Atmospheric Chemistry ESE/Ge/Ch 171rjs/class/spr2015/... · A discussion of the pros and cons of various aspects of meeting the energy needs of society by means of combustion of biomass,

Copyright © 2015 University of MarylandThis material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Ross Salawitch.

Ross Salawitch

Class Web Site:http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~rjs/class/spr2015

Topic for today:A discussion of the pros and cons of various aspects of meetingthe energy needs of society by means of combustion of biomass,biofuels, and biowaste

Lecture 2028 April 2015

Renewable Energy II:Biofuels, Ethanol, Methanol, and Algae

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Annoucements

1) Course evaluation page is open https://www.courseevalum.umd.eduuntil 13 May

#96

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2) Thurs at 3:30 pm:

2


Annoucements

1) Course evaluation page is open https://www.courseevalum.umd.eduuntil 13 May

#96

12

2) Thurs at 3:30 pm:

3) Competing talk has been moved to a different time:

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Atmos Chem & Clim Projects

433:Dan Eiblum: Impact of climate change on air quality

Others ???

633:Doyeon Ahn: ???Brian Bennett: ???Tyler Bodnar: Nuclear energyGrace Duke: Impact of SPCZ winds on CO2uptakeColleen Fanelli: Ocean acidificationXinzhou Huang: ???Yunyao Li: Transports of trace species by deep convectionMaggie Marvin: Formation mechanisms SOAGina Mazzuca: Effects of high energy events on climateSandra Roberts: Trends in background tropospheric ozoneAdria Schwarber: Carbon capture and sequestrationPam Wales: ???

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Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)Parabolic mirrors heat fluid that drives Stirling engine

Fluid is permanently contained within the engine's hardwareConverts heat to energyTheoretical efficiencies often challenging to achieve

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine

Highest electrical efficiencies for solar lowest costs!http://www.powerfromthesun.net/Bookhttp://www.oilcrisis.com/us/ca/CaliforniaCSP_Benefits200604.pdf

Kramer Junction, CalifFully operational in 1991: 350 MW capacityLow output in 1992 due to Pinatubo aerosol!Present operating cost: ~11 ¢ / kWh

Nevada Solar OneOutput: 64 MW capacity / 134,000 MW-hr / yearCould supply all US electricity needsif built over a ~ 130 mile ×130 mile area

Construction cost: ~$2 / kW-hr for one yr’s prod

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:

Three Gorges Dam, Yangtze River, China: 22,500 MWFully operational in 2012Cost: $22.5 billion or 1 million $ /MWLargest construction project in China since Great Wall 1 million people displaced Provides 3.0% of China’s electricity needs

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam

Hydro Annual Production of Electricity,Three Gorges Dam

If Three Gorges had run 24 / 7 / 52 :22,500 MW 8760 hr = 1.97 x 108MWh= 1.97 x 108MWh x 106W/MW = 1.97 x 1014Wh= 1.97 x 1014Wh x TW / 1012W = 197 TWh

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:

Three Gorges Dam, Yangtze River, China: 22,500 MWFully operational in 2012Cost: $22.5 billion or 1 million $ /MWLargest construction project in China since Great Wall 1 million people displaced Provides 3.0% of China’s electricity needs

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam

Hydro Annual Production of Electricity,Three Gorges Dam

If Three Gorges had run 24 / 7 / 52 :22,500 MW 8760 hr = 1.97 x 108MWh= 1.97 x 108MWh x 106W/MW = 1.97 x 1014Wh= 1.97 x 1014Wh x TW / 1012W = 197 TWh

Capacity Factor = 98.8 TWh /197 TWh = 0.50

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Nevada Solar One

Nevada Solar OneOutput: 64 MW capacityCould supply all US electricity needsif built over a ~ 130 mile ×130 mile area

Construction cost: ~$2 / kW-hr for one yr’s prod

Project capacity: 64 MW(power = energy / time)

