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Attitudes towards the hate speech in Poland
Results of empirical survey conducted by the Warsaw University Centre for Research on
Prejudice and the Stefan Batory Foundation
Survey objectives
• To describe the attitudes of adult and young Poles to the hate speech• To understand the reasons for indulgency towards the hate speech• To learn where the hate speech is most commonly encountered by Poles • To explain the effects of the hate speech on attitudes towards minorities
Survey structure
Selection of examples based on Internet analyses
Evaluation of examples by
minorities (pretest)
Content analysis by psychologists
(concept mapping)
Proper survey on samples of adults and young people
Survey structure
1. Selection of hate speech examples– 30 hateful statements for every selected minority– Statements taken from the Polish Internet: database from “Minority
Report” prepared by Local Knowledge Foundation– 2 additional hateful statements from public persons (celebrities,
politicians, professors, well-known personalities) for every minority– Statements of various degree of hatred: typical hate speech and
“rationalising” hate speech
Survey structure
2. Evaluation of hate speech examples by representatives of minorities– 276 people from various minority groups– Most numerous groups: LGBTQ and people of Jewish descent– CAWI methodology– Selection of a balanced list of hate speech examples representing
similar degree of hatred.
Jews Ukrainians Romani people Black people Sexual minori-ties
Muslims1
4
7
10
9.4 9.3
8.2
9.8 9.6
7.5
9.3
8.3 8.2 8.28.6
7.8
typical hate speech rationalizing hate speech
Survey structure
3. Content analysis.– Sorting the statements by assessors– Assessors: 6 social psychologists specialising in research on
stereotypes– Grouping the 180 statements into different categories– Making the categories quantitatively coherent
Jews African people
LGBT Russians Romani people
Ukrainians All state-ments
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
0%
100%
0%
13%
0% 0%
19%
60%
0%
0%
0%
10%
0%
12%
0%
0%
0%
17%
67%
0%
14%
3%
0%
0%
30%
0%
57%
15%
27%
0%
0%
7%
0%
23%9%
0%
0%
77%
0%
0%0%
13%
10%
0%
3%
10%
13% 3%7%
0% 0%
20% 23%
10%17%
12%
Savage people / No civilisation / No intelligence It's their fault / hostility is "justified" Theft / swindle / scamMurder / agression / genocide History - guilt and ingratitude towards Poles DisgustThey dislike us / Others dislike them as well Neutral
Survey structure
4. Proper survey– Survey on a representative random sample of adult Poles (N = 1007)– Survey on a representative random sample of young people aged 16-
18 years (N = 653)– Measurement of evaluations of the given examples of hate speech
(admissible-forbidden, offensive-non-offensive)– Measurement of psychological, social and demographic variables
explaining the reasons– Measurement of the occurrence of the hate speech in environment
SURVEY RESULTS
Acceptance for the hate speech towards Jews: Examples
1. As far as sheenies and hostility towards them are concerned, it is only a real assessment of the actions of these louses and Davidian fascists.
2. Jews must realize that they themselves made Poles to hate them because of their treachery and their crimes. And today, they try to hide their crimes and pass the buck.
3. Jews are blinded by their hatred and desire to take revenge. That’s the main reason why they joined the Bolshevik security apparatus, then the Soviet security apparatus on the Polish eastern borderlands, and finally the secret political police after the war.
Hate speech towards Jews: to allow or to forbid?
