Authored by Rich Simerson 01-Jun-2007Updated 01-Apr-2010 (2)

Modified by Lt Colonel Fred BlundellTX-129 Fort Worth Senior Squadron

For Local Training Rev 5.0 02-Jan-2014

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This Training Slide Show is a project undertaken by Lt Colonel Fred Blundell of the TX-129 Fort Worth Senior Squadron, Fort Worth, TX for local use to

assist those CAP Members interested in advancing their skills. The information contained herein is for CAP Member’s personal use and is not intended to replace or be a substitute for any of the CAP National Training Programs. Users should review the presentation’s Revision Number at the

end of each file name to ensure that they have the most current publication.

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AircraftFamiliarization

Why do I need to know this stuff anyway? Structure Instrumentation Weight & Balance Pre-flight inspection Safety Ground operations Wake turbulence Flightline signals

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The Airplane

CAP typically uses C172 and C182

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Basic Components

Right Aileron

Right Flap

Right Wing

Nose Gear

Propeller

Main Gear

Left Wing

Landing Light

Left Aileron

Left Flap

Elevator

Trim Tabs

Rudder

Vertical Stabilizer

Empennage

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Ailerons ProvideRoll Control

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Elevators ProvidePitch Control

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The RudderControls Yaw

Directional Control of the Aircraft on the ground is by the rudder peddles and linkages to the nose gear.

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Trim Tabs NeutralizeControl Pressures

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Fuel Selector

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TypicalInstrument Panel

DO NOT reposition any aircraft instrument's settings or controls without first asking the pilot.

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Magnetic Compass

Primary Doesn’t require any

power Used to set HI (DG) Installation problems Bank angles and

speed changes can cause a compass to show the wrong heading

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Heading Indicator

Vacuum gyro (Directional gyro)

Stable indications Quick response to

turns Electrical or

vacuum-driven Will drift, requires

periodic re-alignment

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Altimeter

Static pressure Usually set to

show pressure altitude above Mean Sea Level (MSL)

Accurate altitude is dependent on the altimeter setting.

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Turn Coordinator

Electric Really two

instruments Miniature aircraft

shows turn rate only - does not show bank angle

Inclinometer shows quality of turn - Coordinated, slip, skid

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Attitude Indicator

Vacuum gyro• Highly reliable

& useful• Provides a

horizon reference

• Hash marks indicate bank angle

• Climb/descent marks

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Static & Ram pressure Knots (and/or MPH) Colored markings

show ranges Shows aircraft

speed through the air

Airspeed Indicator

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Vertical SpeedIndicator

Static pressure rate of change

• Climb or descent rate

• Has a lag due to design

• Use with altimeter

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Tachometer

RPM Markings — green arc Indicates power

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Other Instruments Gauges

Fuel (accurate at empty)

Manifold pressure Fuel flow Oil Temperature

and Pressure Vacuum and

Generator Exhaust Gas

Temperature Instruments vary

from aircraft to aircraft

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Nav/Comm

Primary and Standby Frequencies (flip-flop)

Communications Navigation

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Comm Antennas

Normally mounted on top One for each radio Know for your aircraft, if they are on top or on

the bottom

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Nav Antennas

“Cat whisker” style One for each nav May be dual blade

(Bonanza)

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Static “Wicks”

Mitigate buildup of static electricity

(interferes with comm) Wings, elevators, vertical stabilizer Take care when walking around

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Other Antennas

Loop(Directional)

ADF

Marker

Beacon

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GPS

Apollo GX55 ARNAV Star 5000

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GPS Antenna

Line of sight, so mounted at the very top Comm antennas can interfere with the weak signals, so

they are tested for interference

GPS

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Audio Panel

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Transponder

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UHF Antenna

Blade type (may be spike)Transponder & DME[If mounted up front, may interfere with DF]

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Navigation Instruments

VOR ADF

VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR-DME, VORTAC) Indicates direction to/from ground transmitter

relative to magnetic North Automatic Direction Finder (NDB)

Direction toward ground transmitter relative to airplane nose

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Weight and Balance

The wings generate a limited amount of lift Maximum weight for an aircraft is set by the

manufacturer Pitch stability is affected by the location of the

center of gravity The pilot computes weight and balance and

controls it by loading the aircraft correctly

L i f t

W e i g h t

F o r c e f r o m h o r i z o n t a lt a i l s u r f a c e

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Weight and Balance

Excessive weight adversely impacts performance: Longer take off and landing distance Reduced climb performance Reduced ability to withstand turbulence and wind shear

forces Out of Forward C.G. limits can cause:

Reduced up-elevator authority (ability to raise the nose) Can eliminate the ability to flare for landing

Out of Rear C.G. limits can cause: Reduced down-elevator authority (ability to lower the nose) Can make stall recovery difficult or impossible

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Aircraft Pre-flight WALK

AROUND WINGS FUSELAGE PROPELLER CONTROLS LIGHTS TIRES OIL FUEL COWLING TIE DOWNS CHOCKS

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Safety — Three Rules

NEVER sacrifice safety to save time

Use established procedures and checklists

You may have to deviate from common procedures — if you do, use common sense and prudent judgment (see Rule #1)

The most dangerous part of a mission is driving to and from the airport or mission base!

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SafetyIn/Around Aircraft

No smoking Keep clear Fire on the ground Moving and loading the aircraft Entry/Egress - normal and emergency Seat belts and shoulder harnesses (<1,000’) Fuel management – you have an interest in making

sure you don’t run out of fuel. The pilot should brief the crew on how much fuel will be needed and where you’ll refuel, if necessary.

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At

Emergency Egress 

 

 

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AircraftRefueling Procedures

GROUND WIRE

FUEL CAPS

FUEL SUMP DRAINS

CHOCKS

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Safety During Taxiing

Taxiing – All crewmembers looking for obstacles Obstacle within six feet – get out and push Obstacle within 6 to 10 feet – get a marshaller or

“wing walker” No unnecessary talk (sterile cockpit)

Obey flightline hand signals But use common sense – many linemen are

inexperienced

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Signalman’s Position

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FlightlineHand Signals

Outward motion with thumbsPULL CHOCKS

Inward motion with thumbsINSERT CHOCKS

Circle with handSTART ENGINE

Hands out making a pulling motionCOME AHEAD

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FlightlineHand Signals

Motion forward, pointing leftTURN LEFT

Thumb upALL CLEAR - O.K.

Downward motion with palmsSLOW DOWN

Motion forward, pointing rightTURN RIGHT

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FlightlineHand Signals

Hands crossed above headSTOP

Slash throat with fingerCUT ENGINE

Crossing hands over headEMERGENCY STOP

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AgainSafety During Taxiing

Taxiing – All crewmembers assist the pilot Prevent collisions with other aircraft and vehicles Help the pilot find and stay on the taxiway (bad

weather, low visibility, night on an unlighted airport)

Be familiar with airport signs and markings Runway markings are white and taxiway markings

are yellow

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Airport

Signs and Markings

Follow the yellow lines

Stay behind the

dashed lines

Need ATC permissionto cross the solid lines

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Airport

Signs and Markings(Continued)

Mandatory signs have a red background with a white inscription

May have a row of red stop bar lights embedded in the pavement.When illuminated, do not cross (even if given permission by ATC)

Location boundary signs have a yellow background with a black inscription

Visible from the runwayVisual clues to determine when you’re clear of the runway

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Airport

Signs and Markings(Continued)

Location signs have a black background with a yellow inscription

Direction signs have a yellow background with a black inscription

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Airport Related

ATC Clearances

Be familiar with ATC ground clearances that involve the airport signs and markings• Back up the pilot when taxiing

Controllers are required to get acknowledgement of all “hold short” instructions

Pilot/Observer should read back all clearances• “Cleared to taxi” or “Taxi” (implied clearance)• “Cleared for takeoff runway 22”

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Airport Related

ATC Clearances(Continued)

Meaning of clearances:• “Taxi to …” Cleared to taxi to any point other than

assigned takeoff runway. Cleared to cross all runways that intersect the taxi route. Does not authorize taxiing onto or crossing assigned runway.

• “Taxi to … hold short of …” Cleared to taxi, but enroute to taxi clearance limit must hold short of another taxiway or crossing runway.

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Airport Related

ATC Clearances(Continued)

Meaning of clearances:• “Cross runway …” Cleared to cross the runway

crossing your taxi route and continue to taxi clearance limit.

• “Hold short …” Do not enter or cross the taxiway or runway specified by the controller. If there is a painted hold line, do not cross it.

• “Report position” Identify your location on the airport.

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Wake Turbulence

Caused by aircraft moving through the air generating lift (proportional to weight)

Settle 500 to 800 feet below the flight path Drift out slowly (5 mph) on the ground Takeoff before, land after other aircraft

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At

Wake Turbulence(Continued)

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Questions?

Always Think Safety!