AUTHOR Lawson, Edwin D.; Balode, Laimute Latvian Naming … · 2014. 5. 19. · Latvia has seen a great deal of change in the past 100 years. Before 1918, the Russian Czars ruled

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AUTHOR Lawson, Edwin D.; Balode, LaimuteTITLE Latvian Naming Patterns, 1880-1991.PUB DATE 1998-00-00NOTE 20p.; Shorter version presented at the International

Congress of Onomastic Sciences (19th, Aberdeen, Scotland,August 4-11, 1996).

PUB TYPE Reports Research (143) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150)EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Economic Climate; Foreign Countries; Geographic

Distribution; Interviews; *Language Patterns; LanguageResearch; *Onomastics; *Patriotism; Political Influences;Religious Factors; Social Influences; *SocioculturalPatterns; Surveys

IDENTIFIERS *Latvia

ABSTRACTTo discover what effects the political, religious, social,

and economic climate had on naming children, 100 families (representingalmost 700 individuals) were interviewed to identify patterns in first namesgiven over three generations. The sample of 100 families includes people fromdifferent religious backgrounds and from different parts of Latvia. Nativespeakers conducted the interviews. Data were analyzed by time period,religious background, linguistic origin of the name, and the name's origin,meaning, and significance. Results indicate that during the Sovietoccupation, significantly more names defined as Latvian were chosen. This isinterpreted as a demonstration of Latvian patriotism during this troublingperiod. Appended are male and female names by time period. (Author/MSE)

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Latvian Naming Patterns, 1880-1991

Edwin D. Lawson

State University of New York, College at Fredonia

and

Laimute Balode

Latvian Academy of Sciences, Riga

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Latvian Naming Patterns, 1880-1991

Abstract

To fmd out what effects the political, religious, social, and economic climate had on naming

children, 100 families (involving almost 700 individuals) were interviewed to identify the

patterns of giving first names over three generations. The sample of 100 families includes

people from different religious backgrounds and from different parts of Latvia. Native

speakers did the interviews. The data were analyzed in terms of time periods, religious

background, language origin of the name, and the origin, meaning, and significance of the

name. Results show that during the Soviet occupation significantly more names defined as

"Latvian" were chosen. This is interpreted as a demonstration of Latvian patriotism during

this troubling period.

3

Naming patterns of Latvians 1880-1991

Latvia is the middlemost of the three countries on the Baltic Sea between Poland and

Russia. The changes in Latvia following the breakup of the Soviet Union have made it

possible for investigators to evaluate onomastic aspects of personal names. While there has

been some work done in Latvia on personal names, most of it, unfortunately, has not been

easily available to Western scholars. This investigation is directed at the evaluation of

Latvian naming patterns over five time periods.

Latvia has seen a great deal of change in the past 100 years. Before 1918, the Russian

Czars ruled Latvia. It declared its independence in 1918 and remained independent until

1939. In 1940, Soviet Russia took over Latvia. Then, in July 1940, the Germans

invaded. The Soviets retook Latvia in 1945 and ruled until 1990. Latvia again declared its

independence in 1991.

The basic questions to which this investigation is addressed are:

1. The changes in naming patterns over these periods.

2. The religious factors associated with these changes.

Procedure

To study naming over time, we looked at patterns of naming over three generations.

Interviewers obtained the data on home visits. They spoke with key family members and

obtained basic information about the names of family members, especially how these names

were given.

A questionnaire similar to the one used by Lawson and Glushkovskaya (1994) was

prepared. The items gathered information for each family member on first names, the

4

Lawson/Balode 2 Latvian Naming

reason(s) for selecting the names, their meaning, nicknames, the language(s) spoken at

home, birth year, community or region where born, occupation, religion, level of religious

observance, and ethnic identity.

Results

The 100 families totaled 685 individuals. We omitted 45 men and women who: (1)

declared themselves ethnic Russians, (2) spoke Russian as their primary language at home

or, (3) had clearly Russian given names and surnames. Table 1 shows the composition of

the sample.

Please insert Table 1 about here

Time Periods

Preliminary examination of the data made it apparent that analysis of the data should

be broken down into five time periods: (1) under Czarist rule (before 1918), (2)

Independence 1 (1918-1939), (3) Russian and German Occupation (1940-1944), (4) Russian

Occupation (1944-1990), and (5) Independence 2 (1991-). Table 2 shows the breakdown by

sex.


