Audit Checklist for an Operating Facility Emerging Infectious Diseases

AUDIT CHECKLIST FOR AN OPERATING FACILITYEMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES

June, 2012

1 EPT Program: June 2012 - Draft

Audit Checklist for an Operating Facility - Emerging Infectious Diseases

This package of materials is designed to help Environment, Health, and Safety (EHS) Officers ofan operating facility to assess the possible areas where their facility may have vulnerabilitieswith respect to the risks of emerging infectious diseases. This package begins with a briefdescription of the dynamics of infectious disease emergence and the potential linkages andimpacts to extractive industries. Following the background section is a checklist for an EHSofficer to use to identify possible areas of vulnerability. Following the checklist are controlmeasures that could be used if the facility does not have control measures in place. This is not acomprehensive list, but provides representative measures. The facility should consult with alocal expert to address potential vulnerabilities and the appropriate site-specific controlmeasures.

Emerging Infectious Diseases and Operating Extractive Industries

Nearly three-quarters of emerging infectious diseases originate from wildlife. Three wildanimal groups, which comprise approximately 70 percent of mammal species, are consideredmost likely to spread new infections to people: bats (Corona virus responsible for SARS andMarburg, Nipah and Rabies viruses), rodents (Lassa, hanta, and monkeypox viruses) and non-human primates (Ebola and yellow fever viruses). People contract these diseases by inhalationof aerosolized contaminated feces and urine, through direct contact via scratches, bites, andbodily fluids—such as blood and saliva—that can occur during hunting and food preparation, byingesting contaminated food, water, or undercooked meat. Disease emergence is dynamic, andis influenced by ecological, biological, and social factors. Certain areas of the world have beenidentified as “hot spots” of disease emergence. These are illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Hotspot Risk Map of Wildlife EIDs

Industrial activities in these areas thatcan contribute to disease emergence include, but are notlimited to:

Deforestation

Road and corridor development

Construction and operation of work camps and other facilities

Expansion of surrounding local communities and agriculture

Project-induced migration that strains local community infrastructure (e.g., health care,

potable water, sanitation, and vector control)

The above activities bring people to previously wild areas and can fragment wildlife habitat andreduce biodiversity, which can alter the distribution and abundance of wildlife and theirassociated pathogens, and amplify the risk of pathogen “spillover” into new populations.Increasing contact between people, domestic animal (e.g. livestock), and wildlife populationsincreases the likelihood of spillover and disease transmission between species.

All animal species can carry zoonotic diseases. As habitats fragment and people enterpreviously undeveloped areas, some wildlife species will seek alternate food and shelterresources, bringing them into closer contact with people. For example, some wildlifepopulations may grow because they take advantage of the new food sources and habitats



created at construction camps, canteens, and villages. As a result, human-animal contact mayincrease, raising the potential of human exposure to disease. Other animals may become anuisance or pest because they raid crops in fields that border their habitat, invade onsite livingquarters or nearby homes, become violent, or eat infected animals. Changing land use patternscan also affect species and pathogen dynamics, as pathogens like viruses and bacteria infectand become adapted to new hosts. When combined with increased contact between wildlifeand humans, these changing dynamics can make it easier for new viruses to emerge.

As more people populate a previously undeveloped area, hunting pressure often increases.Agriculture may be introduced or intensified. These factors lead to increased potential forinteraction between wildlife and people. These interactions may also be exacerbated bygrowing human populations that can stress local health care, water, food, and wastemanagement infrastructures. In turn, stressed systems are more likely to break down, creatingideal conditions for increased disease transmission and emergence.

Effects of industrial activityTable 1 summarizes some industry activities that can increase or exacerbate the potential ofzoonotic disease transmission.

Table 1: Typical Health Impact Issues associated with Zoonotic Disease Transmission

Industry Activity Effect Emerging Infectious DiseaseIssues

Construction/Operation of

Modifies existing wildlife Increases human-wildlifefacilities, work camps, roads, habitat. contact.pipelines, railroads, etc. Wildlife can searchfor newfood

and shelter sources in workcamps and any newsettlements.

Roadways; transportation routes;transmission lines

Modifies existing wildlifehabitat.

Increases access to remoteundeveloped areas.

Increases bushmeat hunting.

Increases human-wildlifecontact.

Potential consumption ofbushmeat.

Infrastructure Facilities (includingon-site housing catering facilities,housing & laundry, sewagetreatment plants (STP), surface-water runoff control, dams, andcontainment facilities)

Open sewage, water, and foodcan attract wildlife.

Increases habitat for rodentsand bats.

Increases potentialhuman-wildlife or vectorcontact if buildings arenot sufficientlywildlife/vector proofed.


Table 1: Typical Health Impact Issues associated with Zoonotic Disease Transmission

Industry Activity Effect Emerging Infectious DiseaseIssues

Water Management (Including

Insect-breeding habitat Food and water storagecreation of new water bodies, created or modified. containers contaminatedaltering existing water bodies, and Animal watering areas created by nuisance wildlife.changes in drainage patterns) or modified.

