AUSTRALIAN

PIPE

FRICTION

HANDBOOK

FOURTH EDITION

PUMP INDUSTRY AUSTRALIA INCORPORATED.

PO Box 55 Telephone (02) 65690160Stuarts Point Fax (02) 65600160NSW 2441

Pipe Handbook.indd 1 26/10/2016 12:20 pm

Contents

INTRODUCTION xi

SECTION 1 HEAD LOSS TABLES 1

1.1 Head Loss through Conduits—Darcy-Weisbach Equation 31.2 Values of Friction Factor f: The Moody Chart 51.3 Relative Roughness Factors for various New Clean Pipes 61.4 Head Loss through Conduits—Hazen and Williams Equation 71.5 Typical Roughness Coefficients 8TABLE A Steel—Commercial 9B Steel—Large Fabricated 15C Steel—Galvanised 27D Ductile Cast Iron—Uncoated 35E Ductile Cast Iron—Cement Lined 43F Copper Tube 51G Brass Tube 66H Stainless Steel Tube 67I PVC – Series 1 71J PVC – Series 2 103K Polyethylene 119L Polyethylene – Rural 180M Aluminium 182N Rubber Hose 184O Concrete 1891.6 Friction Loss for Viscous Liquids 1911.7 Lay Flat Hose Friction Chart 200 SECTION 2 GENERAL INFORMATION 201

2.1 Head Loss Through Valves and Fittings 2032.2 Head Loss Through Valves and Fittings—Viscous Liquids 2092.3 Friction Head Loss—Sample Calculations 2102.4 Values of Gravity at Selected Australian Sites 2122.5 Physical Properties of Water 2132.6 Pressure, Boiling Point of Water at Various Altitudes 2142.7 Suction Lift Reduction with Temperature 2152.8 Viscosity Equivalents at Constant Temperature 2162.9 Viscosity of Liquids 2182.10 Specific Gravity and Temperature Relationship for Various Liquids 2212.11 Density and Specific Gravity of Various Liquids 2222.12 Flow through Orifices and Nozzles 2232.13 Approximating Discharge from Pipes 2262.14 Irrigation Table 2272.15 Discharge from Siphon Lines 2282.16 Pressure Surges and Water Hammer 2312.17 Acceleration Head—Reciprocating Pumps 232

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2.18 Conversion Equivalents 2332.19 Power Transmission: Recommended Flow Rates and Pressures for

Hydraulic Hose 238

Bibliography 239References 240

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Definitions of Terms and UnitsUnless otherwise stated, symbols used in this book are S.I. units or are defined as follows:

C = Hazen-Williams constant.c = Orifice constant.D = Actual Internal Diameter (m).d = Actual Internal Diameter (mm).dn = Nominal Bore (mm).OD = Outside Diameter (mm).ID = Inside Diameter (mm).d1 & d2 = Specific Diameters (mm).f = Friction Factor.g = Universal Gravitational constant.H = Differential Head (m).Hs = Static Suction Lift (m).hl = Head Loss (m/100 m).hf = Head Loss (m).K = Resistance Coefficient.k = Absolute Roughness (mm).kd

= Relative Roughness

L = Length of pipe (m).L/D = Equivalent Length of a Resistance to Flow in Pipe Diameters.Pa = Atmospheric Pressure (kPa).Ps = Absolute Pressure (kPa).Pv = Vapour Pressure (kPa).Q = Flow Rate (L/s).Re = Reynolds’ Number.r = radius of elbow (mm)T = Temperature (°K)v = Velocity (m/s). = Density (kg/m3). = Dynamic (Absolute) Viscosity (mPa.s). = Kinematic Viscosity (m2/s).' = Kinematic Viscosity (centistokes)

ix

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1.2 Values of Friction Factor f: The Moody Chart

1.2.11.1.2

5

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Fabricated Steel Pipe table B510mm Wall Based on AS 1579—2001

k = 0.051050 Nom. Bore

1047.0 ID, C = 1451200 Nom. Bore

1199.0 ID, C = 145.41300 Nom. Bore

1301.0 ID, C = 145.741400 Nom. Bore

1402.0 ID, C = 146.0

FLOWRATEL/s

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

19

250 0.29 0.004 0.01300 0.35 0.006 0.01400 0.46 0.011 0.01 0.35 0.006 0.01 0.30 0.005 0.01500 0.58 0.017 0.02 0.44 0.010 0.01 0.38 0.007 0.01 0.32 0.005 0.01600 0.70 0.025 0.03 0.53 0.014 0.02 0.45 0.010 0.01 0.39 0.008 0.01700 0.81 0.034 0.04 0.62 0.020 0.02 0.53 0.014 0.01 0.45 0.010 0.01800 0.93 0.044 0.05 0.71 0.026 0.03 0.60 0.018 0.02 0.52 0.014 0.01900 1.05 0.056 0.07 0.80 0.032 0.03 0.68 0.023 0.02 0.58 0.017 0.02