Adul
ts
Youn
g
peo-
ple
Adul
ts
Youn
g
peo-
ple
Adul
ts
Youn
g
peo-
ple
1. As far as sheenies are concerned…
2. Jews must real-ize that…
3. Jews are blinded by their …
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
10% 10%19% 21% 18% 22%6%
10%
14% 15% 16%17%
80%78%
61%63%
57%56%
4% 2% 6% 2%9% 5%
Refusal to answer
Forbidden
No clear opinion
Allowed
Hate speech towards Jews in respondents’ environment
Adu
lts
You
ng
peo
ple
Adu
lts
You
ng
peo
ple
Adu
lts
You
ng
peo
ple
1. As far as sheenies are concerned…
2. Jews must real-ize that…
3. Jews are blinded by their
…
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
10% 10%19% 21% 18% 22%6% 10%
14% 15% 16%17%
80%78%
61% 63%57%
56%
4% 2% 6% 2%9% 5%
Refusal to answer
Forbidden
No clear opin-ion
Allowed
Correlates of attitudes towards the hate speech
Stereotype - competenceStereotype - warmth
Symbolic dangerReal danger
Anti-Israeli attitudeTraditional anti-semitism
Conspirational anti-semitismSecondary anti-semitism
AutoritarianismVerbal aggression
Oriented for social dominationSupport for censorship
ReligiousnessParticipation in religious observances
Right-wing views
-0.30 -0.14 0.02 0.19 0.35
Young people
Adults
Acceptance for the hate speech towards Ukrainians: Examples
1. The Ukrainians can only murder defenceless women and children.2. Freaking Ukrainian, for sure he’s a descendant of the Tryzub gang!!3. No, I fired my Ukrainian girl.F: Good idea... I haven’t thought about it... You
know? I will not pay her today.W: And I will let mine to come back, take the money from her, and fire her again.F: I tell you, if mine was a bit prettier, I would still rape her.W: Oh... I don’t know how mine looks like, because she’s on her knees all the time.
Hate speech towards Ukrainians: to allow or to forbid?
Adul
ts You
ng
peo
ple
Adul
ts You
ng
peo
ple
Adul
ts You
ng
peo
ple
1. The Ukraini-ans can only …
2. Freaking Ukrainian...
3. No, I fired…
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
10% 10% 8% 10% 6% 5%
9% 7% 10% 8%6% 3%
77% 82% 76% 77%82% 91%
4% 1% 6% 5% 6% 2%
Refusal to answerForbiddenNo clear opin-ionAllowed
Hate speech towards Ukrainians in respondents’ environment
In other situations
When talking with friends
Demonstration (speaker)
Demonstration (participants)
Internet
Papers
Radio
TV
0% 13% 25% 38% 50%
2%
19%
1%
1%
26%
6%
9%
20%
1%
21%
1%
1%
46%
4%
5%
12%
Young people Adults
Correlates of attitudes towards the hate speech
Right-wing views
Support for censorship
Oriented towards social domination
Verbal aggression
Authoritarianism
Anti-Ukrainian attitudes
Real danger
Symbolic danger
Stereotype - warmth
Stereotype - competences
-0.3 0 0.3Young people Adults
Acceptance for the hate speech towards Romani people: Examples
1. I still think that Gypsies are thieves and sluts, they belong to mafia and organised crime when theft and beggary are concerned.
2. For us such larceny is an exception, but for Gypsies it is normal.3. Gypsies are and will be thieves.
Hate speech towards Romani people: to allow or to forbid?
Adults Young people
Adults Young people
Adults Young people
1. I still think that...
2. For us such larceny…
3. Gypsies are thieves …
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
21% 20% 20% 23%16% 16%
14% 12% 16% 10%15% 9%
63% 67% 60% 66% 66% 74%
2% 1% 4% 1% 3% 1%
Refusal to answerForbiddenNo clear opin-ionAllowed
Hate speech towards Romani people in respondents’ environment
In other situations
When talking with friends
Demonstration (speaker)
Demonstration (partic-ipants)
Internet
Papers
Radio
TV
0% 18% 35% 53% 70%
8%
49%
1%
2%
27%
9%
6%
22%
4%
60%
2%
3%
66%
5%
4%
12%
Young people
Correlates of attitudes towards the hate speech
Right-wing views
Support for censorship
Oriented towards social domination
Verbal aggression
Authoritarianism
Anti-Romani attitudes
Real danger
Symbolic danger
Stereotype - warmth
Stereotype - competences
-0.3 0 0.3Young people Adults
Acceptance for the hate speech towards black people: Examples
1. Negros are not humans but monkeys.2. If negroes are equal, then why after thousands of years they invented only
tam-tams.3. My friends, here comes a Negro. (…) Come here, my brother! He hasn’t
washed himself at all, look!
Hate speech towards black people: to allow or to forbid?