Increases competition forwater resources.

Increases potential forshared use of andcompetition for waterbetween humansandwildlife.

Project-InducedMigration/Displacement andResettlement(camp followers, jobseekers, family, service workers,movement of households)

Increases population

Stressescommunityinfrastructure.

Introduces an immunologicallysusceptible immigrantpopulation.

Increases person-to-person contact.

Increases potential forevolution and/oramplification of disease.

Agricultural Production (includingnuisance wildlife, land clearing foragriculture, and food and wastestorage)

Modifies existing wildlifehabitat.

Provides food source forwildlife.

Increases human-wildlifecontact.

Increases wildlife-domestic animal contact.

Increases potential forwildlife-livestock diseasetransmission.

Adapted fromIFC’s Introduction to Health Impact Assessment

Effects on a project

The emergence of an infectious disease can affect industry in multiple ways including:

Causing illness or outbreaks among employees that translates to a loss in productivity

Requiring temporary closure of facility

Resulting in illness or death of employees or community members

The following checklistsare designed to identify those areas of an operating facility that mayhave vulnerabilities with respect to zoonotic disease exposure and transmission. Althoughthis checklist and the accompanying mitigation measures are focused on zoonotic diseases, theidentified vulnerabilities may apply to the broader context of maintaining worker andcommunity health.


NUISANCE ANIMAL CONTROL/MANAGEMENT – Rodents and other “pest”wildlife can carry zoonotic disease and are attracted food storage,agriculture, and waste areas.

Yes No N/A Notes

1. Do on-site features exist that could attract wildlife (food storage, foodwaste storage, waste accumulation, open water sources, agriculturalproduction – grain or fruit production, livestock, pets)?

2. Are pest control/management measures in place to minimize interactionwith wildlife or to prevent wildlife from accessing the facilities?

a. Do they address:

i. Food storage protection provisions

ii. Food waste storage and disposal

iii. Housing protection

iv. Safe removal of animal droppings and nests

v. Controls at disposal areas

vi. Food crop protection

vii. Livestock protection

3. Are specific measures in place to address the following species:

a. Rodents

b. Bats

c. Non-human primates

d. Other species of concern

If you answered no to questions that have shaded boxes, see Nuisance Animal Control Measures.


ON-SITE INFRASTRUCTURE (Maintaining a healthy work force and reducingpotential exposure contact with animals or their excreta reduces the risk of

1)zoonotic disease transmission

Yes No N/A Notes

ON-SITE HOUSING (Pests can reside in on-site housing. In addition,inadequate space, food storage, sanitation, etc. can amplify any diseaseincident)

1. Are workers housed on the work site?

a. Do the living quarters conform to Workers’ accommodation:processes and standards: A guidance note by IFC and the EBRD(http://www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/ifc+sustainability/publications/publications_gpn_workersaccommodation)?

i. Are there adequate beds for the number of workers?

ii. Are there adequate washing facilities?

iii. Are there adequate sanitation facilities

iv. Are there sufficient waste disposal facilities?

FOOD (Food can be contaminated by pest animals at any step of the foodacquisition to consumption process. In addition, certain meats may becontaminated by disease)

1. Are workers fed at the work site?

a. Is a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system orcomparable food safety program in place(http://www.fda.gov/food/foodsafety/hazardanalysiscriticalcontrolpointshaccp/default.htm)?

b. Are WHO’s Five Keys to Safer Food implemented(http://www.who.int/foodsafety/consumer/5keys/en/)?

c. Is food stored in rodent proof locations or containers?

d. Are measures in place to ensure that meat is only bought fromvendors who do not sell bushmeat?

1Most of the questions in the Onsite Infrastructure are taken or adapted from IFC and EBRD n.d.Workers' Accommodation: Processes and Standards - Aguidance note by IFC and the EBRD


ON-SITE INFRASTRUCTURE (Maintaining a healthy work force and reducingpotential exposure contact with animals or their excreta reduces the risk of

1)zoonotic disease transmission

Yes No N/A Notes

e. Are measures in place to inspect fruits and vegetables to preventserving food that has been contaminated by animals (presenceof feces, bite marks)

WATER (Water can attract wildlife and become contaminated. It can alsoact as habitat for vectors)

1. Is the site checked regularly for standing/stagnant water, structures, ordebris that can act as insect breeding areas?

2. Do workers have access to an adequate and convenient supply of freepotable water, and is it always available to workers?

3. Does drinking water meet national/local or WHO drinking waterstandards?

a. Is drinking water quality monitored or treated regularly?

