FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.

The notes In this handbook are compiled from reports, &c., dated 1912. itIs probablethat more recent data will be availablelater, moreespeciallywith regardto uniformsandInsignia.

AUSTRALIAN IMPERIAL FUROR

NOTES

ON TIlE

GERMAN ARMY.

~3l~~tuthovlt~:AL1IE1LT J. MULLETT, OOVI~RNM]INTPIflNTZU, )IELI3OUILNJL

0,5954.

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.

The notes In this handbook are compiled from reports, &c., dated 1912. ItIs probable that more recent data will be available later, moreespecially with regard to uniforms and Insignia.

AUSTRALIAN IMPERIAL FORCE.

NOTES

ON THE

GERMAN ARMY.

I3~jfluttoritij:ALDLftT .1. ~tULL1~TT,GOVEItNEENT PRINTEa, MEL1IOTJflNE.

C.5~54.

THE GERMAN ARMY~

CONDITIONS OF SERVICE AND RECRUITING.

CoNnIrIows OF Sicuvcci~.LIability to Service.—EveryGerman,unlesshe is a memberof one

of theruling or certainprincely families, is liable to military service,and he is not allowed to perform this serviceby substitute. Theliability (IVehrpfliclit) lasts from the close of the 17th to the end ofthe45th yearof age,andthis periodis divided into (~)activemilitaryservice(Dien~pfUc1~1)and (2) Landthsrmservice.

(I) Active Military Service.—Activomilitary serviceis subdividedinto (a) servicein theStandingArmy and its Reserve,and (b) servicein the first and secondBansof theLandwelir.

(a) Service in the Standing Army and its Reserve.—Servico in theStanding(or Active) Army andits Reservebeginsat tho endof the20th yearof age, andlastsfor sevenyears,countingfrom thenetualdatoon which a man joins his unit; this is usually in the Octoberfollowing his twentieth birthday, but all recruits joining betweenthe 2nd Octoberand 31st March are countedas having joined onthe 1st October. For the first threeyearsin theCaseof cavalryandhorseartillery, and for the first two yearsin other arms,tho menare kept with thecoloursof theStandingArmy; for theremainingfour and five yearsrespectivelytheybelongto its Rescrve.~Duringthe latter pericxl they are liable to two trainings, neither of whichmay exceeda period of eight weeks. The Reserveof the StandingArmy is usedto bring it up to war strengthon mobilization, and toform additional units. The men of the Reserveare divided intoclassesaccordingto the yearin which theywere passedinto it, andare passedinto the Lanthvehr at the Spring Control Muster nextfollowing thedateon which theycompletetheir sevenyears’ service.

(b) Service in the 1st and 2nd Bans of the “Landwehr.”—Servicein the 1st Banof tho Landwchrlastsfor five years,countingfrom th~dateof transferto it from the Reserve,exceptfor menof thecavalryand horseartillery who have compuLsorily, and the men of theinfantrywho havevoluntarily servedthree yearswith the colours;

M theendof theirserviceIn the StandingArmy men of good characterarc allowed to re-engage(kapdulieren) from year to year. They arethenstyledEapilulanlen.

4

theseonly servo threeyearsin this Ban. Men of the 1st Ban aretransferredto the 2nd Ban at the Spring Control Muster followingthe dateon which their servicein the1st Banexpires, exceptthosemen whoseservicein the let Banexpires betweenthe 1st April andthe30th September,andwho aresotransferredat thenext followingautumnmuster.

Servicein tide 2nd Ban of theLandwehrcontinuesfrom the dateof transferfrom the let Ban till the 31st March of that year inwhich the roan completeshis 39th year of ago or, in the easeof menwbo have enteredthe Army before thecompletion of their twentiethyear,till the31st Marchof that yearin which theycompletenineteenyearsin the Army. From the2nd Banof theLandwclsrmenpassintothe2nd Ban of theLanristurni.

TheLandwcl,r is usedin warto supporttheStandingArmy, anditsinfantry (also, as required,its cavalry), is formed into independentl,ndiec ; but the youngestclassesof theLandwehr infantry, and allLandwehrmen of the other arms,may,if necessary,be used to fillup the ranksof the units of the StandingArmy. Men of the 1stBan, exceptthose of the cavalry, may be called up twice duringtheir five yoars, for trainingsfrom eiahtto fourteendays. Thoseofthe2nd Ban mayneither beealled up for trainingnor summonedtocontrolmusters.

(2.) “Landsturm “~ service.—Theduty of the Landslursn is totakepart in the defenceof thecountry,andit canbeusedin casesofextraordinarynecessityto strengthenthe Army and Navy. It con-sistsof menup to 45 yearsof agewho havepassedthroughtheArmy,Reserve,and Lanthd-ehr, or the Navy, and also of all other malesliable to servicewho havenot belongedeither to the Army (includ-ing Ersatz Reserve)or the Navy, from thecompletion of their 17thto that of their 45th year. It is divided into two Bans: to thelet Banbelongall LandsEurmmen (untrained)up to the31st Marchin the calendaryear in which theycompletetheir 39th year of age,andto the2nd Pan all others(trainedand untrained). Its men areliable to neithertrainingsnor controlmustersin peace.

Theaboveregulationshold good in peaceonly; in war all trans-fers to the Reserve,Laniiwehr, and Landeturm, are suspended.Foreignerswho becomenaturalizedGermansubjectsare also liableto military servicealongwith men of their own age.

With a fixed effectivefor theArmy it is impossibleto passall themen who become liable to service througha 2 or 3 years’ trainingwith the colours,and this (andthe necessityof providing good non-commissionedofficers and a reliable body of Reserveofficers, ofgivingadvantagesin theway of shortenedpresencewith the coloursto men of education, and of keeping the effectivepaid strengthstrictly within that allowed by the Budget) haspartly causedthefollowing modifications of the abovegeneralrules to be adopted.

Generallevyor levt’e enmane.

5

The “Ersatz” Reserve.—Thi.sIs a special body of men wh donot passthroughthe ranksof the StanditigArmy, but who,accord.ing to the Regulations,are intendedon mobilization to fill up theranks of its units and to form its depots. The definition of thepurposeof the ErsatzReservowhich still standsin the Regulationsis that sufficient mon should bepostedto it annuallyso that sevencontingentsof theReservemay covertherequirementsof the Stand.log Army and its depOtson mobilization; but in view of thealteredconditionsregardingtraining (seepage 8) this seemshardly applic.able now. To this Reserveare first posteda proportion of thesupcrnunlcraricsof the yearly contingentfound fit for service,butnot taken on accountof the high numbersdrawnby them, and thenumberis madeup by—

(1.) Mon fit for active servicebut exo~sedfor family reasons.2.) Men with minorbodily defects(conditionallyfit), and there.

foreexcusedactivemilitary service.(~3.)Men temporarilyunfit for activemilitary service,but whose

bodily defectsareof sucha naturethat they may becx-peetcdto disappearin the courseof the next few years.

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8

Men of the Er8alz Reservebelongto the Beurlaubtenstand.Theycanbecalledup oncea yearfor musterattheSpringControlMuster,andare liable to three trainings: the first of 10, the secondof 6,and the third of 4 weeks, The numberof men to be trained ineach year is fixed by the Budget, and, when the Ersatz Reservewas first instituted,as many as40,000 to 50,000mon were trainedannually; but as the supply of availablereservistsincreased,thenumbercalled out eachyear has beengradually reduced,until atthe presenttime it only amountsto 2,700* for the wholeEmpire.Thesearctrained,not underarms,but in administrativeandmedicalduties.

No men who have passedtheir 32nd year can be called out fortraining unless they have been transferredto the Ersatz Reservelater than theyshould have been by their own fault, or have beenput back to a youngerclass by their own fault, or at their ownrequesthave beenexcusedattendanceat a training.

Service in the Ersatz Reservelasts 12 years,and counts fromthe 1st Octoberof the year.in which liability to active militaryservice began. On the conclusion of this period, the men whohavo been trained passto the 2nd Ban of the Landweler, whilstthose not so trained passto the let Ban of the Land-strum,bothclassesjoining these Bansat the Spring Control Muster followingtheterminationof their servicein the Ersatz Reserve.

Er,afz Reservemencalledup for serviceon mobilization are dis-charged on demobilization. If not previously trained in peacethey revort to the ErsatzReserve; if previously trained, they areplacedin tho Reserveor Lamedweler,accordingto their age, just asif theyhadservedwith the colours in peace.

Number of the “Beurlaubtenstand” (Reserve) called out fortraining annually.—The numberof menof theReserveandLandwehrcalled out for training annually has beensteadily increasingyearby year, The bulk of the l3eurlaubten,stendare called upduring the periods of fourteen and thirteen days, which occurin September,at the time of the annual autumn manomuvres.It is during this period that certainReservedivisionsandunit’s areformed,

Volunteers.One-yearvolunteers.—Youngmen of goodeducation,who,during

their period of service, engage to ~lotho, feed, and equipthemselves, and who, at the end of their period of serviceshowa sathfactoryknowledgeof the subjectsin which they havebeen instructed,are permittedto be transferredto the Reserveattheend of oneyear’s serviceonly, andthosewho passthenecessaryexaminationsjoin the Reserveas aspirantReserveofficerat or non-commissionedofficers.

* Tl~erearerumoursIn thePressthat men of theE,-eafzReservearein futureto be tailed out for training in considerablyincreasednumbers.

t It is tramthis categorythat the majority of iteservooiflcersareobtained.

9

Two-year, three-year, and four-year volunteeers.—Men who havecompletedtheir seventeenthyear,andwho desireto maketho Armytheir profession,or who havereasonsfor desiringto completetheirservice at an early age, are permitted to volunteerfor a period oftwo, three,or four years. They ioiist report themselvesto thecivilpresidentof the RecruitingCommittee,and rocoive from him per-mission to volunteer. Thechoiceof a regimentis loft to them, buttheir acceptanceby its commandingofficer is dependenton therebeing vacanciesin it, andon their passing a medical examination.If thereare no vacancies,the volunteersmay still be acceptedandsentto theirhomestill suchoccur. Largenumbersof thesevolunteersserve in the cavalry indeed,someof the smartestregimentsarecomposedalmostexclusivelyof them.

Special periods of Service.—(a) Schoolnmastersand candidatesforthesepostsserveoneyearonly in aninfantry regiment,andarethensentto theReserve.

(b) Thegreaterportion of themen of the train battalionsaresentto theReserveafter oneyear’s activeservice,

(c) Studentsof theKaiser Willoelms-Akademie,for military medicalofficers, have to servein theArmy two yearsfor every year passedin that institution.

(d) Formerpupils of thenon-commissionedofficers’ schools haveto servo for four yearswith tho colours, and thoseof the non-com-missionedofficers’ preparatoryschoolsandof theMilitary Orphanagetwo yearsin addition for eachyearpassedin thoseschools

Recruitment,—The recruitmentof the Corps of Officers is assuredeitherby (A) thepromotion to a commissionof youths who join themranks as candidatesfor commissions(Fahnenjunker*), or (B) theappointmentof cadetsfrom theCadetCorps,

Exemptions from attendance at War Schools,—It may be re-marked that, with certain exceptions,all officers passthroughtheWar Schools. Theseexceptionsare—

1. UniversityCandida!es.—Thoscwho havestudiedfor oneyearat an university or certain high-classtechnical schools.If thesehave been allowed by a commandingofficer toengageasFehnenjunkerthey may at oncebe given theeducationalcertificaterequired for an ensign,and maypresentthemselvesfor their officers’ examinationwithouthaving six months’ service, They must, however, be“chosen” before beingappointed2nd lieutenants.

2. Seleclaner.—Thecadetsof the “Sefecta” class pass theirofficers’ examinationat theendof theiryearin that class.Those who pass and have the physical and militaryqualities requiredareappointed2nd lieutenantsat once,but their commissionsare dated throo months later.Thosewhopass,butarenot otherwiseperfectly qualifiedenteras ensignsand receive their commissionsin fromthree to six months. Those who fail are appointedensigns,and may presentthemselvesagain for examina-tion aftera periodof at least threemonths.

S FormerlytermedArentaqeur.

10

3. From lteserveto ActiveList.—Officersof the Reservewho aretransferredto the active list, do not passthrough theWar Schools. Theseare few in number,and they mustfirst obtain the consentof thecommandingofficer whoseregiment they desiro to join. They then apply to thecommanderof their Landw~1erdistrict, who forwards theapplication. If they have no certificateof having corn.pleted a courseof study, they must passthe ensigns’examination,andmay thereuponpresentthemselvesforthaofficers’ examination.

Instruction after being commissioned.—The abovetests are nilthat arerequiredfor infantry andcavalry officers, but foot artillery,andengineerandpioneerofficers,after threeyears’servicewith theirregimentsor battalionsas supernumerary2nd lieutenants,join theMilitary TechnicalAcadomy* in Charlottenburg,wherethey undergocoursesof from one to two years,at the endof which they arcagainbroughton to the establishmentof their units. A certainnumberof officers areselectedfor advancedcoursesof from oneto two yearsmore, which qualify themfor specialemployments.

Officers of field artillery go through a four months’ instructionalcourseat thoField Artillery Schoolof GunneryatJuterbog. Twentyofficers, however,of over threeyears’ service are selectedannuallyfrom volunteersand sentto theMilitary TechnicalAcademy.

Qualityof officers.—Thequality of theGermanofficer of thepresentday is criticisedfrom time to time, and attemptsare madeto provethat therehasbeena gradualdeteriorationof the Corpsof Officers,dueto thefact thatwhereasformerly it wasrecruitedchiefly from thearistocraticandmiddle classes,now, these resourceshaving provedinsufficient, it haa becomenecessaryto draw largely on the nobtradesmen’s and similar classes. As regards,however,his purelyprofessional attainments, no deterioration is apparent. Theprofessionalability of the Germanofficer is universallyadmitted tobe of a high order, andthefoundationfor the generalefficiency ofthe Corpsof Officers is laid during thetraining receivedat theWarSchooL.

Oneof themostimportantfeaturesof theseschoolsis thevery highprofessionalattainmentsrequired from the itaff and instructors.‘The employmentof an officer at a War School is an acknowledg-

ment of his practical and scientific abilities.” The 1ist~of suitableofficers are preparedwith the greatestcare, for if an officer recom-mended for an instructorship proves a failure, tho fault will bevisited on theheadof thecolonelwho madeanerror in judgment inrecommendinghim.

The commandantsof the War Schools are selected from thesmartestbattalioncommanders(they areusually men who havebeenon the stall), all thu instructorshave beenStall College graduates,or men who have been to the Military Technical Academy. The

• Originally the Artillery andEngineerSchool,but thiswssamalgamatedwiththe Military Technical Academyon the let October, 1007, and now forms abranch of that institutIon (see page 203, “MIlitary Resourcesof the GermanEmpire,1911“).

11

assistantinstructorshave nearlyall passedthrough specialcourse8,and are usually lieutenantsrecommendedfor time Staff College,whoare glad to havemorn leisurethanis possibleat regimentalduty towork up for theentranceexamination.

