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Autism & Asperger Syndrome
Araceli Nieto and Marina Piñeiro
Index Autism and Asperger Syndrome� What is it?� History (AS)� Epidemiology� Signs and symptoms� Causes� Possible treatments� Prognosis and prevention� Real case � Prejudices (autism)� Differences between Autism and Asperger syndrome� Bibliography
Autism: What is it?1. It is a life-long complex neurological disorder.2. Usually, it appears before the age of 3 and affects to the
behaviour of a person, how he interact with others and how he communicates and learn.
3. The diagnoses can be delayed because of the general ignorance even in health and care professionals.
4. Usually, family is the first in detect irregularities and seek medical advice before the second year of birth. All these people have a social and familiar dependence.
5. This disorder includes the Asperger Syndrome and the Pervasive developmental disorder - not otherwise specified.
Autism: signs and symptoms 1. Deficient social interaction: focus in one thing ignoring everything else.2. Lack of empathy: don’t interpret how others feel and can’t learn cultural
paterns. 3. Communication difficulties (verbal and non-verbal language)4. Repetitive movements: self-destructive behaviour and they present
difficulties to assimilate changes on their environment. 5. Disability of self-recognition: use third person6. Interaction with others: they don’t play games where other people
interacts.
Symptoms can vary significantly, not only between people with this same disorder since there are different grades of it, but also in the same patient as time goes by.
Autism: Causes
1. Genetic agents: In clinical studies with twins, they observed that if the disorder affects to one twin, the other one will be affected (90% of possibility). Statistics also show that autism is more able to appear in those who have relatives antecedent with this disorder.
2. Biochemical agents: autists present alterations in some neurotransmitters levels. 3. Infectious and environmental agents: some infections or exposure to certain substances
during pregnancy can cause malformations and alterations in the foetal neural development.
4. Mirror neurons: this kind of neurons participate in faculties like empathy and perception of people intention. They realize the same functions that do not appear in people with autism. The disfunction of these neurons can cause also difficulties to communicate.
5. Other possible causes: obstetric complications during birth, drug abuse when the mother was pregnant. use anti-epileptic drugs, but with this causes there are not a scientific basis.
Autism: Epidemiology1. About one of every 160 children has Autism. 2. Nowadays, autism is being diagnosed much
more than a couple of years ago, being even more common than cancer, AIDS, diabetes.
3. According to epidemiological studies done in the last 50 years, global prevalence of this disorder had increased. There are many possible explanations for this apparent increase. Between them, better diagnostic tools and better communication.
Autism: TreatmentAutism Spectrum and any of its disorders have cure. All therapies are focused on improve the patient quality of life. Therapy usually is individualized and it fits to the needs of the person. Treatment includes:
1. Behavioural and educational interventions: they are realized in the patient and close relatives. It is focused on helping them to develop social and language skills.
2. Mental and emotional interventions: the objective is to help them to develop expression skills, empathy, recognition of feelings… It also includes close relatives of the patient.
3. Medication: there are not any specific treatment for this disorder, so they use always palliative therapy of the autistic person symptomatology. Medicines are usually: anxiolytic, antidepressants, and those which are used in the obsessive-compulsive disorder
Autism: Prognosis and Prevention
Usually, the sooner the therapy is started, the pronostic is better.
There is a small percentage that says that some autistic people are able to develop a private and laboral life totally independent or with a low grade of help, but it is truth that almost every patient need help and external services during their lives.
Autism: PrejudicesPeople with autism are not mentally retarded people as I read in some pages. And a case to demonstrate this is Jacob Barnett. He is a boy who at the age of 2 was diagnosed moderated autism and he did not speak, but when he started to do it, he learnt 4 different languages. Nowadays, he is known as the boy who has more intelligence quotient than Einstein. He entered the University at the age of 11, and one year later he started to receive a salary for being an associate professor. Furthermore, such as he suffers insomnia, he tries to discredit the Big Bang Theory during the night, and he also aspires to study in detail the relativity theory of Einstein.
What is Asperger syndrome?Asperger syndrome (AS) is a neurobiological disorder on the higher- functioning end of the autism spectrum.
AS has been recognized as a different medical diagnosis in Europe for almost 60 years, but has included in the U.S. medical diagnostic manual since 1994 (DSM-IV). However, the publication of the fifth edition (DSM-V) the AS was considered a disorder autistic.
History
Leo Kanner 1943
bases release
Hans Asperger 1944
Lorna Wing 1983
Epidemiology● It’s a very frequent disorder (from 3 to 7 for every
1000 live births).● The males have four times more probabilities
that the girls of having AS.● One of every 10 autistic children is diagnosed by
AS.● In Spain, three of every 1000 children are
diagnosed by AS.● The majority doesn´t receive diagnostic after the
3 years-old.● 80% of children Asperger endures some type of
harassment.● The 31% are independents, the 37% have friends
and the 4% have an affective relation of couple.
Signs and symptomsMany children are diagnosed by ADHD or schizophrenia before receiving the diagnosis of AS.
� Inflexible adherence to routines� Incapability to interact with the others� Socially and emotionally inappropriate responses, lack of
empathy� Initial delay in the language development� Literal interpretation of language; difficulties to understand
implied meanings� Pedantic and repetitive speech� Don’t reflect emotions, normally they act like robots� Unusual memory for details they are interested � Difficulty judging personal space, motor clumsiness
Causes� Neurobiological factors� Heredity and genetics� Environmental factors
anomalies that affect the working of the brainheritability superior to 90%brain development changed by toxines
Possible treatmentsThe AS is a chronic disorder, so it doesn’t have cure; but there are many treatments that help the Asperger children to compensate their weaknesses.
It doesn’t exist a predetermined way about the treatment which follows. Each professional has to proceed the best strategy for every case, but the ideal treatment would compensate the low social skills, the physical clumsiness and obsessive routines.
The normal treatment would be:● Group therapy● Cognitive-behavioral therapy● Medication (coexisting pathologies)● Occupational therapy● Parental support
Prognosis and preventionIt’s impossible to prevent, because of the cause isn’t determined. The higher probabilities to have another Asperger child in a family can occurs in any other case. The best prevention is to detect it early and treat it.
Real case
Name: Michael White
Age: 7
Gender: male
Diagnostic: Asperger syndrome (without precedents)
Family situation: divorced parents and absence of the father
Situation after being diagnosed: Michael shows an aggressive attitude, irreverent and distracted
Differences between Autism and Asperger syndrome
Autism
1. Intellectual coefficient generally below the normal thing
2. The diagnostic is carried out normally before 3 years
3. About 25 per cent don’t get to develop language
4. General lack of interest in the social relations. They want no to have friends
5. Normal physical development 6. No obsessive interest of 'high level' 7. The parents detect problems around of 18
months of age
Asperger syndrome
1. Intellectual coefficient generally over the normal thing
2. The diagnostic is carried out normally after 3 years
3. All develop language4. General interest in the social relations. They
want to have friends and feel frustrated for their social difficulties
5. General awkwardness 6. Obsessive interests of 'high level' 7. The parents detect problems around of two
years and a half
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