Atlas

Economically Important Plant ParasiticNematodes Distribution

ATLASDr M R Khan

Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Entomology

Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya

Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741 235

Dr R K Jain

Project Coordinator (AICRP on Nematodes)

Division of Nematology

Indian Agricultural Research Institute

Pusa, New Delhi 110 012

Dr R V Singh

Professor, Division of Nematology

Indian Agricultural Research Institute

Pusa, New Delhi 110 012

Dr A Pramanik

Nematologist, Department of Agricultural Entomology

Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya

Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741 235

Directorate of Information and Publications of AgricultureKrishi Anusandhan Bhavan 1, Pusa

New Delhi 110 012

www.icar.org.in

Printed : July 2010

Published by Dr T P Trivedi, Project Director, Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research,

Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan I, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012; Telephone: 011-25842787; Fax: 011-25843285; E-mail: [email protected]. printed at

M/s Royal Offset Printers, A-89/1, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase I, New Delhi 110 028.

Project Director : Dr T P Trivedi

Incharge, English Editorial Unit : Dr R P Sharma

Editing : Dr Sudhir Pradhan

Chief Production Officer : V K Bharti

Technical Officer (Production) : Kulbhushan Gupta

All Rights Reserved

© 2010, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi

iii

FOREWORD

DISTRIBUTION atlas of phyto-parasitic nematodes has been a long-felt need that has been accomplished admirablythrough this wonderful initiative by the All India Coordinated Research Project on Plant Parasitic Nematodes

with Integrated Approach for their Control.

The Atlas provides details of the distribution of key phyto-parasitic nematodes relevant to given crops of variousstates, as depicted on their illustrated maps along with that on the map of India. Time consuming efforts to createthis extensive database has provided vivid picturization of the distribution of various plant parasitic nematodes incertain agro-ecologies. This publication shall be useful to researchers and students of nematology to assess andunderstand the parasitism due to nematodes in crops. Potential crop damage and loss could be assessed in detail byconcerned agencies in the states based on the information herein.

The publication could be further fortified with information on geographic positioning and geographic informationsystem of the locations that would enable future researchers to easily locate the hot spots. This All IndiaCoordinated Research Project on Plant Parasitic Nematodes with Integrated Approach for their Control shall alsostrive soon to further the knowledge in this regard of the hitherto uncovered states.

The Project Coordinator and the Nematologists from the AICRP centres deserve accolades for this diligent outputcreated out of the available data and information in the country.

(Dr T P Rajendran)

Assistant Director General(Plant Protection)

Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchKrishi Bhavan, New Delhi 110 114

v

PREFACE

THE existence of nematodes known for 4 billion years has contributed for their rich biodiversity, prevalence,occurrence and distribution under varied agro-eco-systems. The All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP)

on Plant Parasitic Nematode with Integrated Approach for their Control, a discipline oriented project, has generatedquite useful information on distribution of economically important nematodes under different agro-climatic zonesof the country through extensive and intensive nematode surveys carried out by different cooperating centres associatedwith the project in last 3 decades. One of the objectives of AICRP on Plant Parasitic Nematode with IntegratedApproach for their Control has been to map out the distribution of nematodes on different crops and to place thescattered information in one spine. Hence, efforts were made to include information generated through cooperatingcentres of AICRP on Plant Parasitic Nematode with Integrated Approach for their Control as well as those providedby the Nematologists working in crop-based institutes of the ICAR to depict this information as an Atlas. In thepresent Nematodes Distribution Atlas, economically important nematode species associated with different cropshave been depicted on national map at a glance as well as on the state maps showing nematode-wise distribution indifferent districts of the State. In addition, information on physiography, agro-climatic zones, major nematodeproblems of the crops with economic importance and technologies developed so far for their management throughAICRP on Plant Parasitic Nematodes with Integrated Approach for their Control has also been included for readyreference. In this Nematodes Distribution Atlas, the information belonging to Asom, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat,Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh andWest Bengal where AICRP on Plant Parasitic Nematode with Integrated Approach for their Control centres arelocated has been included. However, the distribution of economically important nematodes with respect to Tripura,Meghalaya, Manipur, Arunchal Pradesh, Nagaland, Bihar, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab,Goa, Delhi and Uttrakhand needs to be completed in the next phase. This is a maiden attempt to present the informationgenerated through the project as Atlas, which can be further updated periodically.

