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ULFNSEDOCUMENTATION CENTERFOR

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAl INFORMATIONCAMERON STATION. ALlEXANDRIA. VIRGINIA

SECRET

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I$.T.P. M0 P.T.P. 904

LINOCopy No.

PORTON TECHNCAL PAPER No. 904

j ABMAL1T RIFL (AR15)

I,. ~ C WOUND BALUSTCS T'RL'- LUT .".':*; ' %J"[

-0 '4F PAJS Oq IN

I.) - 41iCm OF ?iNs

MA(.N S~HOULD~ BE TAFEGUAftOE UNE *C-' THE SX'E STANDARDO 0:"

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CG"ATAINED !:. ;HIS DOCUMENT 0-46 SE SUBJECT ?0PtRvIEV1LY-OwNED RIGHTSr ~ MAWO F.P. THORSY, R.A.M.C.

CHEMICAL DEFENCE EXPERIMENTAL ESTABLISHMENT

Parton Domm, Salisbury, Wilts.

357 72 1 jLSECRET-DISCREET

rNIN

SECRET

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Issed for the information of such perqons onlyamsee to know its contents in the course of

their officiall i 'ties

SECRET

I Portou Technical Paper No.9%1Date: 7th October, 196 g

Copy No.[:.. ... .. ...

Bygr F . .T o re pk L R & H C

I. Trials have beon cerriod out to examine the -ounaing effects of the Arl.,

Rifle ( iRO) in coimparison with those of the p.& (L.I.A.i) rifle under controlled

laleratery ooiaitions at 15 yd and 100 yd rant'os usinC gelatine tissue odels

a a standard wound rath in anaesthetisod sheep.

2. The results tend to confirn the findings of a U.3. combat evaluation that ,

the Anmalite rifle is capable of produoinG very severe wounds at short rwn

(up to 100 yards).

3 3. At the 15 yd range, the AR15 with Noma rounds 178 more effective than the

F.Y (L.t.A.I); ith Remint-ton rounds the AR15 u;as 4s effeetive as the F.N.

At t. 100 yd rante., the AR15 vith Norms rounds uas slightly superior to the

P.N., whilst the AR5 %Ith ReninC~ton rounds T;as slightly inferior.

4. 7here are indioations that the AR15 is more et-eotive with a 1/14 tust

barrel than with a 1/12 twist barrel, the difference being very small with

the Rexington round blt more marked with the Norma round.

o-rtctio Superintendont,T.t 4ted frctection Research Division.

S " C., .S.8. Ladell,

S* oT revetat Director (Medical).

'4 SECRET

I'm_

.. rton Toobziein eWW No

Dates 7th 9ctdbvw, 19614• " Copy No 64W._i R-- Iw (M Im I

-. 0W ALLISMIS TRIA

Masor F.?. Thoresby. It A 1

Ivaluation trials covorinG aspects other tha the wound ballisatlm of the

0.223 in. calbre h15 rifle wore carriod out at MdUoA (4). 2 astsdn

logistic featuro of this w ]n Is the light weight of both the rfle (6.5 lb s

against 9.75 lb for the LI) ;A mihe a=iuntion (0.025 1/round W agp!st 0.05

for the L2&2). Report a of the wounding poww %f 'the ARt5 have bei smnebat con-flioting. A conbat evaluation oarried out in South Viotnan (2) repwt very

severe effects whilst a mre linited trial with goats in Malaya (3) InLdated an

inferior wounding power of the ARJ5 to that of the itAI. The pweet trials

were carried out to exa.inie the wounding effects of the 11R15 in aeapm-Uon with

those of the LIAI under controlled laboratory conditions at close ms (15 d)

and at 100 yd, using standard golatine tissue nodele, and a standardi ==tAn path

in anaesthetised sheep.

2. WTHDS

• ',fle3 ,and A-.mnition•

The fo].ondn weapons uaore used:z-AR1O Cor. Arnalto 0.223 in. calibre, 18.2 in. long barrols witk- 1/14 and

1/12 riflings. •

LJAt (F.-) 0.300 in. (7.62 m) calibre, 19 in. long barrel wit.-_ 1/12

rifling (used at 100 yd range).

I.

i -

0.300 in. (7.62 n) ev1ibre barrel, 19.0 in. long* mounted In a Mann presrhousing, 1/12 rifling (used at 15 yd range)o

A modified C.D.E.E. rifle rest was used with the AR at the 15 A namp

and an Infield rost at the 100 y range.

