Status of the Austrian Science Fund Project P12253-PHY:

Absolute Chronology for Early Civilisations in Austria and Central Europe using 14C Dating

with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry1

Peter STADLER2, Susanne DRAXLER3, Herwig FRIESINGER4, Walter KUTSCHERA3,

Alfred PRILLER3, Werner ROM3, Peter STEIER3, Eva M. WILD3

1 Parts of this report are in the publishing process. Citations to these publications will be given at the corresponding sections. 2 Prähistorische Abteilung, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, and Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, University of Vienna. 3 Institut für Isotopenforschung und Kernphysik, University of Vienna. 4 Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, University of Vienna.

2

Table of Contents Summary__________________________________________________________________ 3

Sample collection ___________________________________________________________ 5

Development for the 14C Measurements at VERA _________________________________ 5 Report of the Collagen Extraction Unit (Susanne DRAXLER) __________________________ 6

Aim _______________________________________________________________________________ 6 Construction ________________________________________________________________________ 6 Process ____________________________________________________________________________ 6 Tests ______________________________________________________________________________ 7 Conclusion _________________________________________________________________________ 8

The Micromass OPTIMA® Stable-Isotope Mass Spectrometer (Eva M. WILD, Walter KUTSCHERA, Vienna) ___________________________________________________________ 9

Introduction ________________________________________________________________________ 9 Purchase ___________________________________________________________________________ 9 Installation and Acceptance ____________________________________________________________ 9 First measurements __________________________________________________________________ 10 Outlook ___________________________________________________________________________ 12

14C Data Base _____________________________________________________________ 13

The samples ______________________________________________________________ 13

Results___________________________________________________________________ 14 Linear Ceramics (6th millennium BC) from different sites ____________________________ 16

Brunn am Gebirge/Wolfholz, District Mödling, Lower Austria (Peter STADLER, Vienna) ___________ 16 Szentgyörgyvölgy, District Zala, Western Hungary (Eszter BÁNNFY, Budapest) __________________ 18 Rosenburg, District Horn, Lower Austria (Eva LENNEIS, Vienna)______________________________ 19 Mold, District Horn, Lower Austria (Eva LENNEIS, Vienna) __________________________________ 19 Bylany, District Kutná Hora, Bohemia, Czech Republic (Ivan PAVLù, Prague) __________________ 19

Lengyel-Painted Ceramics (5th millennium BC) ____________________________________ 20 Michelstetten, District Mistelbach, Lower Austria, Phase II of Lengyel (Ângela CARNEIRO, Vienna) __ 20 Ground plan of a house from Epi-Lengyel from Münchendorf, District Mödling, Lower Austria (Peter STADLER, Vienna)___________________________________________________________________ 21

The Baden Culture (4th millennium BC) __________________________________________ 22 Boleráz and Classical Baden (Elisabeth RUTTKAY, Peter STADLER, Vienna) _____________________ 22 Boleráz of Arbon Bleiche 3, Bodensee, Switzerland (Peter STADLER, Vienna, Urs LEUZINGER, Trifun SORMAZ, Zürich) ___________________________________________________________________ 23

The Iceman (Ötzi), a possibility of dating his death more exactly (Peter STADLER, Vienna) 25 Early Middle Ages ____________________________________________________________ 28

Avar Period Settlement (7th century AD) from Brunn, Wolfholz II, District Mödling, Lower Austria (Peter STADLER, Vienna) _____________________________________________________________ 28 Calibrating the relative chronology in the Avar Age (6th to 9th century) to an absolute chronology (Peter STADLER, Vienna)___________________________________________________________________ 29 Avar and Magyar settlement from Örménykút, County Békés, Eastern Hungary (Hajnalka HEROLD) __ 30 The fortification of Thunau/Kamp, MG. Gars, Lower Austria, (10th/9th century BC and 8th/9th century AD) (Herwig FRIESINGER, Vienna) ____________________________________________________ 31

Conclusion and Outlook ____________________________________________________ 34

3

Summary „Men occasionally stumble over the truth, but most of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing happened.“ WINSTON CHURCHILL

This project is an interdisciplinary initiative of archaeologists and nuclear physi-cists to substantially improve the absolute chronology of archaeologically inter-esting cultures in Austria and Central Europe by using 14C dating with Accelera-tor Mass Spectrometry (AMS). An improved absolute chronology based on pre-cise 14C dating would lead to a better understanding of the interactions between early cultures and would help to deepen our insight into the rich diversity of pre-historic life in Austria and adjacent countries. The 14C dating is performed at the Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator (VERA), a new centre for AMS at the Institute for Isotopenforschung und Kernphysik5 of the University of Vienna, which came into operation in 1996. In the first two years of the project, 1555 samples from Austria and adjacent countries, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia were col-lected. Besides collecting and analysing samples from a variety of well-documented sites, emphasis will be put on a detailed analysis of the Early Bronze Age Cemetery from Franzhausen I in Lower Austria (2200 BC to 1500 BC)6, and on the Early and Middle Avar Period (568 AD to ~700 AD)7. All in-formation about the samples was fed into a data base. In addition a database of radiocarbon dates was built up from literature. So far we have made high precision radiocarbon determinations for about 270 samples, which shall be discussed here. Additional activities were the set-up of a new semi-automatic collagen extraction and the preparation of an eight-fold graphitisation and first tests running our new stable isotope mass spectrometer. We obtained new results for the Linear Ceramics Culture: The chronological position of Brunn am Gebirge/Wolfholz, which is very important for the genesis of this culture. Also results from Szentgyörgyvölgy, Rosenburg, Mold and By-lany are discussed. From Lengyel Culture phase II could be separated for the first time from phase I also using our radiocarbon dates. A house plan of un-known age can be dated to the Epi-Lengyel.

5 The former Institut für Radiumforschung und Kernphysik. 6 116 samples were collected. 7 Here 190 samples could be collected.

4

For the Baden Culture two groups can be differentiated archaeologically, Baden-Boleráz and Baden-Classical, which were confirmed by radiocarbon dates. Ba-den-Boleráz begins much earlier than expected, at about 3640 and lasts until 3370 BC. Baden-Classical goes from 3360 to 2930 BC. The site from Arbon Bleiche 3, which contains material of late Boleráz together with that from late Pfyn and early Horgen, fits very well in between the two Baden phases. The ideas of an Eastern genesis of the Baden Culture must be cross-checked by dat-ing new samples of the Eastern parallel cultures, because the current dates would not support spreading of these cultures from the East to the West. On the con-trary – at the moment – it seems possible that Baden Culture (Boleráz) devel-oped somewhere in Lower Austria, Moravia, Slovakia or Western Hungary and then spread to the East. For the late Neolithic Iceman “Ötzi” a hypothesis for narrowing down the time of his death is presented by connecting his death with a global event in the year 3200 BC. By simulating a “wiggle matching” procedure, it is shown, that if the Iceman’s bow contained more than 60 year rings and would be available, this hypothesis could be verified. Wiggle matching is also our main interest in connection with two archaeological contexts from Early Middle Ages. In the first case wood remains from a well of the Avar Period (7th century) and in the second case charcoals from a fortifica-tion were dated by dendrochronology. The calibration curve for 8th and 9th cen-tury gives ambiguous results for the standard calibration procedure. However radiocarbon dates confirmed the results from dendrochronology by narrowing down the time span by wiggle matching. For the absolute chronology of Avar grave-complexes a method is proposed, which could use wiggle matching also for sequence dates obtained by seriation. We hope to finish at least 1000 samples in the third year, beginning in April 2000, by increasing man power in the sample preparation substantially.

5

Sample collection In June 1999 we stopped the further reception of samples, because we had al-ready obtained 1555 samples, 555 more than in our original project proposal. All the sample sheets received by the different sample suppliers were fed into a da-tabase. 74 fields of information were entered, concerning general information, laboratory data, sample parameters, scientific investigations by archaeobotany, zoology and human biology. Some of the parameters are used for possible cor-rection of the calibrated radiocarbon age, such as dendrochronology for wiggle-matching or the age of a skeleton to estimate the offset given to the radiocarbon age.8 Table 1 presents all of these fields with some explanation where necessary.

Development for the 14C Measurements at VERA The new Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator (VERA) is the facility of choice for all 14C measurements within the project. First 14C dating test experi-ments with this facility started in the middle of 1996.9 In 1997, a variety of dat-ing experiments and also systematic measurements were performed including fully automated 14C measurements.10 This led to the current precision of 0.5%, quite satisfactory for the project. Within the project the following specific activi-ties concerning VERA have been pursued: The employed chemist, Susanne DRAXLER, built a semi-automatic collagen ex-traction system for bone samples, see below. This allows to treat 24 bone sam-ples simultaneously. She is also building an eight-fold graphitisation system, and is responsible to prepare all archaeological samples for the AMS measurements. The current status of the sample preparation is, that 441 samples have been treated with ABA11, of which we have about 270 samples ready, 191 samples must now be converted to CO2 and graphitized, 1300 samples must be prepared, graphitized and measured.

8 WILD Eva M et al., 2000(?), 14C dating with the bomb peak: an application to forensic medi-cine, to be published in Nuclear Instruments and Methods B. 9 PRILLER Alfred, GOLSER Robin, HILLE Peter, KUTSCHERA Walter, ROM Werner, STEIER Pe-ter, WALLNER Anton., WILD Eva M., 1997, First performance tests of VERA. Nuclear In-struments and Methods B 123, 193-198. 10 PUCHEGGER Stefan, ROM Werner, STEIER Peter 2000(?), Automated evaluation of 14C AMS-measurements. To be published in Nuclear Instruments and Methods B. 11 Acid Base Acid treatment.

6

Report of the Collagen Extraction Unit (Susanne DRAXLER) Aim To increase the amount of chemically pre-treated samples with the ABA-method a Collagen Extraction Unit was constructed according to system development at the Oxford Radiocarbon Lab.12 This unit especially helps in dealing with bone samples, where cleaning and preparation procedures for combustion are very time consuming. In addition it is also possible to clean other materials such as charcoal or wood in the same unit. Construction The unit is assembled around a 24-channel peristaltic pump with an non-commercial 1-to-24-channel-Polytetrafluorethylene(PTFE)-distributor. To switch between the different washing liquids an E-valve is used. The pump equipped with soft Tygon tubes presses the liquids into specially constructed sample cells: after a no-return-valve and a PTFE-tube the liquid enters a PTFE/glass-cap through a two-way-PTFE-valve and reaches the crushed, pre-cleaned sample by being led through a glass capillary. The sample is placed in a manufactured glass vessel of about 11ml size with a tapered bottom and a thread at the top to close it with the cap. The liquid is allowed to percolate through the sample material slowly and is pressed out of the cell by holding back solid parti-cles with a PTFE-filter positioned in the cap. See Figure 1. To control the process a PC was equipped with different programs, developed in co-operation with the electronics workshop of VERA. To be able to heat the sample cells, a special heater was constructed fitting to the tapered form of the cells. Process The process of pre-treatment is equal to the manual procedure as described in the literature. The samples are pre-cleaned manually to inspect them of impuri-ties. This means to scrap off soil and/or cortex with a scalpel or mini drill and to

12 LAW I.A., HEDGES R.E.M, 1989, A semi-automated bone pre-treatment system and the pre-treatment of older and contaminated samples, Radiocarbon, Vol. 31, No. 3, P247-253.

7

remove residues of impurities by exposing it to ultrasonic waves in Aqua bidest. After that the bones are crushed into pieces of one or two millimetres diameter. We found out that bone powder gives problems with the filter and too large pieces cannot be treated satisfactorily. About 500 mg of this material is used for the extraction. The cells are assembled freshly with new filters and capillaries and cleaned PTFE- and glass-material. For bone samples the following procedure is used, see Table 2. It is possible to stop or manipulate the program while working if this is re-quested. After the last step the pH-value of each cell has to be tested manually and if necessary corrected to pH=3. Then the valves are closed and the cells are heated up to 90 °C for about three days to dissolve and gelatinise the sample. After that the sample liquid is removed from the cell by opening the valves and using nitrogen to press it through the filter to hold back undissolved parts. The liquid is collected in a beaker and dried. This material is used for combustion. If the unit is used for charcoal or wood the procedure changes, see Table 3. After pre-treating the samples the PTFE-glass-cap is changed to a cap with a glassfilter and the cells will be heated to 60°C to dry the samples. Tests To test the system first two charcoal samples were used to detect impurities in only two lines. This was to find out the best way of cleaning the cells and to get an idea about the treatment times with different liquids. Charcoal V0185 was divided into two pieces to treat it manually and with the extraction parallel. All results are presented in Table 4. These results showed a contamination of the semi-automatically pre-treated sample V0185/2. The result of V0185/1 was in agreement with the known age. After intense cleaning of all parts of the unit this contamination was removed, as can be shown by the results for samples V0185/3-4. After that parallel tests of charcoal were performed. Charcoals which were known as difficult to handle with the ABA-method. It has been shown, that it is not possible to treat such samples with the extraction unit. Charcoals with a huge amount of humic acids are possible to be pre-treated and have shown the results for V0202/1-2 presented in Table 4.

8

After the charcoal samples, bone samples were tested manually and semi-automatically. V0163 is a critical bone sample, V0166 was known to be easy to handle. The obtained results are again presented in Table 4. As next step the unit was assembled completely but without samples to check the flow in all 24 channels. After this test the flow-rates at different efficiencies of the pump were measured, see Figure 2. After that a bone sample (V0138) was divided into 24 parts to test all 24 chan-nels. Most of the samples were measured and showed with two exceptions good agreement with the known age except for two (V0138/12 and V0138/16), see again Table 4. As a last test the usually used standards and the chemistry blank have been treated in the unit, but are still not measured until now. Conclusion Until now the unit has been used for five runs with bone samples. Some are dated and show good results. With the new unit it is now possible to handle up to 24 samples within two days with the ABA-method, while the same amount of bones done manually by a trained technical assistant would take two weeks time. Not included is time to pre-clean the samples and to clean the parts of the collagen extraction. With op-timal time management it should be possible to work two or three runs a month. With the help of two new sets of 24 glass tubes and caps etc. it should be possi-ble to increase this throughput still further.

9

The Micromass OPTIMA® Stable-Isotope Mass Spectrometer (Eva M. WILD, Walter KUTSCHERA, Vienna)

Introduction In the course of this project we were fortunate to get the permission to acquire a stable-isotope mass spectrometer. With this instrument high precision measure-ments of the stable-isotope ratios of 13C/12C (δ13C), 15N/14N (δ15N), 18O/16O (δ18O) and 34S/32S (δ34S) can be performed. These δ-values characterise different natural isotope fractionation processes which occur in the metabolism of hu-mans, plants and animals. Isotope fractionations are subtle shifts in isotope abundances within an element due to mass-dependent chemical and physical processes. Fractionation processes may also be caused by climatic variations and other naturally occurring phenomena. Therefore valuable information concern-ing our environment at present and in the past may also be obtained with the sta-ble isotope mass spectrometer. In general it is an excellent addition to our accel-erator mass spectrometer, which is dedicated to the study of long-lived radionu-clides (14C, 10Be, 26Al, 129I, etc.) in the environment.

Purchase The financial support for the mass spectrometer unit together with peripheral instruments was given directly by the Austrian Ministry of Science and Trans-port. We had to go through an EU-conform advertised bidding to acquire the system, which started in December 1997. The end of the whole procedure with the final decision to buy a configuration from Micromass was in April 1998. The chosen system is equipped with a standard dual inlet for high precision meas-urements of gaseous samples, where e.g. for δ13C a 2σ precision of ≤0.01‰ can be achieved. An elemental analyser connected to the mass spectrometer via an open split comprises a second inlet system. With the elemental analyser solid or liquid samples can automatically be combusted and the produced gases are cleaned and separated from each other with a gas chromatography column. The whole system is permanently streamed with a constant flow of He gas and the purified gas from the sample (CO2, N2 or SO2) is transported to the mass spec-trometer with this carrier gas. This mode of operation is called the continuous flow mode and 1σ errors of ≤0. 15‰ for the δ13C determinations are achieved.

Installation and Acceptance

10

When we got the permission to purchase the mass spectrometer, we had to find a suitable room for the unit. As the VERA lab is housed in a relatively small – but nice – building ( the so-called “Kavalierstrakt”), we discussed several possibili-ties where we could ideally place the instrument. We came to the decision to put the unit into the room where previously the heating of the whole building was situated. In summer 1998 this room was incorporated into our institute, because the heating system was changed to district heat. The former heating room was connected with our accelerator hall and a lot of refurbishing work had to be done before the room was ready for use. Therefore the delivery of the system, which should have been in September 1998, was postponed. In end of November 1998 the delivery of the mass spectrometer was possible although the room did not have a proper air condition at this time. Nevertheless a technician from Micro-mass could start the set-up of the apparatus and perform first testing measure-ments. The final acceptance of the mass spectrometer was in the end of January 1999, when all acceptance tests were made. Results are shown in Table 5 for the standard dual inlet (high-precision mode) and in Table 6a and 6b for the con-tinuous flow mode.

First measurements a) δ13C When we started our FWF project the AMS system was already operational and radiocarbon determinations could be done from the very beginning of the pro-ject. For the high precision determination of stabile isotope ratios some time of the project period is required to get familiar with the new instrument and the new method. Therefore in the first year after the delivery of the mass spectrome-ter we concentrated mainly on acquiring practice in the operation of the machine and testing the various components of the entire system. In the course of this it turned out that some repairs where necessary (replacement of a splitting valve by an open split, repair of nitrogen reference gas line, replacement of the ana-lyser turbo molecular pump, etc.). Although this repairs took a lot of time be-cause it was necessary to check the system after each repair, we are ready to measure the δ13C of different materials routinely since summer 1999. We showed that we are able to reach the requirements for the acceptance tests for carbon ourselves. Merck® sucrose purchased from a local distributor has been calibrated as an in-house secondary house internal standard for δ13C, normalised to the standards available from the IAEA in rather small amounts.

11

We compared the δ13C values measured with the mass spectrometer with the values of the same samples determined automatically with the AMS system dur-ing 14C-measurements. The results agree within the limits of error (1σ error of the AMS measurement = 1.5‰) and confirm that the 13C/12C ratios measured with the AMS system may be used for the mass fractionation correction of 14C. We could also verify with the stable isotope mass spectrometer that a radiocar-bon standard sent to our lab as target material ready for 14C measurement (after graphitisation) showed a large fractionation in the carbon isotopes. If this mate-rial would be used as a reference for the δ13C determinations erroneous δ13C values for the associated samples would be obtained. b) Elemental analysis (determination of the nitrogen and carbon content) Another valuable feature of the system is that the content of carbon and nitrogen of the samples can be determined easily with the thermal conductivity detector of the elemental analyser or by integrating the mass 44 (12C16O2) or mass 28 peak (14N2) of the mass spectrometer signal. So it is possible to determine the carbon content of a sample and choose the suitable amount for the radiocarbon age determination. For radiocarbon dating of bones only the bone collagen (or-ganic component) can be used. Collagen degrades during the burial time of the bone. The degree of degradation will not only be influenced by the age of the bone but also by the burial conditions. Sometimes it is not possible to extract enough organic material from a bone sample to produce a suitable target for the AMS measurement. The nitrogen content of a fossil bone gives an information on its collagen content. Therefore nitrogen measurement with the elemental ana-lyser can help to select samples which can be radiocarbon dated and gives also an information of the amount of bone material necessary for the age determina-tion. We screened the nitrogen content of a number of bone samples, most of them in a state of bad preservation, from a certain very important layer of a cave profile. It was possible by this way to find bone material from this interesting layer with enough collagen for a radiocarbon age determination.

12

Outlook At the present state we concentrate on the measurement of δ15N. As for the δ13C measurement first we tried to reach the acceptance standards for this kind of measurement. Some instrumental problems were found out in this way and re-pairs were necessary. Nevertheless the determination of the δ15N values will be possible in the near future, when all repairs are finished. Afterwards it is planned to use an option of the system for the simultaneous measurement of the δ15N and δ13C in collagen samples. In this mode after the measurement of nitrogen the magnet field is adjusted to the optimal value for carbon. This would be a very elegant method for the determination of both delta values of a sample with a single measurement. In practice some timing problems must be solved and the method file has to be modified to achieve sufficient accuracy for both values. We think it is worth to invest time and work into this feature because we can gather additional information of the samples which are radiocarbon dated. As already said above, the δ15N and δ13C values reflect the nutritional behaviour of individuals and we hope -besides the age determination- we can also learn some-thing about the palaeo-diet of different populations.

13

14C Data Base The already existing data base has been enlarged by Ângela CARNEIRO to about 30.000 radiocarbon dates, beginning in July 1997. Thereby the data base is world-wide one of the biggest of its kind, the data base of the University of Lyon consisting now of about "only" 9000 archaeological 14C data.13 In the near future it is intended to make the results of the group-calibration of more than 500 cultural groups available in the Internet. At the same time a possibility for scientists to co-operate will be installed, e.g. completing missing data in the "Microsoft-Access-data base", which allows them to work with certain parts of the data base. As an example further below Table 16 is presented with 77 dates of Baden Cul-ture, which are contained in our database of published dates.

The samples A total of 1555 samples were collected from about 120 sample suppliers. The samples for the Czech Republic and Slovakia were collected by Inna MATEICIUCOVA, those for Hungary by Hajnalka HEROLD and those for Austria by Ângela CARNEIRO, Tomas Bence VIOLA and Friederike GEROLD. As there are many samples, we decided to set up priorities. Table 7 presents these priorities. Priorities were chosen corresponding to our project goals. High priority A have the samples which belong to the Avar period, priority B are the samples from the Early Bronze Age cemetery from Franzhausen.14 These together make about 20% of the whole number of samples and they were given such a high priority, because in our project proposal we wanted to clear two archaeological questions: a) to improve the existing relative and absolute chronology for the Avar Period. b) to improve the relative chronology from Franzhausen I.