We express our sincere gratitudes to all the scientists working in the All India Coordinated Research Project onPlant Parasitic Nematode with Integrated Approach for their Control, crop-based Nematologists at the ICAR insitituteslocated at Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal (Haryana); Indian Institute of Spice Research, Kozhikode (Kerala);National Research Centre on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Anand (Gujarat); Sugarcane Breeding Institute,Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu); and Central Tuber Crop Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala) for providinguseful information without which this important work could not have been accomplished.

We extend our sincere gratitude to Dr T P Rajendran, Assistant Director General (Plant Protection), ICAR, NewDelhi, for critically going through the manuscript as well as making the suggestions in upgradation of variousinformation which have further improved its quality.

We are grateful to Dr S Ayyappan (Secretary, DARE and Director General, ICAR); Dr Mangala Rai (Ex. Secretary,DARE and Director General, ICAR); Dr Swapan K Datta (Deputy Director-General, Crop Science, ICAR) for theirkeen interest, advise and guidance during the preparation of this Nematodes Distribution Atlas. We are also gratefulto Dr T P Trivedi, (Project Director, Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture and ADG, ARIS) forall efforts in bringing out this Nematodes Distribution Atlas in a short duration.

M R KhanR K Jain

R V SinghA Pramanik

vii

CONTENTS

Foreword iii

Preface v

Aknowledgements viii

Centres of AICRP on Plant Parasitic Nematodes with Integrated Approach for their Control ix

Generic, Species and English Names of Plant Parasitic Nematodes ix

Symbols x

Distribution and management of economically important of plant parasitic nematodes in India 1

Distribution and management of economically important of plant parasitic nematodes in states 33

Asom 34

Chhattisgarh 41

Gujarat 42

Haryana 54

Himachal Pradesh 62

Karnataka 72

Kerala 86

Madhya Pradesh 95

Maharashtra 105

Orissa 107

Rajasthan 114

Tamil Nadu 121

Uttar Pradesh 131

West Bengal 137

viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The inputs from cooperating centres located at:

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, RCA Campus, Udaipur, Rajasthan

Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra

Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa

Jawahar Lal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh

Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Asom

Kerala Agricultural University, Vellayani, Kerala

Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh

Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat

Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat

University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka

Chandra Sekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh

Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal

Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh

and Nematologists at other ICAR Institutes are duly acknowledged

ix

Centres of AICRP on Plant Parasitic Nematodes with

Integrated Approach for their Control

Sl. No. Centres

1. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202 002

2. Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388 110

3. Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Asom 785 013

4. Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal 741 235

5. Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208 002

6. Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125 004

7. Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 062

8. Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482 004

9. Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat 362 001

10. Kerala Agricultural University, Vellayani, Kerala 695 522

11. Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, RCA Campus, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313 001

12. Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 413 722

13. Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa 751 003

14. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003

15. University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 065

16. Project Co-ordinating Cell, Division of Nematology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Indian Agricultural ResearchInstitute, New Delhi 110 012

Generic, Species and English Names of Plant Parasitic Nematodes

Generic name Species name English Name

Anguina tritici Wheat seed gall nematodeAphelenchoides ritzemabosi Chrysanthemum foliar nematodeAphelenchoides besseyi White tip foliar nematodeDitylenchus dipsaci Stem and bulb nematodeDitylenchus myceliophagus Mushroom nematodeDitylenchus angustus Ufra stem nematodeGlobodera pallida White potato cyst nematodeGlobodera rostochiensis Golden nematode/ potato cyst nematodeHeterodera avenae Cereal cyst nematodeHeterodera cajani Pigeonpea cyst nematodeHeterodera oryzicola Rice cyst nematodeLongidorus spp. Needle nematodeMeloidogyne spp. Root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne arenaria Peanut root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne graminicola Rice root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne hapla Northern root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne incognita Southern root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne javanica Javanese root-knot nematodeParatylenchus spp. Pin nematodePratylenchus spp. Lesion nematodePratylenchus thornei Lesion nematodeHelicotylenchus spp. Spiral nematodeRotylenchulus reniformis Reniform nematodeTrichodorus spp. Stubby root nematodeTylenchorhynchus spp. Stunt nematodeXiphinema spp. Dagger nematodeHirschmanniella spp. Rice root nematodeRadopholus similis Burrowing nematodeHoplolaimus spp. Lance nematodeTylenchulus semipenetrans Citrus nematode

x

Symbols

Distribution and management of economically important plant parasitic nematodes in India