1000 1.16 0.069 0.08 0.89 0.040 0.04 0.75 0.029 0.03 0.65 0.021 0.021100 1.28 0.083 0.10 0.97 0.048 0.05 0.83 0.035 0.03 0.71 0.026 0.021200 1.39 0.099 0.12 1.06 0.058 0.06 0.90 0.042 0.04 0.78 0.031 0.031300 1.51 0.116 0.14 1.15 0.068 0.07 0.98 0.049 0.05 0.84 0.036 0.031400 1.63 0.135 0.16 1.24 0.078 0.08 1.05 0.057 0.05 0.91 0.042 0.041500 1.74 0.155 0.18 1.33 0.090 0.09 1.13 0.065 0.06 0.97 0.048 0.041600 1.86 0.176 0.20 1.42 0.102 0.10 1.20 0.074 0.07 1.04 0.055 0.051800 2.09 0.223 0.25 1.59 0.130 0.13 1.35 0.094 0.09 1.17 0.069 0.062000 2.32 0.275 0.31 1.77 0.160 0.16 1.50 0.115 0.10 1.30 0.086 0.072200 2.56 0.333 0.37 1.95 0.194 0.19 1.65 0.140 0.12 1.43 0.104 0.092400 2.79 0.396 0.44 2.13 0.231 0.22 1.81 0.166 0.15 1.55 0.123 0.102600 3.02 0.465 0.51 2.30 0.271 0.26 1.96 0.195 0.17 1.68 0.145 0.122800 3.25 0.540 0.59 2.48 0.314 0.30 2.11 0.226 0.20 1.81 0.168 0.143000 3.48 0.619 0.67 2.66 0.360 0.34 2.26 0.260 0.23 1.94 0.193 0.153200 3.72 0.705 0.76 2.83 0.410 0.38 2.41 0.296 0.25 2.07 0.219 0.183400 3.95 0.796 0.86 3.01 0.463 0.43 2.56 0.334 0.29 2.20 0.247 0.203600 4.18 0.892 0.96 3.19 0.519 0.48 2.71 0.374 0.32 2.33 0.277 0.223800 4.41 0.994 1.06 3.37 0.578 0.54 2.86 0.417 0.35 2.46 0.309 0.244000 4.65 1.101 1.17 3.54 0.640 0.59 3.01 0.462 0.39 2.59 0.343 0.274200 4.88 1.214 1.29 3.72 0.706 0.65 3.16 0.509 0.43 2.72 0.378 0.304400 5.11 1.333 1.41 3.90 0.775 0.71 3.31 0.559 0.47 2.85 0.414 0.324600 5.34 1.456 1.54 4.07 0.847 0.77 3.46 0.611 0.51 2.98 0.453 0.354800 5.58 1.586 1.67 4.25 0.922 0.84 3.61 0.665 0.56 3.11 0.493 0.385000 5.81 1.721 1.81 4.43 1.001 0.91 3.76 0.722 0.60 3.24 0.535 0.415200 6.04 1.861 1.96 4.61 1.082 0.98 3.91 0.781 0.65 3.37 0.579 0.455400 6.27 2.007 2.11 4.78 1.167 1.06 4.06 0.842 0.70 3.50 0.624 0.485600 6.50 2.159 2.26 4.96 1.255 1.14 4.21 0.905 0.75 3.63 0.671 0.515800 6.74 2.315 2.42 5.14 1.346 1.22 4.36 0.971 0.80 3.76 0.720 0.556000 5.31 1.441 1.30 4.51 1.039 0.86 3.89 0.771 0.596200 5.49 1.538 1.39 4.66 1.110 0.92 4.02 0.823 0.636400 5.67 1.639 1.47 4.81 1.183 0.97 4.15 0.877 0.676600 5.85 1.743 1.57 4.96 1.258 1.03 4.28 0.933 0.716800 6.02 1.851 1.66 5.12 1.335 1.10 4.40 0.990 0.757000 6.20 1.961 1.76 5.27 1.415 1.16 4.53 1.049 0.797200 6.38 2.075 1.86 5.42 1.497 1.23 4.66 1.110 0.847400 6.55 2.192 1.96 5.57 1.581 1.29 4.79 1.172 0.887600 6.73 2.312 2.06 5.72 1.668 1.36 4.92 1.237 0.937800 5.87 1.756 1.43 5.05 1.302 0.988000 6.02 1.848 1.51 5.18 1.370 1.038200 6.17 1.941 1.58 5.31 1.439 1.088400 6.32 2.037 1.66 5.44 1.511 1.138600 6.47 2.135 1.73 5.57 1.583 1.198800 5.70 1.658 1.249000 5.83 1.734 1.30

Note: values printed in bold are in the critical flow zone and are unreliable

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Ductile Cast Iron Pipe (Unlined) table D1PN 20 Based on AS/NZS 2280—2014

k = 0.25225 Nom. Bore

249.0 ID, C = 128.3250 Nom. Bore

276.0 ID, C = 127.6300 Nom. Bore

335.0 ID, C = 127.8375 Nom. Bore

415.8 ID, C = 128.8

FLOWRATEL/s

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

35

5.0 0.10 0.001 0.0110.0 0.21 0.002 0.02 0.17 0.001 0.0115.0 0.31 0.005 0.04 0.25 0.003 0.03 0.17 0.001 0.0120.0 0.41 0.009 0.08 0.33 0.006 0.05 0.23 0.003 0.02 0.15 0.001 0.0125.0 0.51 0.013 0.12 0.42 0.009 0.07 0.28 0.004 0.03 0.18 0.002 0.0130.0 0.62 0.019 0.17 0.50 0.013 0.10 0.34 0.006 0.04 0.22 0.002 0.0135.0 0.72 0.026 0.23 0.59 0.017 0.13 0.40 0.008 0.05 0.26 0.003 0.0240.0 0.82 0.034 0.29 0.67 0.023 0.17 0.45 0.011 0.06 0.29 0.004 0.0245.0 0.92 0.044 0.37 0.75 0.029 0.22 0.51 0.013 0.08 0.33 0.006 0.0350.0 1.03 0.054 0.45 0.84 0.036 0.27 0.57 0.016 0.10 0.37 0.007 0.0355.0 1.13 0.065 0.54 0.92 0.043 0.32 0.62 0.020 0.12 0.41 0.008 0.0460.0 1.23 0.077 0.64 1.00 0.051 0.38 0.68 0.024 0.14 0.44 0.010 0.0565.0 1.33 0.091 0.75 1.09 0.060 0.44 0.74 0.028 0.16 0.48 0.012 0.0570.0 1.44 0.105 0.87 1.17 0.070 0.51 0.79 0.032 0.19 0.52 0.014 0.0675.0 1.54 0.121 1.00 1.25 0.080 0.59 0.85 0.037 0.22 0.55 0.016 0.0780.0 1.64 0.138 1.13 1.34 0.091 0.67 0.91 0.042 0.25 0.59 0.018 0.0890.0 1.85 0.174 1.43 1.50 0.115 0.84 1.02 0.053 0.31 0.66 0.022 0.10