The a unition used was s follovss-

0.223 in, calibre, ooaervial Norma and Remington (Batch PJl O 16).0.300 in (7.62 =) L2A2 standard round&

Golatine Tissue Modelshe sta dard ela tne blocks wore made of % aoid-4rated piGsIdn gelati

" and roasurod 6 x 6 z 10 inches. The temperature of the interior of the block sao

moasured after f1ring aid us witn the rengo 18-200C. Differences in the -aun

ballistics properties of Celtine are small with variation in temperature below

The round was ained to pass throa the otetre of the block along the long axsoA- tor firing. the end,, sl&* and top of' the block we'dphotogr o to

.5 :,record the misile track with a view to dotornining the exact position of t1W

,,onsot of tubling. Any bullet fragments in the block wore dissected outs uelaw

and photographed.

Animals

Adult eoes, weighing J50-200 lb *ere deeply anaesthetisod with chloroform

and placed in a supine position on a modified operating table with a bydraulie

lift and full tilting adj'zstnonts. An aizinG mark wak placed over the 4th - 5thintercostal space in the zid-cxiflary line end ali~nod with the fixed trajeotot

of the bullet. This alignnent gave a thoracic path which included the lungs d

the thick myocardiun of the ventricles. This path was considered to be the

nearest approximation in the sheep to the 15 an "Erect Man soft tissue or elatIne

path (5), and offered The advantages that the muscle mass involved (heart) vas not

relaxed by anaesthesia L ,jd there was no drnger of wound complication by i-mpact with

m.jor bones. A.y animal not dying immediately rftur firing was sacrificed with

an overdose of anesthet i. Ia'-ediato autopsies were carried out, the wound

path length ,easurcd, and photographic records made. , The vound track iias dis-bected and the abdominal contents examined fcr remote injury due to cavitation.

SECRET

2.

Because comparative assessmnont of wound severity is to sono extent subjective, all

the dissections and subsequent analyses wore carried out by the sane observer.

Velocity and Rnoru Measuronent

Strike velocities were measured using conducting papor screens, over a 2 ft

base, operating Qintel microsecond chronometers. At 15 y range small 'break'

screens (6) wore used; at 100 yds largo (5 x 5 in.) Rafteld 'maket screens wereused. Efforts were made to measure emergent velocities at both ranges using the

largo Enfield screens but with limitod suocess.

No the irdoor golatIne trials, blah speed cinomtogre1h records were made

using a Pastaz camera operating nominally at 12,000 frameo/soo ad synchronised bya 'Goose' control with the electrically operated firing mochanism. Time markdnCson the films wore produced by an accurate 1W00 c/s oscillator. Each film wasanalysed by projecting to the exact full sie on a large card screen. The front

tip of each bullet ,imago was marked, franc byfrne, the moimn tenporary cavity

was outlined, and the distancoe to tunbling marid, Prom thes records, graphs

wore constructed to shou the distnnoc travelled by'the bullet vith time, immd-

iately bofoio and after onterine the gelatins blookq Those data were combinedfor each combination of round and weapon tested to give an averae retardation

curvo The curves, ahoan in Fipu 3, were used to calculate the missile

velocity and energy at any point in the track.

3. RESULT8

Gelatins Experiments

(a) Six shots iuere fired into gelatin. targets with o..ch combination of

weapon and r'ound tested. Peak cavity volumes were calculated from the

card tracings of the lon ;itudinal cross sectional aroa of the peak cavity

using the formula of Dzicmian and Horgot (7). This for-mla strictly applies

to a cylindrical CGcktine block, but the error in ap.lying it to a rectangular

block is not so lcrgo that the results cannot be used for comparative pur-

poses. The avorage values for the strike energy, the energy absorbod by

the whole block, and the cavitation volumes, are presented in Table 1. In

the case of the ARi5 rounds, almost all the cn~ry of the bullet was dissipated

SECRT

]b

SECRT

within the gelatins, Fragentation of tho AP45 rounds occurred and when some

fam=ts emerged their velocities, estimated frua oin' records, were so

low that their energies wore almost negligible In comparison with the strike

onergies. More energy was transferred to the platino from the L2A2 round

but this amountod to only 213 of the strike energy, and the cavitatio•al

volume per unit of onergy absorbed was signifiMatly loss than those for the

ARO5 rounds, The scatter in the cavitation data for the ARJ5 rounds was too

large to allow comparisons to bO drawn between the typos of round or the

effocts of barrel twist*

(b) It has boon shown (5) that a nore reliable criterion of wounding power

than the volume of the touporary otvity is the energy (AN) absorbed during

the pcnotrntion of the first 15 on of a GolatinC tissuo nodol, the onorgiy

absorbed in the first J cm being ignored as representing a non-inoapacitntine

superficial wound. Valuos fora P/Es, whore Is - strike energy, were calou-

lated from the data In Me6 3 for the various rouds and are expressed as per-

contages in Table 2 uhich also contains conparative U.S. data (8)(9). This

ratio can also be derived from a r.asurunont of the distance (d) to tumbling

by the forula (8):