13 http://www.univ-lyon1.fr/~carbon14/banadora.html. 14 NEUGEBAUER Christine and NEUGEBAUER Johannes-Wolfgang, 1997, Franzhausen, das frühbronzezeitliche Gräberfeld I. Fundberichte aus Österreich, Materialheft A5/1-2.

14

Priority 1 to 3 correspond to other questions, for example the chronology of the Baden Culture, the Avar settlement of Brunn/Gebirge etc. Answers to these questions can be found in this report, because a large part of priority 1 samples have already been dated. Samples with priority 1 where dated earlier than those with priority A and B, which are mostly human bones. For these we had to build first our collagen extraction and had to collect experience with it. As the extrac-tion is working fine now, we want to continue immediately with priority A and B samples. About 50% of the samples have no priority, but this does not mean, that the sample suppliers are not waiting nervously for their results. Most of the samples come from Austria and the neighbouring countries, CZ, SK and H, see Table 8. The material of the samples is shown in Table 9. Most material are human bones, followed by animal bones and charcoals. Most interesting for archaeologists will be the distribution of the samples to dif-ferent archaeological cultures and cultural groups. Here most samples come from Linear Ceramics, Lengyel, Early Bronze-Age (Aunjetitz, Wieselburg) and the Avar Period, the last two were explicitly announced in our project proposal. See all cultures in Table 10.

Results Table 11 presents how many of the measured samples fall within the time span of the culture, to which the sample was assigned by the archaeologist. Only about 16 percent lie outside this time range. This result is quite convincing, con-sidering that only a small amount of all radiocarbon dates measured since 1950 fulfilled this condition (and only those were published). The “false dates” are mostly too young, thus means that younger intrusions often were not detected during the excavations by archaeologists. Also these intru-sions occur more frequently on excavations, where many different cultures lived at the same place. The most important of the currently available results of about 270 measure-ments will be presented in their chronological sequence. Table 12 lists all the already measured samples with the most important fields of information. All these results are preliminary and must be discussed with the sample suppliers for a conclusive publication. The names given in brackets after the sites correspond to our sample suppliers. Most of them are identical with the excavators and/or

15

scientists preparing a monograph. All evaluations, calibrations, group calibra-tions, combined calibrations and wiggle matching were done with Oxcal 3.1.15

15 BRONK RAMSEY Christopher, 1994, Analysis of Chronological Information and Ra-diocarbon Calibration : The Program OxCal, Archaeological Computing Newsletter 41, 11-16. BRONK RAMSEY Christopher, 1995, Radiocarbon Calibration and Analysis of Strati-graphy: The OxCal Program Radiocarbon, Proceedings of the 15th International Ra-diocarbon Conference, Radiocarbon 37(2), 425-430.

16

Linear Ceramics (6th millennium BC) from different sites Brunn am Gebirge/Wolfholz, District Mödling, Lower Austria (Peter STADLER, Vienna)16 The sites of Brunn am Gebirge/Wolfholz are most important for understanding the genesis of Linear Ceramics Culture as the first agricultural society in Central Europe. At the moment five separate sites have been found, with no connections between them. Figure 3 shows these five sites. On this map also the recon-structed rectangles of longhouses can be seen. These houses are 20 meters long and 7 to 8 meters broad. The orientation is South-North with deviations to the West and also to the East at different sites. At the moment 46 houses have been excavated completely or partially, another 15 houses have been detected with geomagnetic prospection. All these sites and houses were not in function at the same time, so there must be a chronological development of the settlement. Also the finds – ceramics and stone implements – reflect this development. From site II we have very primitive ceramics, burnt at low temperatures with organic temper. The decoration of these ceramics is plastic, the linear incisions, characteristic for Linear Ceramics is missing. Figure 4-5 show ceramics from site II. Forms of the pots are biconic, very often with a foot. On the other hand the stone implements are in the mesolithic tradition of microlithes. Some of these traits together with the very high number of idols – human Figures of clay – remind of the late Starčevo17 Culture, found in southern parts of Hungary. So this site seems to be very old according to archaeological interpretation. After most recent comparisons with late Starčevo Culture sites from South Western Hungary, there seems to be a strong late Starčevo influence. A reconstruction of some of the houses from site II can be seen on Figure 8. On the opposite chronological time scale there is site I. Here ceramics is of much better quality, burnt at higher temperature. The coarse ceramics is similar to site II, but besides there exists a fine ware, which is also rich decorated with 16 STADLER Peter, LENNEIS Eva and WINDl Helmut, 1996, Neue 14C-Daten zum Frühneolithi-kum in Österreich. Prehistoire Européenne 8, 97-116. 17 I have to thank very much Eszter BÁNNFY, who pointed out these connections to the Hun-garian Starčevo-Culture. See also for comparable ceramics and also the so called loom(?)-weights: SIMON Katalin H., 1996, Ein neuer Fundort der Starčevo-Kultur bei Gellénháza (Kom. Zala, Ungarn) und seine südlichen Beziehungen. International Symposium on the Vinča Culture, its role and cultural connections. Timişoara, Romania, October 1995, 59-92, loom(?)-weights on Abb.1/4-5,10/5.

17

linear ornaments. This material can be called the classical Linear Ceramics, be-fore the use of „Notenkopf” ornament. The stone implements are very rare and not of such a good quality as of site II, both concerning raw material and pro-duction. Figure 6-7 presents some ceramics from site I. Site I is the youngest one found. The other sites III, IV and also V seem to be somewhere between these counter parts. So there was a rich field for radiocarbon dating. First analysis where done in Heidelberg, only with bones from site I. Later charcoals where dated at ETH in Zürich. In our project 9 charcoals from site IV were analysed. The results from these 38 dates in total are presented in Figure 9-14. The results are summarised in Table 13. Our archaeologically obtained relative chronology can be con-firmed, although the time spans for the different sites are overlapping in the 1-sigma interval. But this overlaps are due to two things: a) the calibration curve b) the high sigma values for the samples measured in Zürich, high means 70-80 years in comparison to 30-40 years at the VERA laboratory in Vienna. I am sure, if we measure samples with higher precisions of the other sites, the over-laps will diminish. The four graves found on the area of site II can be dated by archaeological means – stratigraphy – younger than the settlement. 14C dates for grave 2 con-firm, that the graves are contemporary with the younger sites I, III or IV. In Table 14 the absolute chronology of the houses is presented. Most radiocar-bon samples come from the pits along the houses or from postholes. With the help of these dates it is possible to date 11 out of 46 excavated houses. The old-est houses are concentrated on site II. The oldest house 20 is situated near the third oldest house 17, but as for these houses only one date each are analysed, these very old dates (5730-5470 BC, see Figure 15) must be handled with care. House 16 is also very old (5640-5510 BC), but only one date has been analysed. Thus for determining the beginning of Brunn Wolfholz some new measurements are necessary and will be done in our project. From site III house 33 was measured at VERA and as the sigma is relatively small it is much more difficult to pass the x2-Test, see Figure 16. All measure-ments at ETH passed this test for the houses 3, 10, 11 and 15, but the sigma of these measurements was much higher. The only reconstructed two houses 1 and 2 on site I give quite different results, but also these dates must be handled with care as in any case only one measurement was made.

18

Szentgyörgyvölgy, District Zala, Western Hungary (Eszter BÁNNFY, Budapest) The excavation in western Hungary was very small, only two houses were un-earthed, but much smaller ones than those from Brunn. Hungarian archaeolo-gists thought this site to be contemporary with site II from Brunn, because of similar ceramics found. The results of our radiocarbon dates in this project in Figure 17 show that this hypothesis cannot be proved, the time range (1-sigma) given by the group calibration is 5480-5360 BC, thus a contemporanity with sites I, III and IV from Wolfholz is suggested, but not with site II. Ceramics may be similar also with site III.

19

Rosenburg, District Horn, Lower Austria (Eva LENNEIS, Vi-enna)18 This site in the Waldviertel, the north western part of Lower Austria, at the val-ley of river Kamp, is also from the oldest phase of Linear Ceramics. Lenneis had done 10 14C dates at Groningen and 5 dates at VERA. 11 of these dates belong to phase I after TICHÝ19 and 4 to phase II. Phase I lasts from 5480 to 5200 BC, phase II from 5250 to 4950 BC (see Figures 18-19), not taking into account VERA-406 which is apparently too old for phase II. In this case it is important to note, that the results from Groningen, with exception of GrN-19909 have much smaller sigma than VERA. This is because these samples were measured early in our project. Mold, District Horn, Lower Austria (Eva LENNEIS, Vienna) The excavation of Mold, again situated in Waldviertel, is the actual work of Eva Lenneis. She wanted to document here a site of phase II after TICHÝ20. The four measurements in our project confirm this assignment with a time span of 5320-5070 BC (see Figure 20). Bylany, District Kutná Hora, Bohemia, Czech Republic (Ivan PAVLù, Prague)21 This old excavation unearthed one of the largest settlements of Linear Ceramics, about 146 long houses were found there. Pavlù now wants to confirm his chro-nology of houses by means of radiocarbon dating. From his 14 samples, 13 are already measured. 11 dates belong to the phase Tichý II, thus providing a time span from 5370 to 5200 BC. See Figure 21.

18 STADLER Peter, LENNEIS Eva and WINDL Helmut, 1996, Neue 14C-Daten zum Frühneo-lithikum in Österreich. Prehistoire Européenne 8, 97-116. 19 TICHÝ Rudolf, 1960, Osídlení s voloutovo keramikou na Morave. Památky Arch. 53, 245ff. 20 TICHÝ Rudolf, 1960, see above. 21 PAVLŮ Ivan, 1982, Die Entwicklung des Siedlungsareales in Bylany 1. In: Internationales Kolloquium „Linearbandkeramische Siedlungen in Europa“, Nové Vozokany 1981, Nitra, 193ff.

20

Lengyel-Painted Ceramics (5th millennium BC) The whole Lengyel period is best described by a group calibration of the total available data-set coming from our database, see Figure 22, from 4770-4350 BC. More than that, the results for Epi-Lengyel, which from archaeological ex-perience follows the Lengyel Culture immediately is confirmed by radiocarbon dates after some time span in the 1 sigma ranges from 4230-3940, see Figure 23. Michelstetten, District Mistelbach, Lower Austria, Phase II of Lengyel (Ângela CARNEIRO, Vienna)22 On site 6 from Michelstetten (MG. Asparn/Zaya, District Mistelbach) also a Lengyel Culture settlement among finds of many other periods was unearthed. The excavated area of 8065 m2 contained 385 pits of Lengyel Culture. These pits belonged to different objects, rests of two houses and layers of burnt clay. The latter served maybe as roasting places. The settlement was surrounded by a de-fensive ditch. The investigation of the ceramics is done by Ângela CARNEIRO,23 who classifies this settlement provisionally within the phase II of Lengyel Cul-ture, which means phase IIa2/3 to IIb after KOSTUŘÍK.24 The samples, 29 fragments of animal bones, were taken from 11 pits of this set-tlement. The group calibration for the obtained dates give a time span from 4540 to 4350 BC, see Figure 24. These first dates concerning phase II of Lengyel Cul-ture can be very well positioned near the end of the whole Lengyel Culture (4770-4350 BC) and describe very well the end phase of it. In Table 15 these results are presented. If one tries the material from Michelstet-ten can be divided into three phases, from 4620-4450, 4520-4400 and 4460-4360 BC. One can arrive with some imagination at three phases without overlap: 4620-4520, 4520-4450, 4450-4360 BC. At the moment this classification can only be assumed and is rather hypothetical, because the investigation of the ceramics has not yet been finished. The problem is, that the same features of the ceramics are characteristic for the three phases, but their frequency of occurrence is changing. So only a quantitative evaluation will show, if these proposed phases could also be seen within the archaeological

22 LAUERMANN Ernst, 1994-1998, Archäologische Forschungen in Michelstetten. 23 CARNEIRO Angela, 2000?, Die Keramik der bemaltkeramische Siedlung von Michelstetten. PhD thesis, in preparation. 24 KOŠTUŘÍK Pavel, 1986, II. Stufe der Kultur mit mährischer bemalter Keramik. A Béri Ba-logh Ádám Múzeum Évkönyve 13, 233-240.

21

material. At least the sequence of the pits, obtained with 14C should be cross-checked with seriation of the pit-complexes. Ground plan of a house from Epi-Lengyel from Münchendorf, District Mödling, Lower Austria (Peter STADLER, Vienna) In 1995 in a rescue excavation in a gravel pit a ground plan of a house was found. The foundations were extended about 30-50 cm deep into the gravel un-derground. No ceramics or other objects were found. This ground plan is seen in Figure 25. As the only archaeological finds from this site were till then the Avar cemetery from Münchendorf, at first it was tried to find parallels for this house in the Early Medieval, but without success. In the southern part of the house, near the entrance, very tiny rests of charcoal had been found, only 90 mg of quercus species (oak tree). This little sample was enough for a radiocarbon analysis at VERA. The date for this sample VERA-204 is 5415 ± 30, calibrated (1 sigma) 4330-4270 and 4260-4245 BC, thus the house belonged to the Epi-Lengyel Culture.

22

The Baden Culture (4th millennium BC)25 Boleráz and Classical Baden (Elisabeth RUTTKAY, Peter STADLER, Vienna)26 32 samples archaeologically assigned to the Baden Culture were collected for our project. 14C measurements of these samples proved them to be indeed from the Baden Culture. Since prior to our project 43 14C-dates existed, we increased the available data-set by more than a half. All data are presented together in our Table 16. These new data with lower errors are expected to improve the knowl-edge of the chronology of the Baden Culture. Figure 26 shows the group calibration of the whole Baden Culture. Table 17 shows the results for all different Baden cultural groups. Figure 27 presents the group calibration for the dates of Boleráz, Figure 28 the group calibration for the Classical Baden Group. As Table 17 suggests a separation of 5 different phases of Baden Culture seems possible, with some restrictions. The Protoboleráz (Figure 29) can not be differ-entiated in time from Boleráz, these two phases last almost the same from about 3640 to 3370 BC. The oldest phase of the classical Baden, Červeny-Hradok (see Figure 30), overlaps with Boleráz, but not in the predominant intervals. Ossarn I (see Figure 31) shows an overlap with Červeny-Hradok, but only starting from its second interval. Ossarn II (see Figure 32) starts at about the same time as I, but lasts till 2870 instead of 2930 BC. The conclusion is that Boleráz starts 140 years earlier as compared to the assumption by MARAN.27 Thus all the ideas about influences from the East must be checked. If one takes into account the calibration curve (see Figure 33), the big wiggles from about 3550 to 3250 BC restrict the possibilities of radiocarbon dating and explain the overlaps between the different phases.

25 This paragraph is in press for the proceedings of the conference Cernavoda-III-Boleráz in Mangalia, Romania, 1999: STADLER Peter, DRAXLER Susanne, FRIESINGER Herwig, KUTSCHERA Walter, PRILLER Alfred, ROM Werner, STEIER Peter, WILD Eva M., 2000(?), Status of the Austrian Science Fund Project: Absolute Chronology for Early Civilisations in Austria and Central Europe using 14C Dating with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry with spe-cial results for the Absolute Chronology of Baden Culture, in press. 26 I have to be very grateful to Elisabeth RUTTKAY for organising the sample collections to-gether with her Hungarian colleague Mária BONDÁR. More than that, she helped with the cul-tural assignment of the samples. 27 MARAN Joseph 1998, Die Badener Kultur und der ägaisch-anatolische Bereich. Germania 76, 1998/2, 497-525.

23

In Table 18 and Figures 34-36 the cultural groups, which are similar to Baden from Eastern Europe are presented. Cernavoda I is by means of typology older than Cernavoda III.28 This sequence Cernavoda I-Cernavoda III must be handled with care, as long as the find material is not published. If this sequence is correct and after radiocarbon dates Cernavoda-I goes parallel with Baden-Classical, it seems impossible that Cernavoda III is contemporary with Baden-Boleráz. Also the Sitagroi and Ezero groups are only possibly paralleled with Baden-Classical and late Baden-Classical culture and not with Baden-Boleráz. Thus the direction of the Baden-Culture development seems to be opposite to what was thought before, that means from the West to the East, which was pointed out also by MARAN.29 As there do not exist modern dates for these Eastern groups, this hy-pothesis must be confirmed by new measurements. Boleráz of Arbon Bleiche 3, Bodensee, Switzerland (Peter STADLER, Vienna, Urs LEUZINGER, Trifun SORMAZ, Zürich)30 Arbon Bleiche 3 is a late Neolithic settlement situated near the Bodensee and thus conserved well by means of humidity. Although no new radiocarbon meas-urements were done in our project, this excavation seems to be a key site for un-derstanding the development of Boleráz Group of Baden Culture. The settlement belongs to the transition between Pfyn and Horgen Culture, but most important for our investigation of the early Baden Culture (Boleráz) is that ceramics of Boleráz was found together with Pfyn and Horgen. Thus Arbon Bleiche is the most western settlement in the Boleráz distribution, which has its centre in the Vienna Basin, Burgenland and in Moravia, Slovakia and Western Hungary. More than that, Arbon Bleiche is the best dated place with a dendro-chronological time span from 3384 to 3370 BC, thus lasting only for 14 years. Then the settlement burnt down and the remains were preserved under layers of sea sediments. The archaeological situation is presented in Figures 37-38. Typi-cal ceramics of Pfyn and Horgen are presented in Figures 39-40, ceramics of Boleráz also in Figures 40-41.

28 This is the opinion of Petre ROMAN, expressed on the congress „Baden-Boleráz-Cernavoda III, ein Phänomen des Spätneolithikums. 29 See above. 30 CAPITANI Annick de and LEUZINGER Urs, 1998, Arbon Bleiche 3, Siedlungsgeschichte, einheimische Traditionen und Fremdeinflüsse im Übergangsfeld zwischen Pfyner und Horge-ner Kultur, Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte 81, 237-249.

24

The absolute chronology by means of radiocarbon dates for Pfyn and Horgen Culture are presented in Figures 42 and 43. There exist also 6 radiocarbon dates31 of wood absolutely dated by means of dendrochronology. Table 19 shows these results, Table 20 demonstrates the nec-essary Oxcal job-file for wiggle matching and Figure 44 presents the results of a wiggle matching. The dendro age of the youngest sample of 3384 BC lies within the 1-sigma time span from 3390 to 3360 BC, which has the higher probability than the “wrong” interval from 3500 to 3480 BC. Thus the radiocarbon meas-urement confirms the dendro age. Table 21 gives the comparison between Pfyn, Horgen, Arbon Bleiche 3 and Boleráz. Against former ideas32 Elisabeth RUTTKAY now33 believes that it could be possi-ble that the ceramics found in Arbon Bleiche has some elements which can show that it belongs to the end phase of a developed Boleráz, as suggested by our new dates concerning the time span of Boleráz and the dates for Arbon Bleiche.

31 With the friendly permission of Urs LEUZINGER and Trivun SORMAZ we can present here new radiocarbon dates measured in Bern. These dates were measured in the Swiss National Fund Project (NF Projekt Nr. 1214-3358.92) „Jahrringchronologische Korrelation von Weichholz- und Weißtannenproben in Verbindung mit Analysen Prähistorischen Siedlungs-strukturen“ , in the years 1992-1995. 32 Cited in CAPITANI Annick de, see above. 33 RUTTKAY Elisabeth, 1999, Siedlungsfunde der Boleráz-Gruppe aus Wien und dem nordda-nubischen Niederösterreich. FÖ 38, in press.

25

The Iceman (Ötzi), a possibility of dating his death more exactly34 (Peter STADLER, Vienna) Since the Iceman was found in 1991 many radiocarbon dates have been deter-mined, samples were analysed in Oxford, Groningen, Upsala, Gif sur Yvette and also in Vienna at the VERA laboratory35. Although in this project no new dates for the Iceman were analysed, with the help of our 14C database we propose a new way for dating the Iceman. With the combined evaluation of currently 57 dates it is possible to date the Iceman to seven years, but only in his Radiocarbon Age. Figure 45 presents the result of all currently available dates in a combined calibration. The Χ2 test fails to prove, that all samples are coming from one event, what is not astonishing as objects were found with much older and younger dates.18 But nevertheless the calibration gives three intervals. In the next Figure 46 only the dates with a sigma smaller than 60 years are calibrated together. These results also show that further radiocarbon dates will not narrow down these intervals. So another strat-egy must be pursued. Again the method of choice will be “wiggle matching“. As no sampling of a tree-ring sequence suitable for “wiggle matching“ has yet been done, we can try to see if a simulation will help us to narrow down the result with “wiggle match-ing“. Table 22 shows two assumed data sets. In both cases the year 3200 BC was used for the youngest sample, all other samples are 10 years older than the pre-vious one. A sigma was assumed with 30 years, which should be achievable at VERA. As every run of these simulations with Oxcal reveals different results, because the measurements are simulated every time with another random seed, only two characteristic results shall be shown. Figure 47 shows now this attempt with simulated 6 samples from 50 year rings. This result is really not good. The sample from 3200 BC is put predominantly in the wrong interval from 3300 to

34 EGG Markus, GOEDECKER-CIOLEK Roswitha, GROENMAN-VAN WAATERINGE Willy and SPINDLER Konrad, 1993, Die Gletschermumie vom Ende der Steinzeit aus den Ötztaler Alpen. Jahrbuch des Römisch Germanischen Zentralmuseums 39, 128p. 35 ROM Werner, GOLSER Robin, KUTSCHERA Walter, PRILLER Alfred, STEIER Peter, WILD Eva M, 1999, AMS 14C Dating of Equipment from the Iceman and of Spruce Logs from the Pre-historic Salt Mines of Hallstatt. Radiocarbon 41/2, 183-198. JETTMAR Barbara, 2000, Di-ploma thesis, in preparation. In this investigation many objects found during the excavation 1992 were dated. Some of them belong to other periods. BAGOLINI Bernardo, DAL RI Lorenzo, LIPPERT Andreas, NOTHDURFTER Hans, 1995, Der Mann im Eis: Die Fundbergung 1992 am Tisenjoch, Gem Schnals, Südtirol. 3-52. In: Editors MOSER H., PLATZER W., SEIDLER Horst, SPINDLER Konrad 1995, 320p. Der Mann im Eis. Neue Funde und Ergebnisse. The Numbers of dates by laboratories: ETH 2, OxA 9, Ua 4, GXA 1, GifA 21 and VERA 20.