Project output over 2012: 129,000 MW-hr(energy, or power time)

Number of hours in year = 365x24 = 8760

Capacity Factor = 129,000 MW-hr /(64 MW 8760 hr) = 0.23

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Solar_One#Production

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Capacity Factor, Various Energy Sources

http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/tech_cap_factor.html9


World Energy & Electricity SupplyWorld EnergyWorld Electricity

Nuclear6.8%

Olah et al., Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy, 2009

Largest energy source that does not involvecombustion of fossil fuels is Biomass and Waste

cccccccccc Nuc Nuc Nucc Nucccc NuNulea lea lea lea lea lea lea lea lea lea lea leaearrr6.8 6.8 66666666666666%%

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Copyright © 2015 University of MarylandThis material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Ross Salawitch.11


http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=57559

PoorairqualityoverIndia(left)andBangladesh(center),ThisNASAMODISimagefrom12Jan2002showsathickblanketofpollutionbuttingupagainsttheHimalayas(arcingacrossthetopoftheimage)andstretchingoutintotheBayofBengal(bottom).Tan-coloredsedimentfillstheBaythroughtheMouthsoftheGangesRiver(imagecenter).NorthoftheHimalayas,theskiesareclearovertheTibetanPlateau.

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New Estimate: Black carbon causes 0.7 W mwarmingIPCC (2007): Black carbon 0.2 W mwarming

Bond et al., JGR, 2013

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http://www.projectsurya.org14


Surya –Sanskrit for Sun

65 villages (6500 homes) covering 1500 km2, where mostresidents use wood for cooking, will be provided with eithersolar and/or biogas burners

Air quality, soot, and particulates will be monitored for 6 months priorto installation of alternate cookers and for at least 1 year subsequent

Indoor air quality will be measured in selected homes

Outdoor air quality will also be monitored using NASA satellite instruments

PI: V. Ramanathan, Scripps

http://www.projectsurya.org

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http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/16/science/earth/16degrees.html?_r=3&ref=earth

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Surya –Pilot Phase Findings

Pilot village included 485 households

Cooking drives local outdoor black carbon concentrations

New stove technologies could reduce emissions of PM2.5and COby factors of 4 to 5

Demonstrated an ultra low power wireless cell phone approach formeasuring black carbon

http://www.projectsurya.org/storage/prospectusinsert.pdf

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http://www.projectsurya.org/storage/ProjectSuryaWEB-Feb23.pdf

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What other deleterious effects might result from Third-World Stove Soot ?

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What other deleterious effects might result from Third-World Stove Soot ?

http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36052

2007

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http://www.ibtimes.co.in/traditional-wood-burning-stoves-bad-health-study-607692

26 Aug 2014

Cooking food over a traditional wood-burning stove is believed to improve the taste. It is also widely used to heat homes in many countries. However, it turns out that the risks associated with this cooking and heating method outweigh its benefits.

A new study from Canada found that regular exposure to the black carbon pollutants in wood smoke can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases in women. Researchers from McGill University recorded levels of different types of air pollutants present in the rural Yunnan province of China. During the study, about 280 women wore air samplers to measure the fine particular matter present in the environment.

"We found that exposure to black carbon pollutants had the largest impact on women's blood pressure, which directly impacts cardiovascular risk…" researcher Jill Baumgartner from McGill's Institute for the Health and Social Policy said. The findingsreported in PNAS support previous warnings released by experts. The small particles can remain many months in the lungs and can cause structural damage and chemical changes to the organ and also increase risk of heart attacks and strokes … The pollutants produced while burning wood in fireplaces, woodstoves, include sulphur oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, formaldehydeand dioxins.

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Project Surya: April 2015

http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/316880/20886420/1352224604787/ProjectSuryaLaunchesPilotCarbonCreditMarket.pdf

Project Surya is:

exploring how to include Short Lived Climate Pollutants including BC and O3producing gases (CO & VOCs) into carbon creditcalculations, which will lead to more revenue for climate credits.

distribute the funds from carbon credits directly to the participant women instead of the stove distributors or manufacturers

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Electricity from Biomass

Olah et al., Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy, 2009.