jOO Aq~s a Y = 96141d 22

Values for d wore measured from full scale photora.phs of the golatine blocks

(e.g. Figs. i and 2) by backw' ard projection of ths divergent paths and the

outline of the permanent cavity to give the polijt et which tumbling commencode

This neasurement correlated more closely with data fron cini; records than

did ncauring the narrow stable track and corrceting for end-effects as used

in the derivation of the comparable U.S. deta (S). The calculated values

for Y are included in Table 2 and are aeun to correspond closely with the

vlues for AX/Es. The values of AR indicate that the JA15 Re..ington rnd the

L2A2 rounds have similar wounding power at this range (15 yd) whilst th.t of

the 'R15 Norma round Is superior to both. The vlues of AX/Es indicate

that the woundinr eff'iciency of all the AR15 rounds at 15 yd runge &s con-

sidar.bly higher than that of the L2A2.

."SFCR.T

4.

(a) The probability (H) that a random hit would incapaoitat (10) has been

derived from the followan functions of AN by Dsionian (5)(Ji)l

(Defence situation. 0C% inoapacitation only, within 30 seoonds)t

* Plik -1/14 -*-5.825. + .624i log6l): l'hk - 1/ + e

(Assault situatia. Inoluding partial inoapacitation within 30 seoonds)t

-a /1 + -(-3.023+ 1.651 1oga)

where AN Is expressed Ia Joulose Values for Phk caloulatod for the various

rounds are given in Table 3& which includes comparable U.S. r sults, and

again indicate siaLlarity In the wounding power of tho At5 ZnMefgtae off

L2A2 and the superiority at' the ARiS Norm

(d) Typical fraponts fThad in the golatino from Romington ind Norm round&

"-s shown in Fig.4. Miese wore similar for the two types of round In

number and size except far the presence of the nose cap of tie Nora round

(/Ji) whore al the freents rcrained in the block (see Table J).

The results of the animl experiments are given in Tables 4 (15 yd range) and

5 (100 yd range). Typical features of the wounds are illustrated in Piros'5-O.

The torms used in the Tables ed figuros are explained as follows:

Wound. Pths The distance travelled by the vissilo in the body, neasurod

on the removed thoracie ergo (Fig. 6)# the thickness of the skin being .gnored@

Exit WouAs: Major and i=nor dimensions are givon whero the wound was ir-

rogular, otherwise the ep-roximato diamoter is given (Fic. 7(a)(b)).

Hoert Path: A wound track passinG through any portion of the iyooardiun,

ouna Types: (Figures 8 - 10).

(a) Porforatin P - Uhers tho path through the thorcic contents was

predoinantly roeular in otline, i.c. an injury typical of that duo to a

fairly stable bullet with a clearly dWfined track throu h oach organ in its

path.

(b) Explosive(E): Extensivo disruption of tissuos, usually associated with

oher cvidence of larvae cevitation such as 'blest' rlrdngs on tho Lung

aurfecru.SECilT!"

.

SECR T

PmI &d~n': Haomatomr following the pattern of the ribs Ma to theas

soon as a result of blast injuries. The degree of this effect reflects the

extent or cavitation vnd has been graded. arbitrarily as 1-4 in sevorityFJig. 9).

Stomach lruigs Sub-diaphramatio haomatoma of the waculaz esawm Ror-

tion o the sheep stomach due to the rapid expansion of the diaphrqp Ibr~ g

cavitaties in the thorax.

7ragments found: Those wore usually the nose frnVant6wM (l ~howithout coylote or partial oxtrusion of the core. 7thore no fragments

are indicated in the Tables the presenco of small fragoents in the body euld

not be exeludod as no suitable X-ray facilities wore available.

For ooaparstivo purposos the dota in Tables 4 and 5 relating to true Hecrt

Paths only az suiarisod in Table 6. Of the eight ARI5 shots at 15 yd rangep

7/8 produeoa explosive typo wounds with additional evidence of extensive oavita-

tion. The 9& of LVAt shots was toe saall for a val!d co~parison of the effects

with those t the ARtS, but thp results sugcest that the L2A round was loss offoc-

tive. At the 100 yd rangot l/20 ARIS shots and a birdlar proportion, V5of the

LIAl shots profuced explosive type wounds. Comparison of the effects of the two

typos of AR15 Rmd shoms little diffcrence at the 15 yd range between the

Reinston and Nrmia, but at the 100 yd rrnge the Norma zumd produced a larger

proportion (P/11) of explsivo wounds than did the Remington (3/9) and the averaolung .urking grede Was highor.