5


Religious Backgrounds of the Sample

Historically, Latvia has been a religious country. The two largest groups have been

Roman Catholic and Lutheran and we could expect that these two religious traditions play

or played a role in the naming of children. Table 3 shows the data on the two major

religious affiliations. For Catholic men, the decline in religious affiliation since World War

I is significant. There is a decline also for Catholic women but not at a statistically

significant level. However, when we combine both sexes, the decline is at a very high level

( < .001) as Table 3 shows. The drop in Lutheran affiliation, while there, is not quite so

strong but still shows the same trend. The None or Blank group shows a somewhat reverse

pattern. That group showed increases over the same periods.


Major Sources of Names

Table 4 shows the leading language sources from which the names of our sample were

drawn. This shows the major language and religious backgrounds. Table 5 displays

frequencies by time period for the major sources. Latvian is clearly the primary source of

names for both men and women, followed by Scandinavian, then by combined Bible,

Church Calendar, or Hebrew sources. German is the fmal category shown. The trends

in frequencies or percentages over the time periods need examination.

Please insert Tables 4 and 5 about here

6


Latvian

In categorizing names as Latvian we defined as "Latvian": (1) those names that were

clearly identified with the Latvian language, (2) names of non-Latvian origin or possible

non-Latvian origin but through usage and Latvian-type forms are identified by Latvians

as Latvian. For example, Ugis probably comes from the Old German hugu which, in turn,

is derived from the Latin Hugo. However, Ugis is identified as Latvian because it is the

name of a hero in the drama Indulis un Alija by anis Rainis. This very popular play, set

in the 14th century, shows the fighting against the German Teutonic Order that occupied

Latvia. The Appendix shows the names identified in our investigation with their

derivations, meaning, and frequencies in the time periods.

Preliminary examination of the data on Latvian names in Table 5 does show a clearly

increasing trend for males over the time periods. For women, the trend seems mixed and

may be misleading. Therefore, we decided to drop out the data for the two short periods

for which we had little data. These were Period 3, Russian-German Occupation, 1940-

1944, and Period 5, Independence 2, 1991-1992. When we examine these data with a Chi

Square analysis, we can see an increase of Latvian names under Russian occupation. It is

clearly significant for both men and women. Figure 1 shows these results.

Please insert Figure 1 about here

Other Languages

The results, again using the three main periods, also show a decline in Scandinavian

7


and German sources, especially so for males. On the religious names, the results are

somewhat contradictory. Men show an increase (though not significant); women show a

significant decrease in religious names.

Discussion

Our data have several possible implications that can be discussed. We have decided

to focus on one of these--the rise of patriotic Latvian names during the period of Soviet

Communist rule. This rise is remarkable. What happened? The Russians suppressed

religious, cultural, and ethnic identity. We saw the decline in religious affiliation in Table

3. Latvia began to be russified.

Our observation is that there were few ways that patriotic Latvians could affirm and

show their ethnic identity. One of these was to choose names for their children that would

demonstrate patriotism. What Latvians did have was a cultural identity and an awareness

of their history. While soap opera television characters play a major factor in the naming

of children in the US today (and previously it was movies and movie stars and before that,

literature), television hardly played such a role in Latvia in the period 1946-1990. Instead,

what we see in our data is the influence of a patriotic writer such as Hillis Rainis who

recalled the heroic stories of Latvia's history. This influence showed up with frequency of

Latvian names as we have shown in the Appendices and in Table 5.

Perhaps a similar patriotic influence can be shown in the work of Finnish patriots such

as Elias Lonnrot who wrote and Jean Sibelius who composed music about the legends of

the Kalevali. Finland was also under Russian. We do not know whether naming patterns

of the time were influenced but we do know these two creative artists had a powerful

8


influence on Finnish patriotism.

Lawson and Glushkovskaya (1994) also showed how the use of names can affirm ethnic

identity. Their investigation dealt with Jews in the Leningrad and Moscow areas as

contrasted with Jews in the Central Asian Republics. The results show that the Jews in the

Leningrad-Moscow area (where the Soviets repressed all religion) tended to maintain their

traditional naming practices (naming a child after a deceased relative). This was in marked

contrast to the practices of the Jews from Central Asia who lived at a great distance from

Moscow and in a Muslim-dominated area. These Asian Jews had far more religious

freedom. However, they tended to decrease the traditional naming practices. Further

investigations are underway in Lithuania and Estonia. It will be interesting to see whether

they, too, display a rise in patriotic names during the Soviet Occupation. Thus, we can

conclude from this investigation that naming children can represent a demonstration of

political and ethnic identity even under repression.


References

Lawson, Edwin D., & Glushkovskaya, Irina. 1994. "Naming patterns of recent

immigrants from the former Soviet Union to Israel." Names 42: 157-180.

Si li94, Klavs. (1990). Latvidu personvtirdu viirdnica. Riga: Zinãtne.

