitoring provided in an inpatient drug treatment center, sometimes called

"rehab." Following such inpatient treatment, many people with this level of addiction can benefit

from living in a sober living community, that is, a group-home setting where counselors provide

continued sobriety support and structure on a daily basis.

Also important in the treatment of addiction is helping the parents, other family members,

and friends of the addicted person refrain from supporting addictive behaviors (codependency).

Whether providing financial support, making excuses or failing to acknowledge the addictive

behaviors of the addict, discouraging such codependency of loved ones is a key component to the

recovery of the affected individual. A focus on the addicted person's role in the family becomes

perhaps even more acute when that person is a child or teenager, given that minors come within the

context of a family in nearly every instance. Chemical dependency treatment for children and

adolescents is further different from that in adults by the younger addict's tendency to need help

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completing their education and achieving higher education or job training compared to addicts who

may have completed those parts of their lives before developing the addiction.

The treatment of dual diagnosis seems to be less effective when treatment of the individual's

mental illness is separate from the treatment of his or her chemical dependency. More successful are

integrated treatment programs that include interventions for both disorders. Such interventions are

all the more improved by the inclusion of assessment, intensive case management, motivational

interventions, behavior interventions, family treatment as well as services for housing,

rehabilitation, and medication treatment.

V. CONCLUSION

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To sum up, we could say that, according to the current studies and statistics, both the natural

environment and humanity will probably disappear from this planet in a few hundreds years. But

there are solutions even for the worlds greatest problems. Global warming can be stopped and

poverty can be reduced. It is time to start taking measures as individuals because this is the only

way to save our followers. The world we leave behind is our most precious legarcy and we must

take care of it. We only have one Earth and it is not disposable.

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REFERENCES:

IPCC AR4 SYR(2007), Core Writing Team; Pachauri, R.K; and Reisinger, A., ed.,Climate

Change 2007: Synthesis Report, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the FourthAssessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, ISBN 92-9169-

122-4

IPCC AR4 WG3 (2007), Metz, B.; Davidson, O.R.; Bosch, P.R.; Dave, R.; and Meyer, L.A.,

ed., Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III

to theFourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge

University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-88011-4 (pb: 978-0-521-70598-1)

IPCC TAR WG3 (2001), Metz, B.; Davidson, O.; Swart, R.; and Pan, J., ed., Climate

Change 2001: Mitigation, Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment

Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University

Press, ISBN 0-521-80769-7 (pb: 0-521-01502-2)

National Research Council (2010),America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the

Science of Climate Change;, Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, ISBN0-309-

14588-0

"Study: 744,000 homeless in United States".USA Today. 2007-01-10. Retrieved 2010-10-

24.

"Report reveals global slum crisis". BBC News. 2006-06-16. Retrieved 2010-10-24.

"Street Children". Portal.unesco.org. Retrieved 2010-10-24.

"Medical schools, journals start to fight drug industry influence" (Website.) USA Today.

Retrieved on 11 November 2009

www.wikipedia.org

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