Adults Young people
Adults Young people
Adults Young people
1. Negros are not …
2. If negroes are equal…
3. My friends, here comes…
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
5% 6%12% 14% 8% 9%3% 3%
12% 12%
8% 6%
89% 91%71% 72%
81% 85%
2% 1% 4% 2% 3% 1%
Refusal to answer
Forbidden
No clear opinion
Allowed
Hate speech towards black people in respondents’ environment
In other situations
When talking with friends
Demonstration (speaker)
Demonstration (participants)
Internet
Papers
Radio
TV
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
5%
30%
1%
3%
29%
9%
7%
25%
2%
58%
1%
3%
70%
5%
3%
15%
Young people Adults
Correlates of attitudes towards the hate speech
Stereotype - competence
Stereotype - warmth
Symbolic danger
Real danger
Authoritarianism
Verbal aggression
Oriented towards social domination
Support for censorship
Religiousness
Participation in religious observances
Right-wing views
-0.30 -0.15 0.00 0.15 0.30
Young people Adults
Acceptance for the hate speech towards LGBT persons: Examples
1. I detest poofs - they are degenerate human beings, they should be treated.2. I’m sorry, but gay people make me feel an organic, natural, typically male
disgust...3. I understand that some people can have homosexual inclinations, this is a
kind of handicap, weakness [...] But poofs-activists who want privileges for homo relationships and child adoption should be fought...
Hate speech towards LGBT persons: to allow or to forbid?
Adults Young people
Adults Young people
Adults Young people
1. I detest poofs… 2. I’m sorry, but gay people...
3. I understand that some people…
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
22% 20%28%
38% 35% 38%
14%11%
14%
15% 14%14%
59% 68%53%
46%45%
46%
5% 2% 5% 2% 6% 2%
Refusal to answer
Forbidden
No clear opinion
Allowed
Hate speech towards LGBT persons in respondents’ environment
In other situations
When talking with friends
Demonstration (speaker)
Demonstration (participants)
Internet
Papers
Radio
TV
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
3%
43%
4%
6%
36%
14%
13%
41%
2%
65%
4%
7%
77%
11%
6%
33%
Young people Adults
Correlates of attitudes towards the hate speech
Stereotype - competence
Stereotype - warmth
Symbolic danger
Real danger
Traditional homophobia
Modern homophobia
Authoritarianism
Verbal aggression
Oriented towards social domination
Support for censorship
Religiousness
Participation in religious observances
Right-wing views
-0.30 -0.15 0.00 0.15 0.30
Young people Adults
Acceptance for the hate speech towards Muslims: Examples
1. Muslims are stinky cowards, they can only murder women, children and innocent people.
2. All Muslims are not right in the head, no exceptions.3. Attacking people with acid is an old method to get even between Muslims.
Hate speech towards Muslims: to allow or to forbid?
Adults Young people
Adults Young people
Adults Young people
1. Muslims are stinky...
2. All Muslims are … 3. Attacking people with acid…
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
15% 19%11% 15% 14%
21%
11%12%
12% 9% 12%13%
68%68%
71% 75% 65%64%
6% 2% 6% 1%9% 3%
Refusal to answer
Forbidden
No clear opinion
Allowed
Hate speech towards Muslims in respondents’ environment
In other situations
When talking with friends
Dmonstration (speaker)
Demonstration (participants)
Internet
Papers
Radio
TV
0% 15% 30% 45% 60%
2%
20%
1%
4%
28%
8%
5%
23%
1%
24%
1%
2%
55%
5%
3%
17%
Young people Adults
Correlates of attitudes towards the hate speech
Stereotype - competence
Stereotype - warmth
Symbolic danger
Real danger
Criticising Islam rationally
Islamophoby
Authoritarianism
Verbal aggression
Oriented towards social domination
Support for censorship
Religiousness
Participation in religious observances
Right-wing views
-0.30 -0.14 0.02 0.19 0.35
Young peopleAdults
Effects of the hate speech From desensitising to discriminating
Contact with hate speech in environment
Weaker perception of offensiveness of hate speech
Greater declared
acceptance for hate speech
Lower acceptance for
minority groups
Summary
• High level of acceptance for the hate speech towards LGBT persons, Romani people, Jews and Muslims. No acceptance for the hate speech towards black people and Ukrainians
• For young people, acceptance for the hate speech is more strongly related to their right-wing views and hierarchical notions
• Very common contact with the hate speech in environment and on the Internet – in particular among young people
• Contact with the hate speech desensitises and changes attitudes towards minorities