21th all the rounds tested nd at both ran es, the entrance wounds were =11

(o.(;. Pi, 5). In some oases the round completely or pcrtially perforated a

rib on entry but no correlation was found botwocn rib involvement and the total

severity of the wound, and there was no evidence of diversion of the missile path.

The exit wotmds produced by tho R=ington'round, irrespoctive of the typo of

intornrl wowmd, woro rvjular in shape and of almost constant size, wh. roas the

LA2 exit wounds wore larger and irrcgular (Table 5. Fig.7(a)(b)). Only a feu

Norna rounds p.droratod and the exit wounds wore irroguL.r but smaller thc.n those

of the L212.

SECflET

6.

4,

4,. DISCUSSION

Comparison of the valuea of the anount of ancrg absorbed in the first 15 Cnof golatine at a range of 15 yd (Table 2) indioatos that the ARI5 Norma round is

nero effective than the Remington or L2A2 rounds at this ree.o. The superiority

of the Norma round is also shown by comparison of the Phk values (Table 3) and by

the results of the animal oxporiWents (Table 6). At this ranfo the Remington and

L2A2 rounds appear to be oqurlly effective. The animal results at the 100 yd

range indicate that the Norm round is slightly more effective than the L2A2 &ich

is now slightly more cffoctive than the Remington. There are indiations (Tabloa

- 6) In both gelatine and aninal results that the rounds fired from 1/14 twist

barria are slightly more effective th. i those fired from 1/12 barrels; this

margnal difference is more noticeable in the caso of the hither velocity Norma

rOUY13( in (Tables 2 )The 4ata in Tables 2 r-1 3 show g'oo. ag~roon~nt butweer. the prose nt results emd

U.S.A. results (8)(9) iiith the exception of the valuos for the Rengton (1/14)

rourA. Ther'e appears (Table 2) to be a correlation between tho stri'ng velocity

of the round and the amount cf onergy AN liberated in the golatine block for the

AR15 rounds, the efficiency factor (WVEs) increasing -Ath scrikine velocity. How-

evc." the value of O/Es for the U.S. Remington 1/i4 round is considerably hichor

than would be expected from such a correlation.

Examination of samples of Remington bullets of a sinilar type to those used

in the U.S. trials has shown no apparent difference to the comercial Remington

rotus used in the present trials. The photcgrrph in Figure i1 shows (I the

U.S. Ro engton bullet, (2 the Remington bullet as used in the present trials,

(3 the Norma bullet.

The anintl results (Tablo 5) indicate that with the lower velocity Remington

round there is a critical path length below which the wounds are perforating and

above which the wounds are explosive i type; this distance appears to be in therclon of 15 cn. 'Jith the hirher velocity Nona round, all the wounds uere

explosive in type with thc exception of one, hcre the pcth length was shortest

(8 c::). *Jith thq L2A2 round this effect was not apparcnt. It is possible,

therefore, that with short experimnental woaMn paths, not representative of

SECR-T7.

SECRET

those likely to occur in man, 1;h wounding power of the ARt , especially with

Remington rounds, may be underestimated. This factor my have contributed to

the discrepancy between combat evaluation (2) and the results found with randoe

wounding of coats (e).

7ragnontation of the AR5 rounds ocourred at the short range (15 yd) especi-

, ally with the higher velocity Norma round. At the 100 yd range, no fragmenta-

tion of the Remington round was observed and the inoidence of fra6nentation in

the Norma round was reduced, especially with the 1/12 barrel. No fragments 'awe

found with the L22 mrou .but In the present experiments the wound path was

chosen to avoid impact with large bones. Prameentation of fully Jacketed

r. ounds is not uncomon as it depends on the rate of retardation of the round

w ahich nay be high if donse tissues, such as bone, are involved, or if the imat

'velocity of the round is hiLh, as may occur at very short ranges. There are

m many references (2 - 16) to fragmentation of full Jacketed r unds in wounds

whore bone was involved, and more recently fragmentitiow of 7.62 calibre rounds

.i of high velocity was found to occur in Golatine (17) and in soft tissue (8).