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Power or Energy ?

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Power or Energy ?

World electricity consumption (2006) = 19,000,000 GWhLecture 17, Slide 6

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Power or Energy ?


Electricity from Biomass = 200.1 TWh

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Power or Energy ?


Electricity from Biomass = 200.1 TWh

or 200.1 /19,000 = 0.01053 1.1% of total word consumption

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Electricity from Biomass: Overview

Plantsizeaverage20MWEfficienciesrangefrom15to30%(electricityonly)to60%(electricity+heat)

co-firingusesbiomasstosupplementfossilfuel

Usewood,agriculturalresidues,andmunicipalwaste

85plantsinU.Sgeneratesometypeofenergyfromwaste

Addressesenergyneedandgrowing“mountainofwaste”:wasteconvertedtoCO2andwater;unburnedresidueabout10%ofinitialvolumeiron-containingmetalsoftenrecoveredandrecycled

Fig 4.24, Chemistry in Context

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Electricity from Waste

Openedin1984SiteofoldpyrolysisplantBurns2,250tonsoftrashperdayMetalsrecovered;volumeoftrashreducedbyfactorof10Cangenerate60,000kWofelectricity60MW(2700×sizeofUPsolararray

butonly6%typicalnuclearplant)Heatusedfordirectsteamheating/coolingdowntownBaltimoreOneof16suchplantsintheU.S.

Baltimore RESCO (Refuse Energy Systems Company) PlantRussell Street & U.S Interstate 95 (shadow of Ravens Stadium)

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=RESCOE_Plant

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Energy from Waste

http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/recycle/

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Energy from Waste


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Energy from Waste


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Energy from Waste


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Energy from Waste


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Energy from Waste


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Ethanol

Ethanol:C2H5OHAlcohol

C6H12O62C2H5OH+2CO2(Hf=228kJ/molor5kJ/g)

Reactioncatalyzedbyenzymes;theoretically,canbeclosetocarbonneutral

Ethanolcombustion:

C2H5OH+3O22CO2+2H2O+29.7kJ/g

HeatreleaselessthancombustionofC8H18(47.8kJ/g)becauseC2H5OHisalreadypartiallyoxidized

However…ethanolhasahigheroctanethangasoline

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Ethanol Production

U.S.:EthanolproducedfromcornBrazil:Ethanolproducedfromsugarcane,whichthrivesintropicalclimate

Olah et al., Beyond Oil and Gas:The Methanol Economy, 2009.

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Ethanol Production: Good News

Brazil:Ethanolproducedfromsugarcane,whichthrivesintropicalclimateenergytoconvertsugartoethanolsuppliedbyburningbagasse(sugarcanehusk)

AbouthalfcarsinBrazilare“flexfuelvehicles(FFV)”canrunon100percentethanoloranyethanol-gasolinemixture.

Ethanolaccountsfor~40%ofnon-dieselfueluseinBrazil

2010:Brazilproduces26%ofworldethanol(USproducesmost)

http://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2011-december/can-brazil-meet-the-world%E2%80%99s-growing-need-for-ethanol.aspx

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Ethanol Production: Bad News

Annual Brazil ethanol production < 1 day world petroleum consumption

Brazil consumes nearly all the ethanol it produces due to highdomestic demand

http://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2011-december/can-brazil-meet-the-world%E2%80%99s-growing-need-for-ethanol.aspx

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Ethanol Production

McElroyarticlesuggestsconsideringrefinementcost,transportationcost,andenergycontentofethanol,“theenergycapturedintheethanolexceedsthefossilenergyconsumedinitsproductionbynomorethan~25%”McElroydidnotconsider______________

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Ethanol Production

McElroyarticlesuggestsconsideringrefinementcost,transportationcost,andenergycontentofethanol,“theenergycapturedintheethanolexceedsthefossilenergyconsumedinitsproductionbynomorethan~25%”McElroydidnotconsiderlandusechanges!

