342
( )
( 1 ) ( ) :
( ) ( ) . ] [ . :
1913 ( R. A. Millikan ) . ( ) .
* :
( ) : ( ( Equilibrium method .
() : ( Dynamic method ) : .
/ :
* A B ( ) .
* (Atomization) Q (Frictional electricity) .
* moil E :
( 1 ) = Q E . ( 2 ) = moil g .
* :
( 3 ) =mL g ( mL ) .
( 4 ) (frictional force ) ( ) .
=
= ( ) .
= . r = ( )
/ :
.
( ) .
: ( ) :
( Stokes` law ) : " " . :
:
: mg = .
=
/ :
= .
= ( ) . V = =
:
: :
d .
/ :
=
: ( Q E " " " ) :
* ( ) ( 2 ) :
* Q :
( ) ( the equilibrium method ) . () ( the dynamic method ) .
( ) : () ( 3 ) . ( 1 ) .
/ :
( 3 ) :
( 1 ) ( 3 ) :
d :
/ :
:
( 5 ) ( ) ( )
( ) : ( 1 ) ( U ) ( 2 ) .
( 1 ) ( 2 ) :
/ :
d :
( 6 ) ( ) ()
:
S ( ) .
( S ) ( X ) ( 10-4m) ( S ) ( 1.875 ) :
X = .
S = ( X ) .
:
600 . :{ }
:
( ) U ( ) .
() t1 X ( ) U U = 0 ( .
( 1 ) (1) .
( 1 )
( 2 ) .
( 3 ) ( ( ( 1 ) . .
/ :( 4 ) ( ) .
( 5 ) U ( ( ) U ( .
( 6 ) ( " O " U .( 7 ) ( ( X ) ( 10 ) ( t1 ) . ( ) :
( 8 ) ( 5 ) :
( 5 ) ( ) ( )
:
( ) :
: U = 213 Volt X = 10
t1 = 8.34 sec. EMBED Equation.3
:
( 1 ) quantization of electric charge :
N ( e ) :
Q = N e :
N = 3e = 1.6 x 10-19 Coulomb ( As ) e = .
/ :
( 2 ) ( Qk ) :
* ( 1.6 x 10-19 As ) . ( size ) 10-6 m 10-7 m .
* Q .
:
: P = .
b = .
* ( QK ) :
: b = 6 x 10-3 Pa . m .
( b ) .
( )
( 2 )
( )
:
: : ( I ) . .
( B ) :
:
= . =
N = .
R = .
I = .
:
: , . K , A , S L1 L2 , , A , , . ( 1 ) .
( 1 )
A , :
/ :
V e m , B r :
(5) (3) :
B ( 1 ) V r .
/ :
( 2 ) :
r2 = X2 + ( r - Y )2 = X2 + r2 + Y2 - 2 r Y
( 2 ) :
, , , , , , .
:( 1 ) ( 3 ) .
( 3 )
( 2 ) , V ( ) .
( 3 ) , ( ) .
( 4 ) X ( ) Y ( ( ) , ( 7 ) r .
( 5 ) ( B ) ( 1 ) ( 320 = N ) ( 6.8 cm = R ) = 0.068 m .
/ : ( 1 ) B :
B = ( 4.231 x 10-3 ) I W b / m2 ( I ) ( B ) .( 6 ) ( 6 ) .
( 7 ) X Y .
( 8 ) V I ( 1 ) :
B = ( 4.231 x 10-3 ) I
V I X Y r B B2r2r2 . B2
( 1 ) :
X Y r .
:
N = 320
R = 6.8 cm
. Coulomb / Kg =
= / .
: , , , 12 - 6 , .
Scattering Chamber after Rutherford
( 3 )
Scattering Chamber after Rutherford1 - : ( ) ( .( . .
( .
( 1911 . : ( 2 + 2 ) ( F ) .
( : ( F ) ( 90o ) ( ) .
: : : F
( )( : .( () " " . " " " " ( ) . . .
: :( ( ) .
( ( ) Scattering of Alpha Praticles . 1o 180o ( ) .
( (Qualitative Observations) ( ) . . :
= ( Counting Rate ) ( ) .
= N ( Average Angle) .
: : :
.
( " " " " ( Foil ) .
1 2 : (Qualitative) (Quantitative) ( ) . (Detector) Counter
.
( ( Alpha Spectroscopy ) ( The Film Holder ) ( Alpha Scattering
55955 ) .
( Vacuum .
/ :
:
( ) : Qualitative Eperiments
( 1 ) .
( 2 ) ( Back Scattering ) .
( 3 ) .
