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Attention• System interrupt attracted by alternative stimuli (dog
in street)• Conscious reallocation device• Attention as limited resource• Attention as bottleneck
– Cocktail party effect : Colin Cherry– Filter theory: Donald Broadbent– Attenuation theory: Anne Triesman– Late selection theory: Donald MacKay (pennies)– Spotlight model: Michael Posner
Memory: Central to the Self
• Early work of Ebbinghaus– Methodology (recall, recognition, savings)– Time course of loss– Overlearning
• Serial position effect and its implications: a multi-store model of memory
Conclusion: a multi-store model of memory
• The serial position results suggest a separation of a short term and a long term store or component of memory
• But there may be more!
Sperling: Sensory Storage (iconic memory)
• Whole vs partial report
• Rapid decay
• Backward masking
H Z R B
P D S C
K V M W
G T X Y
N Q D P
C M L W
M B W X
Q V P T
N Z Y G
R Y D N
V B Q Z
G L S K
W P G D
B Q T C
K G N V
Sperling exper. Whole vs Partial Report
Delay of tone--fast decay
Summary: Iconic Memory
• Capacity: Very large
• Duration: Very short
• Transfer: Readout to STM
• Loss: Phenomenon of backward masking (and its necessity!)
A Multi-store model of memory
• Benefits and limitations
• First memory: sensory store
• Next: Short term memory
Short term memory
• Current contents of memory
• Fundamental bottleneck in processing
• Multiple interpretations
• Capacity
• Duration
• Transfer
• Loss
Basic Operations of STM
• How things enter it
• How things stay in it.
• How we search for things within it.
• How things leave it
Peterson & Peterson: Decay
Waugh & Norman: Interference
Sternberg: Memory scanning
STM-WM (an alternative view)
• Another way of looking at it (STM vs Working Memory) (Baddeley)
• The "bottleneck" issue and an example or two.
• Beating the limits--the work of Chase and Ericcsson: chunks & retrieval structures.
• Finally, how do things move on--elaborative rehearsal
Baddeley: Model of Working Memory
Chase, Ericcsson & Staszewski: Retrieval Structures