1 0


Appendix A: Male Names

Name -17 18-39

Time Periods

40-44 45-90 91- Tot

Agris < agrs "early." 1 1

Aigars Origin uncertain. 4 4

Airis < airis "oar, paddle." 1 1

Aldis NN < Lith. Aldonis. 5 5

Aldonis < Lith. 1 1

Alvis < Old Germ. a/ + wIsi "all-wise." 1 1

Ansis NN < Andrejs < Gr. Andreas 1 1

"manly."

Dainis < daina "song." 2 2

Didzis NN < DItrihs < orig. from 1 1

Old Germ. diot 'people' + rIchi

'mighty.' Name of the main char-

acter in Pfft vejini by Rainis.

Dzintars < dzintars "amber." 3 3

Fricis NN < Fridrihs < Old Germ. fridu 1 1

'peaceful' + rIchi 'ruler' =

"peaceful ruler."

Gints < Gintars < Lith.? Name assoc.

with the main character in Ibsen's

3 3

Peer Gynt.

Girts NN < Old Germ. Gerhardt < gr 1 1

'spear' + hart 'brave' =

"spear-brave."

Guntis < guns, uguns "fire" 1 1

Gunvaldis < guns 'fire' + valdis 1 1

'ruler' = "ruler of fire."

Ilgm&rs "Ilga+ Maris." Meaning? 1 1

Ilm&rs < Finno-Ugric ilma '_? ' or 2 2

Old Germ. hiltja 'struggle, fight'

+ marl. 'famous' = "famous struggle".

Imants < Livonian im 'miracle' + and 1 3 4

'present.' Livonian legendary

hero.

Inars masc. form of Inara < Ina or Inese 1 1

< Gr. agnos "pure, chaste." Also,

St. Agnes.

ir COPY AVNLEitt 1 1


Appendix A: Male Names

Name -17

(Continued)

Time Periods

18-39 40-44 45-90 91- Tot

Indulis < IndriJis < Heinrihs < Germ. 1 1

Heinrich heim + richi' = "home

ruler." Well-known hero of drama

Indulis un Arija by Rainis.

Ints < Indri4is. See above. 2 2

Janis Latv. orig. < Lith. Jonas,

meaning uncertain. Later assoc.

w. johaness, St. John.

12 12 4 11 39

Kristaps < Kristofors < Gr. Christos 1 1

+ pher5 "one who carries Christ in

his heart." Legendary 15th century

Latvian hero who carried a baby

over the Daugava River in Riga.

Laimonis < Laima "the fortunate one." 1 3 2 6

Also, the pre-Christian Goddess of

Fate.

Nauris < Persian nau,nfi 'new' + raz 1 1

'day.' Hero of Latvian film Nauris.

Ojars < dial. ojars "madcap, dare-

devil"

1 1 1 3

Raitis < Raita < raits "deft, clever,

fast, swift."

3 3

U§is < Old Germ. hugu "heart, mind,

spirit." One of the main heroes

of the drama Indulis un Arija by

2 2

Rainis.

India NN < Old Germ. Ulrichs,(uodal 1 1

'fortune' + 'power.'

Valdis < valdft "to rule" > "ruler" 2 2 1 5

Viesturs < viesturis "hospitable." 4 1 5

Vilnis < vilnis "wave" 2 2 1 5

Visvaldis < viss + valdit "ruler of all" 1 1

Ziedonis < ziedonis "springtime,

blossoming season, flowering"

1 1 2

Zintis < Zinta < zinte "sorcery, 1 1

witchcraft, seer."

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 12


Appendix B: Female Names

Name -17

Aiga fem. of Aigars< Finno-Ugric

alg "pike.°

Aija < aijaTt "to lull to sleep."

Aina < aina "artistic landscape, view," 3

Aja: See Aija above.

Anita dim. form < Anna < Heb. Chana

"grace."

Ausma < ausma "dawn."

Austra < austra "daybreak", "Goddess 1

of the Morning", "morning star."

Baiba affect. form of Barbara < Gr.

barbara 'foreign, beautiful.' The

main character in Put vëjivi by

Rainis.

Dace affect. form < Ddrta < Dorotheja

< Gr. döron + theos "gift of God."

Daina < daina "song."

Dita < Danish or Old German diot

"people."

Dzintra fem. form < dzintars "amber."

Gaida < gaidit "to wait", "one who is

in waiting."

Ginta fem. form < Gints. Gintars

< Lith.? dzintars "amber." Name

associated with the main character

in Ibsen's Peer Gynt.

Guna < guns, uguns "fire."

Gunta < fem, form of Guntis "fire"

or NN < gundega "buttercup."