1

Distribution and management of

economically important plant

parasitic nematodes in India

Nematodes distribution atlas

2

Distribution and management of economically important plant

parasitic nematodes in India

Economically important nematodes associated with crops in India

• Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria, M. graminicola and M. indica)• Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis)• Cyst nematodes (Heterodera zeae and H. cajani)• Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus coffeae, P. indicus, P. thornei and P. zeae)• White tip nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi)• Ufra nematode (Ditylenchus angustus)• Burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis)• Citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans)• Potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida)• Wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici)• Rice root nematode (Hirschmanniella spp.)• Stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus)

National loss

Rs 21,068.73 million

Nematode Management Technologies

• Nursery bed treatment with carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m2 followed by field application of carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i./ha 40 daysafter transplanting in endemic spots at farmers’ field has been recommended for management of root-knot nematode(Meloidogyne graminicola) and rice root nematode (Hirschmanniella oryzae) in rice.

• Hot water treatment of rice seeds for 10 min at 500 to 550C followed by foliar spray with carbosulfan (25 EC) @ 0.1% 40days after transplanting reduced the infestation of white-tip nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi).

• Soil solarization of nursery beds by a transparent polythene sheet (25-50 μm) for 15 days during summer and application ofcarbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m2 before sowing followed by root dip treatment of transplantable seedlings of vegetable crops withcarbosulfan (25 EC) @ 500 ppm before transplanting in the main field has been recommended and adopted by the farmersagainst root-knot nematode disease of tomato, brinjal and chillies. Deep summer ploughing in states having hot and drysummers help in reducing infestation of root-knot and cereal cyst nematodes.

• Solarization of nematode-infested field + seed dressing of direct-seeded crops with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i. (w/w) inmungbean, cowpea, blackgram, okra, cucurbits etc. reduced the attack of root-knot, reniform and lesion nematodes.

• Use of bioagents, viz. Pseudomonas fluorescens/Trichoderma viride @ 10 g/kg seed has been found effective against root-knot nematodes and pigeonpea cyst nematode (Heterodera cajani) infecting pulse crops.

• Seed treatment of chickpea with neem-seed kernel powder or Trichoderma viride @ 10 g/kg seed has been recommended forthe effective management of Pratylenchus thornei.

• Use of organic amendments including neem and castor cakes @ 1 tonne/ha has been found to reduce root-knot nematodedamage in vegetables and groundnut. Their combinations with seed treatment of carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i. (w/w)further improved efficacy in reducing the nematode population and enhancing the yield significantly.

• Farmers of South Saurashtra region of Gujarat have been advised to sow groundnut with castor as an intercrop (rowratio 2:1) along with soil application of carbofuran @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha to reduce the population of root-knot nematodes infectinggroundnut.

· Seed-dressing treatment with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus strain35 to 47) along with soil application of carbofuran @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha has been found effective against root-knot nematode(Meloidogyne incognita) infecting cotton.

• Paring and hot water treatment of banana suckers at 550C for 20 min combined with application of neem-cake @ 1 kg/plantand carbofuran @ 16.6 g/plant in the pit before planting was effective against nematode disease complex of banana.


3

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in India


4

Economically important nematodes associated with wheat and barley in India

Cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae)

Wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici)

Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei)

Economic losses

Wheat 32.4-66.6% (Heterodera avenae)

Barley 70.2% (Heterodera avenae)

Management Options

Molya disease

• Deep summer ploughings 2 to 3 times at an interval of 10 to15 days between May and June.• Early sowing of wheat in first fortnight of November.• Use of non-host crops like mustard, chickpea, mungbean, carrot and coriander etc. continuously form 2 to 3 years.• Use of resistant varieties like C 164 and Raj Kiran of barley and (Raj MR-I) of wheat in nematode-infested areas.• Use of rhizospheric rhizobacteria, Azotobactor chroococcum (Strain HT-54) as seed treatment.• Application of carbofuran @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha in soil at sowing time.

Seed gall or ear cockle and tundu disease

• Use of cockle-free healthy certified seeds• Removal of cockles from contaminated seeds either by water floatation or salt sedimentation (seeds may be dipped in

10% salt solution for 5 to 10 min), followed by thorough washing in plain water and drying of seeds to avoid adverseeffect of salts on seed germination.


5

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting wheat and barley crops in India


6

Economically important nematodes associated with rice in India

White tip nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi)

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola)

Ufra nematode (Ditylenchus angustus)

Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus indicus)

Rice root nematode (Hirschmanniella oryzae/H. gracilis/H. mucronata)

Rice cyst nematode (Heterodera oryzicola)

Economic losses

Rice 10.54% (A. besseyi, M. graminicola, D. angustus and H. oryzicola)

Management Options

Foliar nematodes (Ufra and white tip)

• Destruction of infested stubbles/weeds/straw/debris followed by ploughing to keep the fields dry helps in reduction of thenematode population.