4. Are water storage tanks used for drinking water covered to prevent thewater from becoming polluted or contaminated?

SOLID WASTE (Solid waste, sewage, and food waste can attract pests)

1. Are wastewater, sewage, food and any other waste materials disposedof according to local or World Bank standards?

2. Are containers for trash collection provided and emptied on a regularbasis?

3. Is pest/vector control and disinfection conducted throughout the livingfacilities?

If you answered no to questions that have shaded boxes, see Onsite Infrastructure controlmeasures


WORKER HEALTH (To be able to address a potential outbreak, the companyshould have a baseline health profile for each employee and the incidenceof disease on site and locally. Workers should be trained aboutcommunicable disease prevention, and the company should be preparedfor potential outbreaks)

Yes No N/A Notes

1. Are workers’ health care needs addressed by a Project clinic?

a. Is each employee given a physical before employment toestablish base line records?

b. Are workers screened for communicable diseases?

c. Are workers vaccinated?

d. Are diseases monitored and reported to the local healthdepartment?

2. Are workers trained on local public health issues (communicablediseases, food- and water-borne diseases, insect-borne diseases, STDs,and HIV/AIDS)?

3. Does your facility have a disease outbreak response plan?

a. Are procedures in place to identify, plan for, and respond todisease outbreaks?

b. Are the procedures reviewed and revised on a periodic basis,including after disease outbreaks?

4. Does the Health and Safety Plan address human-animal contact andzoonotic disease prevention?

If you answered no to questions with shaded boxes, see Worker Health Protection Measures.


HUNTING AND BUSHMEAT CONCESSION (A company may not havecomplete control over all practices that occur within a concession. Huntingof wildlife and consumption of bushmeat can expose people to zoonoticdiseases).

Yes No N/A Notes

BUSHMEAT (Bushmeat is a potential source for zoonotic diseases)

1. Is bushmeat consumed in the area in which the business is operating?

a. Does the company have a bushmeat policy?

i. Does it prohibit hunting within concession boundaries?

ii. Does it prohibit transport of bushmeat in facilityvehicles?

b. Has the company limited available access roads to theconcession?

c. Does the company prohibit access to the concession by non-employees?

d. Does the company have guard/control posts on major roads inproject areas/concessions to conduct vehicle inspections forbushmeat?

e. Does the company provide training on the risks associated withbushmeat hunting and consumption and proper slaughteringmethods to workers and the community?

If you answered no to questions with shaded boxes, see Bushmeat Control Measures.


OFF-SITE COMMUNITY HEALTH (Community health can be affected by theinflux of workers and other migrants).

Yes No N/A Notes

1. Has the project caused a population influx to the communitiessurrounding the concession?

a. Is the community infrastructure capable of absorbing theexisting or anticipated population?

i. Housing

ii. Potable water/waste water

iii. Waste management/disposal

iv. Health facilities

v. Vector Control

b. Does the community have adequate drainage to preventcreation of vector habitat?

c. Does the community have features to prevent nuisance animalsfrom accessing

i. Agriculture?

ii. Food storage?

iii. Community waste disposal?

iv. Centralized food waste disposal?

v. Surface water bodies?

2. Is there a health facility within 20 km of your facility?

a. Does the health facility have the capability to track diseaseincidences?

b. Does the health facility track local disease outbreaks?

c. Does your facility communicate and share information with thelocal health facility about infectious disease incidences andunusual illnesses?

3. Does your disease outbreak response plan include measures to addresscommunity outbreaks?

If you answered no to multiple questions with shaded boxes, see Community Health ProtectionMeasures.


TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES – Habitat disturbance anddegradation can alter wildlife ecologyand may lead to changes in wildlifedisease dynamics. Changes in biodiversity may impact the potentialforzoonotic disease transmission.

Yes No N/A Notes

1. Loss of vegetation/habitat and creation of edge effect

a. Are measures in place to minimize additional loss of wildlifehabitat/fragmentation?

b. Are measures in place to re-vegetate areas disturbed byconstruction or maintenance using native vegetation?

2. Are plans in place to manage natural vegetation in areas adjacent tocleared areas/the project site?

3. Biodiversity Monitoring

a. Are measures in place to minimize wildlife disturbance (e.g.migration, migration)?

b. Is a biodiversity monitoring plan in place?

i. If yes, then has it been integrated with operations toensure the appropriate best management practices(BMPs) are in place?

c. Are measures in place to address biodiversity loss?

If you answered no to questions that have shaded boxes, see Biodiversity Preservation Measures.


MITIGATION MEASURESThis section provides mitigation measures that canhelp address potential vulnerabilities.These measures are not comprehensive;rather they represent actions available to afacility in response to vulnerabilities identified in the above checklists. Most measureshave been drawn from existing recommended best management practices developed byinternational banks including World Bank, International Finance Corporation, AfricanDevelopment Bank and organizations such as the International Union for Conservationof Nature, International Council on Mining and Metals and the Energy and BiodiversityInitiative, and researchers. Figure 2 lists the highest priority mitigation measures.Following Figure 2, the mitigation measures are separated into the checklist categories(e.g., Nuisance Animal Control/Management, Worker Health) and include priorities foreach category. When determining mitigation measures to implement, the facilityshould consult with local experts to address site-specific vulnerabilities andappropriate control measures.