Ilga < ilgas "longing, desire."

Iluta origin uncertain. May be a

phonetic derivation.

Ina origin uncertain. May be a short form

< Ina or Inese. See below.

Ingra < Ina?

Indra "river in Latgale district."

Inese < Agnese < Lat. Agnes < Gr. (h)agne

"chaste." St. Agnes.

IBEST COP11 3

Time Periods

18-39 40-44 45-90

1

2

91- Tot

1

2

1 4

1 1

1 2 3

2 1 3

1 2

1 1

6 6

1 1 2

1 1

1 1

2 2

2 2

1 1

1 1 2

2 1 3

1 1

1 1

1 1

3 3

1 1 1 7 10


Appendix B: Female Names

Name -17

(Continued)

Time Periods

18-39 40-44 45-90 91- Tot

Inta < Ints < Indtikis < Heinrihs 4 4

"home ruler."

Lelde "symb. light." Character in a

play by Rainis.

2 2

Liga < ligot "song." Esp. songs

during the LIgo festival (June 23).

1 1

Ligita < ligot." See above. 1 2 3

Madara < madara "flower of the

madder family."

1 1

Mgra. Before Christianity, Latvia had

its own deities. Mara was the Mother

2 1 3

Earth Goddess. The name was probably

linked later to the Christian Mary.

Mirdza < mirdzet "to shine, to sparkle." 3 3

Mudite < mudigs "busy, fast, swift." 1 1

Rasma < rasma "harvest, success." 1 2 3

Rozite < roze "rose." 1 1

Rudite < ruds "red-haired,

rusty-haired."

1 1

Sarmite < Sarma < .sarma "hoar-frost" 3 3

Skaidrite < Skaidra < skaidrs "clear." 2 2 1 5

Vaira < vairot "to increase, to

multiply."

1 1 2

Valda fem. form of Valdis < valdit 1 1 2

"to rule, to govern."

Velta < velte "gift, present." 6 1 7

Vdsma < vesma "breeze." 1 1

Vija < vija "garland, wreath." 1 2 1 2 6

Vizma < vizmot "to radiate. glitter." 1 1

Zaiga < zaigot "to shine, to glitter." 1 1 1

Zane dim. < Latin Zuzanna < Hebr. 4 1 5

Shoshana [Susanna] "lily." Also the

name of a well-known character in

Put vajiKii by Rainis.

BES7BLE

1 4


Author Note

Appreciation is expressed to ranis Sau litis who helped at several stages of this research.

15


Table 1. Composition of the sample.

Men Women Total

Original Total 332 353 685

Non-Latvians 18 27 45

Net Total 314 326 640

Table 2. Time Periods.

Men Women Total

1. Czarist Period, 1880-1917 60 43 103

2. Independence, 1918-1939 88 91 179

3. Russian and German 20 28 48

Occupation, 1940-1944

4. Russian Occupation, 1945-1990 141 155 296

5. Independence, 1991-1992 5 9 14

Totals 314 326 640

16


Table 3. Religious affiliations of respondents by time periods.

1.

2.

Czarist

Independence 1

Catholic

Men Women

14 10

23.3%* 23.3%

9 12

10.2% 13.2%

Total

24

23.3%

21

11.7%

Lutheran

Men Women

27 21

45% 48.8%

33 49

37.5% 53.9%

Total

48

46.7%

82

45.8%

None or Blank

Men Women Total

3 4 7

5% 9.3% 5.6%

6 4 10

6.8% 4.4% 5.6%

3. Russ-Germ Occ.** 3 3 8 13 21

10.7% 6.3% 40% 46.4% 43.4%

4. Russian Occ. 8 13 19 43 42 85 31 38 69

4.2% 8.4% 6.4% 30.5% 8.4% 28.7% 22% 24.5% 23.3%

5. Independence. 2** 9 14

100% 100% 100%

X2 1 X 2 X 4 (2 df)

Men 16.975 < .001 8.542 < .02 9.898 < .01

Women 4.083 NS 2.723 NS* 3.300 NS

Men & Women 22.231 < .001 12.353 < .01 12.839 < .01

*Note: The percentages referred to in this and subsequent tables refer to percentages in

the whole group evaluated. Thus, there were 60 males in the Group 1, Czarist Period. Of

these 14 or 23.3% were Catholics.

**Note: The two periods, Russian and German Occupation (1940-1944) and Independence 2, had

so few cases that the totals are really meaningful. They were left out of the statistical

analysis. The entries shown are only to provide continuity.

Table 4. Major sources of names.