100.0 2.05 0.215 1.76 1.67 0.143 1.03 1.13 0.066 0.38 0.74 0.028 0.13110.0 2.26 0.260 2.12 1.84 0.172 1.24 1.25 0.079 0.46 0.81 0.033 0.15120.0 2.46 0.310 2.51 2.01 0.205 1.47 1.36 0.095 0.54 0.88 0.040 0.18130.0 2.67 0.364 2.95 2.17 0.241 1.73 1.47 0.111 0.63 0.96 0.047 0.21140.0 2.88 0.422 3.41 2.34 0.279 2.00 1.59 0.129 0.73 1.03 0.054 0.24150.0 3.08 0.484 3.91 2.51 0.321 2.29 1.70 0.148 0.84 1.10 0.062 0.28160.0 3.29 0.551 4.44 2.67 0.365 2.60 1.82 0.168 0.95 1.18 0.071 0.31180.0 3.70 0.697 5.61 3.01 0.462 3.28 2.04 0.213 1.20 1.33 0.090 0.39200.0 4.11 0.861 6.91 3.34 0.570 4.04 2.27 0.263 1.48 1.47 0.111 0.48220.0 4.52 1.041 8.35 3.68 0.690 4.88 2.50 0.318 1.79 1.62 0.134 0.58240.0 4.93 1.239 9.92 4.01 0.821 5.80 2.72 0.378 2.12 1.77 0.159 0.69260.0 5.34 1.454 11.64 4.35 0.964 6.80 2.95 0.444 2.48 1.91 0.187 0.81280.0 5.75 1.687 13.48 4.68 1.117 7.88 3.18 0.515 2.88 2.06 0.217 0.94300.0 6.16 1.936 15.46 5.01 1.283 9.04 3.40 0.591 3.30 2.21 0.249 1.08325.0 6.67 2.273 18.13 5.43 1.506 10.60 3.69 0.694 3.86 2.39 0.292 1.26350.0 5.85 1.746 12.28 3.97 0.804 4.48 2.58 0.339 1.46375.0 6.27 2.004 14.08 4.25 0.924 5.13 2.76 0.389 1.67400.0 6.69 2.281 16.01 4.54 1.051 5.83 2.95 0.443 1.90425.0 4.82 1.186 6.58 3.13 0.500 2.14450.0 5.11 1.330 7.37 3.31 0.560 2.40475.0 5.39 1.482 8.21 3.50 0.624 2.67500.0 5.67 1.642 9.09 3.68 0.692 2.95525.0 5.96 1.810 10.01 3.87 0.763 3.25550.0 6.24 1.987 10.98 4.05 0.837 3.57575.0 6.52 2.171 12.00 4.23 0.915 3.90600.0 6.81 2.364 13.06 4.42 0.996 4.24625.0 4.60 1.081 4.60650.0 4.79 1.169 4.97675.0 4.97 1.261 5.36700.0 5.16 1.356 5.76725.0 5.34 1.454 6.17750.0 5.52 1.556 6.60775.0 5.71 1.662 7.05800.0 5.89 1.771 7.51850.0 6.26 1.999 8.47

Note: values printed in bold are in the critical flow zone and are unreliable

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Ductile Cast Iron Pipe (Cement Lined) table E8Flange Class Based on AS/NZS 2280—2014