26

3220 BC. In our second data set (see Figure 48) we take 7 samples from 60 year rings, also with the youngest sample from 3200 BC. This random result shows, that the interval from 3210 to 3184 BC is now clearly dominating for the sample from year 3200 BC. We learn from these simulations, that more than 60 year rings and more than seven samples could narrow down the time period substan-tially in which the Iceman died. Now arises the question, which wooden object found with the Iceman contains really more than 60 year rings. This question may be answered positively, al-though the year rings have not yet been counted. The object in question is the bow, made from yew tree, with a diameter of 3.2 cm, it may contain enough year rings for our investigation. It was not yet finished, so we can assume that the Iceman cut it from the tree only some months or days before his death. Someone may ask why we have taken the year 3200 BC for the youngest sample in our simulation experiments. There is some good reason for doing so. This year occurs as the year of a global event in the listing of most important global (volcanic) events from the 4th to the 1st millennium BC36. In Table 23 we see five such events, of which the event from 3200 BC is the oldest. 3200 BC corre-sponds to one thickest year ring in the Irish oak, followed by narrow rings from 3197 to 3190 BC, the narrowest year ring in 3195 BC. The American bristlecone pine dendrochronology shows almost the same. These events are the most im-portant signals seen in the dendro records, thus producing a very thin year ring as results from these events. A volcanic event produced a cloud of ash, which prevented the sunlight from reaching the earth surface, thus cooling down the climate world wide. This event was also found in the ice cores, which, however, cannot be dated as exactly as tree-rings. It is very astonishing that the year 3200 BC falls in the second solution from 3210 to 3190 BC of the combined calibration. All three solutions together take only 90 years of a time span of 230 years from 3360 to 3130 BC. The coinci-dence with the second solution means 30 years out of 230, thus the random co-incidence would only occur in 13% or – the other way round - that 87% suggest that this coincidence is not random. So why should this event have caused the sudden death of the Iceman? We know that the Iceman died in spring because of a sudden cold weather.37 His

36 Table after data in BAILLIE M.G.L., 1998, Evidence for climatic in the 12th and 17th centu-ries BC, in Mensch und Umwelt in der Bronzezeit Europas: Man and Environment in Euro-pean Bronze Age, Editor HÄNSEL Bernhard, 49-55, completed with help of BAILLIE M.G.L., 2000, Personal communication by e-mail. 37 OEGGL Klaus, 1999, Die letzte Mahlzeit des Mannes aus dem Eis. In: Die Gletschermumie aus der Kupferzeit- La mummia dell´età del rame. Neue Forschungsergebnisse zum Mann aus

27

body was preserved by the snow and this snow did not melt away in summer or in the next years. He was buried under a deep layer of snow and seems to have been freed from this snow cover only in 1991, shortly before he was found. As we know from the volcanic events they do not only influence one year but also the following years. In our Table 23 the event from 3200 BC influenced the 9 following years. So the event in 3200 BC could explain, why the Iceman died in spring as a result of cold weather and why he was covered with snow and ice till 1991. This con-nection between the event in 3200 BC or one of the following years and the death of the Iceman is still rather hypothetically, but we have the possibility with the above presented method of “wiggle matching” to find out if his death falls into the interval of 3210 to 3190 BC, and not in the two other time spans from 3360 to 3330 or 3160 to 3130 BC.

dem Eis - Nuove ricerche sull’Uomo venuto da ghiaccio. Folio, Schriften des Südtiroler Ar-chäologiemuseums - Collana del Museo Archeologico dell´Alto Adige. 97-110. The timing of the Ice Man’s death from March till June is argued – on page 106 - with the good condition of the microgametophyt of the pollen of ostrya carpinifolia (= hop horn beam), which was not digested and could not have rested too long time in the stomach.

28

Early Middle Ages

Avar Period Settlement (7th century AD) from Brunn, Wolfholz II, District Mödling, Lower Austria (Peter STADLER, Vienna)38 The Avar settlement from Brunn Wolfholz, site II, is only preserved in three wells and three other pits. With the exception of Zillingtal39 it is the first Avar Period settlement known in Austria. Two wells are situated near Wolfholzgasse in a distance of 10 meters from each other, the third well is 195 m in north-east direction. Two photos on Figure 49 shows one of these wells under excavation. See also the map of Figure 50. Some of the pits contained charcoal, which was dated, as well as wood in form of 20 boards from a well-chamber of well 823. Board 12 and Board 18 could be dated dendrochronologically by Otto CICHOCKI. These dates are the first dendro dates for the Avar Period. Table 24 presents these dates. In total 19 radiocarbon dates were determined. The multiple samples out of the fill of the pit can be used to determine the end of use of the wells or the time of filling up the pits. For each object it is also possible to make a combination cali-bration. For the two boards wiggle matching is possible. All the results of these calibrations are shown in Table 25. The wiggle matchings come near the dendrochronological date, although the re-sult for board 12 lies outside the 1-sigma calibration, the difference is more than 28 years. Board 18 lies within the 1-sigma result, the combined boards 12 and 18 are only 3 years apart from the 1- sigma calibration time span. The fill of well 823 fails the X2-Test, because of sample VERA-682, which is much too old and dates obviously old wood. If we remove this sample the test succeeds. The date of the filling may be after 685 till 725 AD, thus at least 14 till 39 years later than the construction. The span from 740-770 AD is doubtful, be-cause in the 8th century we have the problem with the shape of the calibration curve. Thus the two solutions indicated may be only due to the curve. The same is true also for the long time span for well 1288, but we have only one date. It is a pity that from this well-datable well only ceramics of one type, type C af-ter Roman Sauer, are known. This type is defined by means of thin sections and 38 STADLER Peter, HEROLD Hajnalka, 2000 (?), Awarische Siedlungsreste und Brunnen von Brunn am Gebirge, Flur Wolfholz. Archaeologica Austriaca, in preparation. With contribu-tions from Roman SAUER and Otto CICHOCKI. 39 DISTELBERGER Anton and DAIM Falko, 1996, Die awarische Siedlung von Zillingtal. Die Grabung 1994-1995. In: Catalogue of the exhibition „Reitervölker aus dem Osten, Hunnen + Awaren“ , Eisenstadt, 372-378.

29

by microscopical analysis as well as heavy mineral analysis, and also by macro-scopic classification. The parallels known from the Middle/Late Avar cemetery of Mödling, Goldene Stiege, mostly show a distribution in the whole time of the cemetery. The so called “Baking Bells” were found also in this well and belong to ceramic type C3, which was not present in the cemetery of Mödling, since it represents a special settlement ceramic type. This means that the well 823 can-not be dated very well by means of ceramics. The filling of the pits 1241 and 1242 was much faster, than that of the wells, in-dicated by a successful X2-Test. Also it is allowed to think that these two pits were contemporary, still before the end of the 7th century. In pit 1242 all four types A,B, C and C3 were found together which seems not possible within the dated time span. But maybe future studies can explain this contradiction. The dendro dates are mainly confirmed by radiocarbon measurements. Both are the first available absolute data of the Avar time. Calibrating the relative chronology in the Avar Age (6th to 9th cen-tury) to an absolute chronology (Peter STADLER, Vienna) Since only a few dates were measured for this interesting subproject, we carried out only a theoretical investigation. By means of seriation so-called sequence dates40 (abbreviated SD) for the grave-complexes of the Avar Period are ob-tained. If this sequence really reflects a chronological development, would it be possible – further than by using of absolute dates obtained from „solidi“ (Byzan-tine gold coins in these graves) - to make an absolute chronology from it?41 By 14C-dates we hope to prove the relative chronology. If it can be proved we can go further on. With the help of radiocarbon dates it should be possible in an iterative process to determine the ratio of sequence dates per year for different intervals of the sequence dates (e.g. 1-100, 101-200, 201-300,...901-1000). For example for the interval from 1-100 it could be that 4 sequence dates corre-spond to one year, for the interval from 500-600 SD it would be possible that 2 SD correspond to one year. With this information as a starting point, a wiggle matching will be carried out. Wiggle matching narrows down the dates for every 40 The idea of sequence dates was already given by FLINDERS PETRIE W.M., 1899, Sequences in prehistoric remains. Journal of the Anthropological Institute 29, 295-301. In my PhD the-sis I used sequence dates (SD) to describe and compare seriations of different size. In contrary to FLINDERS PETRIE I proposed to use SD as numbers from 1 to 1000. In: STADLER Peter, 1985, Die Seriation awarischer Gürtelgarnituren. Unpublished PhD thesis, 270p. 41 In our original project proposal we presented this seriation, the sequence dates and the ab-solute chronology done with the help of 30 coins in the grave-complexes.

30

radiocarbon analysis involved. These new dates can be used to determine new ratios of SD to years for the ten intervals. With these ratios new wiggle match-ing can be done again and so on. This process will be carried out, until no larger changes will be obtained and the wiggle matching gives a stable solution. In our figure 51 we present such a wiggle matching simulation. This simulation shows, that it would also be possible to date the end of the Avar period, which now different archaeologists see between 830 and 900. The accuracy of wiggle matching in our simulation of ±10 years AD (1-sigma), would be enough to de-cide this controversy finally. Figure 52 shows the wiggle matching for a simu-lated sample from the hypothetical end of the Avar Age. Avar and Magyar settlement from Örménykút, County Békés, Eastern Hungary (Hajnalka HEROLD) This site is situated in Eastern Hungary in County Békés and was excavated by Csanád BÁLINT and Dénes JANKOVICH. Hajnalka HEROLD wrote a diploma the-sis42 about ceramics from Örménykút and provided the seven samples. The Avar material was dated archaeologically in the 8th/9th century, the Magyar material in the 10th/11th century. 26 houses were found in total. 14 from Avar time, 11 from Magyar period 10th century and two kilns, and from Arpadian Age (11/12th cen-tury) 1 house and 3 oven complexes and 9 pits. All samples come from houses, pottery kilns and pits. The following results were obtained by radiocarbon dating: See Table 26. Two dates of Avar context agree with the archaeological dating, but suggest also a somewhat earlier date. Since the typology and typochronology of Avar settle-ment ceramics is not yet detailed enough, this could be possible. So maybe these new dates may give a starting point for an absolute chronology of Avar settle-ment ceramics. In the case of House B11 (VERA-727) the possibility of a pre-Avar dating has to be considered and the ceramics must be studied again. For the Magyar period two samples were lying outside the postulated period. VERA-726 and VERA-728 should be Magyar (10th century), but the results are from the 6th and 7th century. Both came from pottery kilns, where the ceramics belonged definitively to a post Avar period. Thus it cannot easily be explained why such old wood (charcoal) came into the kilns. The two other samples are in 42 HEROLD Hajnalka, 1999, “Egy tiszántúli koraközépkori település kerámiája – Örménykút 54. lelőhely”. Unpublished diploma thesis, Budapest.

31

agreement with archaeology, but the time span from 1020-1050 and 1090-1120 seems more reasonable than the span from 1130 to 1160. So in all cases the scientific dating will lead to a new discussion of chronology of Early medieval settlements in Hungary. The fortification of Thunau/Kamp, MG. Gars, Lower Austria, (10th/9th century BC and 8th/9th century AD) (Herwig FRIESINGER, Vienna)43 From this site, again in the Waldviertel, Otto CICHOCKI was asked to investigate dendrochronology of all the wooden remains of the fortification from Urn field Culture (UC) as well as from the Early Middle Ages (MA). He selected two beams from UC and three from MA for being investigated with wiggle match-ing. From any beam two to four samples were taken for radiocarbon analysis. The samples had 104, 51 (UC) and 46, 61 and 62 year rings (MA). All data, also dendrochronological results, as far as they are ready by now, are summed up in Table 27. Figure 54 shows the map of the excavation with the locations, the samples come from. The two beams from UC come both from section 372 and from two different plana after planum 6, thus from the same height ± 5cm, but in a distance of about half a meter. The two beams were evaluated with wiggle matching. Beam 61898 hat 104 year rings, samples were taken from year rings 1-5, 16-25, 60-75 and 95-104. The combined result for the youngest sample, VERA 710, gives a 1-sigma time span from 953 to 922 BC. See also Figure 55. Beam 61902 had 51 year rings, samples were taken from year rings 1-5, 10-25 and 45-51. The outermost sample VERA-713 gives with wiggle matching a 1-sigma interval from 1025-970BC. See also Figure 56. So one could think there were two construction phases in the UC fortification. But this idea must be handled with caution: Theoretically the two samples could come from the same oak tree, one from the inner part, and one from the outer part. On the other hand the distance of half a meter between these two samples is in contradiction to this one-tree hypothesis, but they also could originate from two trees, grown at the same time, one sample from the inner part of the first tree and one sample from the outer part of another tree. Thus this problem can only 43 STADLER Peter, DRAXLER Susanne, FRIESINGER Herwig, KUTSCHERA Walter, PRILLER Alf-red, ROM Werner, STEIER Peter, WILD Eva M., 2000(?), Die Absolutdatierung der urnenfel-derzeitlichen und frühmittelalterlichen Wallanlagen von Thunau am Kamp, MG. Gars, mit Hilfe von 14C-Daten. Archaeologia Austriaca, in press.

32

be solved with the help of dendrochronology. After the friendly personal com-munication of Erik Szameit the samples do not come from the wood construc-tion of the fortification, but from the filling. Thus the obtained dates give only a Terminus post quem for the construction. Because of the very bad shape of the calibration curve in the range of 8th and 9th century AD, we already knew before doing any radiocarbon measurement for the MA fortification, that simple calibrations of single dates would yield no good results. See Figure 57. These bad results are really obtained if one makes calibrations of single samples. The ranges were from 675 AD (for the innermost samples) till 900 AD for the outermost. The only solution is again wiggle matching. Beam 10006 had 46 year rings, samples were take from year rings 1-3 and 40-46. Wiggle matching gave a 1-sigma time span for the outer sample of 815-885 AD. See Figure 58. The second beam 11859 had 61 year rings, three samples were taken from year rings 1-4, 30-35 and 54-61. The outermost sample gave with wiggle matching a 1-sigma time span from 825 to 885 AD. See Figure 59. The 3rd beam 59122 had 62 year rings, samples were taken from year rings 1-3, 30-35 and 55-62. The resulting time span (1-sigma) or the outermost sample is 773 to 801 AD and thus much older than the two other beams. See Figure 60. CICHOCKI was able to set up a floating dendrochronology for a part of the beams of the fortification. With the help of it, it is possible to synchronise beams 10006 and 11869, but not yet 59122. Thus it is possible to make a joint wiggle match-ing for these beams. The more refined result is presented in the next Figure 61. The dating interval obtained for the outermost sample of beam 11859 is re-stricted to 840-881 AD. More than that, CICHOCKI could synchronise this floating chronology with the middle curve from Mikulčice and could so obtain absolute years AD for the beams. Thus he got for the middle curve of beam 10006 an end year of 864, for the youngest year ring of the beam, which was dated with radiocarbon, an end year of 846. For beam 11859 respectively an end year of 883 AD, the sample for radiocarbon dating an end year of 873. Taking into account the thickness of the youngest sample (VERA-0719) with seven years, it means the sample has a middle dendrochronological age of 869,5 years AD. This result lies in the mid-dle of the radiocarbon time span of 840 to 881 AD. Thus wiggle matching yielded a – surprising for us – exact result despite the very bad shape of the cali-

33

bration curve. Nevertheless – the dendrochronology by CICHOCKI could be fully confirmed. The radiocarbon result for beam 59122 maybe useful for finding a dendrochro-nological fit. This sample originates from quite different part of the fortification, but from the top of the fortification, which seems to have been constructed ear-lier than that part, from which the two other samples originate. To verify this also samples from the lower part of the wooden construction should be dated. Based on these new results it seems possible to prove the existence of at least one construction phase on the fortification of the Urn Field Culture 953 to 922 BC. A hypothetical earlier phase 1025-970 BC needs a dendrochronological and archaeological crosscheck. For the Early Middle Ages fortification two phases can be assumed. One phase from 773-801 AD, which still has to be confirmed by dendrochronology and by radiocarbon analysis of parts of the wooden construction - there remain many not yet synchronised beams. The second phase can be restricted by combining two beams to 840-881 AD. This result is fully confirmed by the dendro date for the youngest sample from 879,5 AD. One serious problem may be seen in the fact, that there is no “Waldkante” for all samples, thus all the given dates may only be seen as a Terminus post quem for the construction works. All results are presented together in Table 28.

34

Conclusion and Outlook So far about 27% of the samples originally planned within this project (1000), 17% of the samples collected (1555) are analysed. As we demonstrated in this report already interesting results evolved. It seems clear that the original goal of obtaining better absolute chronology is demonstrated by this subset of available data. However, the enthusiasms about the project by the sample suppliers led to an increased submission of samples. Therefore the total number of samples in-creased to 1555. In the course of the project it turned out that the bottle neck in the 14C measurement is the time-consuming preparation of carbon samples from the original material. We apparently underestimated this step in our original planning. This is perhaps not too surprising since the present project was the first major 14C-dating enterprise at VERA. In order to measure at least the remainder of the original number of samples (~ 1000-270 = 730), we plan to increase the throughput for the third year by em-ploying a larger number of people working on sample preparation.

35

Table 1. Database structure for 14C samples.

Fields used in sample database General information Scientist Date, when sample was received by VERA Priority:A,B,0,1,2,3, highest priority A,B,1, A for Avar subproject, B for Bronze Age subproject

Sample number in project Species: Sample supplier Number of Species Culture Species 2 Laboratory data Number of Species 2 Lab Species 3 Lab-Number Number of Species 3 BP Scientist Sigma Scientist’s comment Delta 13C Sigma Delta 13C Site parameters Cal.1 Sigma Name of site Weight of sample used Location Sample parameters District Weight of sample Region 1 Sample name Region 2 Date, when sample was taken Country Find inventory Co-ordinates Name of sample taker Type of Site: cemetery, settlement

etc. Material Type of soil Object Possible contamination Science/Dendrochronology Context Dendrochronological info1: number of year rings taken as sample Photo documentation Dendrochronological info1: number of year rings in total Number of photo from site Wood edge Number of slide from site Wood from inner/outer part Number of photo with finds Dendro date Number of slide with finds Science/Human Biology/Zoology Cultural assignment Bone Cultural level Side: left or right side of skeleton Cultural level 1 End of bone: distal/proximal Cultural level 2 Fragmented Cultural level 3 Number of bones Fine level 1 Patinated Fine level 2 Anthropological gender Diverse Archaeological gender Alphanumerical part of complex 1 Age: infans,juvenil,matur,senil Complex Age2: under border of age interval Alphanumerical part of complex 2 Age3: upper border of age interval Planum reasons for dating Literature Data of sample supplier

36

Table 2. Recipe for collagene extraction from bone.

BONE time (min)

chemicals efficiency (%)

flow-rate (ml/min)

amount per cell (ml)

tempera-ture (°C)

150 1N HCl 11 0,33 50 20 45 Bidest. 100 3,33 150 20 30 Bidest. 0 0,00 0 20 30 Bidest. 100 3,33 100 20 6 0,1N NaOH 100 3,33 20 20 60 0,1N NaOH 15 0,67 40 20 30 Bidest. 100 3,33 100 20 30 Bidest. 0 0,00 0 20 30 Bidest. 100 3,33 100 20 6 1N HCl 100 3,33 20 20 30 Bidest. 100 3,33 100 20

Table 3. Recipe for ABA with charcoal/wood.

CHARCOAL / WOOD

time (min) chemicals efficiency (%)

flow-rate (ml/min)

amount per cell (ml)

tempera-ture (°C)

60 1N HCl 11 0,33 20 60 30 Bidest. 100 3,33 100 60 30 Bidest. 0 0,00 0 60 30 Bidest. 100 3,33 100 60 6 0,1N NaOH 100 3,33 20 60 180 0,1N NaOH 15 0,67 120 60 30 Bidest. 100 3,33 100 60 30 Bidest. 0 0,00 0 60 30 Bidest. 100 3,33 100 60 30 Bidest. 0 0 0 60 30 Bidest. 100 3,33 100 60 6 1N HCl 100 3,33 20 60 60 1N HCl 11 0,33 20 60 30 Bidest. 100 3,33 100 60 30 Bidest. 0 0,00 0 60 30 Bidest. 100 3,33 100 60

37

Table 4. Different tests done with samples pretreated on the new collagen extraction unit.