Figure 2:Priority mitigation measures for preventing zoonotic disease emergence and transmission

Priority Mitigation Measures

1. Establish a food safety, water and sanitation program to ensure proper sanitationand hygiene among workers and canteen operators (improved sanitation andwaste management/access to clean food and water). Consider integrating pestcontrol/management into this program.

2. Provide adequate living facilities for workers.

3. Provide health education for workers that includes information on zoonoticdiseases and health hazards from hunting, slaughtering and consuming bushmeat.

4. Implement hunting and wildlife trade controls within all project operational areas(e.g., roads, logging concessions, camp boundaries, camp, etc.).

5. Develop disease outbreak response plans.

6. Provide routine health screening and surveillance for workers and include abaseline disease assessment and a routine immunization plan.

7. Establish an on-site health clinic for workers.

8. Improve community health and veterinary infrastructure.

9. Provide employees with adequate sources of protein or access to protein tominimize bushmeat hunting and consumption.

10. Minimize road and corridor construction and habitat disturbance/degradation(e.g., avoid paving roads, engage planning with government and othercompanies).

11. Assure the maintenance of wildlife corridors between forest patches.

12. Conduct baseline biodiversity surveys and routine monitoring in compliance withestablished guidelines.


Nuisance Animal Control Measures

Priority Measures

1. Establish a food safety, water and sanitationprogram to ensure proper sanitation and hygieneamong workers and canteen operators (improvedsanitation and waste management/access toclean food and water).

2. Develop an integrated pest control andmanagement plan.

Planning/Management

Develop a nuisance animal control management plan in consultation with localcommunities based on the following information:o The potential issues that will arise with nuisance wildlife within the vicinity of

the project;o The potential nuisance species known or inferred; ando The location of the project area in relation to nuisance wildlife habitat

including protected areas, existing human settlement(s) and/or continuousforest.

o Establish protocols and policies regarding the control of nuisance animalsthat at a minimum conform to local laws.

Hire a staff member from the local community to serve as a point of contact todeal with wildlife issues as they arrive. This person can act as a liaison betweenthe company and stakeholders, including communities, government,conservation partners, and/or independent researchers.

Educate employees and local community members on nuisance wildlife issues(e.g. crop raiding, food and waste invasions) and measures to be taken to reducecontact between humans and wildlife and livestock and wildlife.

Develop plans for establishing buffer zones between forests and cultivatedareas, human settlements and project facilities to discourage wildlife frominvading areas of human activity. They should not contain plant species thatattract nuisance wildlife. For example, tea plantations and chili peppers thatborder protected areas keep apes out.


Measures to limit contact with nuisance animals

Rodents, Bats, Non-human Primates:

Maintain good hygiene by covering and sealing water, food and wastecontainers.

Ensure that water sources are not contaminated with wildlife feces and urine.

Restrict access to wildlife habitats.

Modify crop planting practices (e.g. fruit tree favorable to animals such asprimates and bats could be maintained in core areas of forest fragments in orderto reduce human-wildlife conflict such as crop raiding at the edges of disturbedhabitats).

Establish management procedures to prevent disease transmission to domesticanimals (e.g., Do not contain livestock under trees where bats roost to preventlivestock from consuming contaminated fruit remnants dropped to the groundby bats, construct livestock pens, preferably made out of thorn hedges toprevent NHP-livestock contact).

Rodents

Work with professionals to develop rodent control strategies that areappropriate to the site.

Construct grass embankments in agricultural fields to keep vegetation low.

Rodent-proof farm buildings, facilities, and houses.

Reduce and/or remove nesting and burrowing sites by:o Removing piles of debris or vegetation;o Maintaining short and disturbed fallow areas;o Cutting vegetation down, especially near dwellings and facilities;o Setting up traps in holes of fences, facilities and homes;o Frequent weeding; ando Installing durable fences.

Maintain predator populations that feed on rodents to control rodentpopulations. The role of predators in rodent control depends on the dynamics ofthe rodent density and disease incidence.

Non-Human primates

Reduce crop palatability by spraying capsicum on crops.

Implement a manure management strategy to prevent NHPs (and other pests)from exposure to livestock feces.

Construct livestock pens, preferably made out of thorn hedges to prevent NHP-livestock contact.

Place corrugated zinc sheets around fruit trees that are not connected to acanopy.


Build live hedges with local species that are unattractive to non-human primatesto isolate crops from forest edge. Intersperse with unpalatable crops such aschili, tea, and sisal.

Bats

Patch holes in homes, buildings and facilities under roof overhangs, in eaves,vents, cracks, around windows, through spaces under ill-fitting boards andaround pipes.