Time War Schoolcourseis eminentlya practicalone, andtheyoungGerman,whenho hascompletedit, is fully qualified in everyway tofulfil hisdutiesasanofficer.

As h~sbeenaireadystated,almosteverycandidatefor acommissionmustpassthroughaWarSchool,and,therefore,all otlicerscommencelife in the Army with time samefoundationfor futureinstruction.

Supply of officers in War,----To provide for tim additional officersrequired in time of war, the German Army has tIme followingcategoriesto draw on

1. Officers “ rue Dispositiomr.”2. Officers of time Reserveand Landweler.3. Sergeant-majorlieutenants.

1. Theseare the officers of time StandingArmy who have retiredon completion of at leasteighteenyears’ service,and who, at theirown request,are placed “rite Disposition.” They are liable to becalled up for service immediately on mobilization being ordered,They areat all times subjectto military law, and havethe right towearuniform.

2. Theseconsistof—(a) Officers whohave retiredfrom the StandingArmy with less

than eighteenyears’ service, and who pass into theReserveor Landweltraccordingto their ago.

(b) One-yearvolunteers,who,havingpasseda specialexaminationduringtheir year’sservice, passat time end of it into theRcservoas “aspirant” officers; they thenundergotwocoursesof icistruction, and if they passthe necessaryexaminationand arc acceptedby the other membersofthe” CorpsofReserveOfficers,”theyobtainacommissioneither in the Reserveor in the Landweimr. If timey electfor theformer they must engageto servefor threeyearsin it, during which time they are liable to be eahicdout threetimes for periodsof from four to eight weeks’training.

Reserveand Landwclmrofficers are,if qualified, promotodaccordingto their seniority in time entirebody of officers of time arm to whichtheybclono~*

Officers do not, as a rule, remain long enough in the Reservetorisemuch abovetho rankof captain.

3, Theseconsistof s~eciahlyrecommendedunder-officerswhohavecompletedtheir servicein time StandingArmy, Reserve,andLanduukr,i.e.,are over 39 yearsof age, and who are consideredfit to performtime duties of lieutenantsat depots,in garrisons, and with the

• i.e. a ReservelIeutenant(Oberleutnaet) of Infantry Is promotedcaptainwhen all the li~utcnant~of the StandingArmy who attainedthat rank on theSameday aslie did havegot theircompaimlea.

12

Landsiurmtroops,and in time of war are employedin this way inorder to decreasethenumberof officers who have to ho withdrawnfrom units in the field.

According to tlm~1911 Army List, the numberof officers of timeReserveandLandwehris asfollows

Prussia. Saxony. W1~ttemu-BavarIa.~Total.

Reserve.Infantry &c. .. .. ~ 052 139cavalry -. -. -. 2,440 045 122Field artillery - - .. 5,601 837 itSFontartillery .. .. 693 23 ..

Pioneersand communIcationtroops.. .. .. 1,081 62 24

Train . - ,. .. 007 60 33

Total ,. .. 18,113 1,669 868

1,457180440117

158119

12,2292,0034,614

835

1,1152,3~9

2,457 23,105

Landwehr.Infantry, Ac. ,. - -

Cavalry .. .. ...

FIeld artillery -. ..

Footartillery .. ..Pioneersand CommunIcation

troops.. .. ..

Train .. -. ..

Total -. ..

5,247828

1,208207

400388

590569422

3427

36037792

1627

784 6,98104 085

160 1,54174 305

56 53274 514

8,282 803 521 1,212 10,838

The number of officers “rue Disposition” and time number ofsergeant-majorlieutenantsare not known.*

It is understoodthat th~distribution of all availableofficers ispreparedin peacetime, that Reserveofficers are generally posted tothe regimentsto which they belongor to their Reserveformations,that Landwclmr officers in easeof necessitymay be employedin allcategoriesof troops, and that sergeant-majorlieutenants~vihlbepostodto time GarrisonArmy; but no detailsaro known asto th&method of distribution, or how ninny officers will be required tocompletetime units of time Standing Army up to war strength,andreplacethoseofficers takenfor duty with Reserveunits and depots.

It is, therefore,impossibleto say how far the total numberofofficersavailablewill meet requirementsin time of war.

Thesupplyof officersin war hasnot, however,formed a subjectofdiscussionin recentGermanliterature,in fact, statementshavebeenmade that the supply of Reserveofficers is ample, though theirefficiencyis opento question.

• Probablya totalof 8,000to lh000for boththesecategories,

13

Efficiency of Reserve offlcers.—Time imnportanc of maintainingthe eflicioncy of the Reserveand Landwehi of~ at as high astandardas is possible hasapparentlybc-eu iee’i~ , as time recentchangesin time annualordersfor thetraining of the Reserveshavetendedto improve time instruction receivedby time officer wlmcn lie isperiodically calledout.

Voluntary serviceby Reserveofficers eitherwitlm troops or at timevariousschools is more encouragedthan formerly, especiallyamongthoseofficers wimo aredetailedon mobiliz tion to ~tafl appointmentsand ascommandersof units, and time p~tiodsof training for whichtheymayreceivepayhavebeenincrease

In order to improve time training of “aspirant” ~fflccrs (vOle2 (b), page 11), tIme experimentis being trJ’~dof sendingtheni forhalf their courseto campsof instruction, me’ ro theyarcformed intocompaniesfor instructionalpurposes.

Tho liability to be calledup for traiming~ is not formerly rigidlyenforced,but theauthoritieshavorecentlybeeonoomorestrict in thematter,

Promotion and appointments.—Thmo promotion of officers is theprerogative of time Sovereignsof thm~ four Kingdoms of I’russia,Bavaria,Saxony,andlVurttcmberg. The first principle of promotionis that the officer promotedis thoroughlyfit in everyrespectfor hisnew position, and this fact is determinedby inspectionand not byexamination.

Promotionis carried out eitherwithin theregiment,orthroughoutthearm (infantry, cavalry, &c.) orArmy.

Promotionwithin th~regimenttakesplaceto therank of captainormajor in time infantry, and to therank of captainin the cavalryandartillery.

Promotion throughoutthe arm takesplaceto time rank of lieutenant(Obcrlcutmcamet),to the rank of captain in time rifles, engineers,andpioneers, and train, and to time rank of major in all arms exceptinlantry.

PromotionthroughouttheArmy takesplaceto all ranks above timerank of major.

The averageperiodsof serviceare—0yearsas a 2nd lieutenant,7 yearsas a lieutenant,9~yearsasa captain,01 yearsas a major,2~yearsas a lieutenant-colonel,31 yearsasa colonel,3 yearsasamajor-general(BrigadeCommander),and 41 yearsas a lieutenant~general (Divisional Commander). In the ordinary coursea 2ndlieutenantof eighteenyearsof agemayhopeto becomealieutenant-generalby time ageof 69.

The general rule for the systemof promotion is according toseniority, but this systemis often departedfrom, more c-speciallybetweentime rar.ksof captainand major. Above time rank of majorit i

3, as a rule, rigidly adheredto, but hereagain it is necessary

to point out that promotion in rank does not necessarily implyappointment to a command,and we getconsequentlyin time higherranks two classes of promotion, namely, promotion in rank andpromotionin appointment.

14

If an officer in the lower ranks does not satisfythe requirementsfor promotiomi whenhis turn arriveshe is passedover,or he may bepassedover on the groundsof physical incapacity. In the higherranks, if he doos not give satisfaction,he may be promoted, butlie will not be appointedto a command. In suchcasesas above,theofficer is retiredfrom theserviceeitherin therank hoholds,or hemay receivehigher rank by breveton retirement. With his brevetrank he may alsobegiven specialemployment,suchasan appoint-ment on a fortresssta.fi, in the military prisons, in the Corps ofInvalids or Gendarmerie,&e. If noneof these privileges ho offeredto him it is incumbenton him to ask to bo permittedto retire on apension,providedhe hasthenecessaryqualificationsfrom the pomn

t

of view of length of service.

A regiment in which a vacancy has occurredthrough suicide,desertion,deathin a duel, or expulsion from the Army, forfeits allright to that vacancybeingfilled by seniority,andtheappointment tothevacancybecomestho absoluteprerogativeof theSovereignof theStateconcerned,whomay ormaynot appointanoffioor to fill it fromanotherregiment.

As alreadystated,time systemgivenaboveis subjectto modification,and apartfrom acceleratedpromotion up to the rank of major,as inthe ease of General Stall officers of the Adjutantsee, instructorsat Schools of Education and otherselectedofficers, the authoritiesemploy a number of methods to equalizepromotion in differentregiments. Thcsomire asfollows

I, liiy transfersfrom oneregimentto anotherfor the followingreasons

(a) To retardpromotionby bringingin seniorofficers fromanothercorps.

(b) To acceleratethe promotion of a selectedofficer bytransferringhim to a regimentwherehewill coverthenextvacancyin a highergrade.

2. By antedatingthe ~latc of rank either to acceleratethepromotionof anindividual, or time promotionin a particulararm,theratoof whichis falling behindthat of otherarms.

3. By appointingofficers to a higher gradewithout the patentof the grade (ohne Patentirung),and so, by retardingpro-motion in a particulararm,bring theofficers of that armona level, asregardsrank, with officers of otherarms.

Promotionin appointmentof officers above the rank of major isthe prerogative of the Sovereign. He selects the commaniersof Regiments, Brigades,Divisions, and Army Corps. RegimentalCommanders(Regisnents-Kommandeure)may be either lieutenant-colonelsor colonels. Brigade Commanders(Erigade-Kommandesre)maybe either colonelsor major-generals. Divisional Commandersarelieutenant-generalsand Army-Corps Commanders,generals.

N

Certain staff and miscellaneous appointments are classed asequivalent to those of Regimentaland Brigade Commanders. Inthe first instanceofficers appointedto a commandarc gazettedasbeauftragtmit der Fiihrusmg (entrustedwith the command)and arenot finally confirmed in the command until they haveserved aprobationaryperiodwhich is variable.

Army-Corps commandsarc seldom given to artillery or engineerofficers. Theseaspireonly, alter having commandeda Brigade, tobecomingInspectorsin their respectivearms.

It nmay be here mentionedthat battalions,regimentsof cavalryand A&teilungessof artillery arccommandedby majorswho mustflr~tservea period on the regimentalstaff.

Reports on Officers.—General officers, mill field officers, officersof the GeneralStaff, officers of the Adjutantur ansi officers in specialappointmentsare reported on annually, captainsand hieutenant~biennially.

Time reports on regimental officers are made by officers core.manding regiments,they are then passedthrough the Brigade,Divisional, and Army-Corps Commandersto time MilItary Cabinet.Specialreportswhennecessaryarealsomadeonofficersatnmanosuvresandstall rides. -

Reportson officers are strictly confidentiaL They are not cons~municated to the officers concerned. An officer has,however,theright to ask to seehis report—thisright, however,is hardly everexercised. Commandingofficers do sometimes tell officers if theyhave not reportedwell on them,

If, beforean officer is clue for promotion, it is decidedthat hi~isnot good enoughto promote,ho is sometimestold at once,and some-timesnot till his turn comesfor proneotmon.

ORGANIZATION AND NUMBERS AVAILABLE IN EEAOEAND WAR.

PxAcx Oaaas~iz~riowOF ARMY.

Territorial organization.—Thmerecruiting system is basedon theterritorial organizationof the Empire.

The GermanEmpire is divided into 24 Army-Corps districts, ineach of which a completeArmny.Corpsis stationedmind recruited.exceptin thecaseof the XVth andXVIth Army.CorpsstationedinAlsacc-Lorraine,which are recruitedfrom otherparts~oftheEmpire.ThePrussianGuardCorpsis stationedin Berlin, and is recruitedfromthewholeof Prussiaandfrom Alsaco-Lorremine.

TheseArmy-Corpsdistrictsareeachdivided into a certainnumberof brigade districts which are again sub.dividcd into Landwehrdistricts, in each of which a small permanentstall for recruitingand mobilization pimrposc’s is maintained. The L~ndwehrdistrictshave each a donble subdivision, namely, (a) recruiting circlescorrespondingmoreor less to thecivil srib-ehistth’ts.neil (b) companyd1~trictsfor purposesof mobilization and control of men of theReserveand Landwshr.

16 /

The Army-Corps.--—From the above it will be seenthat thereare25 Army-Corpsin all, allotted to thevarious~Statesasfollows

Guard Corps atid Nos. I. to XI., X1Y~to XVIII., XX. andXXI.—PrussianCorps. /

Nos. XII. and XIX.—SaxonCorps/No. XIII.—Wiirttemberg Corps.Nos. I., II., and IIL—Bavarian Corps.

EachArmy-Corps comprises2 divisions, 1 or 2 pioneerbattalions,a train battalion, mind a varying numberof battalionsof foot artillery(somewith draughthorsesections); someArmy-Corpsalsohave Ior 2 rifle (J~iger)battalions,a nmachmine-gunbattery (Abteilung)and afortressmachine-gundetachment.

The technical troops, such as railway, tclegra~h,and aircrafttroops,areassignedirregularly to the Guard,Tat, IlIrci, Vth, Vilitim.Xth, XIIth, XIIIth, XIVth, XVIth, XVIIth, XVIIIth. mind 1stBavarianCorps.

Divisions and brigades.—Eachdivision consists, as a generalrule, of 2 brigadesof infantry, 1 brigade of cavalry, and 1 Brigadc*of field artillery, but 6 divisions, time 2nd Guard, 10th, 11th, 14th,17th, and 20th, have 3 brigadesof infantry.

In the PrussianGuardCorpstime cavalryis organizedin a divisionof 4 brigades.

Eachinfantry and cavalry brigade,and artillery Brigade, is com-posedof 2 regiments,but 5 infantry brigades,the 2nd Guard, 5th,40th, 54th, and 62nd, leave 3 regiments.

Total number of units.—On the 1st October, 1013, the Armyconsistedof—

t669 battalions of infantry and 23e5machmine.guncompanies.11 machine-gunbatteries(Abtcilungen).

~547squadronsof cavalry.§633 batteriesof horseand field artillery.§48 battalions of foot artillery.35 battalions of pioneersand 26 searchlightsections.8 battalions and I traffic section of railway troops.0 battalionsof telegraphtroops.0 battalions of airship troops and S flying battalions.

§1 battalion of mechanicaltransport troops.25 battalions of train.

Peace strength Law.—By the Friedensprllsenzstilrke (Peacestrength)Law of March, 1011, it was decreedthat, from the 1stApril, 1011, thepeaceestablishmentof theArmy wasto beincreased(not counting officers, non-commissionedofficers over the rank of

* The GermanBrigadeof 2 regimentsroust not be ceofusedwith the lSriUshbrigadeof 3 batterIes which is known In Germanyasan AbC ilung.

t Exclusive of I Instructional BattalIon, 1 machine-guncompany at theSchoolof Musketry,and 1 with the Instructional Battalion.