k = 0.15500 Nom. Bore

526.0 ID, C = 133.9600 Nom. Bore

631.0 ID, C = 134.1750 Nom. Bore

784.0 ID, C = 134.7

FLOWRATEL/s

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

50

50.0 0.23 0.003 0.0175.0 0.35 0.006 0.02 0.24 0.003 0.01

100.0 0.46 0.011 0.04 0.32 0.005 0.01150.0 0.69 0.024 0.08 0.48 0.012 0.03 0.31 0.005 0.01200.0 0.92 0.043 0.13 0.64 0.021 0.05 0.41 0.009 0.02250.0 1.15 0.068 0.21 0.80 0.033 0.08 0.52 0.014 0.03300.0 1.38 0.097 0.29 0.96 0.047 0.12 0.62 0.020 0.04350.0 1.61 0.132 0.40 1.12 0.064 0.16 0.73 0.027 0.05400.0 1.84 0.173 0.51 1.28 0.083 0.20 0.83 0.035 0.07450.0 2.07 0.219 0.65 1.44 0.106 0.26 0.93 0.044 0.09500.0 2.30 0.270 0.80 1.60 0.130 0.31 1.04 0.055 0.10550.0 2.53 0.327 0.96 1.76 0.158 0.38 1.14 0.066 0.13600.0 2.76 0.389 1.14 1.92 0.188 0.45 1.24 0.079 0.15625.0 2.88 0.422 1.23 2.00 0.204 0.48 1.29 0.086 0.16650.0 2.99 0.457 1.33 2.08 0.220 0.52 1.35 0.092 0.17675.0 3.11 0.492 1.43 2.16 0.238 0.56 1.40 0.100 0.19700.0 3.22 0.529 1.54 2.24 0.256 0.60 1.45 0.107 0.20725.0 3.34 0.568 1.65 2.32 0.274 0.65 1.50 0.115 0.21750.0 3.45 0.608 1.76 2.40 0.293 0.69 1.55 0.123 0.23800.0 3.68 0.692 2.00 2.56 0.334 0.79 1.66 0.140 0.26850.0 3.91 0.781 2.26 2.72 0.377 0.88 1.76 0.158 0.29900.0 4.14 0.875 2.53 2.88 0.423 0.99 1.86 0.177 0.33950.0 4.37 0.975 2.81 3.04 0.471 1.10 1.97 0.198 0.361000.0 4.60 1.080 3.11 3.20 0.522 1.22 2.07 0.219 0.401050.0 4.83 1.191 3.43 3.36 0.575 1.34 2.18 0.241 0.441100.0 5.06 1.307 3.76 3.52 0.631 1.47 2.28 0.265 0.481150.0 5.29 1.429 4.10 3.68 0.690 1.60 2.38 0.290 0.531200.0 5.52 1.556 4.46 3.84 0.751 1.74 2.49 0.315 0.571250.0 5.75 1.688 4.84 4.00 0.815 1.89 2.59 0.342 0.621300.0 5.98 1.826 5.23 4.16 0.882 2.04 2.69 0.370 0.671350.0 6.21 1.969 5.64 4.32 0.951 2.20 2.80 0.399 0.721400.0 6.44 2.118 6.06 4.48 1.023 2.36 2.90 0.429 0.771450.0 6.67 2.272 6.49 4.64 1.097 2.53 3.00 0.460 0.831500.0 6.90 2.431 6.95 4.80 1.174 2.71 3.11 0.493 0.891550.0 4.96 1.253 2.89 3.21 0.526 0.951600.0 5.12 1.336 3.08 3.31 0.560 1.011650.0 5.28 1.420 3.27 3.42 0.596 1.071700.0 5.44 1.508 3.47 3.52 0.633 1.131750.0 5.60 1.598 3.68 3.63 0.670 1.201800.0 5.76 1.690 3.89 3.73 0.709 1.271850.0 5.92 1.786 4.11 3.83 0.749 1.341900.0 6.08 1.883 4.33 3.94 0.790 1.411950.0 6.24 1.984 4.56 4.04 0.832 1.492000.0 6.40 2.087 4.79 4.14 0.876 1.562050.0 6.56 2.193 5.03 4.25 0.920 1.642100.0 6.72 2.301 5.28 4.35 0.965 1.722200.0 4.56 1.060 1.892300.0 4.76 1.158 2.062400.0 4.97 1.261 2.242500.0 5.18 1.368 2.432600.0 5.39 1.480 2.622700.0 5.59 1.596 2.83

Note: values printed in bold are in the critical flow zone and are unreliable

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PVC Pipe table I4PN4.5 Series 1 Based on AS 1477—2006

k = 0.0015400 Nom. Bore

433.3 ID, C = 153.3450 Nom. Bore

481.4 ID, C = 153.4500 Nom. Bore

539.1 ID, C = 153.5575 Nom. Bore

606.6 ID, C = 153.6

FLOWRATEL/s

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

74

30.0 0.20 0.002 0.0140.0 0.27 0.004 0.02 0.22 0.002 0.0150.0 0.34 0.006 0.02 0.27 0.004 0.01 0.22 0.002 0.0160.0 0.41 0.008 0.03 0.33 0.006 0.02 0.26 0.004 0.01 0.21 0.002 0.0170.0 0.47 0.011 0.04 0.38 0.008 0.03 0.31 0.005 0.01 0.24 0.003 0.0180.0 0.54 0.015 0.05 0.44 0.010 0.03 0.35 0.006 0.02 0.28 0.004 0.0190.0 0.61 0.019 0.07 0.49 0.012 0.04 0.39 0.008 0.02 0.31 0.005 0.01