For microbats, construct bat houses within 1/4 mile of a permanent watersource, and as close to their original range as possible.

Ensure roosting sites (e.g., trees) of fruit bats remain undisturbed and maintain asufficient amount of available forage (e.g., fruit trees) during the projectdevelopment phase.

Play recorded sounds of bat distress calls (IUCN has reported some success butfurther studies are needed).

The use of a non-toxic bird-repellent, Methiocarb, has been known to deter bats.

Plant decoy native fruit trees as buffers around orchards.

Adapted from:Arlet, Malgorzata and FreerkMolleman. 2007. Rodents damage crops more than wildlife

in subsistence agriculture on the northern periphery of Dja Reserve, Cameroon.International Journal of Pest Management. 53(3): 237-243.

Belmain, Steven et. al. 2002.Assessment of the impact of rodents on rural householdfood security and the development of ecologically-based rodent managementstrategies in Zambezi Province, Mozambique. Natural Resources Institute. FinalTechnical Report.

Hockings, K. and T. Humle. 2009. Best Practice Guidelines for the Prevention andMitigation of Conflicts Between Humans and Great Apes. Gland, Switzerland:IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG). 40pp.

Meerburg, B.G., M. Bonde, F.W.A. Brom, S. Endepols, A. N. Jensen, H. Leirs, J. Lodal, G.R. Singleton, H. J. Pelz, T. B. Rodenburg and A. Kijlstra. 2004. Towards sustainablemanagement of rodents in organic animal husbandry. NJAS: 52-2.

Pongsiri. M. J., J. Roman, V. O. Ezenwa, T. L. Goldberg, H. S. Koren, S. C. Newbold, R. S.Ostfeld, S. K. Pattanayak, and D. J. Salkeld. 2009. Biodiversity loss affects globaldisease ecology. Bioscience 59(11): 945-954.

Mickelburgh, Simon, Anthony Hutson, Paul Racey. 1992. Old World Fruit Bats: An ActionPlan for their Conservation. IUCN/SSC Chiroptera Specialist Group.


Stenseth, Nils Chr, HerwigLeirs, Anders Skonhoft, Stephen A Davis, Roger P Pech, Harry PAndreassen, Grant R Singleton, Mauricio Lima, Robert S Machang’u, Rhodes HMakundi, Zhibin Zhang, Peter R Brown, Dazhao Shi, and Xinrong Wan. 2003.Mice, rats, and people: the bio-economics of agricultural rodent pests. Frontiersof Ecology and the Environment. 1(7):367-375.

The Fund for Animals.2003 Coexisting with Wildlife Fact Sheet #1. Practical informationand advice concerning humane means of solving urban wildlife damageproblems for a number of common pest species. Also provides a list of internetlinks for more specialized information. 4 pages.


On-site Infrastructure Control Measures

The Workers' Accommodation: Processes and Standards: A guidance note by IFC and theEBRD provides minimum standards for worker living facilities, potable water,wastewater and solid waste, canteen and cooking facilities, food safety, and medicalfacilities. Relevant benchmarks with the respect to the transmission of zoonotic diseaseinclude:

General

Living facilities are located to avoid flooding and other natural hazards.

The living facilities are built with adequate materials, are kept in good repair andare kept clean and free from rubbish and other refuse.

The building site is adequately drained to avoid the accumulation of stagnantwater.

For facilities located in hot weather zones, adequate ventilation and/or airconditioning systems are provided.

Pest extermination, vector control and disinfection are carried out throughoutthe living facilities in compliance with local requirements and/or good practice.Where warranted, pest and vector monitoring should be performed on a regularbasis.

Priority Measures

1. Assure worker camp meets hygiene and sanitationcriteria/guidelines as provided by the World Bank/WHO.

2. Ensure that the living facilities are built with adequate materials,are kept in good repair and are kept clean and free from rubbishand other refuse (meet World Bank/IFC standards for density).

3. Ensure wastewater, sewage, food and any other waste materialsare adequately discharged, in compliance with local or WorldBank standards – whichever is more stringent – and withoutcausing any significant impacts on camp residents, thebiophysical environment or surrounding communities.

4. Invest in either on site health clinic/resources or communityhealth clinic/infrastructure.

5. Improve biosafety of onsite food production (if any) or assurethat food safety follows HACCP or internationally recognized safefood guidelines (canteen, cooking facilities are kept in a cleanand sanitary condition).


Ensure food is fully cooked and fruits and vegetables are washed thoroughly withtreated water.

Water

Access to an adequate and convenient supply of free potable water is alwaysavailable to workers. Depending on climate, weather conditions andaccommodation standards, 80 to 180 liters per person per day are available.

Drinking water meets national/local or WHO drinking water standards.

All tanks used for the storage of drinking water are constructed and covered asto prevent water stored therein from becoming polluted or contaminated.

