AP Biology 2008-2009

ATP

Making energy!

The point is to make

ATP!

AP Biology

The energy needs of life § Organisms are endergonic systems

u  What do we need energy for? §  synthesis

w building biomolecules §  reproduction § movement §  active transport §  temperature regulation

AP Biology

Where do we get the energy from? § Work of life is done by energy coupling

u use exergonic (catabolic) reactions to fuel endergonic (anabolic) reactions

+ + energy

+ energy +

digestion

synthesis

AP Biology

ATP

Living economy §  Fueling the body’s economy

u  eat high energy organic molecules §  food = carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

u  break them down §  digest = catabolism

u  capture released energy in a form the cell can use

§  Need an energy currency u  a way to pass energy around u  need a short term energy

storage molecule

Whoa! Hot stuff!

AP Biology

ATP

high energy bonds How efficient! Build once,

use many ways

§ Adenosine TriPhosphate u modified nucleotide

§ nucleotide = adenine + ribose + Pi → AMP

§ AMP + Pi → ADP § ADP + Pi → ATP

u  adding phosphates is endergonic

AP Biology

How does ATP store energy?

P O–

O–

O –O P

O– O–

O –O P

O– O–

O –O P

O– O–

O –O P

O– O–

O –O P

O– O–

O –O P

O– O–

O –O P

O– O–

O –O

§  Each negative PO4 more difficult to add u  a lot of stored energy in each bond

§  most energy stored in 3rd Pi §  3rd Pi is hardest group to keep bonded to molecule

§  Bonding of negative Pi groups is unstable u  spring-loaded u  Pi groups “pop” off easily & release energy

Instability of its P bonds makes ATP an excellent energy donor

I think he’s a bit unstable… don’t you?

AMP ADP ATP

AP Biology

How does ATP transfer energy?

P O–

O–

O –O P

O– O–

O –O P

O– O–

O –O 7.3

energy + P O–

O–

O –O

§  ATP → ADP u  releases energy

§  ∆G = -7.3 kcal/mole §  Fuel other reactions §  Phosphorylation

u  released Pi can transfer to other molecules §  destabilizing the other molecules

u  enzyme that phosphorylates = “kinase”

ADP ATP

AP Biology

It’s never that

simple!

An example of Phosphorylation… § Building polymers from monomers

u  need to destabilize the monomers u  phosphorylate!

C

H

OH

H

HO C C

H

O

H C + H2O +

+4.2 kcal/mol

C

H

OH C

H

P

+ ATP + ADP H

HO C + C

H

O

H C C

H

P + Pi

“kinase” enzyme

-7.3 kcal/mol

-3.1 kcal/mol

enzyme

H

OH C

H

HO C

synthesis

AP Biology

Another example of Phosphorylation… §  The first steps of cellular respiration

u  beginning the breakdown of glucose to make ATP

glucose C-C-C-C-C-C

fructose-1,6bP P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P

DHAP P-C-C-C

G3P C-C-C-P

hexokinase

phosphofructokinase

Those phosphates sure make it uncomfortable around here!

C

H

P

C

P

C ATP 2

ADP 2

activation energy

AP Biology

Can’t store ATP § good energy donor,

not good energy storage ü too reactive ü transfers Pi too easily ü only short term energy

storage § carbohydrates & fats are

long term energy storage

ATP / ADP cycle

A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second

Whoa! Pass me

the glucose (and O2)!

ATP

ADP Pi +

7.3 kcal/mole

cellular respiration

AP Biology

Cells spend a lot of time making ATP!

What’s the point?

The point is to make

ATP!

AP Biology 2012

Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy

ATP

AP Biology 2006-2007

What’s the point?

The point is to make

ATP!

ATP

AP Biology

Harvesting stored energy §  Energy is stored in organic molecules

u  carbohydrates, fats, proteins §  Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules → food

u  digest organic molecules to get… §  raw materials for synthesis §  fuels for energy

w  controlled release of energy w  “burning” fuels in a series of

step-by-step enzyme-controlled reactions

AP Biology

Harvesting stored energy § Glucose is the model

u catabolism of glucose to produce ATP

C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2 → + + +

CO2 + H2O + heat fuel (carbohydrates)

COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step

RESPIRATION = making ATP (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps

CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat)

ATP glucose

glucose + oxygen → energy + water + carbon dioxide

resp

iratio

n

O2 O2

+ heat

enzymes ATP

AP Biology

How do we harvest energy from fuels? § Digest large molecules into smaller ones

u break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another §  as electrons move they “carry energy” with them §  that energy is stored in another bond,

released as heat or harvested to make ATP

e-

+ + e-

+ – loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced

oxidation reduction

redox

e-

AP Biology

How do we move electrons in biology? § Moving electrons in living systems

u electrons cannot move alone in cells §  electrons move as part of H atom § move H = move electrons

p e

+

H

+ H

+ – loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced

oxidation reduction

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP → + + + oxidation

reduction H e-

AP Biology

Coupling oxidation & reduction §  REDOX reactions in respiration

u  release energy as breakdown organic molecules §  break C-C bonds §  strip off electrons from C-H bonds by removing H atoms

w C6H12O6 → CO2 = the fuel has been oxidized §  electrons attracted to more electronegative atoms

w  in biology, the most electronegative atom? w O2 → H2O = oxygen has been reduced

u  couple REDOX reactions & use the released energy to synthesize ATP

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP → + + + oxidation

reduction

O2

AP Biology

Oxidation & reduction § Oxidation

u adding O u  removing H u  loss of electrons u  releases energy u exergonic

§ Reduction u  removing O u adding H u gain of electrons u stores energy u endergonic

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP → + + + oxidation

reduction

AP Biology

Moving electrons in respiration §  Electron carriers move electrons by

shuttling H atoms around u  NAD+ → NADH (reduced) u  FAD+2 → FADH2 (reduced)

+ H reduction

oxidation

P O–

O–

O –O

P O–

O–

O –O

C C

O

NH2 N+

H

adenine

ribose sugar

phosphates

NAD+ nicotinamide Vitamin B3 niacin

P O–

O–

O –O

P O–

O–

O –O

C C

O

NH2 N+

H NADH

carries electrons as a reduced molecule

reducing power!

How efficient! Build once,

use many ways

H

like $$ in the bank

AP Biology

Overview of cellular respiration §  4 metabolic stages

u Anaerobic respiration 1. Glycolysis

w respiration without O2 w  in cytosol

u Aerobic respiration w respiration using O2

w  in mitochondria 2. Pyruvate oxidation 3. Krebs cycle 4. Electron transport chain

C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6H2O 6CO2 → + + + (+ heat)

AP Biology 2006-2007

What’s the point?

The point is to make

ATP!

ATP

AP Biology

§ ATP synthase enzyme u H+ flows through it

§  conformational changes

§  bond Pi to ADP to make ATP

u set up a H+ gradient §  allow the H+ to flow

down concentration gradient through ATP synthase

§ ADP + Pi → ATP H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+ H+ H+

H+

ATP ADP P +

But… How is the proton (H+) gradient formed?

And how do we do that?

AP Biology 2006-2007 H+

H+ H+

H+

H+ H+ H+ H+

H+

ATP

Got to wait until the sequel!

Got the Energy? Ask Questions!

ADP P +