Source Men Women Total

Latvian (Vilnis, Skaldrite) 112 111 223

Scandinavian (griks, Helga) 39 61 100

Bible/Hebrew (gdams, Anna) 38 51 89

German (Karlis, Berta) 36 21 57

Church Calendar(Antons, Agnis) 23 28 51

Greek (PEteris, Diana) 17 26 43

Latin (JUlijs, Vera) 17 26 43

Note: While names such as Antons and Agnis have Greek or Latin roots, we have

considered that their main association is with the Church Calendar.

SEW COM MULALS 17


Table 5. Frequencies and percentages of leading language sources.

Latvian Scandinavian German

Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total

1. Czarist 15 6 21 11 - 11 13 6 19

25% 14% 20.4% 18.3% - 10.7% 21.7% 14% 18.4%

2. Indep. 1 29 30 59 15 9 24 12 5 17

33% 33% 33% 17% 9.8% 13.4% 13.6% 5.5% 9.4%

3. Russ-Germ Occ. 8 13 21 3 6 9 2 2

40% 46.4% 43.8% 15% 21.4% 18.75% 10% - 4.1%

4. Russian Occ. 58 59 117 9 7 16 9 10 19

41.1% 38.1% 39.6% 6.4% 4.5% 5.4% 6.4% 6.5% 6.8%

5. Indep. 2 2 3 5

40% 33.3% 35.8%

X2 1 X 2 X 4 (2 df)

Men 5.101 < .05 8.542 < .02 9.898 < .01

Women 8.869 < .02 2.723 NS* 3.300 NS

Men & Women 12.603 < .01 12.353 < .01 12.839 < .01

*Note: The two periods, Russian and German Occupation (1940-1944) and Independence 2, had so

few cases that the totals are really meaningful. They were left out of the statistical analysis. The

entries shown are only to provide continuity.

**Since there was a zero frequency for Scandinavian women in the Czarist period, x/2 analysis was

used only for two periods, Independence 1 and Russian & German Occupation.

dST uOPY 1LAL E

18


Table 5. (Continued). Frequencies and percentages of leading language sources.

Bible/Church Calendar/Hebrew

1.

2.

Czarist

Indep. 1

Men Women

8 16

13.3% 37.2%

14 26

15.9% 28.6%

Total

23

19%

40

22.3%

3. Russ-Germ Occ. 3

15% 17.9% 16.9%

4. Russian Occ. 34 28 62

24.1% 18.1% 20.9%

5. Indep. 2 3 4 7

60% 44.4% 50%

X2 1 X 2 X 4 (2 df)

Men 4.105 NS

Women 8.091 < .02

Men & Women 0.166 NS

19


Figure 1. Percentages of Latvian Names before and after Soviet Occupation.

45+___- A Men

P 40+ ....... C Bothe - -- B Women

-.c -

e -

n 30+t -a-

.g -

/. /e - . ,0

/e/I 'I,,,

00 /

20+- :,... ,- B/

+

Time Periods

+ + +1 2 3

-1917 1918-1939 1945-1990

2 0

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What Kinds of Documents to Send ERICERIC would like to be given the opportunity to examine vir-

tually any document dealing with education or its aspects. TheERIC audience is so broad (encompassing teachers, adminis-trators, supervisors, librarians, researchers, media specialists,counselors, and every other type of educator, as well as stu-dents and parents) that it must collect a wide variety of docu-mentation in order to satisfy its users. Examples of kinds ofmaterials collected are the following:

Bibliographies, Annotated BibliographiesBooks, Handbooks, ManualsConference PapersCurriculum MaterialsDissertationsEvaluation StudiesFeasibility StudiesInstructional MaterialsLegislation and RegulationsMonographs, TreatisesOpinion Papers, Essays, Position PapersProgram/Project DescriptionsResearch Reports/Technical ReportsResource GuidesSpeeches and PresentationsState-of-the-Art StudiesStatistical CompilationsSyllabiTaxonomies and ClassificationsTeaching GuidesTests, Questionnaires, Measurement DevicesVocabularies, Dictionaries, Glossaries, Thesauri

ERIC has recently begun to accept non-print materials(such as audiotapes, data files, films, software, videotapes,etc.) Formerly, such materials were not actively collectedbecause they were usually either copyrighted and could notbe reproduced and provided to users, or their storage andduplication posed significant technical and resource prob-lems. However, ERIC now accepts and announces the exis-tence of various non-print items, as long as a reliable non-ERIC source of availability for them can be cited. ERIC itselfdoes not reproduce or distribute such non-print materials.

A document does not have to be formally published to beentered in the ERIC database. In fact ERIC seeks out theunpublished or "fugitive" material not usually available throughconventional library channels.