Drinking water quality is regularly monitored.

Wastewater, sewage, food and any other waste materials are adequatelydischarged, in compliance with local or World Bank standards – whichever ismore stringent –and without causing any significant impacts on camp residents,the biophysical environment or surrounding communities.

Specific containers for rubbish collection are provided and emptied on a regularbasis. Standards range from providing an adequate number of rubbishcontainers to providing leak proof, non-absorbent, rust and corrosion-resistantcontainers protected from insects and rodents. In addition, it is best practice tolocate rubbish containers 30 meters from each shelter on a wooden, metal, orconcrete stand. Such containers must be emptied at regular intervals (to bedetermined based on temperatures and volumes generated) to avoid unpleasantodors associated with decaying organic materials.

Bedrooms/Dormitories

Rooms/dormitories are kept in good condition and are aired and cleaned atregular intervals. They are built with easily cleanable flooring material.

Sanitary facilities are located within the same buildings and provided separatelyfor men and women.

Density standards are expressed either in terms of minimal volume per residentor of minimal floor space. Usual standards range from 10 to 12.5 cubic meters(volume) or 4 to 5.5 square meters (surface) per resident.

A minimum ceiling height of 2.10 meters is provided.

In collective rooms, which are minimized, in order to provide workers with someprivacy, only a reasonable number of workers are allowed to share the sameroom. Standards range from 2 to 8 workers.

All doors and windows should be lockable, and provided with mosquito screenswhere conditions warrant.

A separate bed for each worker is provided. The practice of “hot-bedding”should be avoided.

There is a minimum space between beds of 1 meter.

Double deck bunks are not advisable for fire safety and hygiene reasons, andtheir use is minimized. Where they are used, there must be enough clear space


between the lower and upper bunk of the bed. Standards range from to 0.7 to1.10 meters.

Each worker is provided with a comfortable mattress, pillow, cover and cleanbedding.

Bed linen is washed frequently and applied with repellents and disinfectantswhere conditions warrant (malaria).

Sanitation

Sanitary and toilet facilities are constructed of materials that are easilycleanable.

Sanitary and toilet facilities are cleaned frequently and kept in workingcondition.

An adequate number of hand wash facilities are provided to workers. Standardsrange from 1 unit to each 15 persons to 1 unit per 6 workers. Hand washfacilities should consist of a tap and a basin, soap and hygienic means of dryinghands.

An adequate number of shower/bathroom facilities are provided to workers.Standards range from 1 unit to 15 persons to 1 unit per 6 persons.

Showers/bathrooms are conveniently located.

Shower/bathroom facilities are provided with an adequate supply of cold andhot running water.

Canteens

Canteen, cooking and laundry facilities are built in adequate and easy to cleanmaterials.

Canteen, cooking and laundry facilities are kept in a clean and sanitary condition.

Canteens have a reasonable amount of space per worker. Standards range from1 square meter to 1.5 square meters.

Places for food preparation are designed to permit good food hygiene practices,including protection against contamination between and during foodpreparation.

Kitchens are provided with facilities to maintain adequate personal hygieneincluding a sufficient number of washbasins designated for cleaning hands withclean, running water and materials for hygienic drying.

Food preparation surface are smooth, durable, and washable.

Adequate facilities for cleaning, disinfecting and storage of cooking utensils andequipment are provided.

Food waste and other refuse are to be adequately deposited in sealablecontainers and removed from the kitchen frequently to avoid accumulation.

When importing food for employees, use a supplier that has an internationallyrecognized food certification system. If using local food suppliers, find areputable supplier. Conduct spot checks to find out where food is being sourcedand how it is stored.


Adapted from:IFC and EBRD. 2009. Workers’ accommodation: processes and standards - A guidance

note by IFC and the EBRD.http://www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/ifc+sustainability/publications/publications_gpn_workersaccommodation

Other useful referencesInternational Finance Corporation General Environmental, Health, and Safety

Guidelineshttp://www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/554e8d80488658e4b76af76a6515bb18/Final%2B-%2BGeneral%2BEHS%2BGuidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

World Bank water and sanitation standardshttp://water.worldbank.org/water/shw-resource-guide/institutions/regulations-and-standards/environment

World Bank Landfill siting criteria - http://www.ingenieroambiental.com/nov/landfillsitingdesign.pdf

Africa Development Bank – Study on Solid Waste Options in Africahttp://www.iwwa.eu/images/stories/PDF/Study_SWM_Africa_by_ADB.pdf


Worker Health Protection Measures

Priority Measures

1. Provide routine health screening and surveillance for workersand include a baseline disease assessment and a routinepreventative health plan, including immunizations.

2. Provide health education that includes information on zoonoticdiseases and health hazards from hunting, slaughtering andconsuming bushmeat. .

3. Develop disease outbreak response plans.

Provide surveillance and active screening and treatment of workers.

