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Attribution Theory
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/15827301.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/15807792.stm
By the end of the lesson you will be able to answer the following questions:
Task !
Think of a game you played in recently.Did you win or lose?Why do you think you won or lost? Why did your coach think you won or
lost?
Definition of Attribution
Attributions are seen as being what an individual or team interprets or perceives
as being the cause of theirs or others particular behaviour/ outcome of events.
Definition of Attribution
The reasons/causes given for their success or failure can affect..
1) Immediate emotional reactions
2) Actual behaviour
It can have serious effects on a performers aspirations, expectations, motivation and future participation.
Weiner’s Model of Attribution
Weiner (1985)
Although there are thousands of reasons we can give as to why we won or lost. Weiner suggests that these can be grouped into certain categories across two dimensions.
Weiner’s Model of Attribution
The four categories of causal attributions given for peoples success or failure were;
AbilityLuckEffortTask Difficulty
Weiner’s Model of Attribution
These can be classified by stability and locus of causality.
Locus of causality
Internal Attributions
External Attributions
Stable Attributes
Ability Task Difficulty
Unstable Attributes
Effort Luck
Weiner’s Model of Attribution
StabilityStable:- Permanent in relation to time e.g.. Ability
and taskUnstable:- Changeable in relation to time e.g..
Effort and luckLocus of causalityInternal:- Within performers e.g.. Ability and
effortExternal:- Environmental factors e.g. task
difficulty and luck
Weiner’s Model of Attribution
Locus of causality dimension
Internal External
We were too good for the opposition
on the day! Our skills were
better
They were not a very good team
from a lower league
We had prepared well for the game and all of the team worked extremely
hard
We were lucky on the day.
The umpire gave us a questionable penalty flick!
Stable
Stability
Unstable
Activity
Using your cards hold up the correct attribution for the reasons for winning or losing.....
Reasons for winning or losing
I played a better player The umpire wasn't that great The crowd put me off Psychological- I have never beaten the
opponent Due to my level of fitness The playing surface- prefers clay Pressure from family to win The importance of the match
I’m not very good at badminton Our swimming team is the best in the region Our team is not really good enough to win the
cup The referee was biased I couldn't be bothered to try Everybody tried their best The rain caused the match to be abandoned
and saved us
Application of Attribution Theory
This theory is important in sport as it affects future effort.
If we think reasons for success are stable and we are accountable for them we will have confidence in the future.
If we believe that reasons for failure are changeable, we can change the future result and influence the performance- ‘If I try harder…I may win next time’
Task!
With a partner toss a coin 10 times. Each time predict if it is going to land on heads or tails
Record your scoreWho is the winner?
Self Serving Bias
This is a tendency for performers to attribute success to themselves (internal reasons) and failure to external and changeable reasons.
EG. It was the referees fault we lost
Traditionally thought that winners attribute success to internal factors and losers, failure to external factors.
This protects self esteem/ pride.
Effective use of Attributions
We want our performer to Attribute winning to internal factorsAttribute losing to external factorsUse of attributions in this way is called
Self Serving BiasWhy?........Maintains motivation, task persistence,
Develops self esteem, avoids learned helplessness
Attribution Retraining
Coach changes the performers perception of failure, allow them to deal with it effectively and improve future performances
Failure or poor performance
Change from:
Change to:
Attributions: Lack of Ability
Behaviour: persistence
Emotion: negative e.g. frustration
Emotion: negative or neutral e.g.
disappointment
Attributions: incorrect strategy
Behaviour helplessness,
avoidance
Learned Helplessness
Performer attributes failure to internal, stable factors such as ability.
Consequently they feel that when faced with particular situations they are unlikely to be successful and failure is the only viable outcome
Learned Helplessness
“An acquired state or condition related to the performers perception that he or she
does not have any control over the situational demands being placed on him
or her and that failure is therefore inevitable”
Why?
Inappropriate feedbackCriticismLack of success
General/Global learned helplessness:
Failure is inevitable in all sports.
I.e. all water based sports Specific learned helplessness:
Specific to a sport i.e. canoeing
How to avoid learned helplessness
Experience early success Realistic but challenging goals One to one attention Avoid social comparisons Mental rehearsal Performance goals rather than outcome goals Attribution retraining Use correct attributions ?
Quick questions….
Explain the term self serving biasWhat is attribution re training?Explain the term learned helplessnessDifference between global and specific
learned helplessness?Two strategies to reduce learned
helplessness
Exam questions 2006
Exam answers - 2006