Sample δ13C (‰)

σ δ13C

pMC σ pMC

Radiocarbon Age BP

σ

VERA-0185/1 -26,6 1,4 84,53 0,54 1350 50 VERA-0185/2 -28,1 1,3 88,65 0,59 970 50 VERA-0185/3 -26,3 1,0 84,97 0,41 1310 40 VERA-0185/4 -26,8 1,0 84,57 0,44 1345 40 VERA-0202/1 -23,7 1,0 44,91 0,23 6430 40 VERA-0202/2 -24,8 1,0 44,78 0,22 6455 40 VERA-0163/1 -17,5 1,3 48,64 0,33 5790 50 VERA-0163/2 -19,1 1,3 49,11 0,33 5710 50 VERA-0166/1 -18,0 1,4 38,38 0,29 7690 60 VERA-0166/2 -19,1 1,4 38,55 0,31 7660 70 VERA-0138/1 -23,8 1,0 80,72 0,28 1720 30 VERA-0138/2 -22,4 1,3 80,87 0,40 1705 40 VERA-0138/3 -21,3 1,3 80,70 0,40 1725 40 VERA-0138/4 -22,8 1,3 80,94 0,43 1700 45 VERA-0138/5 -23,2 1,3 80,84 0,40 1745 40 VERA-0138/6 -24,1 0,9 80,92 0,29 1700 30 VERA-0138/7 -22,8 1,3 80,79 0,47 1715 45 VERA-0138/8 -21,9 0,9 80,72 0,31 1720 30 VERA-0138/9 -23,3 0,9 80,86 0,31 1705 30 VERA-0138/10 destroyed VERA-0138/11 -24,5 0,9 80,80 0,29 1715 30 VERA-0138/12 -22,7 0,9 80,96 0,31 1695 30 VERA-0138/13 -24,7 0,9 80,67 0,30 1725 30 VERA-0138/14 -24,5 0,9 80,67 0,30 1725 30 VERA-0138/15 -25,1 0,9 80,85 0,30 1710 30 VERA-0138/16 -23,6 1,3 79,86 0,40 1805 40 VERA-0138/17 -24,8 0,9 80,60 0,32 1730 30 VERA-0138/18 -23,9 0,9 80,73 0,29 1720 30 VERA-0138/19 destroyed VERA-0138/20 -21,9 0,9 80,81 0,31 1710 30 VERA-0138/21 destroyed VERA-0138/22 -22,6 0,9 80,52 0,27 1740 25 VERA-0138/23 -22,5 1,0 80,14 0,27 1780 25 VERA-0138/24 -23,7 1,0 80,59 0,27 1735 25

38

Table 5. Standard Dual Inlet.

Gas Guaranteed Precision 1σ (‰)

Achieved

CO2 (13C) ≤ 0.010 0.008

CO2 (18O) ≤ 0.016 0.0092

N2 (15N) ≤ 0.010 0.010

SO2 (34S) ≤ 0.010 0.0092

Table 6a. Elemental Analyzer Continuous Flow: 10 natural abundance con-stant quantity samples (50 µg of C, 100 µg of N, 50 µg S).

Gas Guaranteed Precision

1σ (‰) Achieved

CO2 (13C) ≤ 0.15 0.08

N2 (15N) ≤ 0.20 0.16

SO2 (34S) ≤ 0.20 0.13

Table 6b. Elemental Analyzer Continuous Flow: 10 natural abundance dif-fering quantity samples (15-150 µg of C, 20-200 µg of N, 50-150 µg S).

Gas Guaranteed Precision

1σ (‰) Achieved

CO2 (13C) ≤ 0.30 0.16

N2 (15N) ≤ 0.30 0.12

SO2 (34S) ≤ 0.40 0.28

39

Table 7. Priority of samples.

Priority Number of samples Percent A 199 12,8 B 112 7,2 0 36 2,3 1 160 10,3 2 228 14,7 3 47 3,0 Missing 773 49,7 Total 1555 100,0

Table 8. Origin of samples.

Country Number of samples Percent A 938 60,3BG 9 0,6CZ 247 15,9D 17 1,1GR 1 0,1H 163 10,5KIRG 2 0,1RO 4 0,3RU 6 0,4SK 153 9,8SLO 10 0,6SY 5 0,3Gesamt 1555 100,0

40

Table 9. Material of samples. Material Number of

samples Per-cent

Cereals 42 2,7Wood 115 7,4Charcoal 374 24,1Burnt human bone 8 0,5Human bone 532 34,3Seed 2 0,1Snail 9 0,6Animal Bone 469 30,2Animal Bone/ Burnt bone 3 0,2Total 1555 100,0

41

Table 10. Kultureller Kontext der Proben (nach Kulturen sortiert). Kultur Anzahl der

Proben Prozent

10.Jh. 1 0,111.Jh. 1 0,112.Jh. 4 0,313.Jh. 4 0,33/4.Jh. 1 0,14.Jh 4 0,35.Jh. 2 0,1? 6 0,4Aunjetitz 125 8,0Aurignacien 12 0,8Awaren 190 12,2Baden 2 0,1Baden-Boleráz 27 1,7Baden-Klassisch 18 1,2Baiern 9 0,6Bajc-Retz 1 0,1Barca 1 0,1Bisamberg-Oberpullendorf 6 0,4Chlopice-Veselé 1 0,1Danilo 1 0,1Epigravettien 1 0,1Frühbronzezeit 15 1,0Frühbronzezeit? 2 0,1Frühmesolithikum 1 0,1Frühmittelalter 1 0,1Frühneolithikum 5 0,3Furchenstich 1 0,1GBK 12 0,8Gemeinlebarn 2 0,1Gepiden 1 0,1Girla Mare 1 0,1Gravettien 9 0,6Gravettien/Pavlovien 3 0,2HGK 13 0,8Hallstatt 7 0,5Hamangia 7 0,5Hochmittelalter 6 0,4Jevišovice 15 1,0Jordanov 1 0,1Jungpleistozän 1 0,1KAK 3 0,2Kosihy-Caka-Mako 20 1,3LBK 245 15,8Langobarden 53 3,4

42

Tab. 10. Continued. Latène 42 2,7Lausitz 11 0,7Lengyel 246 15,8Lengyel? 1 0,1LgK 2 0,1Ludanice 1 0,1MMK 1 0,1Madarovce 8 0,5Magyaren 4 0,3Maisbirbaum-Zohor 1 0,1Mesolithikum 7 0,5Mesolithikum/Frühneolithikum 1 0,1Mistelbach-Regelsbrunn 1 0,1Mittel-/Spätbronzezeit 5 0,3Mittel-/Spätpaläolithisch 2 0,1Mittelbronzezeit 1 0,1Mittelneolithikum 4 0,3Mondsee 1 0,1Monteoru 3 0,2Neolithikum 4 0,3Nitra 11 0,7Orava 1 0,1Paläolithikum 1 0,1Polgár 1 0,1Protoaunjetitz 8 0,5Púchov 8 0,5RKZ 22 1,4STBK 18 1,2Schnurkeramik 16 1,0Slawen 40 2,6Spätbronzezeit 7 0,5Späteisenzeit 22 1,4Späthelladisch 2 0,1Spätlaténezeit 1 0,1Spätmesolithikum 5 0,3Spätneolithikum 16 1,0Spätpaläolithikum 9 0,6TRBK 34 2,2TRBK? 4 0,3Tiszadob 3 0,2UK 50 3,2UK - HA 18 1,2Unterwölbling 3 0,2VKWZ 8 0,5Veterov 8 0,5Vlaska 1 0,1Vorpúchov 12 0,8ÄLBK 10 0,6Missing 29 1,9Total 1555 100,0

43

Table 11. Date falls within range of expectation. Date falls within range of expectation Number Percentageno 43 16,0yes 225 84,0Total 268 100,0

44

Table 12. All in our project measured data, sorted by sample name (Probenname). Table only in German. Probenlieferant Kultur Lab#

VERA BP σ σa δC13 σ δC13 ok Probenname Mate-

rial Species Fundort Flur Bezirk Region Land Fundortart Komplex

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz 838 4645 35 -18,8 1,3 √ Baierdorf _01 Tk indet. Baierdorf „Au“ Hollabrunn NÖ A Siedlung, Grube Grube 2

Mateiciucová I.(G. Nevizánsky)

LBK 735 1925 35 -28,0 1,5 ≠ Bajc_Vlkanovo (1) Hk Laubholz indet. Bajc-Vlkanovo Vlkanovo Komárno SK Siedlung der Zselizerke-ramik, Siedlungsgrube

Objekt 23

Mateiciucová I.(G. Nevizánsky)

Baden-Klassisch

736 4530 45 -28,4 1,5 √ Bajc_Vlkanovo (2) Hk Laubholz indet. Bajc-Vlkanovo Vlkanovo Komárno SK Siedlung der Badener Kultur, Siedlungsgrube

Objekt 22

Ruttkay E. Baden-Klassisch

839 1520 40 -17,8 1,3 ≠ Balatonmagyaród-1 Tk Homo Balatonmagyaród Hídvégpuszta

Nagykanizsa H Grab B/2

Lindinger V. Maisbirbaum-Zohor

407 3350 45 -25,7 1,1 √ Baumgarten_01 Hk Laubholz indet. Baumgarten Dornparz Gänserndorf NÖ A Einzelgrube innerhalb einer frühbronzezeitli-chen Siedlung

Fundstelle 2

Salaš M. Veterov 422 3435 35 -23,0 0,8 √ Blucina Cezavy 1,2.e Lieferung

Hk Salix sp.(Weide) Blucina Cezavy Brno-venkov Mähren CZ Befestigte Siedlung Graben 1A

Salaš M. Veterov 423 3410 50 -25,0 1,3 √ Blucina Cezavy 10 Hk Salix sp.(Weide)/Populus(Pappel)

Blucina Cezavy Brno-venkov Mähren CZ Befestigte Höhensied-lung

Obj. 11

Salaš M. UK 424 3090 40 -25,2 1,0 √ Blucina Cezavy 11 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche)/Cast. Blucina Cezavy Brno-venkov Mähren CZ Höhenheiligtum Obj. K2 (Fundanhäu-fung)

Salaš M. Veterov 425 3405 45 -24,8 1,6 √ Blucina Cezavy 12 Hk Corylus avellana(Haselnuß) Blucina Cezavy Brno-venkov Mähren CZ Befestigte Höhensied-lung

Grube 12

Salaš M. Veterov 426 3430 45 -25,7 1,6 √ Blucina Cezavy 13 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Blucina Cezavy Brno-venkov Mähren CZ befestigte Höhensied-lung

Grube 16

Salaš M. Aunjetitz 427 3585 45 -22,5 1,6 √ Blucina Cezavy 14 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Blucina Cezavy Brno-venkov Mähren CZ Höhensiedlung Grube 33A

Salaš M. UK 428 3350 45 -24,8 1,6 √ Blucina Cezavy 15 Hk Laubholz indet. Blucina Cezavy Brno-venkov Mähren CZ Höhenheiligtum Obj. K4 (Fundanhäu-fung)

Salaš M. Veterov 429 3390 45 -25,4 1,6 √ Blucina Cezavy 2 Hk Salix sp.(Weide)/Populus(Pappel)

Blucina Cezavy Brno-venkov Mähren CZ Befestigte Siedlung Graben 1A

Salaš M. UK 430 3065 45 -22,9 1,6 √ Blucina Cezavy 3 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Blucina Cezavy Brno-venkov Mähren CZ Höhenheiligtum Objekt K1 (Fundan-häufung)

Salaš M. Aunjetitz 431 3605 30 -26,2 0,9 √ Blucina Cezavy 4 Hk Fraxinus(Esche) Blucina Cezavy Brno-venkov Mähren CZ Höhensiedlung Grube 6A

Salaš M. Veterov 432 3410 30 -24,4 0,9 √ Blucina Cezavy 5 Hk Ulmus sp.(Ulme) Blucina Cezavy Brno-venkov Mähren CZ Befestigte Höhensied-lung

Grube 3A

Salaš M. Aunjetitz 433 3630 30 -24,5 0,9 √ Blucina Cezavy 6 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Blucina Cezavy Brno-venkov Mähren CZ Höhensiedlung Grube 5

Salaš M. UK 434 3040 35 -25,0 0,9 √ Blucina Cezavy 7 Hk Fagus(Buche) Blucina Cezavy Brno-venkov Mähren CZ Höhenheiligtum Obj. K2 (Fundanhäu-fung)

Salaš M. Veterov 435 3205 30 -25,2 0,9 √ Blucina Cezavy 8 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Blucina Cezavy Brno-venkov Mähren CZ Befestigte Höhensied-lung

Grube 9A

Salaš M. UK 436 3160 35 -25,8 0,9 √ Blucina Cezavy 9 Hk Abies alba (Tanne) Blucina Cezavy Brno-venkov Mähren CZ Höhenheiligtum Obj. 7A (Fundanhäu-fung)

Stadler P. Hallstatt 183 2490 45 -25,7 1,1 √ Brunn_01 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 854

Stadler P. Hallstatt 184 2500 100 -20,9 1,7 √ Brunn_02 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 854

Stadler P. Awaren 185 1330 45 -23,6 0,8 √ Brunn_03 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 1242

Stadler P. Awaren 186 1435 45 -25,3 1,2 √ Brunn_04 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 1242

Stadler P. Awaren 187 1430 45 -25,0 1,2 √ Brunn_05 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 1241

Stadler P. Awaren 188 1370 60 -26,6 0,7 √ Brunn_06 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 1241

Stadler P. Awaren 189 1310 45 -23,5 0,8 √ Brunn_07 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 1241

45

Table 12. Continued (page2). Stadler P. Awaren 190 1290 50 -25,1 0,9 √ Brunn_08 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 1241

Stadler P. LBK 191 modern -20,8 0,8 ≠ Brunn_09 Hk Ulmus sp.(Ulme) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 1423

Stadler P. LBK 192 6410 60 -22,5 0,8 √ Brunn_10 Hk Fraxinus(Esche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 1413

Stadler P. LBK 193 6370 30 -23,6 0,6 √ Brunn_11 Hk Fraxinus(Esche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 1401

Stadler P. LBK 194 11870 40 -23,8 0,6 ≠ Brunn_12 Hk Nadelholz indet. Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 1409

Stadler P. LBK 195 6385 30 -26,0 0,6 √ Brunn_13 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 1417

Stadler P. LBK 196 6215 40 -22,4 0,7 √ Brunn_14 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 1423

Stadler P. LBK 197 6370 35 -21,7 1,0 √ Brunn_15 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 1423

Stadler P. Langobarden 198 1640 50 -28,5 1,6 √ Brunn_16 Hk Acer sp.(Ahorn) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Gräberfeld 1515/Grab 13

Stadler P. LBK 199 6395 30 -23,4 0,6 √ Brunn_17 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 123

Stadler P. LBK 200 6385 35 -22,9 0,7 √ Brunn_18 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 100

Stadler P. LBK 201 6405 30 -25,2 0,7 √ Brunn_19 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 54

Stadler P. LBK 202 6430 30 -22,0 0,7 √ Brunn_20 Hk Fraxinus(Esche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 145

Stadler P. Awaren 262 1485 35 -28,0 1,2 √ Brunn_27 H Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Brunnen 823

Stadler P. Awaren 263 1410 35 -26,4 1,2 √ Brunn_28 H Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Brunnen 823

Stadler P. Awaren 264 1275 35 -26,8 1,2 √ Brunn_29 H Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Brunnen 823

Stadler P. Awaren 265 1485 40 -24,6 1,2 √ Brunn_30 H Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Brunnen 823

Stadler P. Awaren 266 1425 35 -24,9 1,2 √ Brunn_31 H Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Brunnen 823

Stadler P. Awaren 267 1350 35 -26,2 1,2 √ Brunn_32 H Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Brunnen 823

Stadler P. Awaren 680 1245 40 -26,2 1,3 √ Brunn_34 Hk Fraxinus(Esche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Brunnen 823

Stadler P. Awaren 681 1295 40 -25,1 1,3 √ Brunn_35 Hk Fagus(Buche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Brunnen 823

Stadler P. Awaren 682 1450 45 -29,4 1,3 √ Brunn_36 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Brunnen 823

Stadler P. Awaren 683 1315 40 -26,6 1,3 √ Brunn_37 Hk Fagus(Buche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Brunnen 823

Stadler P. Awaren 684 1285 40 -27,8 1,3 √ Brunn_38 Hk Fagus(Buche) Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Brunnen 823

Stadler P. Awaren 685 1255 40 -27,8 1,3 √ Brunn_39 Hk indet. Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz Mödling NÖ A Brunnen 1288

Pavlu I. LBK 686 6230 30 -25,4 0,7 √ Bylany_01 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Bylany Kutná Hora Böhmen CZ Siedlung H.0041,Pf.4170

Pavlu I. LBK 687 6215 30 -26,9 0,7 √ Bylany_02 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Bylany Kutná Hora Böhmen CZ Siedlung H.0041,Pf.4187

Pavlu I. LBK 688 6335 40 -24,3 0,8 √ Bylany_03 Hk indet. Bylany Kutná Hora Böhmen CZ Siedlung H.0041,Pf.4205

Pavlu I. LBK 689 6210 35 -23,7 0,8 √ Bylany_04 Hk indet. Bylany Kutná Hora Böhmen CZ Siedlung H.0096,Gr.93,T.c,Sch.3

Pavlu I. LBK 690 5825 35 -24,6 0,8 √ Bylany_05 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Bylany Kutná Hora Böhmen CZ Siedlung H.0096,Gr.93,T.c,Sch.2-3

Pavlu I. LBK 692 6370 40 -25,7 0,8 √ Bylany_07 Hk indet. Bylany Kutná Hora Böhmen CZ Siedlung H.0306,Pf.1030

Pavlu I. LBK 693 6330 35 -26,0 0,9 √ Bylany_08 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Bylany Kutná Hora Böhmen CZ Siedlung H.0306,Pf.1031

Pavlu I. LBK 694 6300 35 -23,9 0,9 √ Bylany_09 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Bylany Kutná Hora Böhmen CZ Siedlung H.0306,Pf.1054

Pavlu I. LBK 695 6290 40 -26,2 0,9 √ Bylany_10 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Bylany Kutná Hora Böhmen CZ Siedlung H.0912,Pf.5329

Pavlu I. LBK 696 6305 45 -25,9 0,9 √ Bylany_11 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Bylany Kutná Hora Böhmen CZ Siedlung H.0912,Pf.5335

Pavlu I. LBK 697 6090 35 -24,3 0,9 √ Bylany_12 Hk indet. Bylany Kutná Hora Böhmen CZ Siedlung H.0912,Pf.5355

Pavlu I. LBK 698 6320 50 -24,6 1,3 √ Bylany_13 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Bylany Kutná Hora Böhmen CZ Siedlung H.2197,Gr.2168,T.a,Sch.3

Pavlu I. LBK 699 250 40 -24,1 1,3 ≠ Bylany_14 Hk Abies alba (Tanne) Bylany Kutná Hora Böhmen CZ Siedlung H.2197,Gr.2168,Sch.1

46

Table 12. Continued (page 3). Kaus K. LBK 867 4430 40 -20,0 1,2 Donnerskirchen_1 Tk indet. Donnerskirchen Weide ober

der Trift Eisenstadt-Umgebung

Bgld A Siedlung, Grube Grube

Mateiciucová I.(J. Bartík) Madarovce 737 3380 35 -26,0 1,5 √ Dvorníky-Posádka _04 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Dvorníky Posádka Hlohovec SK Siedlung der Madarovce KulturBrandschicht

Sektor B-C, m. 44.7-46.8, Brandschicht

Mateiciucová I.(J. Bartík) Madarovce 738 3400 50 -23,9 1,4 √ Dvorníky-Posádka _05 Hk Acer sp.(Ahorn) Dvorníky Posádka Hlohovec SK Siedlung der Madarovce KulturInnere Rine-Sohle

Sektor D, m. 35-45, Innere Rine-Sohle

Mateiciucová I.(J. Bartík) Madarovce 739 3485 40 -27,5 1,5 √ Dvorníky-Posádka _06 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Dvorníky Posádka Hlohovec SK Siedlung der Madarovce KulturPfostengrube

Sektor F, m. 75, Pfostengrube Nr.16/96

Mateiciucová I.(J. Bartík) Madarovce 740 3395 45 -26,0 1,5 √ Dvorníky-Posádka _09 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Dvorníky Posádka Hlohovec SK Siedlung der Madarovce Kultur Siedlungsgrube

Sektor H, m. 63-64,5, Siedlungsgrube Nr.19B/96

Stadler P. Baden-Klassisch

868 4510 40 -18,9 1,2 √ Franzhausen_038 Mk Homo Franzhausen NÖ A Gräberfeld 206

Lochner M. UK 732 2930 50 -27,3 1,6 √ Franzhausen_Kokoron_01 Hk Kiefer Franzhausen S33 Kokoron

St.Pölten NÖ A Gräberfeld Verf.65

Lochner M. UK 733 2870 45 -25,1 1,6 √ Franzhausen_Kokoron_02 Hk Kiefer Franzhausen S33 Kokoron

St.Pölten NÖ A Gräberfeld Verf.267

Lochner M. UK 734 2825 35 -27,8 1,5 √ Franzhausen_Kokoron_03 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Franzhausen S33 Kokoron

St.Pölten NÖ A Gräberfeld Verf.336

Böhm H. Baden-Klassisch

869 4530 50 -20,8 1,2 √ Girm_01 Tk Bos(Rind) Girm Göllnergas-se/Hotterweg (Garten-wiesen)

Oberpullendorf Bgld A Siedlung Grube 9

Böhm H. Baden-Klassisch

875 4565 45 -20,8 1,2 √ Girm_02 Tk Bos(Rind) Girm Göllnergas-se/Hotterweg (Garten-wiesen)

Oberpullendorf Bgld A Siedlung Grube 12

Antl-Weiser W. Gravettien 364 25300 90 -25,4 0,9 √ Grub_03 Hk Pinus sp. (Föhre) Grub Kranawet-berg

Gänserndorf NÖ A Eiszeitlicher Lagerplatz Kulturschicht an dieser Stelle 2m 20 im Löß n. N einfal-lend, südlicher Bereich durch Erosion und Pflug erfaßt (etwa 20m weiter südlich)

Antl-Weiser W. Jungpleistozän 365 26700 120 -23,8 0,9 √ Grub_04 Hk Picea abies(Fichte)/Larix sp.(Lärche)

Grub Kranawet-berg

Gänserndorf NÖ A Eiszeitlicher Lagerplatz Schicht1,1m unter Gravettienschicht im Löß