5. CONCLUSIcRIS

(i) The evidence fro the present results tend's to confirm the finince

of the U.S. combat evaluation (2) that the Armalite rifle Is capable

of produoing very severe wounds at short rances (up to 100 yd).The discrepancy between the combat ovoluation and the results found

with random wounding of goats (3) may have boen due to the wound

paths in the latter being too short for Iez:plosivo' type (cavitationa)

wounds to have occurred.

(ii) At a range of 15 yd, the Norma AR15 round has a creator woundind

power than the 7.62 mm P.N. round, the RorAingtor. LRi5 and the F.N.

round being about equally effective. At a range of 100 yd the

Norma ARI5 round is slightly superior in wounding powier to the P.N,

round fid the Romindton AR15 slightly inferior, but the differences

are marginal.

SECRET

8.

SECRET

(iii) There are indications that the ARI5 round fired from a 1/14 tv0Ist

rifle barrel is nore effective than when it is fired from a 1/12

barrel, the difference being arall with the Remington round and

vore marked with the Norma round.

6. AC DGEYMTS

Mr. S. Madden and Mr. J. Ed,,inton were responsible fbr the firing and the

instrumentation. The co-operation of the Photo-rphic Section, C.D.E.Z., the

Range Secti, C.rDJ., and, the Royal Small Aria Factory, Dafield, are

* rytefully aeknoviedce(.

(SrA.) V. Ainsworth,Superintendent, Protection Research Division.

(Sd)- .S.S.Ladell,FPT/IW21 Asaiztt-nt Director (Medical).

SECRET

* 9.

1. Evaluation of the Armlite 1R15. Report i./63

The Royal Small Arms Wrotory,, Bnfie25. 19632. Test of Armalite Rifle ARIS. Report of Task Force i3k

R & D Field Unit, Advanoed Research Projects Agenoy,

4San Pranoiso. 1962

3. Arm~'u.te ARI Triai Jungle Warfre School FAEY Jan.194

ii. DuiemlanA.J. 7I.D.R.R. 32. 19505. DuiemianpA.J. C.V.T.JI 2391. 1960

6, Dirnhubez) P. Porten Note 32. 1958

7. Dsientian.A.J., HergetvC. X.D.R.R. 1M 1950S8. Wound Baflistios Assessment of the 914, ARi5S, Pnd A147

C.R.3).L. 62.S1001. 1962

~9. ARJ5 witb 1/12 Rifling. r-upplement to C.R.D.L. 62.8100. 1963

i 10 Allern 7., Sperrcaza# BRL.R. 996. 1956

ii.1 Wound Baniatios Annual Progresz. Report CRD.L. 3180e 1963

12, Stevenscn 1.7. r~ounds in 1r.r. Loqywm&; Green & Co.- 1910

1 N3 La Garde,, L.A. Gunshot Injuries, John Dale & Sons.,

London. i 914

* 14, callendul', GeLp runch, RLW. 1:11- Burgo Zl 1779 1935

15. BO-4c.ss , V.P. Suratry of Trauma V. 502, LiPpinoott GO-ThiladclphiA. 1953

16. '.,cund Bani~tioa in~ *.orld Jar IIs U.S. Cov. Printing 160fjtf..,,*ashin,,:.-on# D.C. 16

,(Thcsc reports havc now bccnx 10mjbimd and issuo-d

C.R.D.L.R. 32O4* 1964)

SRCT

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(a) R. 1: 14

(b) F. N.

Fig.1 GELATINE BLOCKS (15 yds.)PT 90

.

1 0

W N. • ."1:. - .

- 10

(b) N. 1:12 (15yds)

.. ., T,904

- "'" ° -1

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-* Fig.2 GELATINE BLOCKS (NORMA)

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1101 1:.14

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Fig. 4 FRAGMENTS FROM GELATINE BLOCKS. (1yds.)PTP 904

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Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)8725 John J. Kingman Road, Suit 0944Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-6218U.S.A.

AD#: AD357721

Date of Search: 10 September 2008

Record Summary: WO 1891160Title: Armalite Rifle (AR 15) Wound Ballistics TrialAvailability Open Document, Open Description, Normal Closure before FOI Act: 30 yearsFormer reference (Department) PTP 904Held by The National Archives, Kew

This document is now available at the National Archives, Kew, Surrey, UnitedKingdom.

DTIC has checked the National Archives Catalogue website(http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk) and found the document is available andreleasable to the public.

Access to UK public records is governed by statute, namely the PublicRecords Act, 1958, and the Public Records Act, 1967.The document has been released under the 30 year rule.(The vast majority of records selected for permanent preservation are madeavailable to the public when they are 30 years old. This is commonly referredto as the 30 year rule and was established by the Public Records Act of1967).

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