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Ethanol ProductionRagingdebateover“green”aspectsofbothsugarandcornbasedbiofuels:

Excellentpoint/counterpoint:http://cen.acs.org/articles/85/i51/Costs-Biofuels.html

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Ethanol ProductionRagingdebateover“green”aspectsofbothsugarandcornbasedbiofuels:

Excellentpoint/counterpoint:http://cen.acs.org/articles/85/i51/Costs-Biofuels.html

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Ethanol Production

Biofuels Threaten Fertilizer By KEITH BRADSHER and ANDREW MARTIN

Published: April 30, 2008

The squeeze on the supply of fertilizer has been building for roughly five years. Rising demand for food and biofuels prompted farmers everywhere to plant more crops. As demand grew, the fertilizer mines and factories of the world proved unable to keep up.

Some dealers in the Midwest ran out of fertilizer last fall, and they continue to restrict sales this spring because of a limited supply.

“If you want 10,000 tons, they’ll sell you 5,000 today, maybe 3,000,” said W. Scott Tinsman Jr., a fertilizer dealer in Davenport, Iowa. “The rubber band is stretched really far.

Ragingdebateover“green”aspectsofbothsugarandcornbasedbiofuels:Excellentpoint/counterpoint:http://cen.acs.org/articles/85/i51/Costs-Biofuels.html

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Ethanol Production

Biofuels Threaten Fertilizer By KEITH BRADSHER and ANDREW MARTIN

Published: April 30, 2008

The squeeze on the supply of fertilizer has been building for roughly five years. Rising demand for food and biofuels prompted farmers everywhere to plant more crops. As demand grew, the fertilizer mines and factories of the world proved unable to keep up.

Some dealers in the Midwest ran out of fertilizer last fall, and they continue to restrict sales this spring because of a limited supply.

“If you want 10,000 tons, they’ll sell you 5,000 today, maybe 3,000,” said W. Scott Tinsman Jr., a fertilizer dealer in Davenport, Iowa. “The rubber band is stretched really far.

Ragingdebateover“green”aspectsofbothsugarandcornbasedbiofuels:Excellentpoint/counterpoint:http://cen.acs.org/articles/85/i51/Costs-Biofuels.html

Ammoniumleachedasnitriteornitrate,contaminatingwatersupplyAmmoniaconvertedtoNO,increasingacidityofatmosphereandsoilsN2OproducedbyNOandfertilizerproduction

Fig 6.19, Chemistry in Context

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Ethanol Production: USDespitethesedebatesthe“showgoeson”

USproduced14×109gallonsofethanolin201483millionacres(20%ofcultivatedlandarea)harvestedforcorn~40%ofUScornproducedgoestoethanolproduction

USgovtsubsidiyofethanol,$0.45/gallon,expiredJan2012leadingtoriseinfuelprices:http://green.autoblog.com/2012/01/18/u-s-ethanol-subsidy-expiration-may-be-driving-up-gas-pricesPresentdebatefocusedonRenewableFuelStandard:http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/04/10/epa-says-it-will-get-back-on-schedule-in-issuing-rules-for-biofuels

http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/images/2014.03.07/main.pnghttp://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2014/04/20/its-final-corn-ethanol-is-of-no-use

Chemistryin Context

McElroy, Ethanol Illusion,Harvard Magazine,

Nov-Dec 2006.