100.0 0.68 0.023 0.08 0.55 0.015 0.05 0.44 0.010 0.03 0.35 0.006 0.02110.0 0.75 0.028 0.10 0.60 0.019 0.06 0.48 0.012 0.03 0.38 0.007 0.02120.0 0.81 0.034 0.11 0.66 0.022 0.07 0.53 0.014 0.04 0.42 0.009 0.02130.0 0.88 0.040 0.13 0.71 0.026 0.08 0.57 0.017 0.05 0.45 0.010 0.03140.0 0.95 0.046 0.15 0.77 0.030 0.09 0.61 0.019 0.05 0.48 0.012 0.03160.0 1.09 0.060 0.19 0.88 0.039 0.11 0.70 0.025 0.07 0.55 0.016 0.04180.0 1.22 0.076 0.23 0.99 0.050 0.14 0.79 0.032 0.08 0.62 0.020 0.05200.0 1.36 0.094 0.28 1.10 0.062 0.17 0.88 0.039 0.10 0.69 0.024 0.06220.0 1.49 0.114 0.34 1.21 0.075 0.20 0.96 0.047 0.12 0.76 0.030 0.07240.0 1.63 0.135 0.40 1.32 0.089 0.24 1.05 0.056 0.14 0.83 0.035 0.08260.0 1.76 0.159 0.46 1.43 0.104 0.28 1.14 0.066 0.16 0.90 0.041 0.09280.0 1.90 0.184 0.53 1.54 0.121 0.32 1.23 0.077 0.18 0.97 0.048 0.10300.0 2.03 0.211 0.60 1.65 0.139 0.36 1.31 0.088 0.21 1.04 0.055 0.12350.0 2.37 0.287 0.79 1.92 0.189 0.48 1.53 0.120 0.28 1.21 0.075 0.16400.0 2.71 0.375 1.01 2.20 0.246 0.61 1.75 0.157 0.35 1.38 0.098 0.20450.0 3.05 0.475 1.25 2.47 0.312 0.75 1.97 0.198 0.44 1.56 0.124 0.25500.0 3.39 0.587 1.52 2.75 0.385 0.91 2.19 0.245 0.53 1.73 0.153 0.30550.0 3.73 0.710 1.81 3.02 0.466 1.09 2.41 0.296 0.63 1.90 0.185 0.36600.0 4.07 0.845 2.13 3.30 0.554 1.28 2.63 0.353 0.74 2.08 0.220 0.42650.0 4.41 0.991 2.47 3.57 0.651 1.48 2.85 0.414 0.86 2.25 0.258 0.48700.0 4.75 1.150 2.83 3.85 0.755 1.70 3.07 0.480 0.98 2.42 0.299 0.55750.0 5.09 1.320 3.21 4.12 0.866 1.93 3.29 0.551 1.11 2.60 0.344 0.63775.0 5.26 1.409 3.41 4.26 0.925 2.05 3.40 0.588 1.18 2.68 0.367 0.67800.0 5.43 1.502 3.62 4.40 0.986 2.17 3.50 0.627 1.25 2.77 0.391 0.71850.0 5.76 1.695 4.05 4.67 1.113 2.43 3.72 0.707 1.40 2.94 0.441 0.79900.0 6.10 1.901 4.50 4.94 1.247 2.70 3.94 0.793 1.56 3.11 0.495 0.88950.0 6.44 2.118 4.97 5.22 1.390 2.98 4.16 0.884 1.72 3.29 0.551 0.971000.0 6.78 2.346 5.47 5.49 1.540 3.28 4.38 0.979 1.89 3.46 0.611 1.071050.0 5.77 1.698 3.59 4.60 1.080 2.07 3.63 0.673 1.171100.0 6.04 1.863 3.91 4.82 1.185 2.26 3.81 0.739 1.271150.0 6.32 2.037 4.25 5.04 1.295 2.45 3.98 0.808 1.381200.0 6.59 2.218 4.59 5.26 1.410 2.65 4.15 0.880 1.491250.0 6.87 2.406 4.96 5.48 1.530 2.86 4.33 0.954 1.611300.0 5.70 1.655 3.07 4.50 1.032 1.731350.0 5.91 1.785 3.29 4.67 1.113 1.861400.0 6.13 1.919 3.52 4.84 1.197 1.991450.0 6.35 2.059 3.76 5.02 1.284 2.121500.0 6.57 2.203 4.00 5.19 1.374 2.261550.0 6.79 2.353 4.26 5.36 1.468 2.401600.0 5.54 1.564 2.541650.0 5.71 1.663 2.691700.0 5.88 1.765 2.841750.0 6.06 1.871 3.001800.0 6.23 1.979 3.161850.0 6.40 2.091 3.33

Note: values printed in bold are in the critical flow zone and are unreliable

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Polyethylene (PE) Pipe table K1PN4 Series 1 Based on AS 4130—2009

k = 0.0015110 Nom. Bore

104.7 ID, C = 148.7125 Nom. Bore

118.9 ID, C = 149.5140 Nom. Bore

133.2 ID, C = 149.3160 Nom. Bore

152.3 ID, C = 149.7

FLOWRATEL/s

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

Velocity

m/s

VelocityHead

m

HeadLoss

m/100m

120

1.00 0.12 0.001 0.021.20 0.14 0.001 0.031.40 0.16 0.001 0.041.50 0.17 0.002 0.041.60 0.19 0.002 0.05 0.14 0.001 0.02 0.11 0.001 0.011.80 0.21 0.002 0.06 0.16 0.001 0.03 0.13 0.001 0.022.00 0.23 0.003 0.07 0.18 0.002 0.04 0.14 0.001 0.022.50 0.29 0.004 0.10 0.23 0.003 0.05 0.18 0.002 0.03 0.14 0.001 0.023.00 0.35 0.006 0.14 0.27 0.004 0.07 0.22 0.002 0.04 0.16 0.001 0.023.50 0.41 0.008 0.18 0.32 0.005 0.10 0.25 0.003 0.06 0.19 0.002 0.034.00 0.46 0.011 0.23 0.36 0.007 0.12 0.29 0.004 0.07 0.22 0.002 0.044.50 0.52 0.014 0.28 0.41 0.008 0.15 0.32 0.005 0.09 0.25 0.003 0.055.00 0.58 0.017 0.34 0.45 0.010 0.18 0.36 0.007 0.11 0.27 0.004 0.065.50 0.64 0.021 0.40 0.50 0.013 0.22 0.39 0.008 0.13 0.30 0.005 0.076.00 0.70 0.025 0.47 0.54 0.015 0.26 0.43 0.009 0.15 0.33 0.006 0.086.50 0.75 0.029 0.54 0.59 0.017 0.29 0.47 0.011 0.17 0.36 0.007 0.097.00 0.81 0.034 0.62 0.63 0.020 0.34 0.50 0.013 0.20 0.38 0.008 0.107.50 0.87 0.039 0.70 0.68 0.023 0.38 0.54 0.015 0.22 0.41 0.009 0.128.00 0.93 0.044 0.79 0.72 0.026 0.43 0.57 0.017 0.25 0.44 0.010 0.138.50 0.99 0.050 0.88 0.77 0.030 0.48 0.61 0.019 0.28 0.47 0.011 0.159.00 1.05 0.056 0.97 0.81 0.034 0.53 0.65 0.021 0.31 0.49 0.012 0.169.50 1.10 0.062 1.07 0.86 0.037 0.58 0.68 0.024 0.34 0.52 0.014 0.18