• Rice variety Rayada 116, identified resistant to rice stem nematode, can be recommended under nematode-infested conditions.• Seed treatment of rice with carbosulfan ( 25 DS) @ 3% a.i. weight by weight (w/w) and foliar spray with carbosulfan (25

EC) @ 0.1% a.i. at 40 and 120 days after transplanting was found effective against ufra nematode.• Soaking of paddy seeds in carbosulfan (25 EC@ 0.1% a.i. for 6 hr followed with foliar spray with 0.02% carbosulfan 40

days after transplanting reduced Aphelenchoides besseyi populations considerably.• Hot water treatment of white tip contaminated/infected rice seeds for 10 min at 500 to 550C before sowing.• Use of healthy/certified seeds to check the spread of white tip nematode problem.

Root parasitic nematodes (rice root-knot and rice root nematodes)

• Potato, groundnut and blackgram identified as non-host, if grown in rotation with rice helps in reducing the nematodepopulation was reduced.

• Growing resistant varieties/lines of rice like ARC 12620, ARC 14988, 5988, CR 94 CCRP 51, INRC 202 against Meloidogynegraminicola and TMK 9, CR 142-3-2, CR 52, N 136 and W 136 against Hirschmanniella spp. in hot spots areas.

• Soaking of rice seeds in 0.1% (w/v) solution of carbosulfan (25 EC) reduced the egg mass production of Meloidogynegraminicola.

• Use of bioagents Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 20 g/m2as nursery bed treatment has been found to be effective againstMeloidogyne graminicola.

• Nursery bed treatment of rice with carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m2 and field application of carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i./ha 40 days aftertransplanting helps in checking the disease.

• Summer solarization of nursery beds of rice for 15 days, nursery bed treatment with carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m2 followed bymain field treatment with carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i./ha at 40 days after transplanting were found effective.


7

Distribution of plant parasitic nematods infecting rice crop in India


8

Economically important nematodes associated with maize in India

Maize cyst nematode (Heterodera zeae)

Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus zeae)

Economic losses

Maize 17-29% (Heterodera zeae)

Management Options

• Deep summer ploughings 2 to 3 times at an interval of 10 to 15 days between April and May and summer fallowing withdestruction of weeds reduces off-season population of Heterodera zeae in soil.

• Use of non-cereal crops like vegetables, oilseeds and pulses etc. keep nematode population below economic threshold level.• Use of moderately resistant maize varieties like Ageti-71 in the nematode-infested areas.• Organic amendment like combined application of mustard and tobacco dust @ 2.5 q/ha was found most effective against

Heterodera zeae.• Seed dressing with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3 % a.i. (w/w) or neem-based formulation (Achook or neem-seed-kernel powder)

at 5 % was found effective.• Soil application of carbofuran @ 2.0 kg a.i./ha has been found very effective to reduce nematode population in soil.


9

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting maize crop in India


10

Economically important nematodes associated with pulse crops in India

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.)

Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis)

Pigeonpea cyst nematode (Heterodera cajani)

Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei)

Economic losses

Mungbean and Urdbean 8.90% (Meloidogyne incognita)

Pigeonpea 12.62% (Heterodera cajani)

Cowpea 27.30% (Rotylenehulus reniformis and Meloidogyne incognita)

Chickpea 18.30% (Rotylenehulus reniformis, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, Pratylenchus thornei)

Management Options

Root-knot nematodes

• Use of organic amendments including neem and castor cakes @ 1 tonne/ha ten days before sowing in infested fields andtheir combinations with seed treatment with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i. (w/w) has been found to reduce root-knotnematode damage in pulse crops.

• Among various bio-agents, seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens + Trichoderma viride each @ 5 g/kg seed wasfound most effective for the management of reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis infecting cowpea.

• Seed dressing with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i. (w/w) has been found quite effective.

Pigeonpea cyst nematode

• Growing of non-host crops like wheat, maize, rice etc. reduces the population of pigeonpea cyst nematodes..• Seed dressing with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3.0% a.i. (w/w) has been found effective.• Seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride formulations each @ 5g/kg seeds decreased pigeonpea

cyst nematode and wilt complex and increased yield significantly.• Inter-cropping of pigeonpea with sorghum (row ratio 2:1) has been found effective to reduce the population of pigeonpea

cyst nematodes.


