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Abstract— Ceramic prosthesis made through additive and
subtractive technologies, lead to superior esthetic and qualitative
results towards metal-ceramic prosthesis. Material and Method: 30
IPS Empress ceramic discs were involved in this study. The samples
were treated through two different methods for obtaining a superior
adherent surface. The samples were devided into three groups. The
first group was not conditioned. The other two groups were treated
by (2) sandblasting, (3) sandblasting and then conditioned with HFA
9% (hidrofluoric acid), After conditioning, the surfaces were
investigated by Scannig Electonic Microscopy technology (SEM) and
Atomic Force Microscopy. Results: SEM and AFM images of
conditioned specimens were investigated for evaluating surface’s
texture in order to obtain an improved adhesion. Conclusions: The
results has shown that new methods for conditioning the Empress
ceramic core assure an adesion that give a good prognostic to the
long term results. Keywords—SEM, AFM, ceramic core, sandblasting, etching
I. INTRODUCTION
Numerous attempts have been made to develop ceramic
systems that eliminate metallic infrastructures in purpose to
obtain superior esthetics. New ceramic systems like reinforced
ceramic cores through dispersion with leucite, glass infiltration
into sintered alumina (Al2O3) , high-purity alumina or
Petrescu Emanuela Lidia , is with University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Victor Babes Timisoara, Faculty of Dentistry (0040744616009,
Cosmin Sinescu is with University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes
Timisoara, Faculty of Dentistry (0040744616009,
Meda Lavinia Negrutiu is with University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor
Babes Timisoara, Faculty of Dentistry (0040744616009,
Roxana Rominu is with University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes
Timisoara, Faculty of Dentistry (0040744616009
Florin Topala is with University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes
Timisoara, Faculty of Dentistry (0040744616009
Daniela Maria Pop is with University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor
Babes Timisoara, Faculty of Dentistry (0040744616009
Mihai Rominu is with University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes
Timisoara, Faculty of Dentistry (0040744616009
zirconium dioxide (zirconia, ZrO2) are replacing metal-
ceramic prostheses. But both metal-ceramic and all-ceramic
prosthesis may lead to fracture of the esthetic component. Such
accidents may be rehabilitating through direct methods in
dental clinics after conditioning the ceramic infrastructure in
order to improve the adhesion. Fracture of the esthetic
component of all-ceramic prosthesys can be repaired with
composite resin material. The core material must be
conditioned through different methods for improving the
adhesion of composite resin to ceramic core.
This study intends to investigate IPS Empress e.max
conditioned and not conditioned ceramic cores through AFM
and SEM optical investigation methods. The investigation will
assert the differencences and characteristics between the
samples.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
In this study, 30 ceramic-cores were made, using IPS Empress
e.max system. The wax-pattern had 1mm thickness, and 1x1cm.
The probes and draw bar attached were positioned on the
injection con with a special device, which assures an angle of
45-60º between the injection con and wax-pattern. The
investment material Press Vest Speed was prepared after the
manufacturer’s instructions in vaccum-blender. The kit, (wax-
pattern, draw bar and pressing plunger) was invested using a
proper ring, which was removed after the Press vest Speed
setting. For obtaining the cast, the wax was evacuated and the
kit was introduced in the preheating oven Sirio- Fire Light for
60 minutes at 850ºC. The injection plunger was isolated with
Alox Plunger Separator and the ceramic cylinder e.max.press
was introduced in the injection con. The pre-set parameters of
the injection program rules at 920ºC, temperature at which the
ceramic material is pressed in the cast. The pre-heated
cast was introduced in the oven and the proper injection process
took place. After ending the injection process and slow cooling,
the kit was de-invested with low force. The residual investment
material was removed by send blasting with particles of Al2O3
and 110µm in diameter al a pressure of 2 barr. The braw-bars
were sectioned with burs.
The probes were divided into three groups. The first
group was conditioned by sandblasting with 110µm grain sized
aluminium dioxide particles at a pressure of 3atm with Al2O3
grains from a distance of 10 mm for 13 s and hydrofluoric acid
in 9% concentration for 90 s.
Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning
Electronic Microscopy Investigations of
Conditioned IPS Empress E.max Ceramic Core
Emanuela Lidia Petrescu, Meda Lavinia Negrutiu, Cosmin Sinescu, Roxana Rominu, Florin Topala,
Pop Daniela Maria, Mihai Rominu
Advances in Communications, Computers, Systems, Circuits and Devices
ISBN: 978-960-474-250-9 348
Samples from the second group were first sandblasted
in the same conditions and then acid conditioned with
hydrofluoric acid 9% for 90 seconds. The ceramic surfaces
were etched in the laboratory under ventilation, wearing acid-
resistant gloves and protective glasses. The etching gel was
rinsed in a polyethylene cup and the diluted solution was
neutralized using the neutralizing powder (calcium carbonate,
CaCO3) for 5 min and washed thoroughly for 20 s The etched
substrates were washed and rinsed thoroughly to remove the
residual acid after etching and air-dried.
The samples were investigated through Atomic Force
Microscopy and Scanning Electronic Microscopy investigation
methods.
Scanning Electron Microscope images the sample surface,
which is scanned with a high-energy beam of electrons. The
interaction between the electrons and the sample’s atoms
generate signals that contain information about the sample’s
surface topography. After conditioning the ceramic cores, the
surface topography has been changed and influenced by the
conditioning method. Atomic Force Microscopy or Scanning
Force Microscopy is a very high-resolution type of scanning
probe microscopy. The surface roughness is determined by a
cantilever’s sharp probe. The probe is attached at cantilever’s
end and it is extremely sensitive. When the tip is brought into
proximity of the sample’s surface, the forces between the tip
and the sample lead to a deflection of the cantilever. The
imaging modes are divided into static or contact mode or
dynamic or non-contact mode where the cantilever is vibrated.
The oscillation amplitude determined the surface roughness
providing information about the sample’s surface
characteristics.
III. RESULTS
The control group was not conditioned. The samples presented
a surface with a smooth negative relief.
Fig. 1. Control sample of IPS Empress ceramic core material.
The group conditioned through sandblasting and etching
presented a different surface texture. The samples have a
needle like aspect. This aspect was produced by selective
dissolution of glass from crystalline component of ceramic
material.
Fig. 2. Sand-blasted sample and conditioned with hydrofluoric acid 9%.
Fig. 3. Sandblasted and acid conditioning 9% sample of ceramic core
material
The sandblasted samples presented an irregular surface with a
disorderly character, a negative relief with gaps. The needle
like aspect could not be identified.
Advances in Communications, Computers, Systems, Circuits and Devices
ISBN: 978-960-474-250-9 349
Fig. 4. Sandblasted sample of IPS Empress e.max ceramic core
material.
Fig. 5. AFM investigation of ceramic material sample
sandblasted conditioned.
Fig. 6. The sample’s 3D topographic map. Sand-blasted and
etched conditioned ceramic core sample.
Fig. 7. Sand-blasted and acid conditioned sample.
Advances in Communications, Computers, Systems, Circuits and Devices
ISBN: 978-960-474-250-9 350
Fig. 8 Sand-blasted and acid conditioned ceramic core sample.
IV. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
Texture’s surfaces depend by the conditioning method. The
evaluation of surface texture was performed through AFM and
SEM investigation methods. Significant improvement of
micro-retention could be observed in case of sandblasted and
acid conditioned samples. The negative relief of the
sandblasted samples was not as marked as the samples
conditioned through sandblasting and etching protocole. Also,
considerable differences could be observed after investigated
the samples that were not conditioned. Investigations of first
group (non-conditioned) evidenced a weak irregular relief not
appropriate for adhesion. The third group presented the most
suitable negative relief for adhesion of composite resin
material to IPS Empress e.max ceramic core.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors want to acknoldge the suport of CNCSIS
Research Project For Young Team Cod 101/2010.
V. REFERENCES
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The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry , vol 94, nr. 94
[2] X. -P. Luo, N. Silikas, M. Allaf, N. H. F. Wilson and D. C.
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oct. 2001
[3] D. Sen, G. Sunmazisik, E. Poyrazoglu, B. Tuncelli, B.
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[4] Haluk baris kara, A. Nilgun Ozturk, Filiz Aykent, Ozlem
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Lasers in Medical Science DOI: 10.1007/s10103-010-08-6-9
Advances in Communications, Computers, Systems, Circuits and Devices
ISBN: 978-960-474-250-9 351