10.00 1.16 0.069 1.17 0.90 0.041 0.64 0.72 0.026 0.37 0.55 0.015 0.1911.00 1.28 0.083 1.39 0.99 0.050 0.76 0.79 0.032 0.44 0.60 0.019 0.2312.00 1.39 0.099 1.63 1.08 0.060 0.88 0.86 0.038 0.51 0.66 0.022 0.2713.00 1.51 0.116 1.88 1.17 0.070 1.02 0.93 0.044 0.59 0.71 0.026 0.3114.00 1.63 0.135 2.15 1.26 0.081 1.16 1.01 0.052 0.68 0.77 0.030 0.3615.00 1.74 0.155 2.43 1.35 0.093 1.32 1.08 0.059 0.77 0.82 0.035 0.4016.00 1.86 0.176 2.73 1.44 0.106 1.48 1.15 0.067 0.86 0.88 0.039 0.4518.00 2.09 0.223 3.38 1.62 0.134 1.83 1.29 0.085 1.06 0.99 0.050 0.5620.00 2.32 0.275 4.09 1.80 0.166 2.22 1.44 0.105 1.29 1.10 0.062 0.6722.00 2.56 0.333 4.86 1.98 0.200 2.63 1.58 0.127 1.53 1.21 0.075 0.8024.00 2.79 0.396 5.69 2.16 0.238 3.08 1.72 0.152 1.79 1.32 0.089 0.9425.00 2.90 0.430 6.13 2.25 0.259 3.32 1.80 0.164 1.92 1.37 0.096 1.0126.00 3.02 0.465 6.58 2.34 0.280 3.56 1.87 0.178 2.07 1.43 0.104 1.0828.00 3.25 0.540 7.53 2.52 0.324 4.08 2.01 0.206 2.36 1.54 0.121 1.2430.00 3.48 0.619 8.54 2.70 0.372 4.62 2.15 0.237 2.68 1.65 0.139 1.4035.00 4.07 0.843 11.31 3.15 0.507 6.12 2.51 0.322 3.54 1.92 0.189 1.8640.00 4.65 1.101 14.44 3.60 0.662 7.80 2.87 0.421 4.52 2.20 0.246 2.3645.00 5.23 1.394 17.91 4.05 0.838 9.67 3.23 0.533 5.60 2.47 0.312 2.9350.00 5.81 1.721 21.72 4.50 1.035 11.73 3.59 0.658 6.78 2.75 0.385 3.5555.00 6.39 2.082 25.87 4.95 1.252 13.96 3.95 0.796 8.07 3.02 0.466 4.2260.00 6.97 2.478 30.35 5.40 1.490 16.37 4.31 0.947 9.46 3.30 0.554 4.9565.00 5.85 1.748 18.96 4.67 1.112 10.96 3.57 0.650 5.7370.00 6.30 2.028 21.72 5.03 1.289 12.55 3.84 0.754 6.5675.00 6.75 2.328 24.66 5.39 1.480 14.24 4.12 0.866 7.4480.00 5.75 1.684 16.03 4.39 0.985 8.3790.00 6.46 2.131 19.90 4.94 1.247 10.39100.00 5.49 1.539 12.60110.00 6.04 1.863 15.01120.00 6.59 2.217 17.62

Note: values printed in bold are in the critical flow zone and are unreliable

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192

Friction Loss for VISCOUS LIQUIDS table 1(m/100m) Steel Pipe Schedule 40 (assuming g = 9.81 m2/sec) k=0.050

FLOWRATE

Pipe Size (mm)

VISCOSITY — mm2/s

(1 mm2/s = 1 centistoke)

L/sNormBore I.D.