11

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major pulse crops in India


12

Economically important nematodes associated with oilseed crops in India

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.)


Cyst nematode (Heterodera cajani)

Economic losses

Groundnut 21.60% (Meloidogyne arenaria and M. javanica)

Castor 13.93% (Rotylenchulus reniformis)

Sesame 4.40% (Heterodera cajani)

Management Options

Groundnut

• Use of organic amendments, neem or castor cakes @ 1 tonne/ha seven days prior to sowing has been found to reduce root-knot nematode damage in groundnut. Their combinations with seed treatment, with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i. (w/w)further improved efficacy in reducing the nematode population and enhancing the yield significantly.

• Farmers of South Saurashtra region of Gujarat have been advised to sow groundnut with castor as an intercrop (row ratio2:1) alongwith soil application of carbofuran @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha to reduce the population of root-knot nematodes infectinggroundnut.

Castor

• Growing of castor varieties/lines viz., RG 5, RG 450 (VI 2-1), RG 460 (VI 18), SHB 110, SHB 118, SKI 50; SPS 43-2, JI 5,JI 59; RC 879/1, RC 13676, RC 1203, RC 55212 and AS 7 resistant to reniform nematode, in hot spot areas.

• Soil application of carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i./ha was found effective to reduce Rotylenchulus reniformis population in castor.


13

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major oilseed crops in India


14

Economically important nematodes associated with vegetable crops in India

• Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica)• Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis)

Economic losses

• Tomato 27.20% (Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica)• Brinjal 16.62% (Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica)• Okra 14.10% (Meloidogyne incognita/M. javanica)• Chilli 12.85% (Meloidogyne incognita/M. javanica)• Cucurbits 18.20% (Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica)• Carrot 18.20% (Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica)

Management Options

• Deep summer ploughings of nematode infested fields 2 to 3 times at an interval of 10 to 15 days during the hotsummer months of May and June under tropical and sub-tropical conditions helps in reducing the population of root-knot nematodes in the soil.

• Use of non-host crops like mustard, garlic, onion and cereals at least for 2 to 3 years in a suitable cropping systemhelps in controlling the nematodes.

• Use of tomato resistant varieties like Hisar Lalit, Punjab NR 7 and SL 120 etc. may be used in nematode-infestedareas.

• Use nematode free transplants and raise the nursery (tomato, brinjal, chilli) in root-knot nematode-free soil.• Nursery bed treatment with carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m2 + bare root dip treatment with carbosulfan (25 EC) @ 500 ppm

for 1 hr before transplanting.• Seedlings may be raised in solarized nursery beds treated with carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m2 + neem cake @ 500 kg/ha

in nematode-infested fields ten days before transplanting in the field.• In the direct-seeded crop like okra and cucurbits, seed dressing with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i. (w/w) + deep

summer ploughing of the infested field is recommended.


15

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major vegetable crops in India


16

Economically important nematodes associated with fibre crops in India

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica)Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis)Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.)Stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus spp.)Spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus spp.)

Economic losses

Jute 12.0-54.4% (Meloidogyne incognita)

Cotton 18-32% (Rotylenchulus reniformis)12.3-20.8% (Meloidogyne incognita)

Management Options

Jute

• Seed treatment with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3.0% a.i. (w/w) + soil application with carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i./ha has beenrecommended for management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita.

Cotton

• Use of plant growth rhizospheric bacteria (Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Strain 35-47) prepared in charcoal powder @100 g/5 kg seed and applied as seed-dressing treatment has been found effective against both root-knot nematode andreniform nematode.

• Seed-dressing treatment with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i. w/w + soil application with carbofuran @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha iseffective against Rotylenchulus reniformis and Meloidogyne incognita.


17

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting fibre crops in India


18

Economically important nematodes associated with banana

Burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis)Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis)Spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus multicinctus)Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.)Cyst nematode (Heterodera oryzicola)

Economic losses

Meloidogyne incognita 7.9-34.6%Radopholus similis 12.02-21.8%

Management Options

• Paring + hot water treatment of suckers at 550C for 20 min + carbofuran application @ 16.6 g/plant + neem cake @ 1 kg/plant applied in the pit before planting is effective against nematode complex of banana.