Krenn-Leeb A. Baden-Boleráz 876 4770 55 -19,1 1,2 √ Grub_KL_03 Tk Bos p. f. taurus Grub an der March Unterhas-pel, Parz. 364/3

Gänserndorf NÖ A Siedlung/Grube Objekt 21/NW-Hälfte/Sig. 97

Krenn-Leeb A. Baden-Boleráz 877 4760 50 -21,7 1,2 √ Grub_KL_04 Tk Bos p. f. taurus Grub an der March Unterhas-pel, Parz. 364/3

Gänserndorf NÖ A Siedlung/Grube Objekt 28/Sig. 53

Krenn-Leeb A. Baden-Boleráz 878 4790 55 -21,9 1,3 √ Grub_KL_05 Tk Bos p. f. taurus Grub an der March Unterhas-pel, Parz. 364/3

Gänserndorf NÖ A Siedlung/Grube Objekt 50/NW-Hälfte/Sig. 94

47

Table 12. Continued (page 4). Bichler M. ? 675 modern -26,9 1,6 ≠ Gyali_01 Hk Halme Gyali Bimsabbau,

Gipfelbe-reich

Gyali Ägäis GR unter Tephraschicht

Herold H. Awaren 879 1220 40 -19,6 1,2 √ Gyenesdias_01 Mk Homo Gyenesdias Zala H Gräberfeld Grab 82/5

Wewerka B. Baden-Klassisch

880 4510 45 -20,6 1,2 √ Hadersdorf_02 Tk indet. Hadersdorf (beim Bahnhof)

Krems NÖ A Siedlung, Grube Objekt 46

Wewerka B. Baden-Klassisch

881 4485 40 -21,6 1,2 √ Hadersdorf_05 Tk Bos(Rind)? Hadersdorf (beim Bahnhof)

Krems NÖ A Siedlung, Grube Objekt 68

Lauermann E. Baden 730 4210 50 -26,8 1,6 √ Hatzenbach_4 Hk Fagus(Buche) Hatzenbach Schotter-grube Malllebarn-feld

Korneuburg NÖ A Siedlung Haus V5

Leitner W. Spätmesolithi-kum

394 8910 45 -24,9 0,8 √ Hohler Stein_1 Hk Pinus sp. (Föhre) Vent Hohler Stein

Imst Tirol A Siedlung Holzpfostenabdruck

Leitner W. Spätmesolithi-kum

220 6640 50 -25,6 1,6 √ Hohler Stein_2 Hk Abies alba (Tanne) Vent Hohler Stein

Imst Tirol A Siedlung Quadrant I 15, Feuerstelle

Leitner W. Spätmesolithi-kum

221 4980 50 -29,0 1,6 ≠ Hohler Stein_3 Hk Pinus sp. (Föhre) Vent Hohler Stein

Imst Tirol A Siedlung Quadrant H 18 a, Feuerstelle

Einwögerer Th. Aurignacien 670 27000 150 -24,4 1,0 √ Hundsteig_01 Hk Pinus sp. (Föhre) Krems Hundsteig Krems NÖ A Siedlung,sekundäre Sedimentation

Kulturschicht

Khafizov D. Hochmittelalter 672 850 40 -26,0 1,1 √ Kazan_01 Hk indet. Kazan Kremlin Kazan Tatarstan RU Siedlung älteste Schicht

Khafizov D. Hochmittelalter 673 555 40 -28,0 1,0 √ Kazan_02 Hk indet. Kazan Kremlin Kazan Tatarstan RU Siedlung älteste Schicht

Khafizov D. Hochmittelalter 674 535 40 -26,5 1,1 √ Kazan_03 Hk indet. Kazan Kremlin Kazan Tatarstan RU Siedlung älteste Schicht

Khafizov D. Hochmittelalter 882 770 40 -22,1 1,2 ≠ Kazan_04 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Kazan Kremlin Kazan Tatarstan RU Siedlung älteste Schicht

Herold H. Awaren 883 1440 45 -17,1 1,2 √ Kecskemét-Sallai_1 Mk Homo Kecskemét Sallai utca Bács-Kiskun

H Gräberfeld

Mateiciucová I.(L. Kaminská)

Tiszadob 749 6260 35 -22,9 1,3 √ Košice_Galgovec III (3) Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Košice-Galgovec Košice-mesto SK Siedlung der östliche Linearkeramik, Sied-lungsgrube

Objekt 2/97

Herold H. Awaren 884 790 40 -20,2 1,2 ≠ Kunbábony_01 Tk Ovis(Schaf) Kunbábony Bács-Kiskun

H Gräberfeld

Herold H. Awaren 885 1460 40 -20,2 1,2 √ Kunbábony_02 Tk Ovis(Schaf) Kunbábony Bács-Kiskun

H Gräberfeld

Pertlwieser M. Lengyel 770 5860 60 -25,5 1,4 √ Leonding_1 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Leonding Linz-Land OÖ A Gräberfeld Grab N1

Lauermann E. Frühbronzezeit 809 1145 40 -24,2 1,6 ≠ Michelberg_06 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Haselbach Michelberg Korneuburg NÖ A Höhensiedlung Kulturschicht

Lauermann E. Frühbronzezeit 810 1110 45 -25,6 1,6 ≠ Michelberg_11 Hk Fagus(Buche) Haselbach Michelberg Korneuburg NÖ A Höhensiedlung Kulturschicht

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 153 5600 40 -19,7 1,5 √ Michelstetten_01 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 27

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 154 5630 45 -18,6 0,4 √ Michelstetten_02 Tk Bos p. f. taurus? Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 31

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 155 5820 50 -17,4 1,8 √ Michelstetten_03 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Graben 43

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 156 5770 35 -19,5 0,9 √ Michelstetten_04 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Graben 43

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 157 5680 45 -21,8 0,2 √ Michelstetten_05 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Graben 43

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 158 5760 45 -18,1 1,1 √ Michelstetten_06 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Graben 43

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 159 5720 40 -22,3 0,6 √ Michelstetten_07 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Graben 50

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 160 5540 40 -21,1 1,5 √ Michelstetten_08 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Graben 50

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 161 5765 40 -21,0 1,3 √ Michelstetten_09 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Graben 50

48

Table 12. Continued (page 5). Carneiro Â. Lengyel 162 5705 35 -20,3 1,2 √ Michelstetten_10 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Graben 50

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 163 5730 45 -20,6 1,1 √ Michelstetten_11 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Graben 50

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 164 5595 30 -20,7 1,0 √ Michelstetten_12 Tk Bos(Rind) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Herdstelle? 151

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 165 5610 35 -22,1 1,2 √ Michelstetten_13 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Herdstelle? 151

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 166 7740 35 -20,9 1,0 ≠ Michelstetten_14 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 790

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 167 5625 45 -20,1 1,2 √ Michelstetten_15 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 946

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 168 5620 50 -19,6 0,7 √ Michelstetten_16 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer (?) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 946

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 169 5740 60 -21,0 0,3 √ Michelstetten_17 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer (?) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 946

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 170 5555 50 -28,6 1,2 √ Michelstetten_18 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer (?) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 946

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 171 5550 40 -20,5 0,8 √ Michelstetten_19 Tk indet. Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 973

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 172 5605 50 -21,2 1,3 √ Michelstetten_20 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer (?) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 973

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 173 5590 50 -21,1 1,4 √ Michelstetten_21 Tk Capra(Ziege)/Ovis(Schaf)? Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 973

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 174 5665 45 -19,5 1,4 √ Michelstetten_22 Tk Kl. Wiederkäuer Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 994

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 175 5710 50 -19,5 1,6 √ Michelstetten_23 Tk Sus scrofa (Wildschwein)? Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 994

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 176 5610 80 -20,8 1,0 √ Michelstetten_24 Tk Bos(Rind)? Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 1016

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 177 5615 40 -20,9 0,2 √ Michelstetten_25 Tk indet. Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 1016

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 178 5670 45 -21,4 0,9 √ Michelstetten_26 Tk Bos(Rind)? Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 1065

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 179 5575 40 -23,3 0,1 √ Michelstetten_27 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer (?) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 1105

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 180 5615 35 -20,5 1,3 √ Michelstetten_28 Tk Gr.Wiederkäuer (?) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 1105

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 181 5630 45 -22,2 0,5 √ Michelstetten_29 Tk Bos primigenius(Ur)? Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 1107

Carneiro Â. Lengyel 182 5615 40 -22,9 0,7 √ Michelstetten_30 Tk indet. Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung, Grube 1107

Lauermann E. RKZ 380 1735 40 -24,2 1,0 √ Michelstetten_35 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung eingetiefte Hütte 10

Lauermann E. Latène 381 2195 35 -26,5 1,1 √ Michelstetten_36 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung Grubenhaus 1139

Lauermann E. Latène 382 2190 40 -25,5 1,0 √ Michelstetten_37 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung Grubenhaus 16

Lauermann E. RKZ 383 1690 40 -26,4 1,1 √ Michelstetten_38 Hk Laubholz indet. Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung Grube 198

Lauermann E. RKZ 384 1680 35 -25,2 1,0 √ Michelstetten_39 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung Grube 200

Lauermann E. RKZ 385 2000 40 -25,2 1,1 √ Michelstetten_40 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung Grube 212

Lauermann E. Latène 386 2455 35 -25,6 1,1 √ Michelstetten_41 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung Grubenhaus 229

Lauermann E. Latène 387 1645 35 -26,6 1,1 ≠ Michelstetten_42 Hk Fagus(Buche) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung Gruben 240

Lauermann E. RKZ 388 2445 35 -26,2 0,8 ≠ Michelstetten_43 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung Grube 373

Lauermann E. RKZ 389 2065 40 -24,6 1,0 ≠ Michelstetten_44 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung Hütte 374

Lauermann E. RKZ 390 2080 40 -24,3 1,0 ≠ Michelstetten_45 Hk Acer sp.(Ahorn) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung Grube 375

Lauermann E. RKZ 391 1770 40 -23,8 1,0 √ Michelstetten_46 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung Grube 650

Lauermann E. Latène 392 1345 45 -24,9 1,1 ≠ Michelstetten_47 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung Grube 874

Lauermann E. RKZ 393 1530 40 -24,0 1,0 ≠ Michelstetten_48 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Michelstetten Hintaus Mistelbach NÖ A Siedlung Eisenschmelzofen 875

Pertlwieser M. Lengyel 771 1350 50 -24,9 1,4 ≠ Mitterkirchen_4 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Mitterkirchen, Lehen Perg OÖ A Siedlung Pfostengrube am S-Ende des Bohlenste-ges

Stadler P. Latène 203 2175 45 -25,4 1,0 √ MödlingLein_01 Hk Acer sp.(Ahorn) Mödling Leinerinnen Mödling NÖ A Siedlung Grube3

49

Table 12. Continued (page 6). Lenneis E. LBK 395 6210 45 -23,8 1,0 √ Mold_01 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Mold 1 Horn NÖ A Siedlung Grube 125, Quadrat 4

Lenneis E. LBK 396 6240 45 -25,9 1,1 √ Mold_02 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Mold 1 Horn NÖ A Siedlung Grube 125, Quadrat 4

Lenneis E. LBK 397 6250 70 -22,6 1,4 √ Mold_03 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Mold 1 Horn NÖ A Siedlung Grube 125, Quadrat 3

Lenneis E. LBK 398 3660 50 -24,5 1,4 ≠ Mold_04 Hk Nadelholz indet. Mold 1 Horn NÖ A Siedlung Grube 177, Quadrat 3

Lenneis E. LBK 399 1500 60 -26,8 1,5 ≠ Mold_05 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Mold 1 Im Doppel Horn NÖ A Siedlung 56 Quadrat 4

Lenneis E. LBK 400 6360 60 -21,8 1,4 √ Mold_06 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Mold 1 Im Doppel Horn NÖ A Siedlung 56 Quadrat 1

Lenneis E. LBK 401 1160 50 -24,5 1,4 ≠ Mold_07 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Mold 1 Im Doppel Horn NÖ A Siedlung 56 Quadrat 4

Ruttkay E. Mondsee 421 660 40 -24,8 1,1 ≠ Mondsee_01 H Quercus sp.(Eiche) See am Mondsee Mondsee OÖ A Uferrandsiedlung Grundschwelle des Hauses S5922

Stadler P. Lengyel 204 5415 30 -23,7 0,1 √ Münchendorf_01 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche)? Münchendorf Mödling NÖ A Siedlung 1

Mateiciucová (Peška) RKZ 889 1850 35 -20,2 1,0 √ Mušov - Königsgrab_1 Mk Homo Mušov Breclav Mähren CZ Körpergrab Königsgrab

Mateiciucová I.(O.Šedo) Latène 750 2425 35 -24,7 1,3 √ Mušov_Neurissen (1) Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Mušov Neurissen Breclav Mähren CZ Kont. 922, eingetiefte Hütte

Mateiciucová I.(O.Šedo) RKZ 751 3610 35 -23,7 1,3 ≠ Mušov_Neurissen (2) Hk Fraxinus(Esche) Mušov Neurissen Breclav Mähren CZ Kont. 902, Graben

Mateiciucová I.(O.Šedo) RKZ 752 2010 30 -27,3 1,3 √ Mušov_Neurissen (3) Hk Ulmus sp.(Ulme) Mušov Neurissen Breclav Mähren CZ Kont. 901, Spitzgraben

Mateiciucová I.(O.Šedo) RKZ 753 2010 35 -22,7 1,3 √ Mušov_Neurissen (4) Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Mušov Neurissen Breclav Mähren CZ Kont. 1000/e/3, Bau mit Apsis-vrekohlte Pfoste

Mateiciucová I.(O.Šedo) RKZ 754 2060 35 -26,2 1,3 ≠ Mušov_Neurissen (5) Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Mušov Neurissen Breclav Mähren CZ Kont. 534, FeuerherdTo-re des Militärlagers

Mateiciucová I.(O.Šedo) RKZ 755 3070 40 -23,4 1,3 ≠ Mušov_Neurissen (6) Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Mušov Neurissen Breclav Mähren CZ Kont. 929, Feuerherd-Türme des Militärlagers

Mateiciucová I.(O.Šedo) Slawen 756 1330 35 -9,9 1,4 √ Mušov_Neurissen (7) Hk kein Holz Mušov Neurissen Breclav Mähren CZ Kont. 406, Eingetiefte Hütte

Ruttkay E. Baden-Klassisch

840 4455 50 -20,7 1,2 √ Nagykanizsa-1 Tk indet. Nagykanizsa Billa Nagykanizsa H Obj. 8

Ruttkay E. Baden-Klassisch

841 4425 40 -20,5 1,3 √ Nagykanizsa-2 Tk Ovis(Schaf)/Capra(Ziege) Nagykanizsa Billa Nagykanizsa H Obj. 10

Ruttkay E. Baden-Klassisch

842 > modern -23,3 1,3 ≠ Nagykanizsa-3 Tk Bos p. f. taurus Nagykanizsa Billa Nagykanizsa H Obj. 12

Ruttkay E. Baden-Klassisch

843 4400 40 -19,2 1,3 √ Nagykanizsa-4 Tk Ovis(Schaf)/Capra(Ziege) Nagykanizsa Billa Nagykanizsa H Obj. 15

Ruttkay E. Baden-Klassisch

844 4425 35 -20,8 1,3 √ Nagykanizsa-5 Tk indet. Nagykanizsa Billa Nagykanizsa H Obj. 20

Ruttkay E. Baden-Klassisch

845 > modern -11,1 1,3 ≠ Nagykanizsa-6 Tk Hühnervogel Nagykanizsa Billa Nagykanizsa H Obj. 27

Ruttkay E. Baden-Klassisch

846 4080 40 -20,5 1,3 √ Nagykanizsa-7 Tk Sus scrofa f. domestica? (Hausschwein)

Nagykanizsa Billa Nagykanizsa H Obj. 30

Pertlwieser M. Lengyel 773 5800 50 -28,2 1,4 √ Ölkam_02 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Ölkam, St. Florian Linz-Land OÖ A Siedlung, äußerer Kreisgraben

Graben A, W 1

Antl-Weiser W. Spätpaläolithi-kum

366 25450 90 -25,5 0,9 √ Ollersdorf_02 Hk indet. Ollersdorf Heidenberg, OMV Schnitt

Gänserndorf NÖ A Eiszeitlicher Lagerplatz Kulturschicht

Peška J. HGK 414 3080 45 -26,9 1,6 √ Olomouc_Slavonín,Horní lán (14)

Hk Ulmus sp.(Ulme) Olomouc-Slavonín Horní lán Olomouc Mähren CZ Siedlung Grube 845

50

Table 12. Continued (page 7). Dohnal V. 12.Jh. 700 995 30 -24,1 0,9 √ Olomouc-Hrad_01 H Quercus sp.(Eiche) Olomouc Hrad Mähren CZ Burg

Dohnal V. 13.Jh. 701 905 40 -22,7 1,3 √ Olomouc-Hrad_02 H Quercus sp.(Eiche) Olomouc Hrad Mähren CZ Burg

Dohnal V. 13.Jh. 702 925 40 -25,7 1,3 √ Olomouc-Hrad_03 H Quercus sp.(Eiche) Olomouc Hrad Mähren CZ Burg

Dohnal V. 13.Jh. 703 965 40 -25,9 1,3 √ Olomouc-Hrad_04 H Quercus sp.(Eiche) Olomouc Hrad Mähren CZ Burg

Dohnal V. 13.Jh. 704 800 40 -23,3 1,3 √ Olomouc-Hrad_05 H Quercus sp.(Eiche) Olomouc Hrad Mähren CZ Burg

Herold H. Magyaren 723 940 30 -23,4 1,3 √ Örménykút_01 Hk Tilia(Linde) Örménykút Békés H Grube A2

Herold H. Awaren 724 1345 35 -22,9 1,3 √ Örménykút_02 Hk Holz indet. Örménykút Békés H Haus A13ab

Herold H. Awaren 725 1315 30 -18,8 1,3 √ Örménykút_03 Hk indet. Örménykút Békés H Haus A21b, ofen

Herold H. Magyaren 726 1450 35 -23,4 1,3 ≠ Örménykút_04 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Örménykút Békés H Haus B8

Herold H. Awaren 727 1615 35 -26,1 1,3 √ Örménykút_05 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Örménykút Békés H Haus B11

Herold H. Magyaren 728 1495 35 -26,7 1,3 ≠ Örménykút_06 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Örménykút Békés H Ofen B2

Herold H. Magyaren 729 975 35 -24,8 1,3 √ Örménykút_07 Hk Laubh-Wurzel Örménykút Békés H Grube B6

Ramsl P. Latène 417 2235 45 -27,4 1,6 √ Pottenbrunn_01 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Pottenbrunn Steinfeld St.Pölten NÖ A Gräberfeld Grab 1005

Ramsl P. Latène 418 2280 80 -24,9 1,2 √ Pottenbrunn_02 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Pottenbrunn Steinfeld St.Pölten NÖ A Gräberfeld Grab 520 (Sargreste)

Ramsl P. Latène 419 2340 70 -23,6 1,2 √ Pottenbrunn_03 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Pottenbrunn Steinfeld St.Pölten NÖ A Gräberfeld Grab 565

Vitula P. Mittel-/Spätbronzezeit

808 3175 45 -25,9 1,6 √ Práslavice 1, Díly pod Dedinou (08)

Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Práslavice 1 Díly pod dedinou

Olomouc Mähren CZ Siedlung Grube 386

Vitula P. Mittel-/Spätbronzezeit

587 2955 45 -26,7 1,3 √ Práslavice 1, Díly pod Dedinou (6)

Hk Acer sp.(Ahorn) Práslavice 1 Díly pod dedinou

Olomouc Mähren CZ Brandgrab Brandgrab 1, Schüttung 800

Vitula P. Mittel-/Spätbronzezeit

588 2990 40 -29,7 1,3 √ Práslavice 1, Díly pod Dedinou (7)

Hk Fagus(Buche) Práslavice 1 Díly pod dedinou

Olomouc Mähren CZ Brandgrab Brandgrab 14, Schüttung 813

Lenneis E. LBK 402 6370 70 -23,2 1,5 √ Rosenburg_01 Hk indet. Rosenburg 1 Hofmühle Horn NÖ A Siedlung 385 Quadrat 4 Längsgrube unter Schlitzgrube

Lenneis E. LBK 403 6550 80 -23,0 1,2 √ Rosenburg_02 Hk Laubholz indet. Rosenburg 1 Hofmühle Horn NÖ A Siedlung 385 Quadrat 4 Längsgrube unter Schlitzgrube

Lenneis E. LBK 404 6410 70 -24,5 1,5 √ Rosenburg_03 Hk indet. Rosenburg 1 Hofmühle Horn NÖ A Siedlung 385 Quadrat 4 Längsgrube unterhalb Schlitzgrube

Lenneis E. LBK 405 6650 60 -25,0 1,4 √ Rosenburg_04 Hk Laubholz indet. Rosenburg 1 Hofmühle Horn NÖ A Siedlung 385 Quadrat 4 Längsgrube unterhalb Schlitzgrube

Lenneis E. LBK 406 6540 70 -23,2 1,4 √ Rosenburg_05 Hk Salix sp.(Weide) Rosenburg 1 Hofmühle Horn NÖ A Siedlung 385 Quadrat 5 = Schlitzgrube oberhalb Längsgrube

Mateiciucová I.(S. Šiška) LBK 765 6180 45 -27,1 1,4 √ Šarišské Michalany (5) Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Šarišské Michalany Fedelemka Sabinov SK Siedlung der Bükker Kultur, Siedlungsgrube

Objekt 214/85

Mateiciucová I.(S. Šiška) LBK 766 6140 50 -25,7 1,4 √ Šarišské Michalany (6) Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Šarišské Michalany Fedelemka Sabinov SK Siedlung der Bükker Kultur, Siedlungsrube