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One Last Comparison:

In prior lectures, we have looked at market forces such as:Cost of Fossil Fuel

Cost of Electricity from Renewables

as well as complete life cycle effects of various options:

Carbon release (early) and methane release (late) from areasflooded for hydro

N2O associated with fertilizer production for biofuels

There is one more comparison that could be vitalfor society to consider, for large-scale transitionto

energy production from some means otherthan combustion of fossil fuel

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One Last Comparison:Land Requirements

http://geothermal.inel.gov/publications/future_of_geothermal_energy.pdf

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http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/45834.pdfWind turbines: 125,000 to 200,000 m2 /MW


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http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/45834.pdfWind turbines: 125,000 to 200,000 m2 /MW

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Wind turbines: 125,000 to 200,000 m2 /MW

Hydroelectric: enormous impact upstream of reservoir


http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/45834.pdf

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Ethanol Production: Really Bad News

AnnualethanolproductioninBrazil<1dayworldpetroleumconsumptionSugarCane:650gal/acrehttp://www.earth-policy.org/Books/PB2/PB2ch10_ss7.htm

650gal/acre×3785.1cm3/gal×0.789g/cm3×29.7kJ/g=5.8×107kJ/acre





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Ethanol Production: Really Bad News

AnnualethanolproductioninBrazil<1dayworldpetroleumconsumptionSugarCane:650gal/acrehttp://www.earth-policy.org/Books/PB2/PB2ch10_ss7.htm

650gal/acre×3785.1cm3/gal×0.789g/cm3×29.7kJ/g=5.8×107kJ/acre5.8×107kJ/acre/year=1.83kW/acre=2,211,393m2/MW!!!





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Ethanol Production: US / CornReally, Really Bad News

SugarCane:650gal/acrehttp://www.earth-policy.org/Books/PB2/PB2ch10_ss7.htm650gal/acre×3785.1cm3/gal×0.789g/cm3×29.7kJ/g=5.8×107kJ/acre5.8×107kJ/acre/year=1.83kW/acre=2,211,393m2/MW!!!

Corn:350gal/acre4,106,872m2/MWYIKES!!!!

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Biofuels and DieselFuelsmadefromrecycledrestaurantwastehaveaCHratioconduciveforuseindieselenginesandnotgasolineengines

Gasolineengine:sparkplugignitesfuel/airmixture(Ottocycle)Dieselengine:compressionignitesfuelincombustionchamber(Dieselcycle)

Gasoline:C8H18

Dieselfuel:C10H20toC15H28(averageC12H23)

Mainadvantageofdiesel:betterfueleconomyduetohigherengineefficiencyDisadvantages:

pastfuelhascontainedhighamountsofsulfurpastengineshavereleasedlargeamountsofNOxfuelgelsincoldweather!

DieselcarsmuchmorecommoninEuropethantheU.S.but:dieselcarsmakingacomebackintheU.S.

http://www.practicalenvironmentalist.com/automobiles/2011-diesel-cars-usa.htm

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel$mart Power by William H. Kemp, Hushion House Publishinghttp://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-european-diesel-cars

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Advantagesofbiodiesel:LowsulfurBiodegradableClimatefriendly(Cthatiscombustedrecentlypulledfromatmosphere!)Canbe“brewed”athome

Disadvantageofbiodiesel:

Weaksolventthatcouldsoftenrubberhoses,seals,andgasketsovertimeSupposedly,B20blends(20%biodiesel)combinedwithmodernuseofsyntheticmaterialsminimizerisk…nonetheless,vehiclewarrantycouldbecompromisedbyuseofbiofuelsFor more info see:

http://www.makebiodiesel.comhttp://www.biodiesel.orghttp://www.biodiesel-canada.org

FuelMeister II™Personal Biodiesel Processor!Azure Biodiesel CompanySully, Iowa 50251

http://www.azurebiodiesel.com/contact.shtml

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Advantagesofbiodiesel:LowsulfurBiodegradableClimatefriendly(Cthatiscombustedrecentlypulledfromatmosphere!)Canbe“brewed”athome

Disadvantageofbiodiesel:

Weaksolventthatcouldsoftenrubberhoses,seals,andgasketsovertimeSupposedly,B20blends(20%biodiesel)combinedwithmodernuseofsyntheticmaterialsminimizerisk…nonetheless,vehiclewarrantycouldbecompromisedbyuseofbiofuelsFor more info see:

http://www.makebiodiesel.comhttp://www.biodiesel.orghttp://www.biodiesel-canada.org

FuelMeister II™Personal Biodiesel Processor!Azure Biodiesel CompanySully, Iowa 50251

http://www.azurebiodiesel.com/contact.shtml

Must like the smell of french fries

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The Methanol Economy ®

Methanol:CH3OHAlcoholMethanolcombustion:

2CH3OH+3O22CO2+4H2O+41.4kJ/g

Heatreleaseconsiderablemorethanethanol(29.7kJ/g)andclosetothatofC8H18(47.8kJ/g)

Octaneof107Verycleanburning:littleornoCO,NOx,orparticulatesCanbeusedin“cleandiesels”PresentlyusedinIndy500racecars!

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MethanolproductionfromatmosphericCO2:CO2+3H2CH3OH+H2O

Exothermicby49.3kJ/mol;nonetheless,needacatalyst

NeedtocaptureCO2outofatmosphere(tallorder!)NeedsupplyofH2thatis“carbonneutral”(i.e.,notfromCH4!)

http://www.hydrogenassociation.org/general/factSheet_production.pdf

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MethanolproductionfromatmosphericCO2:CO2+3H2CH3OH+H2O

Exothermicby49.3kJ/mol;nonetheless,needacatalyst

NeedtocaptureCO2outofatmosphere(tallorder!)NeedsupplyofH2thatis“carbonneutral”(i.e.,notfromCH4!)IfelectrolysisofseawatertoyieldH2couldbepoweredbysolarenergy,andanenergyefficientwaytocaptureandconcentrateatmosphericCO2couldbedevised(i.e.,usingKOHorMEA-monoethanolamine(CH2CH2OH)NH2),thenCO2+3H2CH3OH+H2Owouldsimulatephotosynthesisandcouldprovideafuelthatcouldbeusedincarswithoutmajorchangestopresentinfrastructure

NOTE:methanoliscorrosivetoaluminum,zinc,andmagnesium,andreactivewithsomeplasticsandrubber,sosomesystemsspecifictomethanolwouldbeneeded

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Algae as a Biofuel

Pros:High oil contentAbsorbs atmospheric CO2Can use waste as fertilizerNot a food staple

Cons:Need sunny, warm conditions; certain areas preferredGrowth limited by “self shading” effect; challenge to exploit entire volume of pondWater intensive (rules out many warm, sunny environs for large scale production)Efficient processing method still being researchedFertilizer intensiveWater intensive

The promise of algae as an economically viable clean source of fuel is leadingmany groups to research the large scale viability of this potential resource.

http://www3.signonsandiego.com/stories/2009/apr/29/1n29biofuels005337-new-center-focus-algae-biofuels

http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/04/14/6471719-is-algae-biofuel-too-thirsty

http://stateimpact.npr.org/texas/2012/12/17/the-downside-of-using-algae-as-a-biofuel

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Algae as a BiofuelWigmosta et al., Water Resources Res, 13 April 2011 conclude:

Using current technology, 48% of petroleum needed for US transportation can be produced using:5.5% of U.S. land area (lower 48)3 times the total amount of water used for irrigation

Optimal placement of algae production facility in the humid Gulf Coast, southeastern seaboard, and Great Lakes regions would considerably reduce the water needed

High yield: 8000 L/ha/year:

U.S. uses 5.0×1011L/year

Hence, need 5.75 ×107haor2.22 ×105mi2

471 x 471 miles(7% land area, lower 48)

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Documents

Atmospheric Chemistry ESE/Ge/Ch 171rjs/class/spr2015/... · A discussion of the pros and cons of various aspects of meeting the energy needs of society by means of combustion of biomass,