~ 3 Bavariansquadronswill shortly beformed,bringingthetotal up to 550.Exclusive of 0 fluid batteriesat the Field Artiltey sod 2 battalionswith

draughthorsesectionsat the FootArtillery School of (ninnery.II The Bavarian mechanicaltransporttroops are included In one of the 4 bat-

talionsof airship troops.

lance-corporal,or one-yearvolunteers) ~eoas to reach a total of515,321 by 1015, arud to remain at that figure until time expirationof theterm of5 yearsat the end of March,1016. By theLaw of the14th June, 1912, for supplementingthe Law of March, loll, thepeaceestablishmentwas increasedto 554,211,and by the Law ofJuno, 1013, it was again increased,the numbers to be annuallycontributedby tho variousStatesbeingfixed as follows :—

Prussia .. .. . - 513,068Bavaria .. .. .. 73,1138Saxony .. .. .. 40,472Wtirttemborg . - -. .. 25,468

661,176

Theunits to be by 1916:—*13f39 battalionsof infantry.

t55 squadronsof cavalry.~633batteriesof field and horseartillery.

§55 battalionsof foot artillery.44 battalionsof pioneers.31 battalionsof communicationtroops.26 battalionsof train.

Peace Establishment,—The peaceestablishmentof the Army,which is only calculatedon the basis of a financial minimum, was,accordingto tho Law of 1013, asfollows, on tho 1st October,1913.

Arm. Personnel.horses,Gunsand

liowitzere.Machine.

Guns.

Infantry (IncludIng rifles and DistrictStstt) .. .. ..

Machine•gun batteries and fortressdetachments ,. .. . -

Cavalry .. .. ..

Field Artillery .. .. ..

FootArtillery .. .. ..

Pioneers .. .. ..Communicationtroops—

Railwaytroops .. ..

Telegraphtroops .. ..

Aicerafttroops.. .. ..

Mechanicaltransporttroops ..

Experimentalulct.athments,&O. ..

Train .. -. .. ..

Other armsanddepartments ..

Total .. ..

614,550

2,42886,13161,30834,80924,010

0,0150,8356,020

743341

11,5920,375

5,173

07980,23857,3273,391

650

..

2,405134

..

..

7,501..

..

. -

..

3,732~1,020

..

..

..,.

•.

..

....

14103

150,.

..,,

, -

,,

...

...

...

..

703,280 157,788 4,752 1,560

* Including 235 mactrifle-guncompanies.t Including 11 machine-gunbatteries.~ llxciumsiveof 9 batteriesat the i.lsld Artillery Schoolof Gunnery.§ hixclueiveof 2 battalIonsat the Foot Artillery Schoolof Gunnery.

Not including 12 Instructionalguns.¶ Not Including51 instructional guns.

C5954.—B

18

The following Is an analysisof ths figuresgiven on the previouspage forpersonnel

Rank. - Number.Officers—

Generals - - ,, ,. .. 441Regimentalcommanders .. . - 735Field officers asbattalioncommanders,&c. 3,273Captains .. .. .. .. 8,179Lieutenantsand 2nd lieutenants.. .. 18,609Speciallyemployed .. .. -. 222

— 31,459Medicalofficers , - ,. ., .. .. 2,480Veterinary officers -. .. .. .. 865PaymastersendusrIstantpaymasters -. .. 1,501Band iruspcctors .. .. .. .. .. 2Artiflccra .. .. .. .. .. 1,204Non-commtsetoimeclotllcers ,. ,, ,, .. 107.794Rankandfile .. .. .. .. ., 647.793

793,280

To this numbermustbe added—RoundNumbers.

Supernumeraryrecruitsto allowfor wastage 25,000One-yearvolunteers .. .. .. 15,000Employis ,. .. .. ,. 3,000

43,000

The tota’ peacestrength may thereforeba assessedat 836,000all ranks,which will be increasedto 850,000on the 1st October,1015.

WAR OiWANIZATION ole Aasw,Main subdivisions.—On mobilization the Army is divided

into—1.—The Field Army (Feld-Armee) for operationsin the field,

comprising-—(a) Field Troops (Feld-Tr-uppen), or the Standing Army

mobilized.(b) Field ReserveTroops (FcJd-.Rcserve-Truppen),formed on

mobilization on cadres borrowed from the StandingArmy and destinedto support or co-operatewith theField Troops.

(c) Special field formations (Besondere Feld.Formationen)of the artillery, engineers,&c.

11.—The Garrison Army (Besalzungs-Armee),which remainsat hometo preserveorder and to replacelossesin the Field Army,oomprising—

(a) Depot Troops (Ersatz-Truppen).(b) Garrison Troops (Garnison-7’m-uppen).(c) LandsiurmTroops(Landsiurm.Truppen).

To both the aboa-ocategoriesbelongthe formationsfor the linesof communicationand railways.

19

I.—-The FMd Army.(a) FIELD Taoovs.

imperial Head-Quarters Staff, which numbers about 225 officers,46 officials, 1,068 men, 054 horses,and 115 vehicles.

An Army.Staff.—ThoStall of anArmy would beeonstitutcdas follows :—

(a) Commander and General Staft—Ono field-marshal orgeneral, one generalofficer asChief of theStaff, a colonelas Ober Quazrtiermeisfer, four officers of the GeneralStaff. and four Adjutanfur offl~crs.

(b) Staff Officer for Foot Artiilcry.—His main duty is to hoopthe artillery materialcompleteand in good order,and toensure the supply of ammunitionIor all arms.

(c) Staff Officers for Engineersand Pioneers.—With staff ofthreeofficers, He is responsblefor the material of allpioneerformations,andwould take chargeof engineeringwork on a largescale.

(d) Stall Officer for Telegraphs.(e) Stall Officer for Railways.(f) The Army Intendant.—Withstaff of seven officials.(g) Thedepartmentsof thePrincipalMedical Officer and Judge-

Advocate-General,the Commandantof Hcad.quarters,Staff Guard, Supply Column, Field Police, Field PestOffice, and King’s Messengers,requireno furtherdetailedexplanation.

The total of an Army Staff would amount to about 37 officersandofficials, 176 mien, 177 horses,and35 vehicles,including S motorcars.

Organization.—’l’lmo forces would be organizedin severalArmies(not more than sovcn), eachof threeto fivo Army Corps, includingpossibly a third (Reserve)Division to be formedon mobilization foreachArmy Corps, and one to three Cavalry Divisions (or a CavalryCorps).

An Army-Corps.Staff.—AnArmy-Corps is commandedby a generalor lieutenant.

general,with a Chief of the Stall (lieutenant-colonelor colonel ofthe General Stall), four officers (major and tin-co captains)of theGeneralStaff, and threeAdjutantur officers.

No regulationsarelaid downfor thedivision of the duties amongthe staff officers, but, as a rule, the GeneralStaff work is dividedamongthe four GeneralStall officers, theseniordealingwith opera-tions, marches,distribution of troops, and the relay service; thesecondwith all intelligencework; and the third and fourth withreports on battles and engagements,correspondencewith linesof communicationauthorities,and the supervisionof war corres~pondents.

82

20

The threeAdjutantur officersdivide up the routinework connectedwith “ states,” casualties,returns, ‘personalaffairs, prisoners, andstaff billeting.

The commandingofficers of the Corps pioneer and train bat-talions and u.mmunitiomi columns are attachedto the Army-CorpsStaff.

To each Army-Corps is attacheda detachmentof field police(oneofficer, 52non-commissionedofficers), andthreemen)for militarypoliceduties.

The commander of the staff guard (one officer, five non-com-missioned officers, and 45 men) also acts as head-quarterscom-mandant.

The auxiliary services attached to Army-Corps head-quarterscomprise the Corps Intendance, Field Treasury, Supply Office,Field Bakery Office, Office of the Principal Medical Officer, FieldPost Office, and Judge-Advocate’sOffice, none of which containofficers exceptthe office of the Principal Medical Officer (three), anda Corps Veterinary Officer.

Army-CorpsStaff—

—

omeecs,llediealOfficers, and

iligher Officials.Other Banks. Horses. VehIcles.

Staff .. ..

FieldAdministrativeAuthorities -.

27

4617983

17393

15*17

Total .. 72 262 2136 32

Organization.—A normalArmy-Corps consistsof—TheStaff of the Army-Corps.2 divisions.1 battalion of rifles (J;ger).4 batteriesof heavy artillery with light ammunitioncolumn.1 battalion of pioneers (whose three companies are divided

amongtho divisions).1 Corpsbridge train.1 Corpstelegraphdetachment.1 telephonedetachment.

12 ammunition columns(8t artillery and4 infantry).8 heavy artillery ammunitioncolumns.2 train battalionsconsistingtogetherof—

6 supplycolumns.7 supplyparks.2 field bakerycolumns.

12 field hospitals.2 remountdepots.

• Includes 3 and 1 motor cars respectively.t One of these is a light field howitzer ammunitioncolumn, besideswhich

eachof the four artillery regimentshas with it two lIght amnmunitioncolumns.onebr eachAMeiiang (shrapneland high-explosiveshell).

The ammunitioncolumnsaredivided into two echelons,one of which followshalf-a-day’smarch,and the otheroneday~smarchbehindthefighting troops.

21

Total fighting, and pioneerandcommunicationunits—..

Infantry—4 brigades=8regiments~24bat. 1 25 battalions, including

talions. ~- 8 maehine.gun corn-1 rifle battalion. ) panies’~

Cavalry—3 or 4 squadronsfor eachdivision=6 or 8 squadrons.

Artillery—2 (divisional) Brigeden~4regirnents~8Abtielungen=24bat-

teries.1 battalionheavy artillery=4 batteries.

PioneersandCommunicationTroops—3 pioneerfield companies(1 for eachdivision arid 1 Corpscom-

pany).1 Corps and2 divisionalbridgetrains=3 bridgetrains.1 Corps and 2 divisional telephonedotaohments~3telephone

detachments.I Corpstelegraphdetachment.Wirelesstelegraphstations,field searchlightsectionsand field

aircraft detachmentswill be attachedto certain ArmyCorps.

Total approximatestrength—All rank-s.. .. .. .. 44,000Horses -. .. .. .. 15,000Guns .. ., .. .. 160Machine-guns .. .. .. 48*Vehicles .. .. .. .. 2,500

The fighting strengthof an Army Cbrps, exclusiveof officers, maybe broadly takenat 25,000rifles, 000 or 1,200 lancesand carbines,48 machine-guns,and 160 guns.~

A Division.Staff.—A division is commandedby a lieutenant-generalor major.

gonthwl, who hasa staff of one field officer of the GeneralStaff andtwo Adjutentur officers (acaptainand a subaltern),a head-quarterscommandantin commandof a small staff guard, and an officer inchargeof tho 2nd line transportof thedivision.

The auxiliary servicesattachedcomprise a Divisional Intendance,a Divisional Supply Office, a Principal Medical Officer, a Field PostOffice, in Judge-Advocate’sOffice, and two Chaplains.

• The prceentpeaceestablIshmentof machine-grincompaniesIs only sufficientto supply half this number,but theintetitiomi Is thatthereshouldbe1 machine-grincompanyfor eachregiment.

t The proportionof guns to rifles, lances,and carbine,works out at61 per1,000; of guns to cities only, I3•4 per 1,000.

22

Divisional Staff—

- Officers,Medical— Officers, and Other itanks. Horses. VehIcles.

HigherOfficialS.

Staff - - .. 6 88 33 5°Field Administrative

Authorities .. 24 40 44 9

Total .. 30 78 77 14 -

Organization.—Adivisiun comprises—.Divisional Staff andauxiliary services.2 brigadesof infantryf = 4 regiments 12 battalions.3 or 4 squadronsof cavalry (divisional cavalry).1 Brigede of field artillery (divisional artillery) = 2 rogimente

4 Abteilungen 12 batteries,with 4 light artillery ammu-nition columns.

1~pioneerfield company.1 divisional bridgetrain and 1 or 2~bearercompanies.

:, I telephonedetachment.Total approximatestrengthof a division—

All ranks .. .. . - 17,500Horses .. -. ,. 4,000Guns.. ., .. .. 72Machine-guns.. .. .. 24~Vehicles .. .. .. 4S0

The fighting strengthof a Division, excluding officers, may betaken as 12.000 rifles, 450 or 600 lancesand carbines,24 machine-guns, arid 72 guns.

A Cavalry Division.Staff.—The stall and auxiliary servicesare on the samelines as

thoseof a division, thestrengthbeing 23 officers, &c., 68 otherranks,75 horses,and 15 vehicles (which include 3 motor cars, 1 motorlorry for supplies,and 1 for petrol).

Organization.—Acavalry division comprises—Staff and auxiliary services.3 cavalrybrigades 6 regiments 24 squadrons.2 batteriesof horseartillery, with light ammunitioncolumn.1 maclone-gunbattery.I detachmentof pioneers(on cyclesor in wagons).1 field signalling detachment.Wireless telegraphstationsmay alsobe attached.

* Include2 motor cars.

t Jdgerb~ttaliotismay be attached.~ Onedivl*ion of eachArmy Corpshasa Iteservepioneercompanyin additionf Onedivision of eachArmy Corps has 2 bearercompanies.ii See * footnoteon page21.

23

Total approximatestrengthof a cavalry division—All ranks .. .. .. 5,200Horses .. .. .. 5,600Guns.. .. . - .. / 12Machine-guns.. .. .. 6Vehicles .. .. .. 200

Fighting strength,say 3,600 lancesand carbines,6 machine-guns,and 12 guns.

Brigades of the several Arms.A Brigade of infantry or cavalry, or a Brigade (seepage33) of

artillery consistsof brigadestaff and two regiments(i.e., 6 battalions,S squadrons,or 12 batteries,respectively).

A major-general(or colonel), is in command,with a staff of oneAdjutantur officer (captainor subaltern),9 or 10 officials and otherranks, 12 horsesand 1 baggagewagon.

Approximatestrengthof brigades—

— Thfantry.~ Cavalry. Artlllery.t

All ranks .. .. .. 6,801 1,455 2,736Horses . - ,. .. .. 482 1,540 2,870Guns .. .. -. .. .. .. 72Machineguns .. . - .. 12 .. , -

Vehicles .. .. .. 131 39 223

Regiments.Aninfantry regimentconsistsof threebattalionsanda machine-gun

conipany.~A cavalry regimsientconsistsof four to six squadrons.A field artillery regiment consists of six batteries (in two

Abfeilungen (brigades) of thrco batteries each), and two lightammunition columns.

A foot artillery regiment consists of two battalions.Approximatestrengthof regiments—

— Intantry.9 Cavalry. Art ll~ry~

All ranksHorsesGims

..

..

..

..

. -

..

..

..

..

3,394234..

72271)8..

1,3621,182

36MachIne-gunsVehicles ..

.

. -

..

..

665

.

19. -

111

* Includingmachinegun companies.1 Includes4 light (artillery) ammunitioncolumns.~ 2 machinegun companies; 1 to each regiment.~ See footnoteon pago21.I Includesmachine-guncompany.~ Includes two iigisc (artillery) ammunitioncolumns.

24

Battalions and Smaller Units.Thecompositionof a battalionis, besidesits staff, asfollows :—

Infantry.—’Four companies.Foot artillery.—Four heavy howitzerbatteries and one light

ammunitioncolumn, or two mortarbatteriesand onelightammunitioncolumn.

