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Subatomic particles include the protons which have a positive
charge and neutrons which have no charge
Both of these (the proton and the neutron) are both found in the
center of the atom which is called its nucleus
Atoms that have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus are called ISOTOPES
All carbon has 6 protons and 6 electronsCarbon with 6 protons and 5 neutrons is C-11Carbon with 6 protons and 7 neutrons is C-13
• Isotope Half Life
• C-11 20.3 minutes
• C-12 Stable
• C-13 Stable
• C-14 5730.0 years
• C-15 2.5 seconds
2. The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is called the ATOMIC MASS.
This number is an average of all of the isotopes of that element and therefore
contains a decimal.• Isotope Half Life• Be-7 53.3 days• Be-9 Stable• Be-10 2600000.0 years
• Atomic Mass: 9.012182 amu
3. The atomic number refers to the number of protons in the nucleus which must also always be equal to
the number of electrons.
4. The identity of the element and its physical properties is
determined by the number of protons
• Symbol: Fe Atomic Number: 26
5. The chemical properties of an element are determined by the number and layers of the electrons. This is called the
electron configuration of the element.
9. The second energy level has 2
sublevels called s (which can hold 2 electrons) and the p which can hold 6
electrons. Between them they can hold a maximum of 8 electrons.
10. The third energy level has 3 sublevels called the s with 2
electrons, the p with 6 and the d with 10 for a total of 18 electrons.
•
11. The fourth energy level has 4 sublevels called the s with 2
electrons, the p with 6, the d with 10 and f with 14 for a total 32
electrons.
12. S sublevels are spherical shaped and have 1 orbital which can hold 2 electrons spinning in
opposite directions. The s sublevel must fill before the p can have any
electrons.
•
13. P sublevels are dumb-bell shaped and have 3 orbitals which can hold 2 electrons spinning in
opposite directions. Each orbital must have one electron in it before any of them can have 2 electrons. Usually the p sublevel must be full before the d gets any electrons.
14. D sublevels are p + doughnut shaped and have 5 orbitals which can each hold 2 electrons spinning in opposite
directions. Each orbital must have one electron in it before any of them can have 2 electrons.
ATOMIC ORGANIZATION
Element Symbol Atomic Mass with decimal
Atomic Mass rounded
Atomic Number
neutrons =
mass-number
hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
carbon