Provide worker educational programs:o Personal sanitation,o Personal food safety, ando Endemic communicable diseases and their prevention.

Develop and implement an outbreak response plan.

Coordinate with local health officials to stay abreast of any local diseaseoutbreaks.

Provide treatment through standard case management in on-site or communityhealth care facilities.

Ensure ready access to medical treatment, confidentiality and appropriate care,particularly with respect to migrant workers.

Promote collaboration with local authorities to enhance access of workersfamilies and the community to public health services and promoteimmunization.

Adapted from:IFC 2007 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES:

COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY. http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/gui_EHSGuidelines2007_GeneralEHS_3/$FILE/3+Community+Health+and+Safety.pdf


Bushmeat Control Measures

Priority Measures

1. Provide employees with adequate sources of protein or access toprotein to minimize bushmeat hunting and consumption.

2. Prohibit access to concessions by non-workers.

3. Implement checkpoints and controls for bushmeat at all forestaccess points.

4. Educate community and workers about bushmeat hunting andconsumption.

Within the footprint of the facility to stop hunting and transport of bushmeat -

No hunting within designated no-hunting zones.

No weapons within concessions.

No admission to the concession is allowed by non-employees.

No bushmeat is allowed to be transported by company vehicles.

Post No Hunting signs.

Establish guard/control posts on major roads in project areas/concessions, andconduct vehicle checks.

Limit number of access roads by creating natural obstructions followingconstruction, establish barriers such as locked gates, remove temporary accessstructures such as bridges.

Measures to take inside the footprint of the facility to limit demand for bushmeat

Ensure employees are provided with food (or protein alternatives) or paidenough.

Measures to take outside the footprint of the facility

Establish educational initiatives that teach conservation awareness.

Establish community hunting zones.

Have local communities inform authorities of foreign hunters.

Conduct periodic surveys of bushmeat consumption.

Adapted from:Aviram, R., M. Bass, and K. Parker. 2003. Extracting Hope for Bushmeat: Case studies of

oil, gas, mining and logging industry efforts for improved wildlife management.Uncertain Future: the Bushmeat Crisis in Africa. 57 pages.


Community Health Protection Measures

Priority Measures

1. Conduct health education and outreach on communicablediseases including zoonoses with emphasis on food safety, STIsand vector-borne diseases, vaccination, waste management,bushmeat reduction efforts, etc. Include workers and communityleaders.

2. Improve community health and veterinary infrastructure.

3. Improve water and sanitation infrastructure.

4. Provide access to healthcare services for employees.

Project-induced migration can facilitate transmission of communicable disease incommunities surrounding facilities if their infrastructure is taxed beyond its capacity.During operations, a facility can:

Manage migration

Plan workforce recruitment.

Manage/control access routes.

Control worker transportation and housing.

Manage material transportation and procurement.

Use buffer zones – physically separate the project from migrants.

Address“pull” factors.

Manage the physical and social footprint of migration by:

Using spatial planning, administration, and resource allocation -o Identifying appropriate settlement sites, ando Ensuring appropriate infrastructure, services, and utilities.

Assisting with Community Development Initiatives related to health and foodsecurity.

Improve stakeholder engagement and monitoring by:

Defining project-affected populations, and

Building stakeholder capacity (IFC 2009).

Prevent illness among workers in local communities by:

Undertaking health awareness and education initiatives, for example, byimplementing an information strategy to reinforce person-to-person counseling


addressing systemic factors that can influence individual behavior as well aspromoting individual protection;

Training health workers in disease treatment;

Conducting immunization programs for workers in local communities to improvehealth and guard against infection; and

Providing health services.

Adapted from:IFC 2007 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES:

COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY. http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/gui_EHSGuidelines2007_GeneralEHS_3/$FILE/3+Community+Health+and+Safety.pdf

IFC 2009. Project and People: A Handbook for Addressing Project-Induced In-Migration.http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/sustainability.nsf/Content/Publications_Handbook_Inmigration


Biodiversity Preservation Measures

Priority Measures

1. Minimize road and corridor construction and edge effect (e.g.,avoid paving roads, engage planning with government and othercompanies).

2. Assure the maintenance of wildlife corridors between forestpatches.

3. Conduct baseline biodiversity surveys and routine monitoring incompliance with established guidelines.

4. Implement hunting and wildlife trading controls within allproject operational areas (e.g. roads, logging concessions, campboundaries, camp, etc.).

5. Where possible minimize ecological footprint of the projectthrough reduced impact logging, planning to minimizefragmentation, and other established biodiversity conservationbest practices.

Maintenance

Schedule harvesting and clearing activities to avoid breeding and nesting seasonsfor any critically endangered or endangered wildlife species.

Clearly demarcate all protected areas with fences or flagging to avoidinadvertent destruction through ignorance or carelessness. In larger areasdesignate measures that avoid unintentional destruction of biodiversity byworking with other landholders.