Approximatestrcngth of battalions— - ‘

—

..

.. I

Inlalitry.

1,07659

HeavyFieldHowitzer.

1,210707 I

stortar.

885515

All ranksHorses

..

..

..

..

GunsVehicles

. -

..

..

. -

.. I..

..

191689

860

Thecompositionof pioneerandtrain battalionsis variableand isnot definitely laid down.

Approximate War Establishments.Thedetailsof the smallerunits is, approximately,asfollows

Companies.

itank, &c.

Batteries.

0

I Ia, ~

a0

a0C)5,a

C

C

5, 5, 0a a~ -

~ a ‘5H H H

.0so-40

Co

H7

C

H-u

5°5,5.‘5

H

o ,s12o o

H H

~0;

~1H

Officers, see..,OtherItankaHorses ..

Vehicles ..

5 8253 202

10 204 7

1020315860

142084013

1127629

7

2202

.,

..

7207

2..

410441

6

514712010

5161218

10

6264148

19

6225122

15

5125588

Guns -. ..~ 0 6 6 4 4 6

(b) Fmutas Rimsimvu Taoors.9’lse Field Itesorvu- Troops are intended immediately to support

the Field ‘rroops, and, if necessary,to take their placesalongsidethem. They are formed of those omen of the StandingArmy andthe Reservewho as-c not absoe-hedby the formation of the FieldTroops and the cadresof their depots,and of the men of the l~tBan of the Landwe/er, time youngestclassesbeing taken first.

- Approximate_WarEstablishnients.—.l)etails,&e.—condin.ued.

Columns.

Rank,~c,

Officers, &c. - -

Other ltankshorses .

Vehicles

* n/A Neur Art (newpattern).t a/A AUer Art (old pattern).

26

It is thoughtthat, roughlyspeaking,everydivision of theStandingArmy, viz., 50 divisions, canformon mobilizationaReservedivisiofl.*

TheseReservedivisions might be formed into fresh Army Corpsor be used as reservesto the regularArmy Corps.

In addition, no doubt, a numberof Landwelsrformations wouldbeusedfor thelines of communication,the occupationof conqueredterritory, the observationof fortresses,&c.

Every Reserveunit will carry the number of the active unit towhich it is affiliated, with the word “Reserve’S added.

Reserveunits are equippedand dressedlike the first line troops,with the exception that tho Landwelir cross in white metal is wornon the helmet and forage cap.

ll.—The Garrison Army.(a) Dxro-rTizoops(EasATz-TRUPPEN).

The Depot Troopsare intendedto make good the lossesiii men,horses, and material suffered by the corresponding field units,and to serve as a nucleus for now formations. They are formedat the peacestationsof the unions of the Field Troops. No cadresare maintainedfor them in peace time, oxcept in those cavalryregimentswhich will only mobilize four squadronsfor the field,thefifth squadronremainingat theregimentalhead-quartersto formthedepOtsquadron.

Theranks of thedepotsarefilled up by—(i) Recruits of the Standing Army who have not received

sufficient trainingto takethefield.(ii) Ersatzreservists.

(iii) Men of the active units temporarily un/it to takethe field.Th~officersaremadeup from a fewofficersof time StandingArmy, the remainderbeing Reserveor Lascdwehrofficers,and, in thejunior grades,sergeant-majorlieutenants.

A few of the non-commissionedofficers are drawn from timecorrespondingactive units, selectedas good drill instructors,or asless fitted for active service.

a rule, when the etlective of a unit of the F’eld Troops isdiminished by 5 per cent., a requisition for reinforcementsis sentdirect to the rlepSt unit. The officer commandingthe depOt theninformstheterritorialauthoritiesof thedateon whichthedetachmentcanstart,ansithey arrangefor its transportto time front with the lineeof communicationauthorities, Lossesin horsesfordismountedunitsare,asa rule, madegood from theremountdepotsof theArmy.Corps;horsesrequiredfor cavalry, artillery, and train units are sentfromth~depOtunits with saddleryorharnesscomplete. If the depOtof aunit of the Field Troopsis unableto comply with the demandsmadeupon it, theterritorialauthoritiesmaycauseanotherdepOtof thesamearm to furnish the requirementsat therequestof time GeneralOfficerCommandingthe Army-Corps in the field.

Reservedivisions svould probablyhave,say, six Celd artillery batteriesiasteadof twelvs, togetherwith a telegraphdetachment,aminmmnitton columnsandtrains. Strength—565officers,16,700oth..r ranks,and 4,500horses.

27

The depOtsunits,aftercomplying with demands,arebroughtup tostrengthagain by calling in more men from time Ersatz ReservoandLandwehr,and by therecruitsof the coining yearlycontingent.

DepOtunits areformed asfollowsI~/antr~j.—Eaehregimentof theField, Field Reserve,orLandwehr-

Troopsforms a depot battalion, and every rifle battalion forms adepOtcompany.

Cava1r~j.—Eachregiment mobilizing all five or six squadronsforms a depOt squadron. Those regiments,forming the cavalrydivisions, which mobilize four squadronsleave the fifth squadronat peace head-quartersas the depot squadron. Each Reserveregimentforms a depOtsquadron.

Ar(illery.—DepOtbatteriesareformedfor all field artillery batteriesof the Field, Field Reserve,and LandwehrTroops probably in theproportion of one to every six, that is one to eveiy rgiment.

No specialdepOts areformed for thefoot artillery. The battaIion~of Lendwehrfoot artillery retainedin thehomegarrisonswould Berveas depOtsfor their correspondingline and Landwehrformations.

Pioneer:.—Eaehpioneerbattalionformsa depOtcompany.Comnnuimicatioa troops—These probably form depOts in time

proportionof onedepOtbattalionto everyregimentof railway troops,and one depot company to every telegraph, air, and mechanicaltransportbattalion.

Tra,in.—AdepOt train battalion of three companiesis formedbyevery train battalion.

(b) GAnnrso~eTaoos’s.Thesetroops constitute in war the garrisonsof the townsof the

interior, of the fortresses,and of coastand inland defensiveworks.Theymayalsobeutilized in the field, and would certainlyheso usedin the eventof theImill strengthof theEmpirebeing put forth, evenwere the country not invaded. They comprisechiefly the men ofthe 2nd Banof the Landa’elmr,but may include alsomen of the J~tBannot usedfor the Field ReserveTroops.

It is believed that arrangementsmire made to mobilize a largenumber of Landwehr brigades which would probably include theGarrisonTroops. -

Thesetroopsaredistinguishableby thewaterproofcap they wearwith the white Lan.du’ehrcrosson it.

(c) LAND5I’oRM Taoors.TheLandstmu-mis calledout by Imperial proclamationin case of

greatnationalemergency,and would be usedfor homedefencoonly.The two Bans core of very different values; the 1st containinguntrainedmen between17 and 3P yearsof age,and the 2nd trainedand untrainedmen of from 39 to 45 yearsof age (seepage4). Onmobilization the men of the 1st Ban would probably be used fornon-combatantspostsin the GarrisonArmy, while the melt of the2nd Dan would be formed in separateLmtn4sturia units, or might beused to completeLandwehrunits.

Persomoncl.

peace. o’~tah-

it is not possible to state what the exact organization of time£and~turmwould be, but it hasbeen calculatedthat the numberoftrained men amountsto about623,000,while time untrainedmay beassessedat about5,683,000.

These troops will be dlistinguishableby time yellow Lundsturrncross worn on the cap. Somesort of uniform distinguishableat adistancewill be worn, such as red stripes sewn down the civiliantrousers,a white arm band on the civilian coat, and a waterproofforagecap ; it is probable, however,that time uniform will eventuallyhe the sameasthat of the Field, Reserve,andLandwehrTroops.

Estimated fully Mobifized Strength.The table below sets out approximately what is estimated by

calculation to be thefully mobilized strength of the GermanArmyby arms

Trained Rmink and File availableon Mobilica-tien.

2nd Line.Aeon. 1st Line Field Reserve

Field Depdtand, Surplus. Total.Troops. harrison

Treeps.

Infantry -. .. .. 888 000 1 334,000 278,000Cavalry .. .. -. 83,000 17,000 110 000Field Artillery -. .. 156,000 158,000 88,000Feetartillery .. .. 44,000 30,000 70,000Pioneers and communication 70,000 30,000 28,000

troops - -

Train .. .. .. 52,000 Nil Nil

5,071,000 1,&,9,~00 572,000

2,730,000

2,328,000250,000402,000144,000326,000

52,000

3,SOml,000

-

Trained rank ann file, as above -. - - 3,302,000Trained Leads/arm . . - - - - 823,000Officers, including Reserve,T~andmm’ehr,&e. 09,000Medical officers, including Reserve and

Loadwe/or .. .. .. .. 10,000Veterinary officers, including Reserveand

Landmoe/mr .. -. 2,000One-yearvolunteers .. 85,000Non-c,omrnismionedofficers of

ment 92,000-. .. .. 3,000

Totat trained offic~r~and men - - 4,166,000Partially trainedErsatz Reserve - - 113,000Untrained ErsatzReserveandl Lmmn.dsiursa 5,683,000

Grand Total .. .. 9,982,000

,StsmniimmgArmy only. Numberof Reservemid Zandwe/~rIsnot ka~wn.

29

Horsesand Field Guns.

HorsesGuems

- .

..

—

..

. -

let Line. 2nd Line,&o. Total,

- -

. -

- -

.. I521,085

4,300356,418

2,500878,403

8,800

Uni~orm.—AfIeld service uniform of a grey colour (grey-greeninthe case of the rifles) was introduced into the German Army inFebruary,1910, in addition to the existinguniforms.

INFANTRY.

General Organizntion.—The infantry consists of regiments of(a) infantry of the Guardand of the line, and (b) rifle (Jiiqer) bat-talions.

The total peaceestablishment(let October, 1013) of the infantry(Guatd,line, and rifles) is—

16,450 officers.1,354 medIcal officers,1,581 paymastersand assistantpaymasters.

244 bandmoasters.683 artifleere.

58,903non commissionedofficers.427,050rank and file.

(a) Infantry of the Guard and of the Line.PaAcjm OaGAa’rzATIoN.

General.—Thereare 106 brigades of infantry, of which 101consist (1st October, 1913) of 2 regiments,and 5 (time 2nd Guard,5th, 40th, 54th, and 62nd) of 3 regiments,or a total of 217 regiments.This total of 217 regimentsis madeup asfollows

Regiments. State. RegimentalNnmbcrs~

11 Guard.. Prussia -. lst—Ith FootGuards,lst—5th(IrenadlerGuardsand time GuardFusiller Regiment

165 line - - ,, - - ist—OSth, lOOth—ll8th, 128th—132nd, 135th—138thansI l4Oth—l7eth

10 ,, . - Wtirttenmberg lleth—127th and 180th17 ,, . - Saxony - - IOOth—IO8th, 1-33rd, 134th,l89th~177th—l7Oth,

181st,~nd 192nd24 ,, .. havana -. Iledy Infantry Regimentand lst—23rmi Ilavarian

All infantry regimentshave 3 battalIons,whloh gives a total of~dl* battalionsfor the Guardand line regiments, Thereare inaddition18 rifle (Jdper)battalionsmaking 660~in all.

Certain regimentsare styled grenadierand othersfusilier, but thenameimplies nothing but an honorarydistinction. One line regi-ment (the108thSaxon)is styleda &hiltzent (sharpshooter)regimentandwearsa uniform similar to that of therifles (JLiger).

Battalionsarenumbei-edI. to 111. within the regimentand consistof 4 companieseach: thesecompanies,togetherwith themachine-guncompanyare-numbered1 to 13 within the regiment,themachine-guncompanyforming the 13th Company.

WAR OROANIZATI0N,

General.—Infantryunits on mobilization am broughtup to thewar strengthsshown in the following table, in which the peaceestablishments have been included for purposes of comparison.Thepeacedistributionof unitsto Army Corpsremainsunaltered.

APPROXIMATE WAR ESTABLISJIMEIeTs OF INFANTRY UNITS.

Unit, Officers. Officers ~ Horses, Vehicies-Officials.

0ompany-~~Iligfmer establishment 3 250 10 4Lower ,,

Battallont—HigherestabIi~hment 22 4 1050 59 10Lower ,, -.

Regiment ol I Bat-tomlienet—

Higherestablishment 70 12 3,204 193 59Lower

Soigale of 2 RegI.mentet—

higherestablishment 3 143 24 6,118 400 119Lower ,, - - 5

~ltaft0! a Regiment 41 - - 51 18 2

MACHINE GUNS.

MACHINE GUN UNITS.Machine-gun units almost form a separate arm in Germany;

they are divided into machine-gunbatteries(Abteilungen),machine-gun companies,as-md fortressmachine-gundetachments.They areall under the Inspector of Machine.GunUnits at Berlin.

Timers Is In additioathe InstructionalInfantry Battalionat Berlin.3 ‘the (PrussiamefCluard Sc/immli~aBattaU~~l~countedasa J/tqer battalion,

Exclusiveof machine-guncompanyor companies. -

I Including I transportofficer.

Machine-Gun Battery.Organization.—Maclmine-gunbattoriesareindependentunitsunder

Army Corps or ca’valry division commanders,but attachedin peaceto infantry regiments, usually to Jiiger battalions, for discipline.In war they will probably be exclusively used with the cavalrydivisions.

Thei-eare 11 batteries,viz. :— -

9 Prussian,- I Saxon,

- 1 Bavarian,correspondingprobably to time number of cavalry divisions thatwill be mobilized in war.

The peaceand war strengthsof a machine-gunbattery are asfollows

- —~ Peace.War

(approximate).

Oiitcors .. - - - - 4 5Warrantofficers - - ., 1 1Non-conunlssioimedofficers ., 14 or IS )Artificers -. , - ,. 3 124Privates ., - - .. I 76 or 74t ~iHorses .. - . - - - 50~ 90Veimicles° .. . - .. 2 8Machinegiccis ansI wagons .. S Of

A battery consistsof 6 guns, mounted on sledgescarried on 6wagons,each dc-awn by 4 horses,with 2 drivers to each wagon;it is organizedin 3 sections. All drivers and horsosare found bythe battery (Abfeilung). All officers and non-commissionedofficersare mounted; the gun numbersare carried on the wagons,2 on thelimber and 2 on the body.

Theperes-mnelconsistsof pickedmenof more than averagephysiqueand intelligence, selected from infantry units after a few months’training.

A numberof mun surplice to ordinary requirementsare trainedinpeacewho could replacecasualtiesin war.

Tactics of Machine-Gun Units.General.—Gersnany is evincing her belief in the value of machine

guns by the great increaseshehasmade, from 1005 to 1913, in thenumber of theseweaponsallotted to her field armies, and in theattention paid to the training of the personnel.

* Exclusive of time 6 gumi wagons.Including 20 traindrivers.