19

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting banana crop in India


20

Economically important nematodes associated with citrus

Citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans)

Stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus)


Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne indica) [prevalent in Gujarat]

Economic losses

Tylenchulus semipenetrans 6.8-17.5%

Management options against Tylenchulus semipenetrans

• Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 20 g/m2 in the root rhizosphere at the time of flowering is effective.• Application of carbofuran @ 13 g/m2 (about 9 m2 around tree tank) just before flowering. Pulverize the soil in the basin area

and mixed the chemical thoroughly followed by irrigation.• Application of carbofuran @ 7 g/m2 + 1 kg neem cake (around 9 m2 around tree trunk) just before flowering. Pulverize the

soil in the basin area and mix with the chemical thoroughly followed by irrigation.• Use of resistant root stocks, e.g. Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) and its hybrids can be recommended in the nematode

hot spot areas.


21

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting citrus crop in India


22

Economically important nematodes associated with grapevine

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica)

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)


Economic losses

Root-knot nematodes 11-28%

Management Options

• Soil application of carbofuran @ 7 g/m2 at the flowering + growing of garlic as an intercrop.• Application of carbofuran @ 13 g/m2 around grapevine plant just before flowering.• Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 20 g/m2/ Trichoderma viride @ 20 g/m2 at flowering have been found to be

effective.


23

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting grapevine in India


24

Economically important nematodes associated with spices


Burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis)


Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus coffeae)

Economic losses

Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne incognita 38.5-64.6%

Management Options

• Use nematode-free planting material• Application of neem-cake @ 2 kg/vine is effective against root-knot nematodes.


25

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting spices crops in India


26

Economically important nematodes associated with betelvine



Burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis)

Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.)

Spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus spp.)

Economic losses

Meloidogyne incognita: 4-50%

Management Options

• Crop rotation with sesame/groundnut/marigold prior to planting of betelvine helps in reducing the nematode population.• Application of neem-cake @ 2 tonnes/ha in betelvine gardens is effective in reducing nematode population and in increasing

the yield.• Castor/neem cake @ 500 kg/ha along with fungal bioagent, Paecilomyces lilacinus helps in controlling the nematodes

infecting betelvine.


27

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting betelvine crop in India


28

Economically important nematodes associated with sugarcane



Stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus spp.)

Spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus spp.)

Management Options

• Deep summer ploughing of nematode-infested fields helps in reducing the nematode populations.• Crop rotation with sunhemp/mustard helps in controlling the nematode populations.• Application of pressmud in nematode-infested sugarcane fields @ 40 tonnes/ha has been found to reduce nematode populations.


29

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting sugarcane crop in India


30

Economically important nematodes associated with tuber crops


Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica)



Lesion nematode (Scutellonema bradys)


31

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting tuber crops in India

Distribution and management of

economically important plant

parasitic nematodes in states

Distribution and management of economically important plant parasitic nematodes in states

35

Distribution of plant parasitic nem

atodes infecting m

ajor crops in A

som


36


atodes infecting rice in A

som


37

Distribution of M

eloidogyne incognita infecting jute in A

som


38

Distribution of M

eloidogyne incognita infecting m

ajor vegetable crops in A

som


39

Distribution of M


ajor pulse crops in A

som


40

Distribution of M

eloidogyne incognita infecting banana in A

som


41

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in Chhattisgarh

Chhattisgarh

Distribution and management of economically important plant parasitic nematodes in Chhattishgarh


43


atodes infecting m

ajor crops in G

ujarat


44


atodes infecting w

heat in G

ujarat


45


atodes infecting m

aize in G

ujarat


46


atodes infecting rice in G

ujarat


47


atodes infecting pearl m

illet in G

ujarat


48


atodes infecting castor in G

ujarat


49


atodes infecting groundnut in G

ujarat


50


atodes infecting cotton in G

ujarat


51


atodes infecting fruit crops in G

ujarat


52


atodes infecting pigeonpea in G

ujarat


53


atodes infecting sesam

e in G

ujarat


54

Physiography

Haryana state is located 27.39’-30.55’ North latitude and 74.27-77.36’ East longitude, covering 44, 212 km2 area. Entire state isdivided in 20 districts. The state has its boundaries with Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Delhi.

Agro-climatic zones, soil and climatic conditions

The state is divided into 7 agro-climatic zones, viz. moist zone, slightly moist zone, slightly dry zone, moderately dry zone, semi-dry zone, dry zone and extremely dry zone. Arid semi-arid climate is prevalent in state. Weather is subtropical to tropical.Soil : Soil types are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam and loam. Temperature : December to February is cold season (averagetemperature 30 - 230C). Hot season starts from March to June (average temperature 13.8-33.20C), main Monsoon monthsare July-August and September. The minimum temperature may go down upto 1.50C and the maximum touches upto 480C.Rainfall : Total annual rainfall ranges from 205 mm to 1,060 mm. Sources of irrigation : Canal water, groundwater, tube-well,sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation are the major sources of irrigation in Haryana.