Manage riparian zones to preserve water quality and wildlife habitat. Riparianzones should maintain corridors of natural vegetation to allow for the movementof animals and plants.

Use light, rather than heavy equipment, if possible.

Determine the appropriate controls to help to maximize the use of seeds, soilnutrients and soil biota, decaying organic matter, logs and other potential faunahabitat that can be valuable for habitat restoration.

Clear cutting, forest harvesting, deforestation:

Planning

Leave (reserve) trees or groups of trees in the harvest concession forregeneration purposes, food sources, cover, and travel corridors for wildlife,


including raptors. Retain hollow trees that provide den and nesting sites.Appropriate conservation of understory species, as well as snags, slash, andwood debris, should also be considered to enhance wildlife habitat.

Retain buffer strips along water courses.

Natural vegetation should not be treated with pesticides.

Retain natural unlogged refugia adjacent to or within harvesting blocks.

Apply reduced impact logging techniques.

Debark trees to prevent the spread of insects and potential diseases unless thereare sound commercial or ecological reasons to not debark.

Develop and manage areas that are similar to those lost during construction inorder to offset losses of biodiversity.

Use selective removal of trees and shrubs to allow for re-establishment throughminimized cutting and clearing.

Do not cut trees that are larger in diameter than local regulations permit, or inthe absence of regulations greater than 20 cm or 8 inches in diameter.

Avoid large canopy holes by limiting proximity of trees to be harvested.

onstruction/Maintenance

In clearing vegetation, use hand-cutting techniques to the extent possible,thereby avoiding the use of heavy machinery.

Cut vines prior to harvest where vines connect tree crowns.

Carry out directional felling by trained crews to minimize canopy damage anddistance to skid trails. Cut stumps low to the ground and optimize crosscutting oftree stems to maximize yield.

Use low impact log hauling and extraction methods, such as cable hauling andlog lifting.

Keep the workforce within defined boundaries and access routes.

Light sources should be properly shaded and directed to onsite areas.

Do not burn brush and uprooted material.

Where vegetation and soil are removed, ensure proper separation and storage.Collect seed, root stocks and brash for subsequent revegetation.

oad Maintenance/construction

Construct roads during dry seasons.

Avoid nesting and migration periods when clearing vegetation.

Construct bridges over water courses.

Minimize brush and woody debris along roadside to reduce rodent habitat.

Install fencing or plant barriers.

Reduce barriers or obstacles, such as fallen logs and roadside ditches, to wildlifemovement.

Work inward, away from large rivers, ridgelines and forest edges that serve asphysical barriers or social boundaries of ape populations. Working away from

C

R


these barriers will prevent pushing ape populations towards impassiblelandscapes.

Roadside strips should be left vegetated with natural cover.

Create corridors of habitat between forest patches by:o Maintaining intact forest along streams and rivers;o Retaining canopy ‘bridges’ over roads and taking other measures to

facilitate animal movement, such as building tunnels under roads;o Ensuring that roads do not impede water movement at stream crossings;

ando Revegetating degraded land.

Minimize edge effect:o Allow secondary growth and vines to grow to provide a buffer ;o Minimize road width in order to minimize wind and microclimatic effects

; ando Use mowing and brush cutting instead of herbicides or fire to maintain

clearings.

Avoid paving roads, to the extent practicable.

Traffic

Develop traffic control measures- speed limit, signage for motorist to be aware,roadside reflectors to scare wildlife away.

Restrict nighttime driving.

Control for the potential spread of invasive species

Steam clean, wash, and/or spray incoming and outgoing vehicles (do not do instreambeds).

Eradicate invasive alien species that become established.

Prior to entry into tropical production forests, ensure that shoes, equipment andvehicles are free of propagules of potentially invasive alien species.

Adapted from:The Energy and Biodiversity Initiative (EBI). 2003. Good Practice in the Prevention and

Mitigation of Primary and Secondary Biodiversity Impacts.http://www.theebi.org/products.html

Hockings, K. and T. Humle. 2009. Best Practice Guidelines for the Prevention andMitigation of Conflicts Between Humans and Great Apes. Gland, Switzerland:IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG). 40pp.

International Council on Mining and Minerals (ICMM). 2003. Good Practice Guidance forMining and Biodiversity. http://www.icmm.com/page/1182/good-practice-guidance-for-mining-and-biodiversity


International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2006. Performance Standard 6: BiodiversityConservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management.

Laurance, W.F. et al. 2009. Impacts of roads and linear clearings on tropical forests.Conservation Biology. 20(4): 1251–1261.

Morgan, D. and Sanz, C. 2007. Best Practice Guidelines for Reducing the Impact ofCommercial Logging on Great Apes in Western Equatorial Africa. Gland,Switzerland: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG). 32pp.

Documents

Audit Checklist for an Operating Facility Emerging Infectious Diseases