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Atmosphere, Wave and Ocean observations at the Southern Ocean Flux Station
Eric SchulzCAWCR BoM
2nd wind-waves Symposium 4-5 June, Melbourne
Introducing the IMOS Southern Ocean Flux Station
• IMOS facility• Multiple moorings• Freely available data• Platform for other
instruments• Annual visits• Located 47S, 142E in Sub-
Antarctic zone, north of AAC
SOFS, 47S, 142E in Sub-Antarctic zone
Southern Ocean Time Series(SOTS), including SOFS
•Located 47oS, 140oE in the Sub-Antarctic Zone, southwest of Tasmania•Comprises:
• SAZ Sediment Trap mooring• Pulse bio-geo-chemical mooring • Southern Ocean Flux Station mooring• Profiling drifters & Glider (ANFOG)
Southern Ocean Flux Station
SAZ Sediment trap
Pulse Bio-geo-chemical mooring
SOTS & SOFS Data Holdings•Multidisciplinary •Multiplatform•Redundancy•Builds on 10-year SAZ record
Example of data holdings related to SOTS
Filled= data in hand, open=collection underway, dashed=planned collection
SOFS in Action
Vital Stats
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology
Buoy weight: 1270 kg
2.7m
1.6m
2.7m
SOFS Tower and instruments
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology
Short- & Long-wave radiationWind
Temperature & Humidity
Precipitation
Air pressure
Buoy well
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology
Loading the Anchor
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology
Anchor weight: 3900 kg
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology
Chain 8m
Wire 1.9km
Rope 4.1km
Depth 4.5km
Mooring Diagram
Oceanographic instrumentation
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology
Measurements on SOFS• Atmospheric
– Wind, temperature, humidity, pressure, radiation, rain (bulk fluxes of mass, heat, momentum)
• Wave – Motion Reference Unit (CSIRO design)– Captures 3-D buoy motion and orientation at 5 Hz– Proxy for waves– Measures last 10 minutes of each hour
• Ocean– Temperature (to 500m)– Salinity, pressure, PAR, sparse array– Currents (ADCP to 500m)– BGC at surface and 30-50m
SOFS & NCEP (Josey)
SOFS data & Results •World first 12-month flux record in SO •First time SO in situ fluxes used to validate atmospheric models•Wave from SOFS and Pulse
Net Heat flux and SST from SOFS-1
SOFS1 & 2 WavesSea Temperature
SOFS data & Results
Fluxes and SST from SOFS-1
24-months of wave & wind observations
SOFS 1Mar 2010-Jan 2011
SOFS 2Nov 2012-July 2013
SOFS 3July 2013-Dec 2014
SWH & U10N
• SWH peaks at 22 m (September 2010)• More typical (believable) SWH max are 10-15 m• U10 average = 10 ms-1, max = 29 ms-1
24-months of wave & wind observations
SOFS 1Mar 2010-Jan 2011
SOFS 2Nov 2012-July 2013
SOFS 3July 2013-Dec 2014
SWH & Tau
• Tau mean = 0.2 Nm-2
• Tau peak = 2.8 Nm-2
MRU-Triaxis comparison
MRU and Triaxis wave package deployed on SOFS-2
• MRU is 0.15m larger than Triaxis • MRU is 3% larger than Triaxis• MRU overestimates the peaks
New Observations for wave-ocean mixing and currents
• Program to understand wave induced mixing in upper ocean (Babanin, Hemer, Ghantous, Schulz, Rapizo)
• New instruments on SOFS-4 (CSIRO & Swinburne)
• Vert. profile ~cm of u & v down ~1m, ADCP (Nortek Aquadopp 1 Mhz profiler) in buoy hull
• u & v point currents @30m (Nortek Aquadopp HR)
• 3-D currents @30 m (Nortek Vector)
• Frontier observations – what will we get?
Evidence for big breaking waves… 3m up
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology
Sonic Arms out of alignment
Rain Gauge funnels missing
SOFS-1
Rain Gauge supports bent
SOFS-3