Attractive Opportunity

Sunsilkgangofgirls.com The world’s largest online community of girls Online girl membership of over two lakh With 150 million hit mark crossed The members belong to the 16-24 age

bracket.

Fashionology Forecasting

West side design team has been working on style guides, fashionoscopes, colour wheels, fashion forecasts, colour and style recommendations for the season.

“Thank you for holding the line….you are a valuable customer… please hold the line while we transfer you to a customer care executive.. You are a valuable customer ….”

Each of the three banks promised to get back. We are stilling waiting.

DEMAND FORECASTING

DEFINITION

A forecast is a prediction or estimation of a future situation, under given conditions.

Forecasts can broadly be classified into categories:

(i) Passive forecasts

(ii) Active forecasts

(i) Passive forecasts: where prediction about future is based on the assumption that the firm does not change the course of its action.

(ii) Active forecasts: where forecasting is done under the condition of likely future changes in the actions by the firm

Generally, business firms are interested in both passive and active forecasts.

DETERMINING SCOPE OF A FORECASTING EXERCISE

Period of forecast(i) Short-run forecasting: seasonal factors are the

ingredients of short-run forecasts. Ex. Textiles and Apparel Industry, Electricity

(ii) Medium-term forecasting: Policies are the factors affecting this. Ex present State Government policy of banning the Cola drinks at the government schools and colleges

(iii) Long-term forecasting: various variables having inter-relationship of economic, psychological and sociological factors determining consumer behaviour. Ex diversification

Levels of forecast

(i) Macro-economic forecasting: Censes survey. Young India survey by CNN

(ii) Industry demand forecasting: Tata’s Westside

had conducted a survey in 1997 about retail market before starting the Westside retail outlet on Dec 15th 1998.

(iii) Firm demand forecasting: Godrej

(iv) Product-line forecasting: helps the firm to decide which of the product or products should have priority in the allocation of firm’s limited resources. P&G whether to produce more of hair shampoo( either head and shoulders or Pantene) or to produce Tide or Camay soap. Premium End segment

Qualities of Good Forecasting

1) Simple 2) Economy of time 3) Economy of money 4) Accuracy 5) Reliability

METHODS OF DEMAND FORECASTING

Opinion Polling Methods Statistical Methods

Consumers’SurveyMethod

SalesForceOpinionMethod

Experts’OpinionMethod

MechanicalExtrapolation(Trend ProjectionMethod)

BarometricTechniques

RegressionMethod

CompleteEnumerationSurvey Sample

Survey

End-use

Leading, Lagging andCoincident indicators

Diffusion indices

ExponentialSmoothing

FittingTrendLine byObservation

Clinic approach

MarketExperiment

Test Market

Moving Averages

Consumers’ survey Complete Enumeration Survey:

DF = (ID1 + ID2 + ID3+ ….IDn)

Where DF = demand forecast for all households, ID = intended demand of household. Ex. Census survey

Advantages: first-hand unbiased information

Disadvantages: costly, unwillingness of consumers to answer, uncertainty, time consuming

Simple Random Sampling

DF = (ID1 + ID2 + ID3+ ….IDn) N/n where N is population and n is sample picked up.

Advantages: takes less time and money

Disadvantage: unwillingness of consumers to answer, uncertainty, Biased answers

Market Experiment

Test Market: This is actual experiment where shops are open in different localities and then consumers’ reactions are observed and recorded. Ex. Little heart biscuits (Brittania)

Clinic Method: or Simulation method or laboratory experiment, involves providing token money to a set of consumers and asking them to shop around in a simulated market.

End Use Method

Steps: identify the use of the intermediate product in the final product

Identify the demand in the national and international markets.

Then project the sale of the product under consideration.

Sales Force Opinion Method

When any Oil Engines manufacturing companies want to produce trolley, gathering information from the sales force is Sales force opinion method or collective opinion.

The men who are closest to the market are questioned and their responses aggregated.

Advantages: cheap and easy Disadvantages: Congenital optimism and

congenital pessimism, near-future forecasting is only possible, various socio-economic factors are not considered.

Experts’ Opinion Survey Method

Simple Method: Researchers identifies the ‘experts’ on the commodity whose demand forecast is being attempted and probes with them on the likely demand for the product in the forecast period.

Delphi Method:

Statistical Survey

Graphical Method: under this method, a graph of historical data on the variable under forecasting is drawn, it is then extrapolated visually upto the forecast period.

Moving Averages

The level of sales in May, June, July, and August were 84, 92, 83, and 89, respectively. What is the four-period moving average forecast of sales in September?

Answer: [(84 + 92 + 83 + 89)/4 = 348/4 = 87]

Smoothing Average

S = a (this year’s sales) + (1- a) this year’s forecast

a is smoothing range which is from 0.0 to 1.0 Forecasted sales = 350 units, Actual sales =

320 units If Smoothing constant is .3.3 (320) + .7 (350) = 341 units of product

The forecast level of sales for the month of October was 140 units. Actual sales in October turned out to be 130 units. Use an exponential smoothing coefficient of 0.60 to forecast sales for November.

Answer: [(130)(0.60) + (140)(0.40) = 134]

Barometric Technique

When any economic variable is under forecast, the related leading indicators forecast is taken. This is based on the idea that future can be predicted from certain events occurring in the present.

Ex. Birth rate of children is the leading series for demand of seats in schools.

There three types of indicators Leading indicators, coincident and lagging indicators.

Leading indicators: these are the variables whose movement precedes the movement of some other related variable. In the Estimation of GDP the leading indicator is aggregate investment in all the three sectors.

The world’s interest rate is the leading indicator for the credit expansion of contraction in India

Index Numbers

Diffusion indices:Identify the leading indicators If there are say 10 proper leading indicators for

forecasting, by plotting it was found that 7 indices show a rise,

(7/10 x 100) = 70%. This means that when the index exceeds 50%, all the 7 indices are rising and so the variable under forecast will also have a upward trend.

Regression Method

The objective of the forecast: to estimate the export of good X

Find the various variables which will influence the export of good X.

Example National income (a), domestic prices of X (b), International prices of X (d) and whether (d).

Collection of historical data on all the relevant variables

Choosing an appropriate form for the function Estimation of the function

Regression analysis was used to estimate the following linear trend equation:

St = 10.5 + 0.25 t Use this equation to forecast the value of the

dependent variable in time period 10.

Answer: [10.5 + (0.25)(10) = 13]