2 4 6 8 10 15 20 30 40 50 75

0,005 6 6.83 1.91 3.81 5.72 7.63 9.53 14.3 19.06 28.59 38.13 47.66 71.490,010 6 6.83 3.81 7.63 11.44 15.25 19.06 28.59 38.13 57.19 76.25 95.32 142.970.010 8 9.25 1.14 2.27 3.41 4.55 5.69 8.53 11.37 17.06 22.74 28.43 42.640.010 10 12.52 0.34 0.68 1.01 1.35 1.69 2.53 3.38 5.07 6.76 8.45 12.670.020 6 6.83 7.63 15.25 22.88 30.50 398.13 57.19 76.25 114.38 152.51 190.63 285.950.020 8 9.25 2.27 4.55 6.62 9.10 11.37 17.06 23.01 34.12 45.49 56.86 85.290.020 10 12.52 0.68 1.35 2.03 2.70 3.38 5.07 6.76 10.14 13.52 16.90 25.350.020 15 15.80 0.27 0.53 0.80 1.07 1.33 2.00 2.67 4.00 5.33 6.67 10.000.020 20 20.93 0.09 0.17 0.26 0.35 0.43 0.65 0.87 1.30 1.73 2.15 3.250.040 6 6.83 42.15 30.50 45.75 61.00 76.25 114.38 152.51 228.76 305.01 381.26 571.900.040 8 9.25 5.70 9.10 13.65 18.19 22.74 34.12 45.49 68.23 90.97 113.72 170.580.040 10 12.52 1.35 2.70 4.06 5.41 6.76 10.14 13.52 20.28 27.04 33.79 50.690.040 15 15.80 0.53 1.07 1.60 2.13 2.67 4.00 5.33 8.00 10.67 13.34 20.010.040 20 20.93 0.17 0.35 0.52 0.69 0.87 1.30 1.73 2.60 3.46 4.33 6.500.060 6 6.83 87.81 58.15 68.63 91.50 114.38 171.57 228.76 343.14 457.52 571.90 857.840.060 8 9.25 19.72 13.65 20.47 27.29 34.12 51.17 68.23 102.35 136.46 170.58 255.870.060 10 12.52 2.81 4.06 6.08 8.11 10.14 15.21 20.28 30.42 40.55 50.69 76.040.060 15 15.80 0.88 1.60 2.40 3.20 4.00 6.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.01 30.010.060 20 20.93 0.26 0.52 0.78 1.03 1.30 1.95 2.60 3.90 5.20 6.50 9.740.080 8 9.25 33.04 22.79 27.29 36.39 45.49 68.23 90.97 136.56 181.95 227.44 341.150.080 10 12.52 7.49 5.41 8.11 10.81 13.52 20.28 27.04 40.55 54.07 67.59 101.380.080 15 15.80 2.47 2.13 3.20 4.27 5.33 8.00 10.67 16.00 21.34 26.67 40.010.080 20 20.93 0.38 0.69 1.04 1.39 1.73 2.60 3.46 5.20 6.93 8.66 12.990.100 8 9.25 49.53 57.06 35.60 45.49 56,86 85.29 113.72 170.58 227.44 284.29 426.440.100 10 12.52 11.13 7.81 10.14 13.52 16.90 25.35 33.79 50.69 67.59 84.49 126.730.100 15 15.80 3.60 2.67 4.00 5.33 6.67 10.00 13.34 20.01 26.67 33.34 50.020.100 20 20.93 0.60 0.87 1.30 1.73 2.17 3.25 4.33 6.50 8.66 10.83 16.240.200 8 9.25 178.65 198.12 214.21 228.22 142.41 170.58 227.44 341.15 454.87 568.59 852.880.200 10 12.52 38.98 44.52 48.94 31.25 33.79 50.69 69.39 101.38 135.18 168.97 253.460.200 15 15.80 12.55 14.42 9.77 10.67 13.34 20.01 26.67 40.01 53.35 66.69 100.030.200 20 20.93 3.14 3.74 2.60 3.46 4.33 6.50 8.66 12.99 17.32 21.65 32.480.400 10 12.52 141.51 155.91 167.79 178.10 187.32 124.99 135.18 202.77 270.36 337.95 506.920.400 15 15.80 43.93 49.47 53.90 57.68 61.03 40.01 53.35 80.02 106.70 133.37 200.060.400 20 20.93 6.44 12.57 13.37 14.97 9.58 12.99 17.32 25.98 34.64 43.30 64.960.400 25 26.64 3.34 3.93 4.38 2.87 3.30 4.95 6.37 9.89 13.19 16.49 24.730.600 10 12.52 305.56 330.05 350.80 369.08 385.58 421.48 452.26 304.15 405.53 506.92 760.380.600 15 15.80 93.70 103.39 111.30 118.14 124.23 137.33 87.97 120.04 160.05 200.06 300.090.600 20 20.93 22.88 25.90 28.28 30.13 32.07 21.56 25.98 38.97 51.96 64.96 97.430.600 25 26.64 6.94 8.01 8.84 9.53 6.45 7.42 9.89 14.84 19.78 24.73 37.090.800 15 15.80 164.11 175.70 187.55 197.87 207.13 227.12 244.13 160.05 213.40 266.75 400.120.800 20 20.93 38.86 43.56 47.18 50.27 53.00 58.83 38.33 51.96 69.29 86.61 129.910.800 25 26.64 11.77 13.37 14.64 15.75 16.65 11.48 13.19 19.78 26.38 32.97 49.460.800 32 35.05 3.05 3.55 3.93 4.24 2.91 3.30 4.40 6.61 8.81 11.01 16.511.000 20 20.93 59.28 65.45 70.45 74.74 78.54 86.68 93.55 64.96 86.61 108.26 162.391.000 25 26.64 17.70 19.96 21.74 23.23 24.55 27.35 17.91 24.73 32.97 41.22 61.821.000 32 35.05 4.56 5.27 5.80 6.22 6.63 4.55 5.50 8.26 11.01 13.76 20.641.000 40 40.89 2.15 2.51 2.77 3.00 3.19 2.23 2.97 4.46 5.94 7.43 11.142.000 25 26.64 64.86 70.81 75.67 79.85 83.57 91.51 98.21 109.38 71.64 82.43 123.652.000 32 35.05 16.36 18.28 19.79 21.06 22.18 24.54 26.52 18.18 22.02 27.52 41.282.000 40 40.89 7.58 8.61 9.38 9.98 10.58 11.77 12.76 8.91 11.88 14.86 22.282.000 50 52.50 2.23 2.56 2.82 3.03 3.21 3.60 2.41 3.28 4.37 5.29 8.20

Note: values printed in bold are in the critical flow zone and are unreliable

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2.1.1

2.1 Head Loss through Valves and FittingsFlow through a valve or fitting in a pipe line causes a reduction in pressure head which may be expressed in terms of velocity head.

The resistance coefficient K is therefore defined as the number of velocity heads Iost due to a valve or fitting.

Head loss in straight piping is a result of pipe friction, which is a function of the surface rough-ness of the interior pipe wall, the inside diameter of the pipe and the fluid velocity, density and viscosity.

The head losses due to friction resulting from actual length of flow path are minor com-pared to losses due to changes in direction of flow path, obstructions in flow path, sudden or gradual changes in the cross-section and shape of flow path.

The resistance coefficient K is usually considered as being independent of friction factor or Reynolds’ number *, and may be treated as a constant for any given obstruction (i.e. valve or fitting) in a piping system under all conditions of flow, including laminar flow.

The following tables list K values for each illustrated type of valve and fitting. These coefficients are given as the product of the friction factor for the desired size of clean commercial steel pipe with flow in the zone of complete turbulence, and a constant, which represents the equivalent length L/D for the valve or fitting in pipe diameters for the same flow conditions.