~ Exclusive of I oIflccr’s chargsr.I reservemachine-guniscarriedin thelight ~rnimiunitioncolumnof th, cavalry

division,

Machine-gun batteries are used either for special operationssuch as with the advancedguard for seizing and holding advan-tageouspositions, or, as will more usually be tl’me casein ~var, withcavalry divisions, both in reconnaissancefor breakingdown resist-ance,and in the combat for supportingthe attack.

Machine-guncompaniesmay be said to be chiefly used for thedirect support of infantry in the fire combat.

As regardstile methodof attackagainstmachineguns,theprincipleemployedis to usewideextensionsandshoi-t rushesby small groups.

Machinegunsarenot intendedto replaceartillery. Theireffectiverange is 2,200 yards,and it is realizedin Germanytlmat about1,500yards is thelimit of usefulmachine-gunaction.

No hard as-md fast rules are laid downas to massingor dispersingtheguns of a battery or company but though guns are often usedin pairs,it is rareto hearof a gun being usedsingly. The tendencyis to keepthe 6 guns massed. -

Fire Controi.—Tlce systemof fire control is very mnuoh the sameasthat which obtainsatthe HytheSchoolof Musketry. ‘I’l.io targetranges,and natureof fire arc given out by time controlling ollicer,and repeatedby the non-commissionedofficers. Hand signals orthevoice areusedfor openingand ceasingfire, thenon-commissionedofficer, or No. I, tapping the firer on the shoulder,as we do, to stophim firing.

Ranging fire, traversing fire, continuous, and vertical searchingfire, will all be employed accordingto the target. If observationof fIre is possible, the range is obtainedand verified by rangingfire; if not, combinedsights,differing by 50 yas-rIs,are used.

No attemptis madeto control the fire of brigade guns from acentralposition.

CAVALI1Y.

PzAcE OauANJzAT10I6.Organization.—On the let October, 1013, the GermanOavaby

consistedof 110 regiments,eachof5 squadrons,except 3 Bavarisimregimentswhichhave only 4* squadronseach,making 547 squadron.in all. -

The arm is organizedin brigades in peace, the Guard cavalrybeing, however, organizedas a division of 4 brigades. Thereare55 brigades in all.

The regimentsare brigaded together,2 regiments to a brigade,irrespectiveof the fact asto whether they are heavy, medium, orlight cavalry brigadesbearthe numbersof time (infantry) divisionsto which they areattached.t

Normally 2 cavalry brigadesare allotted to each Army Corps,the exceptions being the Guard Corps with 4 brigades, and thelet, VIth, and XVIth Army Corps with 3 brigadeseach.

* The 5thsquadronswill shortly be formed. -3 Exceptthc 43rd, 44th, and 45thCavalry Brigadeswhich areattachedto tic

2nd, 12th, and 34th Divisions respectively,

-33

APPR0xIMAVz WAR ESTA~BL1SBMxNTSOF C~tv~ttievUNITS.

Unit.Officers,

Medical Officers,and Offieials.

OtherRanks. Horses. Vehicles.

Squadron .. . -

Regiment .. ..

llrigade .. ..

Division .. ..

Fieid signalling detach.elect .. ..

031174

283

10

153~086’

1,3814,955

102

178765

1,5405,590

139

31019

210

10

WAR ORUAIIIZATION.GeneraL—Onmobilization the cavalry will be organizedascavalry

divisions and divisional cavalry. The cavalry divisions, of whicheleven will probably bo mobilized, will consistof threecavalrybrigades,eachof two regiments, eachof four squadrons,or a totalof 24 squadrons(see page22). The fifth squadronin eachregimentremainsbehind asa depot squadron,but the selectionof the depotsquadron is only made when mobilization is ordered, and allsquadronsare trainedalike.

Thoso regiments which are selected to furnish the divisionalcavalry will probably mobilize all five squadrons,and three regi-ments will provide divisional cavalry for five divisions (threesquadronsto a division).

In addition, Reservecavalry regimentswill be mobilized (each ofthree squadrons)for allotment to Reservedivisions,and i.~andwehrsquadronsfor the Lamcdwelmrformations.

ARTILLERY.

FIELD (WHICH INCLUDES HORSE) ARTILLERY,

PxhcE OEOANIZATIOre.Organizatiori.—Onthe 1st October, 1013, the field artillery con-

sistedof 633 batteriesof field and horseartillery andfield howitzers,together with nine batteries (three being howitzer) at the FieldArtillery Schoolof Gunnery,making a total of 042 batteries.

The arm is organizedin “Brigadesm,” of which one is allotted toeach division and carries the number of the division to which itbelongs. The “Brigade” consists of two regiments,each of twoAôteilungenof three batteries.

Abteiiungen~arenumberedI. and II., andbatteries1—0 within theregiment.

Horseartillery Abteilucngeuof three 4-gun batterieseach, elevenin number, destined for servicewith the eleven cavalry divisionswhich it is expectedwill be formed on mobilization, arc attachedtothe 1st Guard, 1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th, 10th, 11th. 12th, 15th, 35th,and5th BavarianRegiments.

* (‘ombatentsabout 150 and COO.3 Time German Briqsr-Ie” mustnot beconfusedwith the Hritish ileld artiiie~y

brigadewhich is known in OcrmanyasanAbteUung.

34

The secondAbteilunga-isof a certainnumberof regimentsconsistof light field howitzers,giving oneor two field howitzerAlkeilungcreto everyArmy-Corps.

Wan. OaoAreezaTIore.General.—Nothingis laid downofficially or semi-officially for the

war organizationof the field artillery, but it seemscertain that noCorps field artillery will be formed, and that the peacedistributionto divisions will ho maintained.

It is probablethat, asstated abovo, two horse artillery batterieswill be allotted to eachof the eleven cavalry divisions which it isexpectedwill be formed. In an Army Corpsone division will haveninefield batteriesmind threefield howitzerbatteries,and the otherdivision will havetwelve field batteries.

The following field artillery unitswill be mobilized.(u) Field artillery batteries(field, horseand field howitzer bat-

teriesorganizediii Abieilussgere,regiments,andBriqaden).(6) Light ammunitioncolumns.

APPROXIMATE WAR Esreunssmreuuevsov Fe~anAavranvn.Y UNits.

Unit and numberon let October,1013.

‘~,,~o°‘°~~a

~~

,~n~

~o

L~~0.0~0

50 ~

~

.—.

~‘gno000’9,~ms-~a~5~ç~8

0

~~S

-

8’~~0O,n

g.

“S~~‘

~Q

horse Artillery Batteei~~—33 batteries(27 P., 38,3 B.)

11

FielO Artillery BatterIes(gao orhowitzer)—

255 batterIes(210 P., 24 S.,1211.) ,.- 349 batteries(237 P., 94 8.,21 W., 60 23.)

COO

Instructional Field BatteriesScimool ot Gunnery, Ii batteries(I’.)

Light Ammunition Columemo ..Horse Artillery Abtci,mjmg (3 bat-

column)Field Artillery Abteitun~(I bat-

teries and light ammunitionteries mend, light ammunitioncolumn)

Field Artillery Regiment ..

Field Artillery Iir~~a~le.. ..

4 120

\- 5 1511

~

4 28824 574

27 081~

59 3,375120 2,700

170

130

278710

621

1,2582,528

4

11

I 32

I18

I~~I 08

72

4

0

32

18

31172

1

1

4

~4

810

41

4~

~37

37

75151

P.Standsfor I’russian,S. for Smixon,W.forWiirttemberg,and 0. for hlavatis-ti-t Two 6-horsedstore,omme2-horsedStippiy, and one 4-horeedforego wagons

In rmdtidion, emma meld kitchenwhenavailable.

(a) Field Artillery Batterles.General.—As statedabove, th~s~will be groupedin Aôteilungen,

ragiments,and Jirigaden.Abteilmrng threebatteriesandlight ammunitioncolumn.Regiment — two Abteiluesgen.Brigade = two regiments.

Organization and Trasisport.—Ficrld, horse and field howitzerbatteriesareorganizedthus at war strength

Firing Battery (Gefechts-ba~Urie).~0 gunsor howitzers

0 ammunitionwagons. CAll 0-horsed.I observationWagon. ~

let Line Transport(Gefechts.lagage).~ led horses,~8 pack horsesfor stores.1—0 horsedstorewagon.1—2 horsedfield kitchen (whenavailable).

2nd Line Transport(GreaseBagage).1—0 horsedstorewagon.1—2 horsedsupplywagon.1—4 horsedforage wagon.

The gunsand wagonsof thefiring batteryareorganizedin threo*sections. Thewar strengths of horse and field batter’ics are givenin th~table on pago34.

Armament,—Thu horse and field batteries are armed with aquick-firing field gun (the 1896 gun with improvementsintroducedin 1905 and 1900), and the field howitzer batteries have recentlybeen re-armedwith a newlight, shielded,quick-firing howitzer.

TEQItNICAL TROOPS.

ENGINEERs,Pxoreeans,arenCoMMu3tioA~rroreTn.oors.GeneraL—The,main duties with whieb tho British Corps of Boyd

Engineersis chargedare divided in time GermanArmy between—A. (i.) Tbmo Gorp~of Engineers(lagrnieur Korps).

(Ii.)—’---Tho Corps of Fortress Constructors (Fe.~tusmgslmauOjjizicre).

B.—The Corpsof Pioneers(Pionits’ Korps). , -

C.—Various units of the Military Communication Servece- (Milit;ir. Vei-kehrswcstn).Othercognateduties~which we areaccustomedto view asengineer

servicesare carriedout as follows—(a) Barracks need military buildings, not included under the

designation“ Fertifleations,” by theBarrackConstructionDepartment(iarnisoa Bauu’esen),a branchof time .lntee.dun fur. -

(6) Survey, by the GeneralStaff.

* Twoin horsebatteries.3 Ten in horsebatte.rlce.~Four in horsebatteries.§ 3ubmacinemnimming Ia carriedomit by the Navy,mm, Is newtheCase with us.

36

A. (i.), £ (ii.) and 13. are distinct corps; but all three areunderthe Inspector-Generalof the Corps of Engineersand Pioneersandof Fortresses.

A1’PIeOXIreATE WAlt ESTAOL1SHMENTS OF PIONEER UNITS.

Unit.Officers, Medical

OffIcers, rind Otheritanles. Horses. Vehicles.Otficimmis.

BattalIon stall.. .. 2 9 9 1Pioneer field company ..

Divisional bridge train(a)Corpsbridge train çh) 5

1.Pioneer detachment for

2022 39

138 ~)2 64 1

.

2008 ‘

239

721.39

cavalrydivision . -

Pioneersiegetcaial ..

Special fortressand siege

110

33203

11158

180 .

unitsin regirneatsof 2 or3 battalions,eachbat-talion ,. - - 22 791 08 14

Fortresssearchlight~eetionHeavy Rhino brIdge

trainfe) ..

1lOll6

20 183011 ‘f 554259 5

9120

Pioneer Field Company.Organization.—The field company is organized in 3 sections,

but until quite recently these sectionswero not “self.containerl,”as the loads on the company vehicleswerenot distributed with thesectionalorganization in view. In the latestorganizationprovisionis mmmdc for three 2-horsed and one 4-horsedpioneerstore wagons(Gerütewrogen),on which the explosives,demolition stores,and othertools will be loaded,thus enabliugsectionsto be detachedon inde-pendentmissions.

No bridgingmeeterialis carried,thowhole of this beingconcentratedin the divisional and Corps bridge trains. There is no mountedbranch,

Divisional Bridge Train.Organization.—Thodivisional bridge train is composedentirely

of personneldrawn from the train. It is attached to the pioneerfield company of the division, and is under the command of theofficer commandingthat eom~any. On the march thuslatter officerdetails one pioneer for every vehicle of the bridge train to lookafter the budging material.

(a) Time personneli~takenfrom the train (figuresshownin ifalice), This unit Iiundercommand01 the offIcer commandingthe pioneerfield companyto which itis attacimed.

(5) ThepersonnelIs takenfrom the traIn (figuresshown In italics). A detach.meat0! pioneers,consistingof 2 eilicersand 04 otherranks,is attached.

(e) Thepersonneli~takenfrom time train (figuresshown iii if~lics). A detachment of ploneeri,consistingof s-bout5 officersand 259 otherranks,Is attached.

t inclmmde 1 medicalofficer mind 1 paymaster.~ Include 3 medical officer, 1 veterinaryofficer, and 1 paymmiaster.I WIth S park company.U Include 4 medical efficeraand officials.

‘37

TACTICS OF THE TIIREE ARMS.

Introductory,The detailsof drill formations,the system of outposts, &c., are

fully ties-It with in the variousmanuals entitled “EducationandTraining of the GermanInfantry (Cavalry, Field Artillery, tIre.),”pubhishe~(by time GeneralStall, Th~following chapterwill, therefore,only deal with the broad outlines of Germantactics based on theofficial Regulations,time writings of recognisedauthorities, and thereportsmadeby British Officers who have attendedGermanpeacemanccmuvres.

To understandGermantactics it is necessaryto realize the spiritof tile Germannation, since their tactics have, to a groat extent,been evolved to suit the sizeof their army anti tire idiosyneraciesofthe nation as a whole. It- hasSn be rememberedthat with no everincreasingpopulation thesize of the army is practically merely oneof expense,*uvImile the generalspirit of theGermanArmy is one ofintensedevotion to Emperor anti Fatherland,combined with theconviction that no otherarmy in the world could standup to it forany length of time.

Owing to its numbers,its organization,its discipline,the absoluteinterrelation of its parts, the elaboratenessand thoroughnessofmethod which governall its movements,and thestrongspirit of timeoffensiveinherent in tire whole military hierarchy, thereis no doubtthat it is by farthemustformidablefighting machinein the westernworld.

The keynote of its method is contained in time often repeatedinjunction “Forward againstthe enemy,costwhat it may.”~

The Three Arms.GeneraL—IntheGermanArmy it is an immutablelaw thatattack

should always be met by counterattack, s-nd so strongly ore allofficers imbueti with this primueiple that thereis a tendency,at anyrateat manwuvres,to deliver what to time critical observer appearto be prematureand ill-timed counterattacks.

As regardstime useof rcservtms,it would appearthat, althoughtheirRegulations prescribo flint the reserve is the commander’s mosteffective mu-capon for controlling time general course of the actionsince it “enableshim to move,asit were, the centreof gravity ofthefight whereverhuewishes,to reinforcewhereheconsidersnecessary,to dealwith the fluctuationsof theactionand, finally, to bring s-bouta decisiveresult,” yet, in practice,the tendencyus not so much toreinforceand supportan attackas to extendthe front with a viewto envelopingthehostile flanks.

In generalterms it may be said that the tactics of the GermanArmy aresimpleanduniform, andconsequentlyunderstoodby everyindividual in the Army.

* Restrictedby the constItutIonalbasisof 1 per cent, of the populationforthe peaceestablishment.

SemmtcneesIn Invertedcommas,oiccept where otherwIseexpreeslyStated,miretakenfrom the German“Infantry DrIll Regulations,Part II.