Agriculture

Agriculture is mainstay of more than 70% population in the state. Cultivated area is only 10.4% of total area and 80% of area israinfed. Marginal and small farmers constitute 84.5% of total land holding. About 80% population is engaged in agriculturedirectly or indirectly, contributing 4.5 m tonnes of foodgrain to central pool. It is the food bowl of India. Principal crops : Rice,cotton, sugarcane, sorghum, pearl millet, maize, oilseeds and pulses are cultivated in kharif, while wheat, gram, barley andoilseeds and pulses are grown in rabi. Commercial cash crops are also grown like sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds. Vegetable andmany horticultural crops are also grown. Potato, tomato, brinjal, okra, cabbage etc., guava, citrus, mango,litchi, peach, plum etc.are among the vegetable and fruit crops respectively. The predominant cropping patterns are wheat-rice and wheat-cotton.

Major nematode problems encountered

Molya disease in wheat and barley, root-knot nematode in vegetables (tomato, brinjal and okra), pulses (mungbean and chickpea)and fruits (grapevine, peach, papaya), citrus nematode in citrus, rice root nematode in rice and pigeonpea cyst nematode inpigeonpea are major nematode problems.

Emerging nematode problem

(a) Rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola : It was first reported in Haryana in 1993. Its occurrence is noticed fromKaithal (Kaul), Karnal, Kurukshetra, Sonepat, Jhajjar,Rewari, Bhiwani, Sirsa and Hisar districts. It causes 10-80% yield lossparticularly in Sirsa, Bhiwani and Rewari districts which are having light-textured soil and non-traditional rice growing areas,(b) Rotylenchulus reniformis – occurrence has been reported on cowpea, (c) Pratylenchus spp. – occurrence is reported onmentha, citrus and guava (d) Ectoparasites: Hoplolaimus, Tylenchorhynchus, Helicotylenchus spp. – occurrence reported onvarious other crops and (e) mushroom nematode (Aphelenchoides spp.) in mushroom houses.

Technology developed/recommended for specific nematode problems

• In rice, for the control of rice root-nematode (Hirschmanniella oryzae), use of carbofuran @ 3.5g/m2 in the nursery bedsbefore sowing.

• Two-three deep summer ploughing of the nematode infested field at 10-15 days interval during May-June, helps in controllingroot-knot nematodes in vegetable crops and Heterodera avenae in wheat and barley.

• In vegetable crops, application of carbofuran @ 7 g/m2 in nursery beds at sowing time.• Growing of root-knot nematode resistant tomato variety, Hisar lalit, Sl 120 and Nematax.• In fruits, use of carbofuran @ 13 g/m2 against citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) in citrus in 9 m2 area around tree

trunk before flowering followed by flood irrigation.• Application of carbofuran @ 7 g/m2 + 1 kg neem cake/tree in 9 m2 area around tree trunk before flowering for the control of

citrus nematode in citrus.• Use of carbofuran @ 13 g/m2 against Meloidogyne javanica in grapevine in 9 m2 area around vine trunk three weeks after

pruning followed by flood irrigation.• Application of carbofuran @ 7 g/m2 in combination with garlic (Allium sativum) as an intercrop between vine rows for the

control of Meloidogyne javanica in grapevine.• In wheat, use of Bioteeka (Azotobactor chroococcum, strain HT-54) as seed treatment. Crop rotation with non-host crops

like gram, mustard, use of carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i./ha at sowing time against cereal cyst nematode was found effective.

Institute/University/Organization/Government Department undertaking nematological

research in the state

• Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004.