Objekt 212/85

Mateiciucová I.(S. Šiška) LBK 767 6145 45 -26,7 1,4 √ Šarišské Michalany (7) Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Šarišské Michalany Fedelemka Sabinov SK Siedlung der Bükker Kultur, Vorofengrube

Objekt 101/83

51

Table 12. Continued (page 8). Mateiciucová I.(S. Šiška) LBK 768 6210 50 -24,8 1,4 √ Šarišské Michalany (8) Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Šarišské Michalany Fedelemka Sabinov SK Siedlung der Bükker

Kultur, Hütte, Fussboden unter dem Hüttenlehm

Objekt 123/83

Mateiciucová I.(S. Šiška) Baden-Klassisch

769 4385 35 -25,4 1,2 √ Šarišské Michalany (9) Hk Fraxinus(Esche) Šarišské Michalany Fedelemka Sabinov SK SiedlungSpeichergrube Objekt 241/85

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz 848 3880 45 -20,4 1,2 ≠ Schwechat_01 Tk indet. Schwechat Ölraffine-rie-Gelände

Wien-Umgebung NÖ A Siedlung, Grube Grube 13

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz 849 4935 45 -21,1 1,3 √ Schwechat_02 Tk indet. Schwechat Ölraffine-rie-Gelände

Wien-Umgebung NÖ A Siedlung, Grube Grube 14

Stadler H. 12.Jh. 676 855 40 -25,2 1,5 √ St.Justina_01 H Picea abies(Fichte) St.Justina Tirol A Kirche Gerüstholz

Stadler H. 11.Jh. 677 880 40 -23,2 1,6 √ St.Justina_02 Hk Picea abies(Fichte)/Larix sp.(Lärche)

St.Justina Tirol A Kirche Gehhorizont

Stadler H. 12.Jh. 678 970 30 -26,1 0,9 √ St.Justina_03 Hk Picea abies(Fichte)/Larix sp.(Lärche)

St.Justina Tirol A Kirche Gerüstholz

Stadler H. 12.Jh. 679 975 30 -24,5 0,9 √ St.Justina_04 Hk Picea abies(Fichte)/Larix sp.(Lärche)

St.Justina Tirol A Kirche Gerüstholz

Ruttkay E. Baden-Klassisch

850 4605 35 -19,9 1,3 √ Stillfried_Auhagen-08 Tk indet. Stillfried Auhagen Gänserndorf NÖ A Objekt 10

Ruttkay E. Baden-Klassisch

851 4645 35 -21,3 1,3 √ Stillfried_Auhagen-09 Tk Canis lupus familiaris(Hund) Stillfried Auhagen Gänserndorf NÖ A Objekt 21

Wewerka B. Baden-Klassisch

893 4515 45 -22,4 1,2 √ Straß_WB_02 Tk Sus scrofa f. domestica (Haus-schwein)

Straß im Straßertale Straßfeld Krems NÖ A Siedlung, Grube Objekt 17

Neugebauer Chr. Aurignacien 961 32970 420 400 -25,2 1,2 √ Stratzing 01 Hk Pinus sp. (Föhre) Stratzing Galgenberg Krems-Land NÖ A Siedlung S1/Qu4

Neugebauer Chr. Aurignacien 962 22685 180 -22,4 1,2 √ Stratzing 04 Hk Kohle Stratzing Galgenberg Krems-Land NÖ A Siedlung U1

Neugebauer Chr. Aurignacien 963 32580 450 430 -23,5 1,2 √ Stratzing 05 Hk Pinus sp. (Föhre) Stratzing Galgenberg Krems-Land NÖ A Siedlung Z72/10/2

Neugebauer Chr. Aurignacien 964 31210 340 330 -23,4 1,2 √ Stratzing 06 Hk Pinus sp. (Föhre) Stratzing Galgenberg Krems-Land NÖ A Siedlung I/2/41/1

Neugebauer Chr. Aurignacien 965 33285 440 410 -22,6 1,2 √ Stratzing 07 Hk Nadelholz indet. Stratzing Galgenberg Krems-Land NÖ A Siedlung G3

Lenneis E. LBK 731 6510 60 -28,2 1,6 √ Strögen_01 Cerea-lia

Strögen Böhmertal Horn NÖ A Siedlung 5 Quadrat 4

Bánffy E. LBK 208 1575 30 -24,3 0,6 ≠ Szentgyörgyvölgy_01 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Szentgyörgyvölgy Pityerdomb Lenti Zala H Siedlung Grube 19

Bánffy E. LBK 209 6420 35 -26,4 0,6 √ Szentgyörgyvölgy_04 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Szentgyörgyvölgy Pityerdomb Lenti Zala H Siedlung Grube 17

Bánffy E. LBK 210 6425 35 -25,5 0,6 √ Szentgyörgyvölgy_05 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Szentgyörgyvölgy Pityerdomb Lenti Zala H Siedlung Grube 21

Bánffy E. LBK 211 1610 30 -24,9 0,6 ≠ Szentgyörgyvölgy_08 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Szentgyörgyvölgy Pityerdomb Lenti Zala H Siedlung Grube 8

Bánffy E. LBK 212 6475 40 -25,2 0,6 √ Szentgyörgyvölgy_09 Hk Fagus(Buche) Szentgyörgyvölgy Pityerdomb Lenti Zala H Siedlung Grube 9

Bánffy E. LBK 213 6415 40 -25,0 0,6 √ Szentgyörgyvölgy_12 Hk Fagus(Buche) Szentgyörgyvölgy Pityerdomb Lenti Zala H Siedlung Grube 19

Bánffy E. LBK 214 6380 35 -25,4 0,6 √ Szentgyörgyvölgy_14 Hk Ulmus sp.(Ulme) Szentgyörgyvölgy Pityerdomb Lenti Zala H Siedlung Grube 19

Bánffy E. LBK 215 6475 40 -29,9 0,6 √ Szentgyörgyvölgy_16 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Szentgyörgyvölgy Pityerdomb Lenti Zala H Siedlung Grube 18

Bánffy E. LBK 216 6420 40 -26,1 0,6 √ Szentgyörgyvölgy_17 Hk Fagus(Buche) Szentgyörgyvölgy Pityerdomb Lenti Zala H Siedlung Grube 17

52

Table 12. Continued (page 9). Bánffy E. LBK 217 6450 45 -25,7 0,6 √ Szentgyörgyvölgy_19 Hk Cornus mas(Kornelkirsche) Szentgyörgyvölgy Pityer-

domb Lenti Zala H Siedlung Grube 20

Bánffy E. LBK 218 6610 40 -32,2 0,6 √ Szentgyörgyvölgy_20 Hk Cornus mas(Kornelkirsche) Szentgyörgyvölgy Pityer-domb

Lenti Zala H Siedlung Grube 18

Bánffy E. LBK 219 6390 50 -29,7 1,6 √ Szentgyörgyvölgy_21 Hk Fagus(Buche) Szentgyörgyvölgy Pityer-domb

Lenti Zala H Siedlung Grube 20

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz

862 4735 35 -26,4 1,3 √ Szihalom-1 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Szihalom Sóhajtó H Obj. 161, Süd-westteil

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz

863 4745 35 -25,4 1,3 √ Szihalom-2 Hk Fraxinus(Esche) Szihalom Sóhajtó H Obj. 161, Süd-westteil

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz

852 4785 40 -21,1 1,3 √ Szihalom-3 Tk indet. Szihalom Sóhajtó H Obj. 43, Südhälfte

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz

853 4740 40 -21,1 1,3 √ Szihalom-4 Tk indet. Szihalom Sóhajtó H Obj. 44

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz

854 4830 40 -20,9 1,4 √ Szihalom-5 Tk indet. Szihalom Sóhajtó H Obj. 72

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz

855 4850 60 -20,4 1,2 √ Szihalom-6 Tk indet. Szihalom Sóhajtó H Obj. 149

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz

856 4785 35 -20,5 1,4 √ Szihalom-7 Tk indet. Szihalom Sóhajtó H Obj. 161

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz

857 4755 35 -21,8 1,3 √ Szihalom-8 Tk indet. Szihalom Sóhajtó H Obj. 224, Südhälf-te, auf Sohle

Friesinger H. UK 378 1630 60 -24,9 1,2 ≠ Thunau_02 Ce-realia

Secale cereale(Roggen) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Grube Sig. 72

Friesinger H. UK 379 2690 70 -28,4 1,2 √ Thunau_03 Ce-realia

Vicia ervilia(Linsenwicke) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Grube Sig. 72

Friesinger H. UK 705 2805 30 -27,7 0,8 √ Thunau_04 H Abies alba (Tanne) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

Friesinger H. UK 706 2810 40 -29,2 1,2 √ Thunau_05 H Nadelholz indet. Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

Friesinger H. UK 707 2870 35 -28,2 0,9 √ Thunau_06 Hk Abies alba (Tanne) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

Friesinger H. UK 708 2855 35 -27,6 0,9 √ Thunau_07 Hk Abies alba (Tanne) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

Friesinger H. UK 709 2800 30 -26,0 1,0 √ Thunau_08 Hk Abies alba (Tanne) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

Friesinger H. UK 710 2825 25 -26,6 1,0 √ Thunau_09 Hk Abies alba (Tanne) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

Friesinger H. UK 711 2875 30 -25,7 1,0 √ Thunau_10 Hk Abies alba (Tanne) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

Friesinger H. UK 712 2870 30 -25,4 1,0 √ Thunau_11 Hk Abies alba (Tanne) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

Friesinger H. UK 713 2840 40 -25,1 1,4 √ Thunau_12 Hk Abies alba (Tanne) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

Friesinger H. Slawen 714 2120 40 -25,7 1,4 ≠ Thunau_13 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Hügelgräberfeld Hügelgrab 1H1

Friesinger H. Slawen 715 1185 40 -25,8 1,4 √ Thunau_14 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

Friesinger H. Slawen 716 1245 45 -25,1 1,4 √ Thunau_15 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

Friesinger H. Slawen 717 1215 45 -24,7 1,4 √ Thunau_16 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

Friesinger H. Slawen 718 1210 45 -23,0 1,4 √ Thunau_17 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

Friesinger H. Slawen 719 1225 35 -24,8 1,4 √ Thunau_18 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

53

54

Table 12. Continued (page 10). Friesinger H. Slawen 720 1245 35 -23,6 1,4 √ Thunau_19 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Thunau Holzwie-

se Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

Friesinger H. Slawen 721 1295 35 -25,9 1,4 √ Thunau_20 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

Friesinger H. Slawen 722 1220 40 -27,4 1,4 √ Thunau_21 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Wall

Friesinger H. UK 831 2160 60 -30,1 1,4 ≠ Thunau_23 Sa-men

Lens culinaris+ vicia ervilia Thunau Holzwie-se

Horn NÖ A Siedlung Grube +

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz

864 385 30 -25,0 1,4 ≠ Vác-Vár-2 Hk Alnus (Erle) Vác Vár H Grube 2

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz

865 2450 35 -24,3 1,4 ≠ Vámosgyörk_1 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Vámosgyörk Motorhaj-tóanyag telep

H Objekt 2/A

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz

866 2420 35 -24,2 1,4 ≠ Vámosgyörk_2 Hk Quercus sp.(Eiche) Vámosgyörk Motorhaj-tóanyag telep

H Objekt 2/A

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz

858 5210 40 -21,8 1,3 ≠ Vámosgyörk_3 Mk Homo Vámosgyörk Motorhaj-tóanyag telep

H Grab 2

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz

859 5230 35 -23,3 1,3 ≠ Vámosgyörk_4 Mk Homo Vámosgyörk Motorhaj-tóanyag telep

H Grab 2

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz

902 5245 45 -21,1 1,2 ≠ Vámosgyörk_5 Mk Homo Vámosgyörk Motorhaj-tóanyag telep

H Grab 3

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz

903 4475 45 -19,9 1,2 ≠ Vámosgyörk_6 Mk Homo Vámosgyörk Motorhaj-tóanyag telep

H Grab 12

Ruttkay E. Baden-Boleráz

904 4400 45 -21,0 1,2 ≠ Vámosgyörk_7 Mk Homo Vámosgyörk Motorhaj-tóanyag telep

H Grab 13

Einwögerer Th. Gravettien 669 27700 200 -22,7 1,3 √ Wachtberg_01 Hk Pinus sp. (Föhre) Krems Wacht-berg

Krems NÖ A Graben in Sied-lung,sekundäre Sedimentation

Kulturschicht

Einwögerer Th. Gravettien 671 27100 170 -26,0 1,3 √ Wachtberg_02 Hk Abies alba (Tanne) Krems Wacht-berg

Krems NÖ A Graben in Sied-lung,sekundäre Sedimentation

Kulturschicht

Kaus K. Baden-Boleráz

860 4625 35 -22,0 1,3 √ Zillingtal_Kaus_1 Tk Ovis(Schaf)/Capra(Ziege) Zillingtal Ortsried Eisenstadt-Umgebung

Bgld A Siedlung, Grube Grube 1

Kaus K. Baden-Boleráz

861 4700 45 -22,1 1,2 √ Zillingtal_Kaus_2 Tk Ovis(Schaf)/Capra(Ziege) Zillingtal Ortsried Eisenstadt-Umgebung

Bgld A Siedlung, Grube Grube 4

55

Table 13. 14C-group calibrations from Brunn/Wolfholz.

Site Number of sam-ples

1 σ range BC

2 σ range BC

II 9 5630-5300 5750-5050 III 7 5490-5250 5650-5050 I 7 5480-5200 5650-4950 IV 9 5470-5310 5480-5290 Total 32 5490-5210 5700-5050 Grave 3 4 5380-5250 5480-5200 Grave 3, comb.

4 5365-5295 5470-5440 5420-5400 5390-5230 5220-5210

56

Table 14. Chronology of houses from Brunn Wolfholz, after radiocarbon dates.

House Site # of sam-ples

BP single/ combined

Sigma sin-gle/ combi-ned

BC Proba-bility %

Χ2-Test

1 I 1 6150 75 5230-52205210-51605150-4950

1,2 15,1 51,9

-

2 I 1 6520 55 5600-55905540-54605450-5380

1,6 41,4 25,2

-

3 III 3 6460 31 5475-54605450-54155405-5375

10,1 29,8 28,3

ok

7 II 1 6325 70 5470-54505420-54005380-52105160-5150

2,6 2,7

60,9 2,0

-

10 II 2 6423 27 5470-5360 68,2 ok

11 II 3 6386 29 5460-54505420-54005380-5310

7,2 6,2

54,8

ok

15 II 2 6382 27 5460-54505420-54005380-5310

6,1 5,0

57,1

ok

16 II 1 6660 75 5640-55105500-5480

66,2 2,0

-

17 II 1 6605 85 5620-5470 68,2 -

20 II 1 6785 75 5730-5620 68,2

33 IV 3 6333 20 5338-53325322-5298

7,2 61,0

fails

57

Table 15. Chronological sequence of pits from Michelstetten, after 14C-Dates.

Object Kind Number of dates

Calibration/ Combination calibra-tion, 1 Sigma (years BC)

Probability (%)

X2-Test Phase

43 Pit 4 4670-46604650-46404620-4550

5,5 7,5

55,2

Ok I

50 Pit 5 4545-44954470-4460

62,2 6,0

Ok I

994 Pit 2 4550-44854480-4460

52,4 15,8

Ok I

1065 Pit 1 4550-44504420-4400

65,8 2,4

I

31 Pit 1 4520-4360 - II

946 Pit 4 4500-44404420-43904380-4360

40,3 22,4

5,5

Ok II

27 Pit 1 4460-4360 - III

1107 Pit 2 4500-44404430-4360

33,1 35,1

Ok III

1016 Pit 2 4500-44404430-4360

25,9 42,3

Ok III

151 Pit 2 4460-44404425-43954390-4360

14,5 30,1 23,6

Ok III

1105 Pit 2 4460-44404425-4360

14,2 54,0

Ok III

973 Pit 3 4455-44304425-44154405-4360

21,3 4,2

42,7

Ok III

58

Table 16. Currently available data for Baden culture (database in German), together with new dates measured in our project. Land Fundort Labor Nr Funddetails Art d.

FundortesMaterial Radio-

carbon AgeBP

σ Kultur Species Ausgräber Literatur

YU Gomolova GrN 13168 Hk 4380 70 Baden Forenbaher 1993 A Hatzenbach VERA 730 Haus V5 Siedlung Hk 4210 50 Baden Fagus(Buche) Stadler 1999 H Ószentiván Bln 476 VIII Hk 4515 80 Baden Bojadziev 1992 SK Podolie Bln 556 Obj.3/63 Hk 4455 80 Baden Forenbaher 1993 H Sümeg A 246 4520 60 Baden Forenbaher 1993 H Szigetcsép Bln 1637 4350 45 Baden Forenbaher 1993 BG Ezero Bln 421 Qu. D 8, T. 1.30 m Tellsiedlung S 4335 80 Baden-Analogie Görsdorf 1996 BG Ezero Bln 422 Qu. A 7, T. 1.30 m Tellsiedlung Hk 4310 80 Baden-Analogie Görsdorf 1996 BG Ezero Bln 427 Qu. D 10, T. 0.85 m Tellsiedlung Hk 4365 80 Baden-Analogie Görsdorf 1996 BG Ezero Bln 428 Qu. D 10, T. 0.80 m Tellsiedlung S 4260 80 Baden-Analogie Görsdorf 1996 BG Ezero Bln 429 Qu. C 10, T. 0.70 m Tellsiedlung S 4130 100 Baden-Analogie Görsdorf 1996 BG Ezero Bln 1822 Qu. A 7, T. 1.30 m Tellsiedlung Hk 4275 65 Baden-Analogie Görsdorf 1996 BG Ezero Bln 1824 Qu. C 10, T. 0.70 m Tellsiedlung G 4135 65 Baden-Analogie Görsdorf 1996 GR Sitagroi Bln 773 G 4390 100 Baden-Analogie Breunig 1987 GR Sitagroi Bln 782 Hk 4310 100 Baden-Analogie Breunig 1987 GR Sitagroi Bln 878 Hk 4395 100 Baden-Analogie Breunig 1987 GR Sitagroi Bln 879 Hk 4550 100 Baden-Analogie Breunig 1987 GR Sitagroi Bln 880 G 4510 100 Baden-Analogie Breunig 1987 GR Sitagroi BM 650a Hk 4363 56 Baden-Analogie Breunig 1987 GR Sitagroi BM 651 G 4332 79 Baden-Analogie Breunig 1987 CH Arbon Bleiche B 6360 4710 30 Baden-Boleraz Capitani 1998 CH Arbon Bleiche B 6361 4700 30 Baden-Boleraz Capitani 1998 CH Arbon Bleiche B 6362 4640 30 Baden-Boleraz Capitani 1998 CH Arbon Bleiche B 6363 4690 30 Baden-Boleraz Capitani 1998 CH Arbon Bleiche B 6364 4620 40 Baden-Boleraz Capitani 1998 CH Arbon Bleiche B 6365 4660 40 Baden-Boleraz Capitani 1998 A Baierdorf VERA 838 Grube 2 Siedlung, Grube Tk 4645 35 Baden-Boleraz indet. Stadler 1999 A Grub an der March VERA 876 Objekt 21/NW-

Hälfte/Sig. 97 Siedlung/Grube Tk 4770 55 Baden-Boleraz Bos p. f. taurus Stadler 1999

A Grub an der March VERA 877 Objekt 28/Sig. 53 Siedlung/Grube Tk 4760 50 Baden-Boleraz Bos p. f. taurus Stadler 1999 A Grub an der March VERA 878 Objekt 50/NW-

Hälfte/Sig. 94 Siedlung/Grube Tk 4790 55 Baden-Boleraz Bos p. f. taurus Stadler 1999

59

Table. 16. Continued. H Gyöngyöshalász Bln 2589 Gru. Hk 4790 50 Baden-Boleraz Szabó 1983 CZ Hlinsko Bln 3232 Obj.246-6/1975 4780 70 Baden-Boleraz Pavelčík 1992 CZ Hlinsko Bln 3233 Obj.319-20/1977-

26/1978 4680 60 Baden-Boleraz Pavelčík 1992

CZ Hlinsko GrN 13149 Objekt 443-21/1984 4750 60 Baden-Boleraz Pavelčík 1992 CZ Hlinsko GrN 16728 Objekt 525B-1/1988 4650 40 Baden-Boleraz Pavelčík 1992 CZ Hlinsko GrN 16729 Objekt 443-21/1984 4605 40 Baden-Boleraz Pavelčík 1992 A Schwechat VERA 849 Grube 14 Siedlung, Grube Tk 4935 45 Baden-Boleraz indet. Stadler 1999 A Niederhollabrunn ETH 15241 Grab, Skelett 1 Mk 4710 95 Baden? Menschenknochen Lauermann, unpubl. H Szihalom VERA 852 Obj. 43, Südhälfte Tk 4785 40 Baden-Boleraz indet. Szabó J.J 1997 Stadler 1999 H Szihalom VERA 853 Obj. 44 Tk 4740 40 Baden-Boleraz indet. Szabó J.J 1997 Stadler 1999 H Szihalom VERA 854 Obj. 72 Tk 4830 40 Baden-Boleraz indet. Szabó J.J 1996 Stadler 1999 H Szihalom VERA 855 Obj. 149 Tk 4850 60 Baden-Boleraz indet. Szabó J.J 1996 Stadler 1999 H Szihalom VERA 856 Obj. 161 Tk 4785 35 Baden-Boleraz indet. Szabó J.J 1996 Stadler 1999 H Szihalom VERA 857 Obj. 224, Südhälfte,

auf Sohle Tk 4755 35 Baden-Boleraz indet. Szabó J.J 1996 Stadler 1999

H Szihalom VERA 862 Obj. 161, Südwest-teil

Hk 4735 35 Baden-Boleraz Quercus sp.(Eiche) Szabó J.J 1997 Stadler 1999

H Szihalom VERA 863 Obj. 161, Südwest-teil

Hk 4745 35 Baden-Boleraz Fraxinus(Esche) Szabó J.J 1997 Stadler 1999

A Zillingtal VERA 860 Grube 1 Siedlung, Grube Tk 4625 35 Baden-Boleraz O-vis(Schaf)/Capra(Ziege)

Stadler 1999

A Zillingtal VERA 861 Grube 4 Siedlung, Grube Tk 4700 45 Baden-Boleraz O-vis(Schaf)/Capra(Ziege)

Stadler 1999

SK Bajc-Vlkanovo VERA 736 Objekt 22 Siedlung der Badener Kultur, Siedlungsgrube

Hk 4530 45 Baden-Klassisch-Cerveny Hradok

Laubholz indet. Stadler 1999

SK Červený Hrádok GrN 11994 Obj.7W/70 4390 70 Baden-Klassisch-Červeny Hradok

Nĕmejcová-Pavúková 1985

A Ossarn Stickelberger GrN 6940 4520 40 Baden-Klassisch-Červeny Hradok

Mayer 1995

A Stillfried VERA 850 Objekt 10 Hk 4605 35 Baden-Klassisch-Červeny Hradok

indet. Stadler 1999

A Stillfried VERA 851 Objekt 21 Hk 4645 35 Baden-Klassisch-Červeny Hradok

Canis lupus familia-ris(Hund)

Stadler 1999

CZ Beladice Bln 2171 Obj.3/70 4420 60 Baden-Ossarn I Forenbaher 1993 PL Iwanowice Bln 352 4200 100 Baden-Ossarn I Bogucki 1992 PL Iwanowice M 2166 Hk 4300 200 Baden-Ossarn I Breunig 1987 H Nagykanizsa VERA 840 Obj. 8 Tk 4455 50 Baden-Ossarn I indet. Horváth L, Barna J.