38

Attack.—Thero are two important axiomsin their Regulations(i) That asa generalrule thefront is, within reason,inviolabi~,(ii) “The combinationof a frontal and flank attack givesthe

bestprospectof success.”“In orderto carryout anenvelopingmovementsuccessfully,it is

essentialto contain time enemy in front. For this latter purposeadeterminedholding attaclcis themost effective.”

TheGermans,however,alwayscontemplatemakingtheir secondaryattack into a decisive one when the main or enveloping attackboginsto makeitself felt.

There is a tendency,in making flanic attacks,to extendthe frontof an attaclcing force anti even to separatewidely time largeunits ofthe force from one anotherin order to make a sufficiently wideturning movement.

As regardsthe safety of the containing force from counterattack,it is consideredin Germany that a division, 17,000 omen smith its72 gurus, pioneers and cavalry, can resistthe attack of double itsnumbersfor a wholeday.

Attack consistsin sendinga minimum force, say one-tixth of thewhole, againsttime front, and directing the remainderto make anenvelopingmovementagainst ono or both of time hostile flanks, butthe Regulationspoints out that “a simultaneousenvelopmentofboth flanks presupposes considerable superiority in strength.Otherwiseit meansa dangerousdispersionof force.”

As a rule, the simplicity of the method of attack and the habitinculcated throughout time German Army of quickly coming to adecisionandof putting it into effect resultin a veryrapid deploymentof the leadingtroops of a column which comesin contact wuth anenemy. Very few nmintmtesare allowed to elapsefroenthe time whentime enemy is located, to themoment when the ordersare actuallyussuodto thetroops in rear to turn off and commencethe movementnecessaryto unako time envelopment. The following extract fromtheir Regulationsas to encounterbattles rio doubt influencesthequestionof detailedreconnaissanceof eitherenemyorground :—

“II an attack is decidedon rapid action must b~taken. Tirecommantlermust make his planswithout waiting for the resultsofany further reconnaissance. It may be taken that the enemywillalsonot be readyfor action.”

It must,however,berecognisedthat theadvanced,troops,especiallythecavalry of time advancedguard,are expectedto supply (and atmanmuvrcs actually do supply) very full information as to theenemy.

As regardstime questionof entrenchingin the attack, but little ofthis is seen at manuxrnvres,possibly owing to the following Regu-lation :—~

“In the attack,entrenchingmaybeusefullyemployedin positionsto which troopsaretemporarilyconfinedin orderto hold on to groundwinch hasbeen gained.

It must, however,not be forgotten that a gain of time is morevaluableto time defenderthanto theattacker.

- 39

“Also the difficulty of getting a well entrenchedskirmishing lineto quit coverwhich hasbeen laboriously constructedand to resumethe advanceunder effectivehostile fire, demandscircumspectionintheuseof spadework in theattack.”

“Considerationsof covermust not be allowedto leases-the impul,eetoattack, nor in any way give a death-blowto thespirit of tlmc offensive.”

However, it is probablethat, in future, more will be seenof en-trenching,to judge by the following sentencewhich headsthe intro-duction to the new training manual, “Field Engineering for allArms,” datedDecember,1911

“In attack or in defence,when haltedor on themarch,troops ofall arms will, in war, be confronted with tasks for the performanceof which theywill requirea thoroughlenowiecigoof field engineering.”

Detence,—Littlohas been said on the subject of defencefor thereasonthat thewholo spirit of Germantactics is opposedto defence,except,of course,suchlocal action of this icind as maybe necessaryuntil the bulk of the troopscanmaketheoffensiveblow,

For peacetrainingpurposestroops haveto occupy positions,butsuchis theuniversaldesireto attack,that troopsareusuallyorderedby the commanderto leavetheir entrenehmentsandcounter-attackassoon as time intentionsof the enemycan ho either discoveredorevensurmised,

Hitherto the GermanRegulationshave recommendedtime occupa.tion of only ono position, and advancedposts, falso fronts, &c.,havebeen discredited.

Only ono defensive position will bo selected,which will bostrengthenedby all possible means. Advanced posts may easilyinterfere with the fire froni themain position,and often lead to localreverses. If it is a questionof gaininri time, theycanbe establishedas ‘falso positions ‘ to misleadtheenemy. In thus casethey shouldhe only weakly occumpied, and when the enemy hasdeployed, thetroops should retire without f’mgimting if possible.”

There is now (1912) a distinct tendencyto modify thesoviews,end troops arepractised in attacking an enemy who has made useof thesevariationson a single line of defence,

Stratagems.—Ina similar way the use of artifice and stratagemis undoubtedly increasing. Whereasformerly it was practicallyunknownandevencondemnedby someauthorities,thoughrecognisedin the Regulations,now, dummy trenches,&c., are constantly tobe seenat manwuvres.

Machine-guns.—No romanceon Germantacticswould ho completewithout referencebeingmadeto theimportanceattachedto machine.gun fire. In every infantry brigade there is one regiment whichhasa machine-guncompanyof six guns. This proportion is nowto be increasedto onecompanyfor eachregiment.* Thevalue ofthese weaponsis fully recognisedin Germany,and,greatstressislaid on the necessityfor all ranlcs to understandtheir employment.

• ThiswIll give 2 machIne-gunsfor 1,000rifles

40

Infantry.Infantry tactics havealteredbut little in principle in the last 14

or 16 years,although modifications have of late been introducedasregardscitensiondaringthe openingphasesof anattack.

There are three recognisedphasesin the attacic. The formingup or assembly(Aufmarsch); thedeployment(Bat/aftung); andtheextension(Entuvickelung). -

Forming uip consistsin changingfrom marchformationsto formut.tions with a broader front, but still close, such as battalions incolumn or lines of companiesin column of route.

Extension ire the distribution of troops in fighting formationsintheform of skirmishinglines.

Asa rule, forming up takesplacesome2,500yardsfrom theenemy,but this must necessarilydependon the circumstancesof terrain,&e.

Similarly, deployment is dependentour hostile fire and variesaccordingly, but, generally speaking,may bo said to take placeatfrom 2,000 to 1,500 yardsfrom tho enemy’s position.

The advancethus takesthe form of successivelines, firing line,supports,andreserves,with roughly 300yardsbetweeneach,thoughthe usualendeavouris to keepreservesin ic/melon on one or bothflanks.

At maumuvrcsthe original extensionnow variesfrom four to sixpacesbetweenmen, and is sometimeseven as much as ten paces,thoughthe Regulationslay downtwo pacesasthenormal,and stateas a guide that a company at war strength (250) will require165 yards, and a brigadeof six battalions 1,650 yards. But thetendencyat present,as shown above, is to increasethe originalintervalsbetweenmen.

The firing line is gradually increasedin density; and since casual-ties, at any rato at manomuvres,are not practised,by thetimo thufinal fire position, viz., 160 yards or sofrom theenemy, is reached,the line is a very thicic one.

The variousadvancesconsist of movementsof some 50 to 100yards,but astheyare not often carried out at the double,they can -scarcelybe termedrushes.

The Regulationsare very preciseas to the necessityfor thepro-vision of coveringfire during thesomovements.

The tend~neyis to producesomewhatrigid and inelastic lines,although tho Regulations distinctly contemplate elasticity,as isshownin timo following :—

“Tho infantry combatoften presentsthe most variedsituationsat differentpoints of the samebattle field.”

“If an opportunity to advanceoffers itself to anyunit orportionof a unit—whmcthera group, haif.section,section,or company—it isthe duty of the commanderto uiso it.”

“Too great regularity in the forward movementof units is tobeavoided, thormgti duecare mustbe takenthat portionsof thelinedo not, in advancing,interfere with the fire of the men still lyingdown in rear.”

41

From theforegoingit is evidentthat theGemnianRegulationsandour own arenot so differentin principle asis sometimesassemted.

Artillery. - -

Attack.—The main principle aimed at in the employment ofGermanartillery is the close supportof the infantry at all hazards.Batteriesaro expectedto move up to positionsquite close behindthe attacking infantry, regardlessof the lossesto which theyexposethemselves,usingdirect fire, and then to follow up theirown infantryasthey approachcloserand closer to the hostiletrenches.

The Regulationsstate that openand semi-coveredpositions miremost suitableIor the attack of moving targets. Covered positionsaregivencreditfor nrystifying tire enemy,for facilitatingammunitionsupply, and for enablingbatteriesto preservetheir fmghting powerfor decisiveperiodsof the battle, On the other band,it is pointedout that careful preparation,for which time is essential, and goodobservingstationsareindispensablefor theuseof suchpositions.

Thespirit of thelatestamendmentsissuedin 1911 to the “Instruc-tions for Field Artillery Fire” shows an endeavourto insist moreon the use of coveredpositionsin the future.

As regardsreservesof artillery, although the Regulations statethat—” In the operationsof largeforces the general commandingmay, at time beginning of the battle, keepa portion of the artilleryIn reserve,” yet in practiceguns are seldom held in reserve forlong.

In time attack on an enemyin position as soon as the infantrycome under fire, the taslc of supporting them becomesthe firstduty of time artillery. Indeed, co-operationwith the infantry is thekeynoteof the GermanArtillery Regulations,anti theseRegulationsare carriedout in both letter andspirit at all peacemanrruvres.

As soon as the general officer commandinghas informed theartillery commanderwhere the decisiveattack is to be delivered,the latter concentratesthe greatestvolume of fire on that part ofthe position; any guns which may have been held in reservearebroughtinto action. The fire of the heavyartillery, like that of thefield guns, is now chiefly directedon the enemy’sinfantry.

In addition, the attackinginfantry is accompaniedin its furtheradvance by single batteries. The object of these batteries is togive the troopsmoralencouragement,and,in caseof a repulseatanypoint, to breakthe enemy’sonset,and form a line behindwhich theinfantry carerally.

De?ence.—Asregardsartillery in time defence,its action is guidedby the sameprinciples as those already described in the attack,but, as statödpreviously, theGermanRegulationsdeal,much morebriefly with th~defencethan with theattack.- The detailing of gurus for special tasks from the outset of theengagementis the chiefdifferencebetweentime tacticSof thedefenceand of the attaelcin Germany.

The governingprinciple appearsto be to preventthe attackingartillery from gainingsuperiorityof fire.

42

With Advanced Guards.—In the allotment of artillery to anadvancedguard, thereseems to be a tendencyto make advancedguaudsstrong in this arm.

GeneralRohnegives thefollowing asthe usualproportionFor a Division (12 battalions and 12 batteries) 3 batteries (one

Abteilung), with 1 regimentof infantry (3 battalions).For an Army Corps, 3 to 6 batterieswith 4 to 8 infantry

battalions.As regardsthe employment of guns with an advancedguard,

CaptainCulmann, of the FrenchGeneral Staff, writing on battlesof encounter,says, “the tendencyof the Germansin openingtheengagementis to strike quickly andto strike strongly theone1d~aopposestheother, and only the artillery can effect a partial recon-ciliation betweenthem.”

Cavalry.The Germanideasas to the tactical employmentof cavahy, as

laid down in their Regulations,are very much the sameas thoseembodiedin our own manuals.

Shock action where theoffensive is assumedat the outset,com-bined,wherelargebodiesof cavalryareconcerned,with theco-opera-tion of artillery and machine-gunfire, is regardedas the normalmode of fighting in the German cavalry; but the necessity fordismounted action is being more and more recognised,andcavalryis consequentlyreceiving increasedtraining in this subject. It istrue that the Germancavalryare very much handicappedby theirlancesin dismounted work, becausethey cannot carry them on thesaddle; but this does not prevent them from employing dismountedaction. If, however, three-quarters of the force dismounts, theled horsesarerenderedmoreor less immobile.

The desire is to combine fire tactics with mobility, to delay andsurprisethe enemy,but not to use cavalry, as a rule, as infantry,or to carry out regularattacksin considerabledepth. At the sametime it is recognisedthat occasionsmay arise when it will be foundnecessaryfor cavalry to capture positions—e.g.,advancedor flankpositions—bya regulardismountedattaclc,and cavalry are taughtto executetheseattacics,employingextensionsanddepthsof forma-tion similar to an ordinary infantry attack.

The effect of the arnie blanche is still consideredto be of verygreatimportance,andit is maintainedthat cavalry charges,comingas a surprise or delivered againstshaken troops suffering underthe prolonged strain of a modern battle, will often be valuable andsuccessfulin the future asthey havobeen in thepast.

Tactical reconnaissanceis, in Germany,left almost entirely tothecavalry.

The reports sentby cavalry are extremely good and accurate.-At peacemancnuvrescavalry are allowed to approachmuch closerto hostile infantry than,perhaps,would always be possiblein war,but thimf is donewith t

5’e object of giving cavalry theopportunity

of carl-ying out reconnaissanee.

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Judgingby the opinionsof military writers, mancuruvros,&c., itwould appearthat in the employmentof cavalry in front of an armythe idea is to push cavalry divisions one or sometimes two daysmarchin front when thereis (i) a reasonablechanceof their gettinginformationwhich is not otherwiseobtainable,or (ii) a reasonablechanceof defeating thehostilecavalry,or (iii) a screeningmissiontobe carried out.

The systemof attaching infantry battalionsto cavalry divisionswastried, with considerablesuccess,atthe 1912InmperialManomuvrcs.It was statedthat it was doneas an experiment to provide therequisiteinfantry fire asa reply to thecyclist infantry of the Frenchcavalry divisions. It is probable,therefore,that this systemwillbe adoptedin war, theinfantry being carried, as at maumumuvrcs,inmechanically-propelledvehicles.

It mayalsobe remarkedthat the Germancavalry divisions weregrouped into cavalry corps at thesemanceuvrcs.

Aircraft.Germanviews on thu employur~ntof aircraft in war and the

effect on tactics of the other arms are not sufficiently crystallizedfor insertion in thesenotes.

MARCHES, PROTECTION, BILLETS, AND BIVOUACS.

MAT1CnES.Rate of marching.—Large bodies of troops marching for long

distancesunder favorable conditions, march at time averagerate,including halts, of 1 kilometrein 15 minutes(I nib in 24 minutes,or2~milesanhour). Smallbodiesof troopsnmarclmingindependentlycan move fa~tcrthan this, especiallyfor short distances,but theGerman Regulationslay down that it is seldomadvisableto increasetheordinary rateof marching.

Infaa(ry.—.Theroarefour methodsof marchingin theinfantry :—‘(1) The drill step(Exerziermardch); (2) the march in step (Gleicle.schriu); (3) the breakstep (Mar~cho/sne Trill); (4) time double(Laü!schrilt).

The drill step is used at drill in close formation, when payingcompliments, and at reviews. It was orginally termed time“ Paredesr.luritt.” Thur march in stepis 114 pacesto the minute,andthelength of time paceis ‘8 metre(31k inches). Thepaceof thebreakstepvaries in length and time accordingto the natureof timegroundand thebuild of theindividual, and thedoublevariesfrom170 to 180 pacesto the minute, the length of the paco being from75 to ‘9 metre(29k to 35~inches), accordingto the natureof the

ground.

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cavalry—In the cavalry the pacesrecognisedare time wallc, trot,gallop, and -‘ extendedgsllop.” At a walk 125 paces,*at a trot275, at a gallop 500, and at the “extendedgallop” 700 paces*aretraversedin a minute. When marchingpastata canter350 paeos*are traversed in the miniute.