Haryana

55

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in Haryana


56

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting rice in Haryana

57

Distribution of plant parasitic nematode infecting wheat and barley in Haryana


58

Distribution of pigeonpea cyst nematode infecting chickpea and pigeonpea in Haryana

59

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting mentha in Haryana


60

Distribution of root-knot nematodes infecting grapevine in Haryana

61

Distribution of citrus nematode infecting citrus in Haryana


63

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in Himachal Pradesh


64

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting ginger in Himachal Pradesh


65

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major fruit crops in Himachal Pradesh


66

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting rice in Himachal Pradesh


67

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting maize in Himachal Pradesh


68

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting wheat in Himachal Pradesh


69

Distribution of Meloidogyne spp. infecting vegetable crops in Himachal Pradesh


70

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting carnation in Himachal Pradesh


71

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting mushroom in Himachal Pradesh


73

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in Karnataka


74

Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting major vegetable crops in Karnataka


75

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting cotton in Karnataka


76

Distribution of Meloidogyne graminicola infecting rice in Karnataka


77

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major fruit crops in Karnataka


78

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting coffee in Karnataka


79

Distribution of Radopholus similis infecting black pepper in Karnataka


80

Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting cardamom in Karnataka


81

Distribution of Heterodera cajani infecting pigeonpea in Karnataka


82

Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting sunflower and soybean in Karnataka


83

Distribution of root knot nematodes infecting mulberry in Karnataka


84

Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting coleus and safed musli in Karnataka


85

Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting major flower crops in Karnataka


87

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in Kerala


88

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting rice in Kerala


89

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting banana in Kerala


90

Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting ginger and turmeric in Kerala


91

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting kacholam (Kaempferia galanga) in Kerala


92

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting koduveli (Plumbago rosea) in Kerala


93

Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting black pepper in Kerala


94

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting thippaly (Piper longum) in Kerala


96


atodes infecting m

ajor crops in M

adhya Pradesh


97


atodes infecting rice in M

adhya Pradesh


98

Distribution of A

nguina tritici infecting w

heat in M

adhya Pradesh


99

Distribution of Rotylenchulus reniform

is infecting soybean and chickpea in M

adhya Pradesh


100

Distribution of H

eterodera cajani infecting m

ajor pulse crops in M

adhya Pradesh


101

Distribution of M


ajor vegetable crops in M

adhya Pradesh


102

Distribution of Pratylenchus thornei infecting chickpea and sunflow

er in M

adhya Pradesh


103

Distribution of Radopholus sim

ilis infecting banana in M

adhya Pradesh


104

Distribution of Tylenchulus sem

ipenetrans infecting citrus in M

adhya Pradesh


106

Distribution of econom

ically im

portant plant parasitic nem

atodes infecting m

ajor crops in M

aharashtra


108


atodes infecting m

ajor crops in O

rissa


109


atodes infecting rice in O

rissa


110

Distribution of A

phelenchoides besseyi infecting rice in O

rissa


111

Distribution of M


ajor crops in O

rissa


112

Distribution of M

eloidogyne incognita infecting betelvine in O

rissa


113


atodes infecting m

ajor crops in O

rissa


115

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in Rajasthan


116

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting wheat in Rajasthan


117

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major vegetable crops in Rajasthan


118

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting cotton in Rajasthan


119

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major pulse crops in Rajasthan


120

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major fruit crops in Rajasthan


122

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in Tamil Nadu


123

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting rice in Tamil Nadu


124

Distribution of Globodera spp. infecting potato in Tamil Nadu


125

Distribution of root knot nematodes infecting major vegetable crops in Tamil Nadu


126

Distribution of Heterodera cajani infecting mungbean, urdbean and pigeonpea in Tamil Nadu


127

Distribution of Rotylenchulus reniformis infecting cotton in Tamil Nadu


128

Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting grapevine in Tamil Nadu


129

Distribution of Radopholus similis infecting banana in Tamil Nadu


130

Distribution of Tylenchulus semipenetrans infecting citrus in Tamil Nadu


132


atodes infecting m

ajor crops in U

ttar Pradesh


133


atodes infecting m

ajor pulse crops in U

ttar Pradesh


134

Distribution of M

eloidogyne javanica infecting groundnut in U

ttar Pradesh


135

Distribution of M

eloidogyne gram

inicola infecting rice in U

ttar Pradesh


136

Distribution of M


ajor vegetable crops in U

ttar Pradesh


138

Institute/University/Organization/Government Departments undertaking nematological

research in the State

• Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva Bharati, Sriniketan, Birbhum 731 235• Zoological Survey of India, New Alipur, Kolkata 700 053• Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, Rajbati, Burdwan 713 145• Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, Birbhum 731 235• Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700 120


139

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major crops in West Bengal


140

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting rice in West Bengal


141

Distribution of Meloidogyne incognita infecting Jute in West Bengal


142

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting vegetable crops in West Bengal


143

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting pulse crops in West Bengal


144

Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting banana in West Bengal


145

Distribution of Tylenchulus semipenetrans infecting citrus in West Bengal

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