( ) : Quantitative Eperiments
( 1 ) N .
( 2 ) N Z .
( 3 ) (Alpha Spectroscopy) .
2 - :
( 1 ) ( 2 ) : (Au) ( D ) .
1 Preparation . ( 241 Am ) .
2 (Holder) .
3 (Slit) .
4 (Gold Foil) .
5 (Arm to Swivel End) .
/ :
( 3 )
( 4 )
/ :
(5) Side Scattering Catering ( 6 ) ( 7 ) :
Back Scattering . () .
2 1 - : Standard Equipment ( 3 ) :
( 1 ) : ( 1.1 ) ( 1.2 ) ( 1.4 ) ( Pin ) ( Bore Hole ) ( 1.3 )
.
( 2 ) (Socket) BNC : (2.1) BNC (Discriminator Preamplifier
55993) (2.2) (12) .
( 3 ) ( Stop-Cock ) .
( 4 ) ( Rotary Knob ) Swivel Arm ( 7 ) .( 5 ) ( ) Swivel Arm ( 6
) .
( 6 ) ( ) ( 6.1 ) Knurled Head Screw .
( 7 ) 4 mm (7.1) (7.2) (11) Clamping Fixture (7.3) ( 8 ) .
( 8 ) ( 5o ) .
( 9 ) 1 mm (5 mm ) ( 5 cm x 5 cm ) ( 9.1 ) ( 11 ) Clamping
Fixture .
/ 2 1 - :(10) (5 cm x 5 cm ) (12 mm) :
* = ( 55954 ) ( 55952 ) .
* (5 cm x 5 cm) ( 12 mm ) .
(11) Clamping Fixture 7.2) 9 ( ( Quantitative Exp. (10) .
(12) BNC (BNC Plug) (2.2) ( 12.1 ) With Slit Diagram 2 mm x 6 mm
Slit . :
* = 19 cm .
* = 11 cm .
* = 1.8 Kg .
2 2 () :* 241 ( ) . (55982) .* 100 Pa (1 Pa = 10-5 bar) S 1.5 .
(10101 S) .* ( ) . (30768) . / 2 2 :* Discriminator Preamplifier .
(55993) .* Plug-in Power Supply . (53088) .* BNC 1 m 2 . (50102) .*
:
* LH . (57540) .
* P . (57545) .* . (31305) .* Screened Cable BNC / 4 mm .
(57524) .* ] : ( ) Overhead Projector : NV A4 / 315 ] . 42511 [ .2
3 : Experimental Set-up2 3 1 ( ) ( ( 1 ) :( 4 mm () .
( 1 mm ( ) .
/ 2 3 1 ( ) :( ( N ) .
Swing the holder for Swinging in (not needed during this
measurement) to the top of the cover.( ( ) ( ) .
( .
: ( ) 2 3 2 .
2 3 2 : Venting of the Chamber :
( ( 3 ) .
( .
( ( (5)) . (11) .
( (3) (A hissing Sound) . .
2 3 3 :( .
( ( ) ( ) .
( (4) .
( Discriminator ( Fully Anticlock Wise .( 12 (2.2) () 3 .
( ( ) .
( " " .
3 : Experiments3 - 1 : Qualitative Experiments3 1 1 :( 241 ( )
(7.1) .
( 7 +15o 4 11 (7.2) .
( 9 5 mm ( ) .
/ 3 1 1 :( () .
( 6 11 (5).
( 10 6 5 mm .
( (12.1) ( (Marking on Top . } ( ) (1.3) { . . .
: Carrying Out The Experiment( ( 5 7 ( 0o) . (High Counting
Rate) .( 7 (+ 15o) . .( ( ( ) . . : .
3 1 2 : Back Scattering( 241 (7.1) .
( ( (150o) .( ( (6) .
( ( ( (At The Outside) 241 .
( .
: ( 241 ( Back-Scattering ) .
( ( ( ) (Edge) .3 2 Quantitative Experiments3 2- 1 .
: ( - 241 (7.2) .( ( 1 mm ( 11 ( ) (11.2) (Guide Edge) (7) . / :
( 11 .
( ( .( 12 ( ) .
( .
: ( ) . .
: ( 1 ) ( ) " " :
( 2 ) : .
/ : ( 3 ) (8) .
( 8 ) .
( 4 ) ( (9) ) 1 mm 5 mm " " K :
/ : ( 5 ) 30o ( ) : K .
( 6 ) : ( ) .
( 9 ) .
: ( 1 mm 30o ( 1 mm ( K ) .
: ( 5 mm .
/ : * . ( ) (9) .
:
( 1 ) (