1996 Stadler 1999

H Nagykanizsa VERA 841 Obj. 10 Tk 4425 40 Baden-Ossarn I O-vis(Schaf)/Capra(Ziege)

Horváth L, Barna J. 1996

Stadler 1999

60

Table. 16. Continued. H Nagykanizsa VERA 843 Obj. 15 Tk 4400 40 Baden-Ossarn I O-

vis(Schaf)/Capra(Ziege)

Horváth L, Barna J. 1996

Stadler 1999

H Nagykanizsa VERA 844 Obj. 20 Tk 4425 35 Baden-Ossarn I indet. Horváth L, Barna J. 1996

Stadler 1999

H Nagykanizsa VERA 846 Obj. 30 Tk 4080 40 Baden-Ossarn I Sus scrofa f. do-mestica? (Haus-schwein)

Horváth L, Barna J. 1996

Stadler 1999

A Pottenbrunn GrN 14016 Gru.212 Hk? 4560 40 Baden-Ossarn I Mayer 1996 SK Šarišské Michalany VERA 769 Objekt 241/85 SiedlungSpei-

chergrube Hk 4385 35 Baden-Ossarn I Fraxinus(Esche) Stadler 1999

A Straß im Straßertale VERA 893 Objekt 17 Siedlung, Grube Tk 4515 45 Baden-Ossarn I Sus scrofa f. do-mestica (Haus-schwein)

Stadler 1999

SK Svodín Bln 2173 Ob.498/78 4460 60 Baden-Ossarn I Forenbaher 1993 H Vámosgyörk VERA 903 Grab 12 Mk 4475 45 Baden-Ossarn I Homo Farkas Cs. 1997 Stadler 1999 H Vámosgyörk VERA 904 Grab 13 Mk 4400 45 Baden-Ossarn I Homo Farkas Cs. 1997 Stadler 1999 YU VuČedol Z 1446 Hk 4540 86 Baden-Ossarn I Forenbaher 1993 YU VuČedol Z 1466 4540 130 Baden-Ossarn I Ehrich 1992 YU VuČedol Z 1617 Hk 4500 100 Baden-Ossarn I Bojadziev 1992 YU VuČedol Z 1618 Hk 4300 100 Baden-Ossarn I Bojadziev 1992 YU VuČedol Z 1619 Hk 4400 100 Baden-Ossarn I Bojadziev 1992 YU VuČedol Z 1864 Kn 4626 100 Baden-Ossarn I Forenbaher 1993 A Franzhausen VERA 868 206 Gräberfeld Mk 4510 40 Baden-Ossarn-I Homo Stadler 1999 A Girm VERA 869 Grube 9 Siedlung Tk 4530 50 Baden-Ossarn-I Bos(Rind) Stadler 1999 A Girm VERA 875 Grube 12 Siedlung Tk 4565 45 Baden-Ossarn-I Bos(Rind) Stadler 1999 A Hadersdorf VERA 880 Objekt 46 Siedlung, Grube Tk 4510 45 Baden-Ossarn-I indet. Stadler 1999 A Hadersdorf VERA 881 Objekt 68 Siedlung, Grube Tk 4485 40 Baden-Ossarn-I Bos(Rind)? Stadler 1999 A Lichtenwörth Bln 2069 4540 45 Baden-Ossarn-II Mayer 1995 A Lichtenwörth Bln 2070 4530 70 Baden-Ossarn-II Mayer 1995 A Lichtenwörth Bln 2071 4410 60 Baden-Ossarn-II Mayer 1995 SK Svodín Bln 2169 4270 50 Baden-Ossarn-II Bojadziev 1992 SK Svodín Bln 2174 Hk 4390 60 Baden-Ossarn-II Bojadziev 1992 SK Červený Hrádok GrN 11992 Obj.7D/70 4820 70 Baden-Šturovo-

Protoboleráz Nĕmejcová-Pavúková 1985

SK Červený Hrádok GrN 11993 Obj.7D/70 4710 100 Baden-Šturovo-Protoboleráz

Nĕmejcová-Pavúková 1985

CZ Hlinsko Bln 1165 Obj.141-4/1972 4670 80 Baden-Šturovo-Protoboleráz

Pavelčík 1992

CZ Hlinsko Bln 1166 Obj.156-19/1972 4670 80 Baden-Šturovo-Protoboleráz

Pavelčík 1992

61

Table. 16. Continued. CZ Hlinsko Bln 1396 4775 60 Baden-Šturovo-

Protoboleráz Forenbaher 1993

CZ Hlinsko GrN 6941 Obj.156-19/1972 4670 40 Baden-Šturovo-Protoboleráz

Pavelčík 1992

CZ Hlinsko GrN 6942 Objekt 141-4/1972 4670 45 Baden-Šturovo-Protoboleráz

Pavelčík 1992

62

Table 17. Absolute chronology of groups of Baden Culture.

Groupname Number of sam-ples

Phase of Baden-Culture

Interval 1-Sigma

Probability %

Šturovo-Protoboleráz

8 Ia 3640-3550 3540-3490 3470-3370

24.3 13.8 30.2

Boleráz 26 Ib-Ic-IIa 3640-3370 68.2 Červeny-Hradok

5 IIb 3510-3430 3380-3300 3240-3100

22.1 19.8 26.3

Ossarn I 25 III 3350-3010 2980-2960 2950-2930

64.4 1.6 2.2

Ossarn II 5 IV 3350-3310 3240-3170 3160-2870

6.9 11.6 49.6

Table 18. Absolute chronology of eastern parallels of Baden Culture.

Groupname Number of sam-ples

Interval 1-Sigma

Probability %

Cernavoda I 3 3340-3210 3190-3150 3130-2880

19.6 5.2 43.4

Sitagroi 7 3330-3230 3180-3150 3120-2880

12.5 1.8 53.9

Ezero 7 3090-3060 3030-2840 2820-2670

2.1 41.8 24.3

63

Table 19. 14C-Dates for six samples of wood, which were dated also by means of dendrochronology, from Arbon Bleiche.44 Gap is the distance in years between two consecutive samples (middle years).

Lab # Radio-carbon Age BP

σ Dendro1 BC

Dendro2 BC

Middle year BC

GAP years

B-6364 4620 40 3439 3414 3426,5 7,0B-6360 4710 30 3432 3407 3419,5 21,5B-6363 4690 30 3403 3393 3398,0 0,5B-6365 4660 40 3413 3382 3397,5 4,0B-6361 4700 30 3406 3381 3393,5 9,5B-6362 4640 30 3392 3376 3384,0

Table 20. Job-File for Wiggle-Matching in Oxcal 3.1. Compare Table 19 for units.

44 Data used with friendly permission by Urs Leuzinger und Trivun Sormaz.

D_SEQ "Boleraz in Arbon Bleiche, 6 Daten" { LAST "last" DATE "B-6364" 4620 40; GAP 7.0; DATE "B-6360" 4710 30; GAP 21.5; DATE "B-6363" 4690 30; GAP 0.5; DATE "B-6365" 4660 40; GAP 4.0; DATE "B-6361" 4700 30; GAP 9.5; DATE "B-6362" 4640 30; }

64

Table 21. Absolute Chronology of Pfyn, Horgen and Arbon Bleiche 3, Boleráz and Classical Baden. Group-name

Number of samples

Phase of Baden-Culture

Intervall 1-sigma BC

Proba-bility in %

Pfyn 36 4000-3500 68.2 Arbon Blei-che 3

Dendro Late Pfyn, Early Horgen, Late Boleráz

3384-3370 100.0

Horgen 24 3500-2850 68.2 Boleráz 26 Ib-Ic-IIa 3640-3370 68.2 Classical Baden

24 IIb-IV 3360-3010 2980-2960 2950-2930

64.1 1.7 2.5

65

Table 22. Oxcal-Job-File for simulation of radiocarbon dating of the Iceman by Wiggle Matching with 6 samples/50 year rings or 7 samples/60 year-rings. Negative numbers correspond to BC values, and are used to simulate a radiocar-bon measurement of a sample with a given age.

D_SEQ "Ice Man Wiggle Matching 6 Samples/50yr." { LAST "last"; R_Simulate "VERA-xxx1" -3250 30; GAP 10; R_Simulate "VERA-xxx2" -3240 30; GAP 10; R_Simulate "VERA-xxx3" -3230 30; GAP 10; R_Simulate "VERA-xxx4" -3220 30; GAP 10; R_Simulate "VERA-xxx5" -3210 30; GAP 10; R_Simulate "VERA-xxx6" -3200 30; }

D_SEQ " Ice Man Wiggle Matching 7 Samples/60yr." { LAST "last"; R_Simulate "VERA-xxx1" -3260 30; GAP 10; R_Simulate "VERA-xxx2" -3250 30; GAP 10; R_Simulate "VERA-xxx3" -3240 30; GAP 10; R_Simulate "VERA-xxx4" -3230 30; GAP 10; R_Simulate "VERA-xxx5" -3220 30; GAP 10; R_Simulate "VERA-xxx6" -3210 30; GAP 10; R_Simulate "VERA-xxx7" -3200 30; }

66

Table 23. Global Events in Dendro Data and Ice core drillings from 4th to 2nd millennium bc, after Baillie.45

Vulcano EventBC

Narrowest year-ring BC

Interval of narrow year-rings BC

Acid layer in ice core BC

Sigma of ice dating

3200 3195 3197-3190 3150 80Hekla 4 2354 2345 2354-2345 not yet

foundThera? 1628 1628 1628-1623 1645 20

1159 1159 1159-1141 1120 30 430 430

45 Table after data in BAILLIE M.G.L., 1998, Evidence for climatic in the 12th and 17th centuries BC, in Mensch und Umwelt in der Bronzezeit Europas: Man and Environment in European Bronze Age, Ed. HÄNSEL Bernhard, 49-55, completed with help of BAILLIE M.G.L., 2000, Personal communication by e-mail.

67

Table 24. 14C samples and dendrochronological dates for the Avar settle-ment from Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz II.

Type Object Kind Labor-atory

Nr. BP σ δ13C Sigma δ13C

Year rings ab-solute

year rings

End ab-solute

pit 1241 fill VERA 187 1430 45 -25,0 1,2 pit 1241 fill VERA 188 1370 60 -26,6 0,7 pit 1241 fill VERA 189 1310 45 -23,5 0,8 pit 1241 fill VERA 190 1290 50 -25,1 0,9 pit 1242 fill VERA 185 1330 45 -23,6 0,8 pit 1242 fill VERA 186 1435 45 -25,3 1,2 well 823 Br.12 VERA 262 1485 35 -28,0 1,2 541-551 130 671well 823 Br.12 VERA 263 1410 35 -26,4 1,2 591-601 130 671well 823 Br.12 VERA 264 1275 35 -26,8 1,2 651-671 130 671well 823 Br.18 VERA 265 1485 40 -24,6 1,2 593-608 73 666well 823 Br.18 VERA 266 1425 35 -24,9 1,2 623-643 73 666well 823 Br.18 VERA 267 1350 35 -26,2 1,2 650-663 73 666well 823 fill VERA 680 1245 40 -26,2 1,3 well 823 fill VERA 681 1295 40 -25,1 1,3 well 823 fill VERA 682 1450 45 -29,4 1,3 well 823 fill VERA 683 1315 40 -26,6 1,3 well 823 fill VERA 684 1285 40 -27,8 1,3 well 1288 fill VERA 685 1255 40 -27,8 1,3

Table 25. Group and Combination calibrations for the Avar settlement from Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz II. Object Kind Number of

dates Wiggle Matching 1 Sigma for youngest sample (years AD)

Combination calibration 1 Sigma (years AD)

Dendro Date for youngest sample (years AD)

X2-Test

823 Pl.12 3 689-723 661,0 823 Pl.18 3 654-680 656,5 823 Pl.12+18 6 664-694 661,0 823 Fill 5 665-695

700-715750-765

Fails

823 Fill without VERA-682

4 685-725740-770

Ok

823 Fill+Planks 11 652-672 Fails 1288 Fill 1 680-810 1241 Fill 4 680-720

745-770 Ok

1242 Fill 2 644-675 Ok 1241 1242

Fill 6 660-695 Ok

68

Table 26. 14C Results for the Avar and Magyar settlement from Örmé-nykút.

Context Century dated by Archaeologist

Complex Type Lab.# Single/Sum calibration AD

Combina-tion calibra-tion AD

Χ2-Test

Avar 8 A13ab House VERA-724 650-720 750-760

Avar 8/9 A21b House VERA-725 660-720 740-770

Avar 8 B11 House VERA-727 400-470 480-540

Avar 8/9 A13ab A21b

Houses VERA-724VERA-725

660-695700-710750-760

ok

Magyar 11 A2 Pit VERA-723 1030-1070 1080-1160

Magyar 11 B6 Pit VERA-729 1010-1050 1090-1160

Magyar 11 A2+B6 Pits VERA-723VERA-729

1020-10501090-11201130-1160

ok

Magyar 10 B8 Pottery kiln

VERA-726 560-590 595-650

Magyar 10 B2 Pottery kiln

VERA-728 535-620

Magyar 10 B8+B2 Pottery kilns

VERA-726VERA-728

560-590595-640

ok

69

Table 27. Radiocarbon dates and Dendrochronology for the fortifications of Thunau/Kamp. Lab # BP σ δ-

13C Inv nr.

Inner year-ring of sam-ple

Outer year-ring of sam-ple

Year-ring in the midst

Total num-ber of year-rings

In-ner Year-ring AD

Outer year-ring AD

Year-ring in the mid-dle AD

Out-most year-ring of beam

VERA 707 2870 35 -28,2 61898 1 5 3,00 104 VERA 708 2855 35 -27,6 61898 16 25 20,50 104 VERA 709 2800 30 -26,0 61898 60 75 67,50 104 VERA 710 2825 25 -26,6 61898 95 104 99,50 104 VERA 711 2875 30 -25,7 61902 1 5 3,00 51 VERA 712 2870 30 -25,4 61902 20 25 22,50 51 VERA 713 2840 40 -25,1 61902 45 51 48,00 51 VERA 715 1185 40 -25,8 10006 1 3 2,0 46 818 820 819,0 864VERA 716 1245 45 -25,1 10006 40 46 43,0 46 858 864 861,0 864 VERA 717 1215 45 -24,7 11859 1 4 2,5 61 822 825 823,5 883VERA 718 1210 45 -23,0 11859 30 35 32,5 61 853 858 855,5 883VERA 719 1225 35 -24,8 11859 54 61 57,5 61 876 883 879,5 883 VERA 720 1245 35 -23,6 59122 1 3 2,0 62 VERA 721 1295 35 -25,9 59122 30 35 32,5 62 VERA 722 1220 40 -27,4 59122 55 62 58,5 62

Table 28. Wiggle matching calibration and dendrochronology for fortifica-tions of Thunau/Kamp.

Samples Invnr. Wiggle matching 1σ AD Wiggle matching 2σ AD Dendro date

VERA 707-710 61898 -953 -922 68,2% -970 -900 95,4%

VERA 711-713 61902 -1025 -970 68,2% -1090 -940 95,4% VERA 715-716 10006 820 885 68,2% 730

800920

790900940

13,4% 79,8%

2,1%

861,0

VERA 717-719 11859 825 890 68,2% 770 900 95,4% 879,5VERA 715-719 10006+

11859 840 881 68,2% 780

820810900

4,2% 91,2%

879,5

VERA 720-722 59122 773 801 68,2% 720 840 95,4%

70

Figure 1. Scheme of Collagen extraction.

24-channel-pump

distributor

E-valve

Aquabidest.

0,1NNaOH

1NHCl

waste

sample

heater

PC

71

Figure 2. Flow-rates at different efficiencies of the pump.

F low rate (ml /

72

Figure 3. Map of the excavation of the Oldest Linear Ceramics settlement from Brunn am Gebirge/Wolfholz. Till now five sites (I-V) have been identi-fied. The houses are symbolized by the rectangle put over the pits belonging to one house.

73

Figure 4, Ceramics from the oldest site II of the Oldest Linear Ceramics set-tlement from Brunn am Gebirge/Wolfholz.

74

Figure 5, Ceramics from the oldest site II of the Oldest Linear Ceramics set-tlement from Brunn am Gebirge/Wolfholz.

75

Figure 6, Ceramics from the youngest site I of the Oldest Linear Ceramics settlement from Brunn am Gebirge/Wolfholz.

76

Figure 7, Ceramics from the youngest site I of the Oldest Linear Ceramics settlement from Brunn am Gebirge/Wolfholz.

77

Figure 8, Reconstruction of eight long-houses above their foundations on the air-photo of the excavation 1992 on site II from Brunn Wolfholz.

78

Figure 9. Group calibration of Brunn am Gebirge/Wolfholz, site I.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

5800BC 5600BC 5400BC 5200BC 5000BC 4800BC 4600BC 4400BC

Calendar date

Sum Brunn Wolfholz I,1989, 7 Daten 68.2% confidence 5480BC (60.0%) 5200BC 5170BC ( 4.7%) 5140BC 5120BC ( 3.4%) 5080BC 95.4% confidence 5650BC (95.4%) 4950BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

SUM Brunn/Wolfholz I, 7 Dates

79

Figure 10. Group calibration of Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz, site II.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

6200BC 6000BC 5800BC 5600BC 5400BC 5200BC 5000BC 4800BC 4600BC

Calendar date

Sum Brunn Wolfholz II, 9 Daten 68.2% confidence 5630BC (68.2%) 5300BC 95.4% confidence 5750BC (95.4%) 5050BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

SUM Brunn/Wolfholz II, 9 Dates

80

Figure 11. Group calibration of Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz, site III.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

5800BC 5600BC 5400BC 5200BC 5000BC 4800BC 4600BC

Calendar date

Sum Brunn Wolfholz III, 7 Daten 68.2% confidence 5490BC (65.5%) 5250BC 5240BC ( 1.4%) 5230BC 5220BC ( 1.3%) 5210BC 95.4% confidence 5650BC (95.4%) 5050BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

SUM Brunn/Wolfholz III, 7 Dates

81

Figure 12. Group calibration of Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz, site IV.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

5800BC 5600BC 5400BC 5200BC 5000BC 4800BC

Calendar date

Sum Brunn Wolfholz IV, 1997, 9 Daten 68.2% confidence 5470BC (13.0%) 5440BC 5420BC (10.9%) 5400BC 5390BC (44.3%) 5310BC 95.4% confidence 5480BC (87.4%) 5290BC 5270BC ( 3.1%) 5200BC 5180BC ( 2.1%) 5140BC 5130BC ( 2.8%) 5070BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

SUM Brunn/Wolfholz IV, 9

82

Figure 13. Combined Calibration of Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz, Grave 3.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

5700CalBC5600CalBC5500CalBC5400CalBC5300CalBC5200CalBC5100CalBC5000CalBC4900CalBC

Calibrated date

6000BP

6100BP

6200BP

6300BP

6400BP

6500BP

6600BP

6700BP

Rad

ioca

rbon

det

erm

inat

ion

R_Combine Brunn Wolfholz Grab 3, 4 Daten : 6344±35BP 68.2% confidence 5365BC (68.2%) 5295BC 95.4% confidence 5470BC ( 4.9%) 5440BC 5420BC ( 4.9%) 5400BC 5390BC (84.5%) 5230BC 5220BC ( 1.1%) 5210BC X2-Test: df=3 T=0.3(5% 7.8)

Combine Brunn/Wolfholz Grave 3, 4 Dates : 6344±35BP

83

Figure 14. Group calibration of Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz, all sites together.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

6200BC 6000BC 5800BC 5600BC 5400BC 5200BC 5000BC 4800BC 4600BC 4400BC

Calendar date

Sum Brunn Wolfholz, I-IV, 31 Daten 68.2% confidence 5510BC ( 0.8%) 5500BC 5490BC (66.8%) 5210BC 5160BC ( 0.7%) 5150BC 95.4% confidence 5750BC (95.4%) 5050BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

SUM Brunn/Wolfholz, I-IV, 31 Dates

84

Figure 15. Calibration for oldest house 20, to handle with care, as there exists currently only one date.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