Artiller~uj.—Thopaceslaid downfor field and horseartillery areasfor cavalry, but are somewhatreducedin clifficuilt groundand whentrotting in column of route. Thee rateof time trot laid downfor theheavy artillery of time Field Arnuy is 250 paces*to time minute, therateof time walk beingasabove.

Marching tormations.—Infantrymarcim in fours (Marschkolonne),cavalryin largebodiesnmarchin sectionsand field andheavyartilleryin column of routo. rf}mC marchin file for cavalry is recognised,butit is not recommended,owing to time length of the column beingtherebydoubled.

Greatimportanceis attaclredto onesidevi theroad alwaysbeingkeptclearduringa march,but in certaincircumstances,suchaswhentire roadsare bador in very hot weather,troopsarti allowedto marchon eithersideof thueroad, leavingtime centreclear. -

An officer, anda bugleror trumpeter,for time purposeof sounding“clear thc roach,” marchat time rear of eacim company,squadron,orbattery. This call may only be soundedby order of an officer.

When thee roach is wide, and is known to be so throughout,timecolumn is shortened,iur order to expeditedeployment,by allowinginfantry to marchin doublecolumn of fours, or two units to marchsideby side, field artillery and machinegunsto marchin column ofsub-sections(Doppcli-olonne)and horseartillery in battery column.

Order of March.—Tiie order of marchof advanced,flank, or rearguards is decidedby their commandersas a rule, that of time mainbody by the commanderof theforce.

Theorderof marchis basedupon themannerin which thetroopswill be employed. Time headof time main body consists,normally,of the remainderof the infantry unit or formation whelm furumisimesthe infantry of the advancedguard. The field artillery marchesasneartho broad of thrum column as is consistcmnt with safety. If timeartillery column is a hong one, companiesor sectionsof infantry maybe interpolated in it for its protection. Time bulk of time infantryfollows the arlillery. Time normal position of thelight ammunitioncolumns of ti-eu field artillery is in rear oh their own clivmsionahinfantry. Heavyartillery follows the light ammunitioncolumnsofthie rear division, with the observationwagons leading and theaunmuunition wagons together in rear of the last battery of timebattalion, These are foihowed by thelight ammunitioncolumn ohthee battalion. Shouldthee heavy artillery be likely to ho requiredearly in the Iiglmt, it may march nearerthe head of thee column.Telephonedetachmentsn-earchm well forward, and bridge trainseuthuerrvehi lorward. or with the 2nd line transport or train, as required.Bearer companiesfollow the troops to wieiche they are allotted,andprecedethe light ammunitioncolumnsof tho field artillery.

lbs paceIi reckoueculat ‘8 metro(511 lachea).

45

Detailsof normal marchformationsare to be found in AppendixXIIt., but theseareonly to beacceptedasa guide.

The following distancesareallowedbetweenunitsIn rearof a—

Companyorsquadron .. .. .. 10 paces.Battalion, battery, maclminegun battery,ammuni-

tion, orsuppiycolumn, &e. .. -. 15 ,,

Regimentor Abteilmenqof field artillery.. .. 20l3muttalion of heavyartillery ., .. .. 40 ,,

Brigade - - .. -. .. . - 40Division .. . . .. .. .. 120

Halts.—In addition to a short halt soon after starting, one ormore halts are made in every march according to circumstances.If thereis only onehalt made,it is madewhentime greaterpartof timehourneyhasbeencovered if severalhalta aremade,they occeratintervalsof trvc, hours. Troopsmay imalt on the road in column orthey may be formed up iii the caseof long halts. Wimen a lmaltoccuirs in the vicinity of theenemyit is laid down theuit it will beadvisable to simortccm thee column, infantry forming columum On anarrow front, or several infantry columns forming side by side.Precautionsfor security will be takenat everyhalt.

Night marches.—Notmimcim is said in the German Regulationswith respectto niglmt marches. It is pointed out that they subjecttroops to additional fatigue and impair their efficiency on theefollowing day. Tlmeyareacceptedasjustifiable whentheobjectis toconceal tire movementfrom time ,enemy, especiallyif ho employsaircraft, or if theweather is very hot. Absolutesilence is insistedon during theirexecution.

The pa~sagoof military bridges.—Thepioneerofficer in eliiergeof the bridge controlsand directs time crossingof the troops. Allprecautionsarc takento insurea quiet and orderly crossing,send toavoid checkson the far bank, and, aboveall, on time bridge itself.Troopsassumethe formation in whichm time bridge is to be crossed100 pacesbefore reachingit, and preservethat formation until fluerearof thecolumn is at leastthee samedistanceclearof time bridge.

Infantry cross a bridge for all arms in fours, breakingstep.Cavalrycrossin file, dismounted,andleadingtheirlmorscs. Artilleryandmachinegunsin column of route.

Transportand train.—Tramesportis divided into 1st hine transport(Oe/ec1d.e.baga~,nm)and 2nd line transport(GrosseB~gagc). Time detailsof thetransportof unite hmeavealreadybeengivenin time chaptersdeal-ing with the different arms. Any increasein transport beyond tiuoregulationamount,exceptin casesof urgentnecessity,is forbidden.

A temporaryincreasein the length of a transportcolumn mayoccur in consequenceof aim inoreasoin time numberof supplyandforage wagons autimorizecl by suuhmeriorauthority, or ~nconsequenceof arrangementsmadeby individual commandingofficers, who mayrequisition single conveyancesfor the transportof men unableto

46

march or of war stores. When contact with the enemy is notexpected,the whole of the transportmay marchwith thetroops attime discretionof tIme commanderof the force.

When contactwith time enemyis probable,thelet line transportremainswith it~unit and follows it into action. The2nd line trans-port, assenrbhcclin groups,follows the fighting troops in the sameorder of march as the division to whicir it belongs and at theprescribeddi~tancc. In retirementit precedestire troops, and in aflank ararciemoveson thee flank time most remotefrom theenemy.

Ammunition columns and, train are divided into two éc/ie1o,e~(Slafleln) when on the march, Time first &iclon includes,as a rule,one Abtcilunc, of ammunition columns~if any), supplycolumns,partof flue heavyartillery ammmmnition columns(if any), supplycolumns,and parks,and field hospitalsaccording to requirements. Balloongascolumnsare always included in time first échelomm. Corps bridgetrains areallotted asrequired.

WhenanArmy Corpsmarchesby different roadsthewhole of thecolumns and train, or only the first ~chelonmay be di~tributcdtodivisions. When a fight is expected,whole or hail ammunitioncolumns,and single field hospitals,mayho sentforward asa fightinge~cheloain front of the 2nd hero transport,or right up to the rearofthetroops.

Considerationsof supply may render it necessaryto interpolatesupply columnsand parksin the columnsof marchof the fightingtroops.

PBovEoTior~.

Protection on the March.Advanced Guard.—A mixed force of all arms invariably sends

forward an advancedguard for its immediateprotection, whetherits front is coveredby cavalryor not.

Th~advancedguard must be far enoughto the front to preventtheadvanceof thurmain body from beingchecked,andwhencontactwith the enemyis obtained, it must act so as to gain spaceandtime for themain body to deploy it must at the sametime avoidcommittingitself to abattlewhichmayhamperthefreedomof actionof the commanderof the wholeforce. This officer will consequentlyoften march with thu advancedguard, and doesso constantlyatnmanunuvres,detailing anotherofficer to commandthe main body inhis absence. The strengthand compositionof the advancedguardareregulatedby thesituation,theintentionsof the commander,thonatureof the country and the strength of the main body. Theproportion of infantry may vary from one-third to one-sixth, oreven less, of the total strengthof that arm, Sometinesit mayconsistalmostentirelyof cavalry.

Field artillery will bespecially detailed to an advancedguard of emlarge fom-ce, and pioneerswill, as a rule, always be included Aballoon detachment,bridgetrain, and evenhospital troopsmay alsobeattached.

4,~

The advancedguardis divided into the main body, the vanguardanl theadvancedguard cavalry, if any. The main body consistsof the bulk of the infantry, the field artillery, and pioneers,unlessthelatterarewith thevanguard. The vanguardconsistsof a portionof the infantry, the necessarycavalry, and,’ when rerimired, thepioneers. In the casoof a large force it marchessufficiently farforward (say, 1,100 to 1,650 yards)to give the main body time todeployshouldcontactwith theenemybemade. With a smallforcethe distancewill be suchthat tire main body will not be liable tosurpuiseby effectiverifle fire.

A strong vanguardwill usually sendforward a point company440 to 550 yards in advance. At a similar or greaterdistance inadvanceof the point companymarchesthe infantry point, whichis again prgcededby tho cavalry point, or by the cavalry of thevanguardwith its point. When specially ordered, the protectivecavalryin advanceof theinfantry pointmaybe dispensedwith.

The infantry point consistsof one officer and at leasta group(Greppe four files). The cavalry point consistsof a commandertendseveraltroopers. Conncxionis maintainedby infantryconnectingfiles or by cyclists.

Theadvancedguardof anindependentforce of cavalryis organizedsimilarly to that of a mixed force. For one or two squadronsa~avali-ypoint will suffice.

Flank Quards.—Ifpatrolsare not consideredsufficient protectionfor the flanks, flank guards are formed; they may be detachedfrom the vanguard,main guard,or main body. Thestrengthandcomposition depend on circumstances,but cavalry is invariablyrequired for reconnaissance,and to insure rapid communicationwith themain column

On themarcha flankguardassumesthesameprotectiveformationto the front and outer flank as the advancedguard. Sometimesitforms a rearguard of its own.

Rear Guards.—Arear guard will generallybecomposedof freshtroops, and will include a strong force of field artillery and cavalry.Its rOle is to enablethemain body to retreatin good order,sacrificingitself, if necessary,in carryIngout this duty. A frees useof artilleryand machinegun fire, without engagingthe bulk of the infantry, isrecommended,in order to force tho enemyto deploy arid to enabletime retirement to be continued, if possible, unobserved. It, isadvocatedthat the commandershouldseizefavorableopportunitiesto take offensive action, if only on account of the moral eflectproduced. A rear guard is disposedin the same manneras anadvancedguardreversed.

Protectionwhen at rest.General.—Thestrengthand composition of outpostsdependon

the proxi-nity andstrengthof theenemy,on timo strengthof theforceitseii, oum time natureof thee coumntryand on special circumstances.When the enemyis too distantto tirreatena seriousatt~ck.a bodyof troopsmarchingcontinuouslydayby daymayadoptthe simplest

48 -

measuresfor protection. A halt in time faceof theenemynecessitatesmore completeprotection. Just beforeor aftera battle theremaybe no room Ior outposts; time troops bivouac in their tighrtiugpositions covered merely by sentries and patrols furnished fromsmall detachmentspusheda shortdistanceto thefront.

Except duringa battle tire movementsof the troops are in themain confined to thee roads, especially by night. It is thereforeimportant to occupy approachesleading from the direction of theenemy.

After a battle the outpostsare furnished, if possible, by freshtroops, but after a march the advancedguardsor rear guards,asthe easemay be, take up this duty witlmout furtherorders, Theyare divided into the main body (Ileupftrupp) and the outposts(Vorposlcn).

It is laid downthat outpostsmustnot seekopportunitiesto light,but when establishedin theface of an enemyfor a lengthy periodactivo measureson theeir part, for the purposeof exhaustinganddemoralizingthe hostile troops, are authorized. They mustalwaysbereadyto meetanattack.

Outposts oP all arms.—The outpostsare placedunder the ordersof a commander of the outposts(VorpoetenKommandeur),and if,owing to tactical considerations,it is necessaryto divide theoutpostsline into sectionsa commanderis detailed in addition for eachsection.

Outpostsare organizedas outpost companies (Vorposten Kom-pagnien),which furniurim their own piquets,and theoutpostreserve.In exceptionalcasesthee outpostcavalrymay bepushedto thefrontas an independentprotectiveforce. It is consideredadvisableonlyto detail field artillery to outpostsfor a special ob~eet.Machinegunsmay beused,and pioneersemployedfor carryingout entrench-merits.

When the outpostline is divided into sections,the limits of thesectionsare so assignedthat important roadslie within thelimits ofa section,and not betweentwo sections.

The outpost reserve.— The outpost reserves is usually placed inthe vicinity of thmo mostimportant road leadingtowards the enemy.It is intendedfor thesupportof time outpostcompanies,orto protectthemif they fall backupon it, and protectsitself by outlyingpiquets.

Thedegreeof readinessfor actionfor theoutpostreserveis decidedby thee commanderof the outposts. Unlessotherwiseordered themon take off their accoutrementsand sheltertentsarespitched.

Outpost companies.—Tho outpost companies form the mainprotectiveline, and consistof two portions only as a rule, viz., thecompany and the piquets, which furnish the sentries. Thus themain line of resistancecorrespondsto our line of “supports.”Outpost companieshmold on to their positions if attackedunlessotherwiseordered. Their number and distribution dependon theattitude of the enemyand the natureof the ground,with specialt’eferenceto theroads.

49

A companyis, asa rule, time smallest body of troops in any onesectionof the outpostline. The most important road is allotted awhole companyfor its protection. Each companyis known by itsnumber,e.g., “OutpostCompany12/36” (l

2tlm Companyof the36th

Regiment).Detachedposts are employed under the ordersof the company

commanderto hold important points to thefront or a flank, or toobserve certain portions of tire foreground. At night detachedpostsare sentforward alongthesmain roadsfor additionalsecurity.

A single sentry, styled a sentry over arms, is posted for theeimmediateprotectionof the utmostcompany. Shouldthe companybe undershelter,a doublesentry or severalsingle sentriesmay beposted,and in very closecountry severaldoublesentries.

Thementakeoil tleeir accoutrements.Piquets,sentries, and patrols.—Piquetsare pushedforward by the

outpost company for its protection. The strength of a piqmietvariesfrom asection(about80 men)to agroup(8 men),anddependson theduty assignedto it, theimportanceof the postand theeproxi-mity of the enemy. Important piquetsare commandedby officers,The piquetsare numberedfrom right to left within time company.Themen may take off their helmetsand knapsacksonly, and riflesarepiled so thateachreliefandpatrolmaytakeup their ownwithoutdisturbing the remainder. Protection is obtained by sentriesandpatrols. The former may be double sentriesor non-commissionedofficer’s posts(Unteroffizierposten),but more weight is laid on allapproachesbeingwatchedby theseandtheinterveninggroundbeingpatrolled,than on theline of sentriesforming anunbrokenchain.

Sentries.—Doubhosentriesare posted,asa rule, not further thanfrom 440 to 550 yardsfrom thepiquet. Sentriesareusually postedtend relieveddirect from piquet. The six men forming the reliefsof a doublesentrypost are marchedto that post by a non-com-missionedofficer by theshortestroute,in orderthat the2nd and3rdreliefs may know their way. Thecommanderof thepiquet decideswhether the non-commissionedofficer returns to the piquet withthesereliefs,orwhetherhe remainswith his wholecommandto forma non-commissionedofficer’s post.

