Atmospheric Wind MeasurementAtmospheric Wind MeasurementWindSatWindSat

University of ColoradoUniversity of Colorado at Colorado Springsat Colorado Springs

WindSat Team:WindSat Team:Rodger MourningRodger Mourning

Courtnee ApplegateCourtnee ApplegateJustin PerkinsJustin PerkinsAnna StankoAnna Stanko

Faculty Advisor:Faculty Advisor:Dr. Jason RoneyDr. Jason Roney

Presentation AgendaPresentation Agenda WindSat project overviewWindSat project overview Flight summariesFlight summaries ResultsResults ConclusionsConclusions QuestionsQuestions

WindSat ChallengeWindSat Challenge

Measurement of wind speed and direction. Measurement of wind speed and direction. (Anemometer could not be used)(Anemometer could not be used)

Payload mass limit of 1.8 kg.Payload mass limit of 1.8 kg. Dimensional limit of 20 cm.Dimensional limit of 20 cm. Harsh environment and conditions.Harsh environment and conditions.

(-60 degrees C, 0 kPa)(-60 degrees C, 0 kPa) Landing impact survival.Landing impact survival.

WindSat ApplicationsWindSat Applications

Space Missions / Research:Space Missions / Research:

Determination of atmospheric Determination of atmospheric conditions prior to a planetary conditions prior to a planetary explorer descent can greatly explorer descent can greatly decrease the chance of mission decrease the chance of mission failure.failure.

Atmospheric Research:Atmospheric Research:

Direct wind measurement would Direct wind measurement would improve weather models.improve weather models.

WindSat DesignWindSat DesignWindSat1 Systems:WindSat1 Systems:

– Wind Measurement SystemWind Measurement System Four Pitot static probe Four Pitot static probe

configuration.configuration. Four differential pressure Four differential pressure

transducers.transducers. Four channel data logger Four channel data logger

(MicroDaq).(MicroDaq).

– Type T Thermocouple (HOBO)Type T Thermocouple (HOBO)

– Pressure, Humidity, Pressure, Humidity, Temperature Sensor Temperature Sensor (MicroDaq).(MicroDaq).

– Electric heater with thermostat.Electric heater with thermostat.

WindSat2 Revisions:WindSat2 Revisions:– Rudder and bearings for wind Rudder and bearings for wind

alignment.alignment.

WindSat DesignWindSat Design

InstrumentMounting

Module

WindSat1 WindSat2

Instrument TestingInstrument Testing

Preliminary tests were Preliminary tests were exploratory.exploratory.– Determine variables of Determine variables of

dependency.dependency.

– Become familiar with Become familiar with instruments (operating range, instruments (operating range, etc.)etc.)

Pressure transducer calibration.Pressure transducer calibration. Pitot tube wind tunnel testing.Pitot tube wind tunnel testing. Instrument accuracy verification.Instrument accuracy verification.

Average Transducer Voltage vs Angle of Attack

22.05

2.12.15

2.22.25

2.32.35

2.42.45

2.5

0 90 180 270 360

Angle (degrees)

Vol

tage

(V)

WindSat1 Flight SummaryWindSat1 Flight Summary Maximum altitude: 30.4 km (99,760 ft)Maximum altitude: 30.4 km (99,760 ft) Maximum ground speed: 35 m/s (79 mph)Maximum ground speed: 35 m/s (79 mph) Minimum temperature: -61 C (-77 F)Minimum temperature: -61 C (-77 F)

WindSat2 Flight SummaryWindSat2 Flight Summary

Maximum altitude: 12.4 km (40,600 ft)Maximum altitude: 12.4 km (40,600 ft)(Ice accumulation ended ascent)(Ice accumulation ended ascent)

Maximum ground speed: 31 m/s (70.6 mph)Maximum ground speed: 31 m/s (70.6 mph) Minimum temperature: -61 C (-77 F)Minimum temperature: -61 C (-77 F)

Temperature ResultsTemperature Results

Lapse Rates:Lapse Rates:

EOSS 71EOSS 71

0 to 15 km: B0 to 15 km: B11 = -7.24 K/km = -7.24 K/km

15 to 30 km: B15 to 30 km: B22 = 1.87 K/km = 1.87 K/km

EOSS 73EOSS 730 to 12 km: B = -7.36 K/km0 to 12 km: B = -7.36 K/km

U.S. Standard AtmosphereU.S. Standard Atmosphere0 to 11 km: B = -6.5 K/km0 to 11 km: B = -6.5 K/km

Atmospheric Temperature vs Altitude

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40

Temperature (C)

Alti

tude

(m)

EOSS 71

EOSS 73

U.S. StandardAtmosphere

Pressure ResultsPressure Results

Pressure Profile:Pressure Profile:

Rg

aa T

ZPP

/

1

)0073.0*9.286/(807.9(

290

)(*)0073.0(1103

ZP

Atmospheric Pressure vs Altitude

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Pressure (kPa)

Alt

itu

de

(m)

EOSS 71

EOSS 73

U.S. StandardAtmosphere

Wind Speed ResultsWind Speed Results

Atmospheric winds:Atmospheric winds:

Absolute wind speed = Mean wind speed + Relative gust speedAbsolute wind speed = Mean wind speed + Relative gust speed

VVww = V = Vmm + V + Vgg

Mean Wind SpeedsMean Wind SpeedsDetermined from GPS tracking data.Determined from GPS tracking data.

EOSS 71:EOSS 71:

ForFor 0 < z < 13 km0 < z < 13 km

Vm = (0.0026293)Z - 6.8 m/s Vm = (0.0026293)Z - 6.8 m/s

Average directional heading = 135Average directional heading = 135 SE SE

ForFor 13 km < z < 20 km13 km < z < 20 km

Vm = (-0.003401)Z + 64.4457 m/s Vm = (-0.003401)Z + 64.4457 m/s

Average directional heading = 258Average directional heading = 258 WSW WSW

ForFor 20 km < z < 30 km 20 km < z < 30 km

Vm = (0.0017857)Z - 32.14 m/s Vm = (0.0017857)Z - 32.14 m/s

Average directional heading = 258Average directional heading = 258 WSW WSW

EOSS 73:EOSS 73:

For 0 < z < 12 kmFor 0 < z < 12 km

Vm = (0.0025263)Z - 0.84 m/s Vm = (0.0025263)Z - 0.84 m/s

Average directional heading = 79º ENEAverage directional heading = 79º ENE

(Where Vm = mean wind speed (m/s), and Z = altitude (m))(Where Vm = mean wind speed (m/s), and Z = altitude (m))

Ground Speed vs Altitude (WindSat1)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Speed (m/s)

Alti

tude

(m)

Ground Speed vs Altitude (WindSat2)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Speed (m/s)

Alt

itu

de

(m

)

Wind Gust SpeedsWind Gust Speeds

Relative Wind Gust Speed vs Altitude (WindSat2)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

0 5 10 15 20

Speed (m/s)

Alt

itu

de

(m

)

Primary PitotTube

Relative Wind Gust Speed vs Altitude (WindSat1)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

0 5 10 15 20

Speed (m/s)

Alt

itu

de

(m) Transducer 1

Transducer 2

Transducer 3

Transducer 4

Determined through Pitot tube measurements.

A FFT analysis showed no significant frequencies in the energy spectrum.

Mean Wind Gust Speeds:

EOSS 71:Equation 1Vg = [(7.143E-4)Z + 2] m/s

EOSS 73:Equation 2Vg = [(8.5E-4)Z + 2] m/s

(Where Z = altitude (m))

ConclusionsConclusions

Mission goals were met.Mission goals were met. Need for planetary explorer pre-landing Need for planetary explorer pre-landing

probe.probe. Improvement of weather models.Improvement of weather models.

ReferencesReferences

NASA:NASA:

http://marsweb.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/msss/mardi_hardware/history/huygens/index.htmlhttp://marsweb.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/msss/mardi_hardware/history/huygens/index.html

http://marsweb.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/lander/m9821.jpghttp://marsweb.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/lander/m9821.jpg

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA):National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA):

http://www.noaa.org/http://www.noaa.org/

http://http://www.npoess.noaa.gov/images/wind_speed.jpgwww.npoess.noaa.gov/images/wind_speed.jpg

Questions ?Questions ?