6000CalBC 5800CalBC 5600CalBC 5400CalBC

Calibrated date

6400BP

6600BP

6800BP

7000BP

7200BP

Rad

ioca

rbon

det

erm

inat

ion

R_Combine Brunn Wolfholz Haus 20, 1 Datum : 6785±75BP 68.2% confidence 5730BC (68.2%) 5620BC 95.4% confidence 5840BC ( 1.4%) 5820BC 5810BC (94.0%) 5530BC

Brunn Wolfholz, House 20, 1 Date, 6785±75BP

85

Figure 16. Combined calibration for three dates from house 33, but x2-Test fails.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

5600CalBC5500CalBC5400CalBC5300CalBC5200CalBC5100CalBC5000CalBC

Calibrated date

6100BP

6200BP

6300BP

6400BP

6500BP

6600BP

Rad

ioca

rbon

det

erm

inat

ion

R_Combine Brunn Wolfholz Haus 33, 3 Daten : 6333±20BP 68.2% confidence 5338BC ( 7.2%) 5332BC 5322BC (61.0%) 5298BC 95.4% confidence 5370BC (95.4%) 5250BC X2-Test: df=2 T=11.2(5% 6.0)

House 33, three dates combined to 6333±20BP

86

Figure 17. Group calibration of Szentgyörgyvölgy.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

5800BC 5600BC 5400BC 5200BC 5000BC 4800BC

Calendar date

Sum Szentgyörgyvölgy, 10 Daten 68.2% confidence 5480BC (66.6%) 5360BC 5350BC ( 1.6%) 5340BC 95.4% confidence 5610BC ( 1.4%) 5590BC 5560BC (94.0%) 5300BC

0.0

0.5

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

SUM Szentgyörgyvölgy, 10 Dates

87

Figure 18. Group calibration of Rosenburg, phase I.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

6000BC 5800BC 5600BC 5400BC 5200BC 5000BC 4800BC

Calendar date

Sum Rosenburg Phase I, 10 Daten 68.2% confidence 5470BC ( 5.8%) 5440BC 5430BC (59.6%) 5210BC 5170BC ( 2.7%) 5140BC 95.4% confidence 5650BC (95.4%) 5050BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

SUM Rosenburg Phase I, 10

88

Figure 19. Group calibration of Rosenburg, phase II.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

5800BC 5600BC 5400BC 5200BC 5000BC 4800BC 4600BC 4400BC

Calendar date

Sum Rosenburg Phase II, 4 Daten 68.2% confidence 5550BC ( 6.9%) 5450BC 5250BC (61.3%) 4950BC 95.4% confidence 5650BC (22.9%) 5350BC 5300BC (72.5%) 4850BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

SUM Rosenburg Phase II, 4 Dates

89

Figure 20. Group calibration of Mold 1.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

5600BC 5400BC 5200BC 5000BC 4800BC 4600BC

Calendar date

Sum Mold 1, 4 Daten 68.2% confidence 5320BC (38.1%) 5200BC 5180BC (30.1%) 5070BC 95.4% confidence 5470BC ( 3.0%) 5440BC 5430BC (92.4%) 5040BC

0.0

0.5

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

SUM Mold 1, 4 Dates

90

Figure 21. Group calibration of Bylany.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

5600BC 5400BC 5200BC 5000BC 4800BC 4600BC

Calendar date

Sum Bylany, 11 Daten 68.2% confidence 5370BC (60.6%) 5200BC 5170BC ( 5.5%) 5140BC 5110BC ( 1.1%) 5100BC 5090BC ( 1.1%) 5080BC 95.4% confidence 5500BC (95.4%) 4900BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

SUM Bylany, 11 Dates

91

Figure 22. Group calibration of Lengyel Culture, 93 dates with sigma <=100.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

5500BC 5000BC 4500BC 4000BC 3500BC

Calendar date

Sum Lengyel, 93 Daten, Sigma<=100 68.2% confidence 4770BC ( 0.8%) 4750BC 4720BC (67.4%) 4350BC 95.4% confidence 4950BC (95.4%) 4050BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

SUM Lengyel, 93 Dates, sigma <= 100

92

Figure 23. Group calibration of Epi-Lengyel Culture. Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

4500BC 4000BC 3500BC 3000BC

Calendar date

Sum EpiLengy 68.2% confidence 4230BC (65.9%) 3940BC 3840BC ( 2.3%) 3820BC 95.4% confidence 4350BC (95.4%) 3650BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

SUM Epi-Lengyel, 13 Da-

93

Figure 24. Group Calibration of Lengyel II (in Michelstetten).

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

5000BC 4800BC 4600BC 4400BC 4200BC 4000BC

Calendar date

Sum Michelstetten Lengyel II (?) 68.2% confidence 4540BC (68.2%) 4350BC 95.4% confidence 4690BC (95.4%) 4340BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

SUM Michelstetten, Lengyel II, 29 Dates

94

Figure 25. Map of an Epi-Lengyel long house from Münchendorf.

95

Figure 26. Group calibration of Baden Culture.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

4000BC 3500BC 3000BC 2500BC 2000BC

Calendar date

Sum Baden, 75 Daten 68.2% confidence 3650BC (68.2%) 3100BC 95.4% confidence 3750BC (95.4%) 2750BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

SUM Baden, 75 Dates

96

Figure 27. Group calibration of Boleráz phase of Baden Culture.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

4000BC 3800BC 3600BC 3400BC 3200BC 3000BC 2800BC

Calendar date

Sum Baden Boleráz, 26 Daten 68.2% confidence 3640BC (68.2%) 3370BC 95.4% confidence 3700BC (95.4%) 3350BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

SUM Baden-Boleráz, 26 Dates

97

Figure 28. Group calibration of Classical phase of Baden Culture.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

4000BC 3500BC 3000BC 2500BC 2000BC

Calendar date

Sum Baden-Classical, 35 Daten 68.2% confidence 3360BC (64.1%) 3010BC 2980BC ( 1.7%) 2960BC 2950BC ( 2.5%) 2930BC 95.4% confidence 3550BC (95.4%) 2550BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rela

tive

prob

abili

tySUM Baden Classical, 35 Dates

98

Figure 29. Group Calibration of Protoboleráz-Šturovo Phase of Early Baden Culture.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

4000BC 3800BC 3600BC 3400BC 3200BC 3000BC 2800BC

Calendar date

Sum Baden-Sturovo, 8 Daten 68.2% confidence 3640BC (24.2%) 3550BC 3540BC (13.8%) 3490BC 3470BC (30.2%) 3370BC 95.4% confidence 3750BC (95.4%) 3300BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

Sum Baden-Šturovo, 8 Dates

99

Figure 30. Group Calibration of Červeny-Hradok Phase of Classical Baden Culture.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

3800BC 3600BC 3400BC 3200BC 3000BC 2800BC 2600BC 2400BC

Calendar date

Sum Baden-Cerveny-H. 5 Daten 68.2% confidence 3510BC (22.1%) 3430BC 3380BC (19.8%) 3300BC 3240BC (26.3%) 3100BC 95.4% confidence 3550BC (95.4%) 2900BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rela

tive

prob

abili

tySum Baden-Červeny-Hradok, 5 Dates

100

Figure 31. Group Calibration of Ossarn I Phase of Classical Baden Culture.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

4000BC 3500BC 3000BC 2500BC 2000BC

Calendar date

Sum Baden-Ossarn I, 25 Daten 68.2% confidence 3350BC (64.4%) 3010BC 2980BC ( 1.6%) 2960BC 2950BC ( 2.2%) 2930BC 95.4% confidence 3500BC (95.4%) 2500BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rela

tive

prob

abili

tySum Baden-Ossarn I, 25 Da-

101

Figure 32. Ossarn II Phase of Classical Baden Culture. Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

3800BC 3600BC 3400BC 3200BC 3000BC 2800BC 2600BC 2400BC

Calendar date

Sum Baden-Ossarn II, 5 Daten 68.2% confidence 3350BC ( 6.9%) 3310BC 3240BC (11.6%) 3170BC 3160BC (49.6%) 2870BC 95.4% confidence 3400BC (95.4%) 2700BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

Sum Baden-Ossarn II, 5 Dates

102

Figure 33. Calibration curve from 4200 to 3200 bc, Atmospheric data after Stuiver et al. 1998.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

4000CalBC 3800CalBC 3600CalBC 3400CalBC 3200CalBC

Calibrated date

4400BP

4600BP

4800BP

5000BP

5200BP

5400BPR

adio

carb

on d

eter

min

atio

n

103

Figure 34. Group Calibration of Cernavoda I.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

3500BC 3000BC 2500BC 2000BC

Calendar date

Sum Cernavoda I, 4 Daten 68.2% confidence 3340BC (19.6%) 3210BC 3190BC ( 5.2%) 3150BC 3130BC (43.4%) 2880BC 95.4% confidence 3500BC ( 1.0%) 3450BC 3400BC (94.4%) 2600BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

Sum Cernavoda I, 3 Dates

104

Figure 35. Group Calibration of Sitagroi Culture.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

4000BC 3500BC 3000BC 2500BC

Calendar date

Sum Sitagroi, 7 Daten 68.2% confidence 3330BC (12.5%) 3230BC 3180BC ( 1.8%) 3150BC 3120BC (53.9%) 2880BC 95.4% confidence 3550BC (95.4%) 2650BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

Sum Sitagroi, 7 Dates

105

Figure 36. Group Calibration of Ezero, Level 1-6/1-4.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

3500BC 3000BC 2500BC 2000BC

Calendar date

Sum Ezero Horizont H1-6/H1-4, 7 Daten 68.2% confidence 3090BC ( 2.1%) 3060BC 3030BC (41.8%) 2840BC 2820BC (24.3%) 2670BC 95.4% confidence 3350BC (95.4%) 2450BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

Sum Ezero, Level 1-6/1-4, 7 Dates

106

Figure 37. Arbon Bleiche 3, The posts mark the outlines of the houses. 46

46 DE CAPITANI Annick and LEUZINGER Urs, 1998, Arbon Bleiche 3, Siedlungsgeschichte, einheimische Traditionen und Fremdeinflüsse im Übergangsfeld zwischen Pfyner und Horge-ner Kultur. Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte 81, 1998, 237-249, Fig.3.

107

Figure 38. Arbon Bleiche 3, Map of posts and houses. Different shading corresponds to different construction phases, dated by dendrochronology. 47

47 DE CAPITANI Annick and LEUZINGER Urs, 1998, same as above, Abb.4.

108

Figure 39. Arbon Bleiche 3, Typical Pfyn and Horgen Culture Pots from excavation 1993.48

48 DE CAPITANI Annick and LEUZINGER Urs, 1998, same as above, Taf.1.

109

Figure 40. Arbon Bleiche 3, 1-4 Typical Pfyn and Horgen Culture Pots, 5-8 Typical Boleráz Pots.49

49 DE CAPITANI Annick and LEUZINGER Urs, 1998, same as above, Taf.2.

110

Figure 41. Typical Boleráz Pot.50

50 DE CAPITANI Annick and LEUZINGER Urs, 1998, same as above, Abb. 7.

111

Figure 42. Group Calibration of Pfyn Culture.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

5000BC 4500BC 4000BC 3500BC 3000BC 2500BC

Calendar date

Sum Pfyn, 36 Daten 68.2% confidence 4000BC (68.2%) 3500BC 95.4% confidence 4350BC (95.4%) 3350BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

Sum Pfyn, 36 Dates

112

Figure 43. Group Calibration of Horgen Culture.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

4000BC 3500BC 3000BC 2500BC 2000BC

Calendar date

Sum Horgen, 24 Daten 68.2% confidence 3500BC (68.2%) 2850BC 95.4% confidence 3700BC (95.4%) 2400BC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

Sum Horgen, 24 Dates

113

Figure 44. Wiggle matching calibration (dark shaded area) of youngest sample of dendro-dated wood from Arbon Blei-che 3. The unshaded area is the calibrated time range before wiggle matching.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

3700BC 3600BC 3500BC 3400BC 3300BC 3200BC 3100BC 3000BC

Calendar date

Sampled B-6362 : 4640±30 68.2% confidence 3500BC (31.5%) 3480BC 3390BC (36.7%) 3360BC 95.4% confidence 3510BC (35.2%) 3470BC 3440BC (60.2%) 3350BC Agreement 98.6%

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

Wiggle Matching, youngest sample B-6326:

114

Figure 45. Combined calibration of 57 dates from the Iceman.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

3500CalBC 3400CalBC 3300CalBC 3200CalBC 3100CalBC 3000CalBC

Calibrated date

4400BP

4450BP

4500BP

4550BP

4600BP

4650BP

4700BPR

adio

carb

on d

eter

min

atio

nR_Combine Eismann, 57 Daten : 4523±7BP

68.2% confidence 3350BC (13.3%) 3330BC 3220BC (30.0%) 3180BC 3160BC (24.9%) 3120BC 95.4% confidence 3350BC (17.9%) 3320BC 3230BC (40.2%) 3170BC 3160BC (37.3%) 3100BC X2-Test: df=56 T=148.2(5% 73.4)

Combined Calibration Ice Man, 57 Dates: 4523±7BP

115

Figure 46. Combined calibration of 22 dates from the Iceman, data reduced by eliminating all dates with sigma < 60.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

3500CalBC 3400CalBC 3300CalBC 3200CalBC 3100CalBC 3000CalBC

Calibrated date

4400BP

4450BP

4500BP

4550BP

4600BP

4650BP

4700BPR

adio

carb

on d

eter

min

atio

nR_Combine Eismann, 22 Daten, Sigma<60 : 4524±9BP

68.2% confidence 3350BC (13.3%) 3330BC 3220BC (28.3%) 3180BC 3160BC (26.5%) 3120BC 95.4% confidence 3350BC (19.1%) 3310BC 3230BC (39.7%) 3170BC 3160BC (36.6%) 3100BC X2-Test: df=21 T=62.1(5% 32.7)

Combined Calibration, Ice Man, Sigma <60, 22 Dates: 4524±9BP

116

Figure 47. Iceman, wiggle matching simulation with 6 samples and 50 yearrings.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

3700BC 3600BC 3500BC 3400BC 3300BC 3200BC 3100BC 3000BC 2900BC 2800BC

Calendar date

Sampled VERA-xxx6 : 4564.05±30 68.2% confidence 3215BC (46.0%) 3190BC 3150BC (22.2%) 3135BC 95.4% confidence 3290BC ( 2.3%) 3260BC 3240BC (61.6%) 3180BC 3160BC (31.4%) 3110BC Agreement 97.0%

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

Wiggle Matching, 6 samples, 50 year rings, youngest sample:

117

Figure 48. Iceman, wiggle matching simulation with 7 samples and 60 yearrings.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

3700BC 3600BC 3500BC 3400BC 3300BC 3200BC 3100BC 3000BC 2900BC 2800BC

Calendar date

Sampled VERA-xxx7 : 4515.5±30 68.2% confidence 3220BC (68.2%) 3192BC 95.4% confidence 3280BC ( 5.1%) 3250BC 3240BC (89.1%) 3170BC 3140BC ( 1.2%) 3120BC Agreement 113.6%

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

Wiggle Matching, 7 samples, 60 year rings, youngest sample: 4516±30BP

118

Figure 49. Avar time well from Brunn am Gebirge, Obj.823, the well chamber of oak boards was preserved in a depth of 4 m, views from ahead and above.

119

Figure 50. Map of the excavation of the Avar settlement within site II of the Oldest Linear Ceramics settlement from Brunn am Gebirge/Wolfholz. Avar objects in blue.

120

Figure 51. Simulation of wiggle matching for Avar Time.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

D_Sequence Awaren Wiggle Matching Simulation

200BC BC/AD 200AD 400AD 600AD 800AD 1000AD 1200AD

Calendar date

D_Sequence Awaren Wiggle Matching Simulation

R_Simulate VERA-xxx1 127.9%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xxx2 137.1%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xxx3 128.6%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xxx4 120.2%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xxx5 103.0%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xxx6 67.5%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xxx7 127.9%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xxx8 133.7%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xxx9 148.7%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx10 106.9%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx11 149.8%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx12 127.3%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx13 110.6%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx14 124.2%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx15 83.8%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx16 104.2%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx17 95.9%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx18 116.2%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx19 120.3%

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

D_Sequence Awaren Wiggle Matching Simulation

BC/AD 200AD 400AD 600AD 800AD 1000AD 1200AD

Calendar date

R_Simulate VERA-xx20 117.5%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx21 114.3%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx22 95.7%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx23 110.7%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx24 102.3%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx25 37.8%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx26 43.1%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx27 83.9%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx28 123.6%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx29 125.3%Gap 10R_Simulate VERA-xx30 125.3%

D_Sequence Awaren Wiggle Matching Simulation

Avar wiggle matching simulation

Avar wiggle matching simulation

121

Figure 52. Simulation of wiggle matching of Avar Time. The sample from about the end of Avar Time can very well be narrowed down to 824-839.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

500AD 600AD 700AD 800AD 900AD 1000AD 1100AD 1200AD

Calendar date

Sampled VERA-xx27 : 1239.42±40 68.2% confidence 824AD (68.2%) 839AD 95.4% confidence 818AD (95.4%) 846AD Agreement 83.9%

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rela

tive

prob

abili

tyWiggle matching, last sample: 1239.42±40

122

Figure 53. Combined calibration of Magyar dates from Örménykút.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

900CalAD 1000CalAD 1100CalAD 1200CalAD 1300CalAD

Calibrated date

700BP

800BP

900BP

1000BP

1100BP

Rad

ioca

rbon

det

erm

inat

ion

R_Combine Örmenykut,Magyarisch 2 D. : 956±22BP 68.2% confidence 1020AD (20.5%) 1050AD 1090AD (29.9%) 1120AD 1130AD (17.8%) 1160AD 95.4% confidence 1020AD (95.4%) 1160AD X2-Test: df=1 T=0.7(5% 3.8)

Combined Calibration Örménykút, Magyar, 2 Dates:

123

Figure 54. Map of Thunau am Kamp, with all the sections, from which the samples come from.

124

Figure 55. Wiggle matching calibration, beam 61898, youngest sample VERA-710 from Thunau/Kamp, UC fortifica-tion.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

1400BC 1300BC 1200BC 1100BC 1000BC 900BC 800BC 700BC

Calendar date

Sampled VERA 710 : 2825±25 68.2% confidence 953BC (68.2%) 922BC 95.4% confidence 970BC (95.4%) 900BC Agreement 101.8%

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ilityWiggle Matching, youngest sample VERA-710:2825±25BP

125

Figure 56. Wiggle matching calibration, beam 61902, youngest sample VERA-713 from Thunau/Kamp, UC fortifica-tion.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

1500BC 1400BC 1300BC 1200BC 1100BC 1000BC 900BC 800BC 700BC

Calendar date

Sampled VERA 713 : 2840±40 68.2% confidence 1025BC (68.2%) 970BC 95.4% confidence 1090BC (95.4%) 940BC Agreement 123.0%

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

Wiggle Matching, youngest sample VERA-713: 2840±40BP

126

Figure 57. Calibration curve from 650 to 950 AD, Atmospheric data after Stuiver et al. 1998.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

650CalAD 700CalAD 750CalAD 800CalAD 850CalAD 900CalAD 950CalAD

Calibrated date

1100BP

1150BP

1200BP

1250BP

1300BP

1350BP

1400BP

Rad

ioca

rbon

det

erm

inat

ion

127

Figure 58. Wiggle matching calibration, beam 10006, youngest sample VERA-716 from Thunau/Kamp, MA fortifica-tion.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

400AD 500AD 600AD 700AD 800AD 900AD 1000AD1100AD1200AD

Calendar date

Sampled VERA-0716 : 1245±45 68.2% confidence 815AD (68.2%) 885AD 95.4% confidence 730AD (13.5%) 790AD 800AD (79.9%) 900AD 920AD ( 2.1%) 940AD Agreement 85.8%

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rela

tive

prob

abili

ty

Wiggle Matching, youngest sample VERA-0716:

128

Figure 59. Wiggle matching calibration, beam 11859, youngest sample VERA-719 from Thunau/Kamp, MA fortifica-tion.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

500AD 600AD 700AD 800AD 900AD 1000AD 1100AD 1200AD

Calendar date

Sampled VERA-0719 : 1225±35 68.2% confidence 825AD (68.2%) 885AD 95.4% confidence 760AD (95.4%) 900AD Agreement 106.0%

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rel

ativ

e pr

obab

ility

Wiggle Matching, youngest sample VERA-0719: 1225±35BP

129

Figure 60. Wiggle matching calibration, beam 59122, youngest sample VERA-722 from Thunau/Kamp, MA fortifica-tion.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

500AD 600AD 700AD 800AD 900AD 1000AD 1100AD

Calendar date

Sampled VERA-0722 : 1220±40 68.2% confidence 773AD (68.2%) 801AD 95.4% confidence 720AD (95.4%) 840AD Agreement 111.2%

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rela

tive

prob

abili

tyWiggle Matching, youngest sample VERA-0722: 1220±40BP

130

Figure 61. Wiggle matching calibration, beams 10006 and 11859 together, youngest sample VERA-719 from Thu-nau/Kamp, MA fortification.

Atmospheric data from Stuiver et al. Radiocarbon 40 1041-1083 (1998); OxCal v3.1 Bronk Ramsey (1999); cub r:4 sd:12 prob[chron]

500AD 600AD 700AD 800AD 900AD 1000AD 1100AD 1200AD

Calendar date

Sampled VERA-0719 : 1225±35 68.2% confidence 840AD (68.2%) 881AD 95.4% confidence 780AD ( 4.2%) 810AD 820AD (91.2%) 900AD Agreement 104.9%

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Rela

tive

prob

abili

ty

Wiggle Matching, youngest sample VERA-0719: 1225±35BP