The two men of a donbl~sentry postobservetogetherandremainwithin communicatingdistanceof eachother.

All sentrypostsarenumberedfrom right to left within thepiqnot.Unlessordershavobeengivento the contrary,a sentrymaytake

off his knapsackand smoke. Re may allow all officers, formedbodiesof troops, patrols,mountedorderlies,and cyclists belongingto his own force to pass,beet all other personsare escortedto thepiquet, anda sentryis authorizedto shootany personwho disobeyshis orders. At night a sentry challengesin a loud voice, “halt 1lVerdal’” (Halt—who goesthere7). lie is authorizedto fire if athird challengeis disregarded. Individual officers of the enemyapproachingwith asmall escortand a flag of trucearenot treatedashostile, but aretakento the piquet and blindfolded.

50

Patrols.—Infantrypatrolsare used for close reconnaissanceevenwhen touch with the enemy is maintainedby cavalry patrols. Ifcavalrycannotbe usedthe wholeserviceof patrolling is carriedoutby infantry. Patrolsare sentout for the protectioem of a piquetwhile the sentries are being posted,and they areused within thesentryline to watchgroundwhereno sentriesareposted. -

A patrol sent out towards the enemy consistsof at least twomen under an experienced commanderwho may be an officer.At night standingpatrolsmaybesontout in advanceof theoutpostline for greater security. Patrols turn out, as a rule, withoutknapsacksandforagecaps.

Cavalry outposts.—Independentcavniry endoavoursto protectitself by careful reconnaissance.The greatest amount of rest.,combined with a comparativelysmall amount of protection, isobtainedby keeping a wide areaof ground betweenitself andtheenemy. For this purposea short marchmay be macheto the rearto takeup quartersfor the night unlessthe tactical situation doesnot allow of this procodisro.

Outposts may be posted mounted or dismounted. Roads arebarricaded and entrenchurentsconstructed wherever necessary.The arrangementsfor the outpostline are similar to thosefor theoutpostsof all arms. Thudutyof protectionis performedby outpostsquadronsor weaker detachments,supportedby other squadronsheld in readinessin the villages near the front. In exceptionalcasesanoutpostreserveof two or moro squadronsis formed. Theoutpost squadron sends out mounted or dismountedpiquets asrequired,andin addition to, or insteadof these,vedettesconsistingof threemen or sentries, Vedetteshave their horseswith them,single sentriesdo not. Important points in front of the generaloutpostline areheld by advancedvedettesorpiquets,

The strengthof a cavalry piquet varies according to its duties,and does not exceed a troop as a rule. ‘Fhe piquct sends outvedettesand sentries,which aro numberedfrom right to left. Twomen of a v~dctteremain in observation togetherdismounted,thethird man acts as horse-holder. A non.commissioned officer’svedotteconsistsof anon-commissionedofficer andsix men. A doublesentryconsistsof two men. A non.commissioneclofitcer’s post is adoublesentryhavingits doublereliefwith it.

Outpostcavalry.—Theduty of cavalrywith an outpost line of allarmsis to watch the groundbeyondtheinfantry outpostline, andtoprovide the necessarymounted orderlies. It is not consideredadvisableto placethu wholeof the outpostcavalry in front of theoutpostline, but to withdrawthebulk of it behindtime line of outpostcompanies,leaving piquets and vedettesout to observe. Standingpatrolsmay be usedwith advantage,especiallyat night.

Outposts in siege warfare.—Jn theatlack,—Thmecombatround a

f?rtressdevelopsfrom field operationsand gradually passesintosmegeoperations. The outpostservicechangesits charactercorres-pondingly. During the actualinvestmentthedispositionand duties

51

of the outpostsare the sameas in the field. Oncethe investmentis completedthe outpost line becomesa flghtfng line, and is soorganized. It must,in addition to theduty of observation,hold timeground which has been capturedand protect the troops in rear,Thework carriedout by theoutpostsin front of thoseportionsof thedefensiveline againstwhich it is intended to operate,forms thegroundworkfor the subsequentphasesof thees attack. Time groundround time fortressis divided into sections,the limits of which aredeterminedby natural featuresand by the position of the hostileworks. About ~ne.t1eird of time infantry allotted to each section,together with machineguns, are detailed for outpostduty. Fieldartillery may be detailed to the outpost line or held in readinessbehind it. Pioneers and searchlight sections are allotted a~required. A separatecommanderis responsiblefor eachsectionofthe line. Sentries in front of the line are frequently entrenched.A countersignis used at night, and any one unableto give it inanswerto tiee challengehalt I lVer da? will be fired upon. Thesameoutpostsaregenerallykept on duty for severaldaysata time,but thoso portions of the force in direct contactwith the enemyare,asit rule, r~li~vedevery24 hours,but not everyday atthesamehoist. Further, tIme relievedtroopsonly move to the rear whenthereliefs have beenposted,thus at thee momentof relief the outpostline is doubled in strengtlm. The samecompaniesand larger unitsarealwaysemployedin thesamesectionsof theoutpostline.

Zn the de/ence.—Forthe distant defenceof a fortress,outlyingdetachmentsof all armsare sentout. Theseretiregradually beforetheenemy. The fortressand its immediateforegroundare dividedinto sections,each with its own garrison. These troops furnishtheir own outposts,time strengthand disposition of whmch dependupon the varying tactical duties which they mayhave to perform.Thegeneral rules laid down for outpostin the attack apply. Anyworks which have a special permanentgarrison det&led to themprotectthemselvesby sentriesand patrolsindependentlyof themainsystemof outposts.

Bitaicre Al-it’ J3IVoUAC$. -General.—In the GermanArmy it is acceptedthat a bad billet is

preferableto the best bivouac, and that, in the caseof mountedtroops, anykind of shelteris preferableto noneat all. Thereis, infact, a tendency to accommodateall mounted troops in billets,before sheltcrini’ time infantry. Bivouacsare only resortedto whenthey ares renderednecessaryon tactical grounds, owing to theproximity of time enemy. -

It may be remarked that operationordersfor getting troops inbillets into position alonga road arevery detailed. In thecaseof adivision, divisional orders at mnanmuvrcs deal with infantryregiments and even battalions in order to avoid any possibleconfusion.

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Billets.

Two classesof billets arerecognized,namely.—(1)Ordinary billets(Ortsunterlcunft), (2) Closebillets (Ortebiwaic). -

Ordinary billets.—In Germany itself, oven in times of peace,allhouseholdersare liable to have troops quarteredon tlmem. In war,ordinary billets are resortedto whenthereis no prospectof contactwith theenemy. Theaccommodationavailablein towns andvillagesis utilized in suchi a way as to provide the maximum of comfortfor time troops without unduly inconveniencingthe inhabitants.The extentof the area to be occupieddependson the numberandsize of the villages available, tlmcir situation as regardsthe line ofmarch,thie length of the column, thedistancewimicim time force hasmarchedand is going to marchnext day, and time time availableuntil thee troops are againrequiredto concentrate. It is convenientto make the depth of the billeting rayons approximately equalto thelength of thecolumn.

Tho existing, or proposed, order of marchregulatesthe distri.bution of the troops to time variousvillages,and in order to makefull use of the available accommodationit may be necessary.to-interminglethedifferentarms. Thevillagesnearesttheline of march~re occupiedthemoststrongly.

Transportmay be parhed within time cantonmentarea. Guns,machine-guns,ammunition columns and trains are placed outside,on the side most remote from the enemy. The vehicles of theheavy artillery may remain on time road if the ground on eitherside is bad, and are kept outside time billeting area,closedup andto onesideof theroad.

When the enemyis in closer proximity, tactical considerationsares of first importancearid the troops are packed more closely,theinhabitantssufferingaccordingly. Time villages nearesttimc enemyare occupiedby strong bodies of infantry, an escort is quarteredwith the artillery, and trains are accommodated farthest awayfrom time enemy.

Time quartersof head-quartersand other staffs are selectedwithregard to telegraphic, telephonic and road communications.These quartersare distinguishedby the autlmorized flags or wispsof straw by day, and by lanterns by nighmt, the telegraph andtelephonestations being markedby notice boards,with a largewhite T on a red ground. At eachtelegraphstation a plan of thetelegraphic communicationsis hung up whenever possible;thisplan also contains information as regardsthe positions of thevariousstaffs. If a placeis occupiedfor sometime, the positionsof staff officers, hospitals and Magazinesares indicated by noticobcnirdsat the entrances,signpostsbeing erected if necessary.

Time preliminary measuresfor quartering are, as a rule, madein advance by quartermasters(Qucertiecrineisfer), in co-operationwith the civil authorities, billeting papersbeing used when timoallows. A more summary method is to assign a section of tho

53

billeting area with clear]y defined boundaries to each body 01troops, and certainstreetsand housesto eachof its units, officersbeing senton aheadto arrangethe allotment of billets.

The senior officer, un1es~eunotheer is specially detailed, isappointed cantonment commandant (Oris-Kommandant). ITeis responsiblefor thee allotment of billets, and for security and order.He appoints an officer (a subalternor field officer accordingto thestrengthof tlmo force), f or cantonmentduty, who is responsibleforthe guards. Officers for rounds (Ronde Ofliziere) are detailed asrequired. Officers of time day are detailed by each battalion,cavalry regiment, Abfeitueng of artillery or ammunition column,and non-commissionedofficers of time day by each company orsimilar unit.

An outiying piquet is necessaryfor the immediate protectionof a cantonmentwhen thee enemyis elos~at hand, or to preventpersonsfrom leaving it. In time caseof a force of all arms thispqmmet is found by infantry. Its duties are similar to those laiddown for a piquetin time outpostline (seepage 49). On the alarmbeing soundedtIme outlying piquct remainsat its post, or, if neces-sary, throws itself upon the enemy. Some portions of the troopsare alsoconcentratedin a state of constantreadinessin “alarmquarters“ (suitable housesor farm buildings) for time further pro-tectionof theforce.

Inlying piquetsare establishedin overy villago or town for thomaintenanceof order. Time number of sentries to be furnisheddeterminestheir strength. Theseare mounted on the colours(com-manding officer’s quarters) and the vehicles. A bugler or it

trumpeteris detailed to all piquets.An alarmpost is selectedfor eachunit, and an alarm rendezvous

is fixed in largecantonmentsfor the concentrationof larger bodiesof troops. -

Special precautionsare adopted to gmiard against time possibleco-operation of the inleabitimnts in surprise attacks. They maybe threatenedwith penalties end hostagessecured the streetsare higlmtedwith torchesor hmy lights in time windows,and the housedoors keptopen. The troopsare kept in a stateof constantreadi-ness, and are usually concentratedin alarm quarters. The exitsof the placeare blocked and it is placed in a stateof defence.Exits are madefor time extricationof horses,so that they may notget shut imp in tlmeir billets, by breakingdown outer walls and soforth. Special preparationsare made for assemblingthe troopsrapidly witimoutbuglecall. This is called time “ still alarm.” - -

Close bilhets.—When all the troops cannot be accommodatedtinder cover, thee remainder bivouac in time vicinity, or in timegardensand openspacesof thee place. This method is termedclosebilleting, and, when adopted, time regulations regardingordinary.billets apply to the troops under cover and thmose for bivouacs totime troopsrestingin time open. -

54

Bivouacs.Qeneral.—2berules for bivouacs in force in the British Army

apply generally. The lentesd’abri~carried by the troops are usedas shelters. Bivouacsare arrangedin accordancewith the dispo-sition of time troopsand the tactical situation.- Whenlarge bodiesof troops are assemb!edin one bivouac, the minimum intervalbetween units is 20 paces. The higher commandersand theirstaffsareusuallyaccommodatedundera roof.

Time senior officer present in ea~hebivouac is er-officio bivouaccommandant. Time position of his bivouac must be easily found,and he is responsiblefor local security. He is assistedby an officeron duty for the bivouac, officers for roundsand officers and non~commissionedofficers fur regimental duty as in ordinary billets.The regulationsIor outlying and inlying piquets in ordinary billetsapply. If thetactical situation permits, bandsare allowedto playat statedhoursand tattoo is beatenor sounded.

ln~antry bivouacs.—-Infantry bivouac in mass of colummns ofsections or company columnsexcept when time battalion conm.mumnder orders sonic other arrangement. Uniformity withinthe battalion is not insistedon. Arms are piled in the formationadopted,helmetsand accoutrementsare laid downeither with therifles, or on the companyparadegrounds. Horselines are laid outwith picketpostsend hines in rearof time vehicles.

Cavalry bivouacs.—Cavalry bivouac in column of squadronsat half distance facing a flank. On the adoption of thisformationtherearranksof squadronsgo sectionseeftaboutand move20 pacesto the rear; squadronsthen open omit until they occupyI~times their original fronts. When time men have dismountedby word of command,they plant or lay down their lancesthreepacesin front of time horses’ heads. Head-dressesand accoutre-mentsare laid down imaif a pacefurther to the left. Picket postsaredriven in at equal intervah~immediately in front of thehorses’Imeacis, and time picket lines are madefast to them. If the orderto off-saddlehas been giverm, the saddlesare laid down with thepommnels towards thee horses and threel pacesin rear of them.Carbines are left on the saddles. Saddle-blanketsfolded readyfor saddling imp are laid down either under or over the saddles,accordingto the weather,or they mii.y be usedto blanketup thehorses. Bridles are laid en the saddles,bits towards the horses.

Field artillery bivouacs.——When the battery has formed up,thee men dismount and the horse lines are laid out. Fortins purpose thee poles of the limbers are lowered to theground, time wheels are scotched, and the picket lines arestretched between the whecis. Wooden toggles are knottedinto the picket lines at a few paces from their ends tokeep the horsesclear of thee carriages. If necessarya picket postis driven in to support the centreof time picket line. Saddlesarelaid down with time pommelstowards the~1morsesand three pacesen rear of them. Girths, traces,surcinglee and all articles of

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equipmentstrappedon behindtheesaddlearelaid on thesestsof thesaddles. Over theseare laid the saddle-blanketsfolded readyforsaddlingup, unless they are required to blanketup the horses.Bridles are laid on the blanketswith bits towards the lmorses, andthenhelmets,bandoliersand sword.helts, Collarsare leant againstthe pommels of the saddles,and swords are left in theefrogs andlaid beside them, witlm whips liming over the hilts. The accoutre.mentsof the men are-laid down jim two rows by gun or wagotdetacimments.

Heavy artillery bivouacs.—TheRegulations for field artilleryhofl good as far as they are applicable. Rifles of detachmentsare piled by the carriages,and accoutrementsarelaid down in twrrowsbehindthese.

flivouacs o~other froops.—Macimine.gunbatteries and com-panies, telegraph and field balloon detachmentsbivouac in timesame way as U~ld artillery. Ammunition colmmmns and trainbivouac as laid down in time Regulationsfor transport,animuni-li~sncolumns and train, They do not bivouac except in caseofoo:essity. -

Ii

lie Authorile Ai.muemtr .1. Mmyirrri, ao,ernmentPrinter, Melbourne