For pipes larger than dn = 600 mm, it is suggested that the 600 mm K value be used.The above text and following tables are based on material in Crane Co. Technical Pa-

per No. 410M. Reference to this paper is suggested for a more complete review of this subject.

* Reynolds’ number Re is a dimensionless number used to define the type of flow. It is derived from the combination of (density), D (diameter), v (velocity) and (dynamic viscosity) as

where p = density (kg/m3) v = velocity (m/s) D = diameter (m) d = diameter (mm) = dynamic viscosity (N.s/m2) ' = kinematic viscosity (centistokes)

When Re is less than about 2000 the flow is laminar or viscous.

At larger values the flow is usually turbulent.

203

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2.8 Viscosity Equivalents at Constant Temperature

Seconds Saybolt

Universal SSU

Kinematic Viscosity Seconds Saybolt Furol SSF

Redwood Number 1 (Standard) Seconds

Redwood Number 2 (Admiralty) Seconds

Recommended Minimum Size

Centrifugal Pump (mm)mm2/s

(Centistokes)m2/s ft2/s

31 1.00 1 x 10-6 10.8 x 10-6 - 29 _35 2.56 2.56 " 27.6 " - 32.1 -40 4.30 4.30 " 46.3 " - 36.2 5.10 No50 7.40 7.40 " 79.7 " - 44.3 5.83 Limitations60 10.3 10.3 " 111 " - 52.3 6.7770 13.1 13.1 " 141 " 12.95 60.9 7.6080 15.7 15.7 " 169 " 13.70 69.2 8.44 20-2590 18.2 18.2 " 196 " 14.44 77.6 9.30 20-25

100 20.6 20.6 " 222 " 15.24 85.6 10.12 20-25150 32.1 32.1 " 346 " 19.30 128 14.48 25-30200 43.2 43.2 " 465 " 23.5 170 18.90 30-40250 54.0 54.0 " 581 " 28.0 212 23.45 40-50300 65.0 65.0 " 700 " 32.5 254 28.0 40-50400 87.6 87.6 " 943 " 41.9 338 37.1 50-65500 110.0 110 " 1.18 x10-3 51.6 423 46.2 50-75600 132 132 " 1.42 " 61.4 508 55.4 50-75700 154 154 " 1.66 " 71.1 592 64.6 75-100800 176 176 " 1.89 " 81.0 677 73.8 75-100900 198 198 " 2.13 " 91.0 762 83.0 75-100

1000 220 220 " 2.37 " 100.7 896 92.1 100-1251500 330 330 " 3.55 " 150 1270 138.2 125-1502000 440 440 " 4.74 " 200 1690 184.2 150-1752500 550 550 " 5.92 " 250 2120 230 175-2003000 660 660 " 7.10 " 300 2540 276 200-2504000 880 880 " 9.47 " 400 3380 368 250-3005000 1100 1.1 x 10-3 11.8 " 500 4230 461 300-3506000 1320 1.32 " 14.2 " 600 5080 553 350-4007000 1540 1.54 " 16.6 " 700 5920 645 350-4008000 1760 1.76 " 18.9 " 800 6770 737 400-4509000 1980 1.98 " 21.3 " 900 7620 829 450-450

10000 2200 2.20 " 23.7 " 1000 8460 921 450-45015000 3300 3.30 " 35.5 " 1500 13700 - Positive20000 4400 4.40 " 47.4 " 2000 18400 - Displacement

Definitions:on the next page.

2.8.1

216

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2.17.1

2.18—Conversion Equivalents

The conversion equivalents are generally based on AS/NZS 1376-1996. In some instances the degree of rounding off has been adjusted for practical use.

2.18.1

15.0 Conversion TablesThe conversion equivalents are generally based on A.S. 1376-1973. In some instances thedegree of rounding off has been adjusted for practical use.

Length

millimetre centimetre metre inch foot yardmm cm m in ft yd

1 0.1 0.001 0.0394 0.0033 0.001110 1 0.01 0.3937 0.0328 0.0109

1000 100 1 39.3701 3.2808 1.093625.4 2.54 0.0254 1 0.0833 0.0278

304.8 30.48 0.3048 12 1 0.3333914.4 91.44 0.9144 36 3 1

1 kilometre = 1000 metres = 0.62137 miles. 1 mile = 1609.34 metres = 1.60934 kilometres.

Area

square squaremillimetre centimetre square metre square inch square foot square yard

mm2 cm2 m2 in2 ft2 yd2

1 0.01 1 × 10–6 1.55 × 10–3 1.076 × 10–5 1.196 × 10–6

100 1 1 × 10–4 0.155 1.076 × 10–3 1.196 × 10–4

6 10 000 1 1550 10.764 1.196645.16 6.4516 6.452 × 10–4 1 6.944 × 10–3 7.716 × 10–4

92903 929.03 0.093 144 1 0.111836127 8361.27 0.836 1296 9 1

1 acre = 4046.86 m2 = 0.404686 hectare. 1 hectare = 1 x 104m2 = 2.471 acre.

Volume

cubic cubicmillimetre centimetre cubic metre cubic inch cubic foot cubic yard

mm3 cm3 m3 in3 ft3 yd3

1 0.001 1 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–5 3.531 × 10–8 1.308 × 10–9

1000 1 1 ×10–6 0.061 3.531 × 10–5 1.308 × 10–6

1 × 109 1 × 106 1 61024 35.31 1.30816387 16.39 1.639 × 10–5 1 5.787 × 10–4 2.143 × 10–5

2.832 × 107 2.832 × 104 0.0283 1728 1 0.03707.646 ×108 7.646 × 105 0.7646 46656 27 1

150

Pump pages 6/2/08 8:01 AM Page 150

1 × 10

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